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>014465914

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

School of Economics

SEMESTER 2 2012

ECON1203 / ECON2292

Business and Economic Statistics

Final Examination

1. Time allowed - 2 hours

2. Reading time - 10 minutes

3. This examination paper has 13 pages (including tables and formulae)

4. Total available marks - 60

5. Answer all questions. All questions are not of equal value.

6. There are 3 questions; the first two are each worth 18 marks and the third is worth
24 marks

7. Marks for parts of questions are shown. Questions must be answered in the Exam
booklet.

8. Candidates may bring a non-programmable calculator to the exam.

9. Statistical tables and formulae are provided at the end of the examination paper.

10. Answers must be written in blue or black ink. Pencils should only be used for
sketching or graphical work.

11 . Show all working steps in your answers.

12. The paper may be retained by the candidate.

 Question 1 (18 marks)

(a) Explain what it means to say that two events are: (i) mutually exclusive; and (ii)
independent of one another. (2 marks)

(b) A survey of people's incomes has been conducted by a market research

agency with the following results

Income category Income range Relative frequency

LOW 0 :::;INCOME < 40000 0.32
MIDDLE 40000 :::;INCOME < 80000 0.41
HIGH 80000 :::;INCOME 0.27

Treat the relative frequencies as probabilities and draw a probability histogram of

the income distribution, taking care to make a sensible assumption about the
upper limit of the HIGH income group. (2 marks)

(c) Now suppose that the above information about incomes was obtained as part
of a larger survey that also collected information about the television viewing
habits of respondents, resulting in the following additional relative frequency
information

Income category Watch TV frequently Watch TV occasionally Never watch TV

LOW 0.22 0.06 0.04
MIDDLE 0.17 0.11 0.13
HIGH 0.13 0.10 0.04

(i) Again treating the relative frequencies as probabilities, find the marginal
distribution of TV viewing habits and draw a bar chart of the results.
(3 marks)
(ii) Derive the conditional probabilities of the level of INCOME given TV
viewing frequency habits (i.e. three conditional distributions, one for each
level of TV viewing). (3 marks)
(iii) Use the information to check whether the events 'Watch TV occasionally'
and 'HIGH income' are independent. (2 marks)

(d) The market research firm actually interviewed 400 people for the purposes of
the survey. Convert the information in the joint probability table above into
observed frequencies and merge the categories 'Watch TV frequently' and
'Watch TV occasionally'. Use a Chi-squared test for a contingency table to
assess if the level of income and whether or not people watch TV are
independent of one another. (6 marks)

2
 Question 2 (18 marks)

(a) Explain why the Central Limit Theorem is important in sampling theory and why
the Normal distribution is important in constructing statistical inference
procedures. (2 marks)

(b) A small airline runs planes seating 8 passengers. It knows from past information
that 20% of passengers do not turn up, so its sales policy is to sell 10 tickets for
each flight and deal with an overbooking problem as and when it arises.

(i) What assumptions must the airline make if it is to use a binomial model
as a suitable one in modelling the number of passengers that tum up for a
flight? (1 mark)
(ii) Find the probability that any given plane will be overbooked? (2 marks)
(iii) If the airline gets revenue of $100 per seat filled on the plane and it costs
them $200 in compensation for a passenger who has to be turned away
in addition to a fare refund (assume they do not wait for a later flight),
explain with reasons whether the airline should consider reducing the
number of tickets it sells per flight if its objective is to maximize revenues
(defined as income minus compensation and returned fares per flight)?
(4 marks)

(c) (i) Now suppose another airline flying from the airport to a different destination
has aircraft that can transport 160 passengers. It currently sells 200 tickets for
each flight as it, too, has observed from experience that 20% of tickets sold are
'no shows'. Use the normal approximation to the binomial to find the probability
that this airline will find that a specific flight is overbooked. Explain, without going
into statistical detail, whether you think that the airline is using a viable policy if its
information is reliable? (2 marks)

(ii) Explain briefly why the answers to (b )(ii) and (c)(i) are different from one
another. (1 mark)

(d) The airline of part (c) is concerned that, in recent times, demand patterns have
changed, so it conducts a survey of 100 separate flights and finds the average
load factor (proportion of occupied seats on each aircraft} is 85% with a standard
deviation of 10%. Use the information to set up a 99% confidence interval for the
population mean, µ, of the number of seats occupied on all flights , stating
carefully any assumptions you make. Comment on the results (3 marks)

(e) Test the hypothesis that the mean number of passengers that will show up for
flights is 160 against a one-sided alternative H 0 :µ < 160 at a suitable
significance level. Also find the marginal significance level, or the prob-value , or
P-value for the test. (3 marks)

3
 Question 3 (24 marks)

(a) Consider the simple regression model

where Y is a dependent variable, X is a regressor variable, the Ei are

iid errors and {1 0 and {11 are unknown coefficients.

(i) Draw a scatter diagram which indicates a strong negative linear

relationship between Y and X. (1 mark)

(ii) Draw a scatter diagram that indicates a weak positive linear

relationship between the variables (1 mark)

(iii) Explain why the least squares estimate of {11 in ( 1) above must
have the same sign as the sample correlation between the two
variables. (1 mark)

(b) Suppose that 25 annual observations are available each year from
1986 to 2010 on: the annual profit of a savings and loan company, Y;
the net revenue per deposit dollar, X; and the number of offices and
agencies that the company has, Z. The company's aim is to develop a
model to predict the annual profits of the company in the future.

The company has access to Excel and fits a simple regression model
of the form (1) to the data. Table 1 provides some of the results
obtained from the analysis

Table 1. Excel Output for Linear Regression of Profits on Revenue

Regression Statistics
R-Square 0.495
Obsetvations 25

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value

Intercept 1.3262 0.1386 9.57 A
Revenue B 0.0356 -4.75 0.000

4
 (i) Use the information provided in Table 1 above to evaluate the
missing values A and B. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain what the coefficient of determination measures and use it to

obtain the sample correlation between Profits and Revenues.
(2 marks)

(iii) Suppose that in 2011 the net revenue per deposit dollar was 4.85,
what does the model predict profits to be for that year? (1 mark)

(iv) Discuss with reasons whether or not you think that this is a
satisfactory model for the company to use in predicting future
profits. (3 marks)

(c) Of course, the company also has information about the number of
offices and agencies it has (labelled Offices in the table below) and
hence decides to use this as part of a multiple regression analysis.
Selected results from this new analysis are provided in Table 2 below

Table 2: Excel output from multiple regression model

Regression Statistics
R Square 0.865
Adjusted R
Square 0.853
Standard
Error 0.053
Observations 25

Standard
Coefficient Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 1.565 0.079 19.70 0.000
Revenue 0.237 0.056 4.27 0.000
Offices -0 .00025 0.00003 -7.77 0.000

(i) Obtain a 95% confidence interval for the true slope coefficient on the
Revenue variable and explain what it means to say that the resultant
interval is a random interval. (3 marks)

(ii) Discuss the results presented carefully, paying particular attention to

the signs and significance of the slope coefficients. (3 marks)

5
(iii) Compare and contrast the results with those of the simple regression
model presented in Table 1. (2 marks)

(iv) Suppose that, in 2011, the company had 9125 offices and agencies.
What is the predicted profit from the multiple regression model for
2011? (Refer (b)(iii) for further information needed.) (2 marks)

(v) Use the results presented in the whole of question 3 to comment on

the phenomenon of confounding in statistical modeling and on how it
can influence the specification of a suitable model for forecasting
purposes. (3 marks)

End of paper

6
 USEFUL FORMULAE

Sample Mean:
- 1 n Sample Variance: s2 = _1_i)x; -X)2
X=-LX; n-1 i=1
n i=1
1 N
Population Variance: a 2 = - L(X; -µ) 2 Population Mean:
N i=1

Additive Law of Probability: P(A u B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A n B)

or
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A and B)

Multiplicative Law of Probability: P(A n B) = P(AIB)P(B) = P(BIA)P(A)

or
P(A and B) =P(AIB) P(B) =P(BI A)P(A)

Binomial Distribution: P(X = x) = nCxpxqn-x. E(X) =np; Var(X) =npq

'
Standardizing transformations: Z=(X-µ) t=(X-µ)
al.fn' sl.fn '

x2 = (n-1)s 2
a2
- a - a
Confidence intervals for µ: X-z½ .fn < µ < X +z½ .fn , crknown

- s - s
X -ta/ /2'n -1 -vCn < µ < X + t a/ /2'n -1 "\/Cn ' crunknown

Confidence interval for p: p-za112Vn

{pq" < p < p+ za 1 {pq",
. 12Vn where q = (1-p)

(n -1)s 2 2 (n -1)s 2
Confidence interval for u2 : 2 <a < 2
Xat2,n-1 X1-a/2,n-1

2 _ LK(o.-e
I I. )2
Goodness of Fit Test: X - ' df = K-1
i=1 e;

2
K H ( )
Independence Test: X2 -"" -L.L. _ oif-eif
___ ' df = (K-1)(H-1)
i=1 i=1 eif

7
Sample Correlation Coefficient:

Least Squares Estimators of fh and Po in the equation: Y; = /30 + f3 1X ; + e;

/JA1 = sXY = I(x; -xX-1; -v).JJA = v -JJA x

2 ( -)2 ' 0 1
Sx LX;-X

Coefficient of Determination:
2
_ SSE_ L~ 2
R - 1 - SST - 1 - L (~ - Y) 2

Forecast Intervals:
A 1 (X -X) 2
Yp±fa/
72 ,v
S8
'n
-+
L (X; -X )2

forYp

where v=(n-2) and is the estimated standard error of the

regression.

Distribution of /J 0 and /31:

Po-
A

N
[ a; z:x; ]
/Jo ,,; L(X; - X)2 and

8
Table 1:
Binomial Probability: P(X = k)
p
n k 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

2 0 o. 9025 0 . 8100 0.1225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0. 4225 0.3600 0.3025 0.2500 0.2025 0.1600 0.1225 0.0900 0 . 0625 0.0400 0.0225 0.0100 0.0025

1 o. 0950 0 . 1800 0.2550 0.3200 0.3150 0.4200 0.4550 0.4800 0.4950 0.5000 0.4950 0.4800 0.4550 0.4200 0.3750 0.3200 0.2550 0.1800 0.0950

2 0.0025 0.0100 0.0225 0.0400 0.0625 0.0900 0.1225 0.1600 0.2025 0.2500 0.3025 0.3600 0.4225 0.4900 0.5625 0.6400 0.7225 0.8100 0.9025

3 0 0.8574 0.7290 0.6141 0.5120 0 . 4219 0.3430 0.2746 0.2160 0.1664 0.1250 0.0911 0.0640 0.0429 0.0270 0.0156 0.0080 0.0034 0.0010 0.0001

1 0.1354 0.2430 0.3251 0.3840 0 . 4219 0 . 4410 0.4436 0.4320 0 . 4084 0.3750 0.3341 0.2880 0.2389 0.1890 0.1406 0.0960 0.0574 0 . 0270 0.0071

2 0.0071 0.0270 0.0574 0.0960 0.1406 0 . 1890 0.2389 0.2880 0 . 3341 0 . 3750 0.4084 0.4320 0.4436 0.4410 0.4219 0.3840 0.3251 0.2430 0.1354

3 0.0001 0.00 1 0 0.0034 0.0080 0.0156 0 . 0270 0.0429 0 . 0640 0.0911 0.1250 0.1664 0.2160 0.2746 0.3430 0.4219 0.5120 0.6141 0.7290 0.8574

4 Q 0.8145 0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785 0.1296 0.091 5 0.0625 0.0410 0.0256 0.0150 0.0081 0.0039 0.0 016 0.0005 0.000 1 0.0000

1 0.1715 0.2916 0.3685 0.4096 0.4219 0.4116 0.3845 0.3456 0. 2995 0.2500 0.2005 0.1536 0.1115 0.0156 0.0469 0.0256 0.0115 0.0036 0.0005

2 0.0135 0.0486 0.0915 0.1536 0.2109 0.2646 0.3105 0.3456 0.3615 0.3750 0.3615 0.3456 0.3105 0.2646 0.2109 0.1536 0.0915 0.0486 0.0135

3 0.0005 0.0036 0.0115 0.0256 0.0469 0.0156 0.1115 0.1536 0.2005 0.2500 0 . 2995 0.3456 0.3845 0.4116 0.4219 0.4096 0.3685 ° 0.2916 0.1715

4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 0.0039 0.008 1 0.0150 0.0256 0.0410 0.0625 0.0915 0.1296 0.1185 0.2401 0.3164 0.4096 0.5220 0.6561 0.8145

5 0 0. 7738 0.5905 0.4437 0.3271 0.2313 0.1681 0.1160 0.0778 0.0503 0.0313 0.0185 0.0102 0.0053 0.0024 0.00 10 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000

1 0.2036 0.3281 0.3915 0.4096 0.3955 0.3602 0.3124 0.2592 0.2059 0.1563 0.1128 0.0168 0.0488 0.0284 0.0146 0.006 4 0.0022 0.0004 0.0000

2 0. 0214 0.0129 0.1382 0.2048 0.2637 0.3081 0.3364 0.3456 0.3369 0.3125 0.2151 0.2304 0.1811 0 .1323 0.0819 0.0512 0.024 4 0.0081 0.0011

3 0.0011 0.0081 0.02 44 0.0512 0.0819 0.1323 0.1811 0.2304 0.2157 0.3125 0.3369 0.3456 0.3364 0. 3081 0.2631 0.2048 0. 1382 0.0129 0.0214

4 0.0000 0.0005 0.0022 0.0064 0.0146 0.0284 0.0488 0.0168 0.1128 0.1563 0.2059 0.2592 0.3124 0. 3602 0.3955 0.4096 0.3915 0.3281 0.2036

5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0024 0.0053 0.0102 0.0185 0.0313 0.0503 0.0118 0.1160 0.1681 0.2373 0.3211 0.4431 0.5905 0.1738

6 0 0.7351 0 . 5314 0.3111 0.2621 0.1180 0.1116 0.0154 0.0467 0.0277 0.0156 0.0083 0.0041 0.0018 · 0.0001 0.0002 0.000 1 0.0000 0. 0000 0. 0000

1 0 . 2321 0 . 3543 0.3993 0.3932 0.3560 0.3025 0.2437 0.1866 0.1359 0.0938 0.0609 0.0369 0.0205 0.0102 0.0044 0.0015 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000

2 0. 0305 0.0984 0 . 1762 0 . 2458 0.2966 0.3241 0.3280 0.3110 0.2180 0.2344 0.1861 0 . 1382 0.0951 0.0595 0.0330 0.015 4 0.0055 0.0012 0 . 0001

3 0. 0021 0.0 1 46 0.0415 0.0819 0.131 8 0.1852 0.2355 0.2165 0.3032 0.3125 0.3032 0 . 2165 0.2355 0.1852 0.1318 0.0819 0.0415 o. 0146 0. 0021
4 o. 0001 0.0012 0.0055 0 . 0154 0.0330 0.0595 0.0951 0.1382 0.1861 0.2344 0.2780 0.3110 0.3280 0.3241 0.2966 0.2458 0.1762 0.0984 0.0305

5 o. 0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0015 0.0044 0.0102 o _.0205 0.0369 0.0609 o.0931 0.1359 0.1866 0.2437 0.3025 0.3560 0.3932 0.3993 0.3543 0.2321

6 o. 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0 .0001 0.0018 0.0041 0.0083 0.0156 0.0217 0.0461 0.015 4 0.1116 0.1180 0.2621 0.3171 0.5314 0.1351

7 Q 0.6983 0.4783 0.3206 0.2091 0.1335 0.082 4 0.0 4 90 0 .02 80 0.0152 0.0018 0.0031 0.0016 0.0006 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 0.2573 0.3720 0.3960 0.3610 0.3115 0.2471 0.1848 0.1306 0.0872 0.0541 0.0320 0.0 1 12 0.0084 0.0036 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.0406 0.1240 0.2091 0.2153 0.3115 0.3177 0.2985 0.2613 0.2140 0.1641 0.1172 0 . 0174 0.0466 0.0250 0.0115 0.0043 0.0012 0.0002 0 . 0000

3 0.0036 0.0230 0.0611 0.1141 0.1730 0.2269 0.2619 0.2903 0.291 8 0.2134 0.2388 0 . 1935 0.14.42 0.0972 0.0517 0.0281 0.0109 0.0026 0.0002

4 0.0002 0.0026 0.0109 0.0281 0.0577 0.0912 0 . 1442 0 . 1935 0.2388 0.2134 0.2918 0.2903 0.2679 0.2269 0.1130 0.1147 0.0617 0.0230 0.0036

5 0.0000 0.0002 0.0012 0.0043 0 . 0115 0.0250 0 . 0466 0.0774 0.1172 0.1641 0.2140 0.2613 0.2985 0.3177 0.3115 0.2153 0.2091 0.1240 0.0406

6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0036 0.0084 0 . 0172 0 . 0320 0.0541 0.0872 0.1306 0.1848 0.2411 0.3115 0.3610 0.3960 0.3720 0.2513

7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 . 0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0016 0.0031 0.0078 0.0152 0.0280 0.0490 0.0824 0.1335 0.2091 0.3206 0.4183 0.6983

8 0 0.6634 0.4305 0.2725 0.1618 0. 1001 0.0516 0.0319 0.0168 0.0084 0.0039 0. 0011 0.0001 0 . 0002 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 0.2193 0.3826 0.3841 0.3355 0 . 2610 0.1917 0.1313 0.0896 0.0548 0.0313 0. 0164 0. 0019 0.0033 0.0012 0.0004 0.0001 0 . 0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 o. 0515 0.1488 0 . 2316 0 . 2936 0.3115 0.2965 0.2581 0.2090 0.1569 0.1094 0. 0103 0. 0413 0.0211 0.0100 0.0038 0.0011 0 . 0002 0.0000 0 . 0000

3 0. 0054 0 . 0331 0 . 0839 0.1468 0.2016 0.2541 0.2186 0.2181 0.256 8 0.2188 0.1719 0. 1 239 0 . 0808 0.0461 0.0231 0.0092 0.0026 0.0004 0.0000

4 o. 0004 0.0046 0.0185 0.0459 0.0865 0.1361 0.1875 0.2322 0.2621 0.2134 0. 2621 0.2322 0 .1815 0 .1361 0.0865 0.0459 0.0185 0.0046 0.0004

5 0.0000 0.0004 0.0026 0.0092 0 . 0231 0.0461 0.0808 0.1239 0.1119 0.2188 0. 256 8 0. 2181 0.2786 0.2541 0.2016 0.1468 0.0839 0.0331 0.0054

6 0. 0000 0.0000 0.0002 O.OOll 0.0038 0.0100 0 . 0211 0.0413 0.0703 0.1094 0.1569 0. 2090 0.2581 0.2965 0.3115 0.2936 0 . 2316 0.1488 0.0515

7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 . 0001 0.0004 0.0012 0 . 0033 0.0019 0.0164 0.0313 0. 0548 0. 0896 0.1313 0.1977 0.2610 0.3355 0.3841 0.3826 0 . 2193

8 0.0000 0 . 0000 0 . 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0 . 0002 0.0001 0.0011 0.0039 0. 0084 0. 0168 0.0319 0.0576 0.1001 0.161 8 0.2125 0.4305 0.6634

9 Q 0.6302 0.381 4 0.2316 0.1342 0.0151 0.0404 0.0207 0.010 1 0.0046 0.0020 0.0008 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 0.298 5 0.3814 0.3679 0.3020 0.2253 0.1556 0.1004 0.0605 0.0339 0.0116 0.0083 0.0035 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.0629 0.1722 0.2591 0.3020 0.3003 0.2668 0.2162 0.1612 0.1110 0.0103 0.0 401 0.0212 0.0098 0.0039 0.0012 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

3 0 . 0071 0.0446 0.1069 0.1762 0.2336 0.2668 0.2116 0.2508 0.2119 0.1641 0.1160 0.0143 0.0424 0.0210 0.0081 0.0028 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000

4 0.0006 0.0014 0.0283 0.0661 0.1168 0 . 1115 0.2194 0.2508 0 .2600 0.2461 0.2128 0.1612 0 . 1181 0.0735 0.0389 0.0165 0.0050 0.0008 0.0000

5 0.0000 0.0008 0.0050 0.0165 0.0389 0.0135 0.1181 0.1672 0.2128 0.2461 0.2600 0.2508 0.2194 0.1715 0.1168 0.0661 0.0283 0.0074 0.0006

6 0 . 0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0028 0.0081 0.0210 0.0424 0.0143 0.1160 0.1641 0.2119 0.2508 0.2716 0.2668 0.2336 0.1162 0.1069 0.0446 0 . 0011

7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0012 0.0039 0.0098 0.0212 0.0401 0.0103 0.1110 0.1612 0.2162 0.2668 0.3003 0.3020 0.2591 0.1122 0 .0 629

8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 . 0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0035 0 . 0083 0.0176 0.0339 0.0605 0.1004 0.1556 0.2253 0.3020 0.3619 0.3874 0.2985

9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0020 0.0046 0.0101 0.0201 0.0404 0.0751 0.1342 0.2316 0.3814 0.6302

10 0 o. 5987 0.3481 0.1969 0.1014 0.05 63 0.0282 0.0135 0.0060 0.0025 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 . 0000 0.0000

1 0.3151 0.3814 0.3474 0.2684 0.1871 0.1211 0.0125 0.0403 0.0201 0.0098 0.0042 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.0146 0.1931 0.2159 0.3020 0.2816 0.2335 0.1151 0.1209 0.0763 0 . 0439 0 .0 229 0.0106 0.0043 0.0014 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

3 0.0105 0.0574 0.1298 0.2013 0.2503 0 . 2668 0 . 2522 0 . 2150 0.1665 0.1172 0.0746 0.0425 0.0212 0.0090 0.0031 0.0008 0.0001 0. 0000 0. 0000

4 0.0010 0.0112 0.0401 0.0881 0.1460 0.2001 0.2311 0.2508 0.2384 0.2051 0.1596 0.1115 0 . 0689 0 . 0368 0.0162 0.0055 0.0012 0.0001 0 .00 00
5 o. 0001 0.0015 0 . 0085 0 . 0264 0.0584 0.1029 0.1536 0.2001 0.2340 0.2461 0.2340 0.2001 o . 1536 0.1029 o . 0584 0.0264 o.cf'o85 0.0015 0.0001
6 o. 0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0055 0.0162 0.0368 0.0689 0.1115 0.1596 0 .2051 0.2384 0.2508 0.2311 0.2001 0.1460 0.0881 0 . 0401 0. 0112 0. 0010

7 o. 0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0031 0.0090 0.0212 0.0425 0.0146 0.1112 0.1665 0.2150 0.2522 0.2668 0.2503 0.2013 0.1298 0.0574 0.0105

8 0.0000 0. 0000 0. 0000 0.0001 0.000 4 0.0014 0.0043 0.0106 0.0229 0.0439 0.0763 0.1209 0.1751 0.2335 0.2816 0.3 020 0 .2159 0.1937 0.0746

9 0 . 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 0.0042 0.0098 0.0201 0.0403 0.0125 0.1211 0.1811 0.26 84 0.3474 0.3814 0.3151

10 0. 0000 0. 0000 o. 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 . 0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0025 0.0060 0.0135 0.02 82 0.0563 0.1014 0.1969 o. 3481 0. 5981

9
Table 2:
Binomial Probability: P(X ~ k)
p
n k 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

2 Q 0.9025 0.8100 0.7225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.4225 0.3600 0.3025 0.2500 0.2025 0.1600 0.1225 0.0900 0.0625 0.0400 0 . 0225 0 . 0100 0 . 0025

1 0.9975 0.9900 0.9775 0 . 9600 0.9375 0.9100 0.8775 0.8400 0.7975 0.7500 0.6915 0.6400 0.5775 0.5100 0.4375 0.3600 0.2775 0.1900 0.0975

3 0 0.8574 0 . 7290 0.6141 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2746 0.2160 0.1664 0.1250 0.0911 0.0640 0.0429 0.0270 0.0156 0.0080 0.0034 0.0010 0 . 0001

1 0.9928 0.9720 0.9393 0 . 8960 0 . 8438 0.7840 0.7183 0.6480 0.5748 0.5000 0.4253 0.3520 0.2818 0.2160 0.1563 0,1040 0.0607 0.0280 0.0072

2 0.9999 0.9990 0.9966 0.9920 0.9844 0.9730 0.9511 0.9360 0.9089 0.8750 0.8336 0.7840 0.7254 0.6570 0.5781 0.4880 0.3859 0.2710 0.1426

4 0 0.8145 0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785 0.1296 0.0915 0.0625 0.0410 0.0256 0.0150 0.0081 0.0039 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000

1 0.9860 0.9411 0.8905 0.8192 0.7383 0 . 6517 0 . 5630 0.4752 0.3910 0.3125 0.2415 0.1792 0.1265 0.0837 0.0508 0.0272 0.0120 0.0037 0.0005

2 0 . 9995 0 . 9963 0.9880 0 .9 728 0.9492 0.9163 0.8735 0.8208 0.7585 0.6875 0.6090 0.5248 0.4370 0.3483 0.2617 0 . 1808 0.1095 0.0523 0.0140
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9984 0.9961 0.9919 0.9850 0.9744 0.9590 0.9375 0.9085 0.8704 0.8215 0.7599 0 .6 836 0.5904 0.4780 0 . 3439 0.1855

5 0 0. 7738 0.5905 o. 4437 0.3277 0 . 2373 0 . 1681 0 .1160 0.0178 0. 0503 0 . 0313 0.0185 0 . 0102 0.0053 0 . 0024 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000

1 0. 9774 0.9185 0. 8352 0. 7373 0. 6328 0 . 5282 0.4284 0.3370 0 . 2562 0.1875 0.1312 0. 0870 0.0540 0.0308 0.0156 0.0067 0. 0022 0.0005 0. 0000

2 0 . 9988 0. 9914 0. 9734 0. 9421 0. 8965 0. 8369 0. 7648 o. 6826 0.5931 0.5000 0. 4069 0.3174 0.2352 0.1631 0.1035 0.0579 0. 0266 0.0086 0. 0012

3 1. 0000 0. 9995 0. 9978 0. 9933 0. 9844 0. 9692 0. 9460 o. 9130 0.8688 0. 8125 0. 7438 o. 6630 0.5716 0.4718 0.3672 0.2627 0.1648 0.0815 0. 0226

4 l. 0000 1.0000 o. 9999 0. 9997 0.9990 0. 9976 0 .9947 0. 9898 0 .9815 0. 9688 0 .9497 0.9222 0.8840 0.8319 0.7627 0.6723 0. 5563 0 . 4095 0.2262

6 0 0.7351 0 .5314 0. 3771 0 .2621 o. 1780 0 .1176 0.0754 o. 0467 0. 0277 o. 0156 0 .0083 o. 0041 0. 0018 o. 0007 0 .0002 0 .0001 0 . 0000 0 . 0000 0. 0000

1 0 . 9672 0.8857 0. 1765 0. 6554 0.5339 0 .4202 0. 3191 0.2333 0. 1636 0.1094 0. 0692 0.0410 0. 0223 0. 0109 0. 0046 0.0016 0 . 0004 0. 0001 0.0000

2 o. 9978 0. 9842 0. 9527 0. 9011 0. 8306 0. 7443 0. 6471 o. 5443 0.4415 0. 3438 0.2553 0. 1792 0.1174 0. 0705 0.0376 0.0170 0.0059 0.0013 0. 0001

3 o. 9999 o. 9987 0. 9941 0. 9830 0. 9624 0. 9295 0.8826 0. 8208 0. 7447 0.6563 0 .5585 0. 4557 0. 3529 0. 2557 0.1694 o. 0989 0. 0473 0 .0158 0. 0022

4 l. 0000 o. 9999 0. 9996 0. 9984 0.9954 0.9891 0. 9777 0 . 9590 0. 9308 0. 8906 0. 8364 0. 7667 0 . 6809 0.5798 o. 4661 0.3446 0. 2235 0.1143 0. 0328

5 l. 0000 1.0000 1. 0000 0. 9999 0.9998 0. 9993 0 .9982 0.9959 0. 9917 0. 9844 0. 9723 0. 9533 0 . 9246 0. 8824 0. 8220 0. 7379 0. 6229 0.4686 0. 2649

7 0 0. 6983 o. 4783 o. 3206 0.2097 0.1335 0. 0824 0 . 0490 0.0280 0.0152 0. 0078 0 . 0037 0. 0016 0. 0006 0 . 0002 0. 0001 0. 0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0.0000

1 0. 9556 0. 8503 o. 7166 0. 5767 0. 4449 0. 3294 0 . 2338 0.1586 0.1024 0. 0625 0 . 0357 0. 0188 0. 0090 0.0038 0. 0013 0. 0004 0.0001 0. 0000 0.0000

2 0.9962 0. 97 4 3 0. 9262 0. 8520 0. 7564 0 . 6471 0. 5323 0. 4199 0. 3164 0. 2266 0.1529 0. 0963 0.0556 0. 0288 0 . 0129 0.0047 0. 0012 0. 0002 0. 0000

3 0. 9998 0.9973 o. 9879 o. 9667 0 . 9294 0 . 8740 0 . 8002 0.7102 0. 6083 0. 5000 0. 3917 0. 2898 0.1998 0 .1260 0. 0706 0. 0333 0. 0121 0. 0027 0. 0002

4 l. 0000 o. 9998 o. 9988 0. 9953 0. 9871 0. 9712 0. 9444 o. 9037 0. 8471 0. 7734 0. 6836 0. 5801 0.4677 0.3529 0. 2436 0 .1480 o. 0738 0.0257 0.0038

5 1.0000 1. 0000 o. 9999 o. 9996 0 . 9987 0. 9962 0. 9910 0. 9812 0.9643 0. 9375 0. 8976 0 . 8414 0. 7662 0. 6706 0 . 5551 0 .4233 0. 2834 0.1497 0. 0444

6 1. 0000 1. 0000 l . 0000 1. 0000 0.9999 0 . 9998 0 .9994 0. 9984 0. 9963 0. 9922 0. 9848 0. 9720 0 .9510 0. 9176 0. 8665 0. 7903 0. 6794 0.5217 0. 3017

8 0 0. 6634 0.4305 0.2725 0 .1678 0 . 1001 0. 0576 0.0319 0.0168 0 .0084 0. 0039 o. 0011 0. 0007 0. 0002 0. 0001 0. 0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0 .0000 0. 0000

1 0.9428 0.8131 o. 6512 0. 5033 0. 3671 0 . 2553 0.1691 0.1064 0. 0632 0. 0352 0. 0181 0 . 0085 0.0036 0.0013 0. 000 4 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 o. 9942 0.9619 o. 8948 0.7969 0. 6785 0. 5518 0 .4278 0. 3154 0.2201 0.1445 0 . 0885 0 . 0498 0. 0253 0.0113 0. 0042 0.0012 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000

3 o. 9996 0. 9950 o. 9786 0. 9437 0. 8862 0 . 8059 0. 7064 0. 5941 0.4770 0. 3633 0 . 2604 0.1737 0.1061 0.0580 0.0273 0.0104 0.0029 0.0004 0.0000

4 l. 0000 0. 9996 o. 9971 0.9896 0 . 9727 0 . 9420 0. 8939 0.8263 0. 7396 0. 6367 0. 5230 0 . 4059 0. 2936 0. 1941 0.1138 0.0563 0.0214 0.0050 0.0004

5 l. 0000 1.0000 o. 9998 0.9988 0. 9958 0. 9887 0.9747 0.9502 0. 9115 0. 8555 0. 7799 0 . 6846 0. 5722 0.4482 0.3215 0.2031 0.1052 o. 0381 o. oo5a
6 l. 0000 l. 0000 l. 0000 0.9999 0. 9996 0. 9987 0. 9964 0. 9915 0. 9819 0. 9648 0.9368 0 . 8936 0. 8309 0.1447 0.6329 0.4967 0.3428 0.1869 0.0572

7 l. 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 1 . 0000 1. 0000 0. 9999 0. 9998 0. 9993 0.9983 0. 9961 0. 9916 0 . 9832 0. 96Bl 0.9424 0.8999 0.8322 0 . 7275 0 . 5695 0.3366

9 0 o. 6302 o. 3874 0.2316 0 .1342 0. 0751 0.0 4 04 0.0207 0 . 0101 0.0046 0.0020 0. 0008 0 . 0003 0.0001 0.0000 0. 0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 o. 9288 0 .1748 o. 5995 0 . 4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.1211 0 . 0705 0.0385 0.0195 0.0091 0 . 0038 0.0014 0.0004 0. 0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.9916 0.9470 0.8591 0 . 7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.3373 0.2318 0.1495 0.0898 0.0498 0. 0250 0.0112 0.0043 0 . 0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

3 0.9994 0. 9917 0.9661 0.9144 0. 8343 0. 7297 0.6089 0. 4826 0.3614 0.2539 0 . 1658 0 . 0994 0.0536 0.0253 0.0100 0.0031 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000

4 l. 0000 0 .9991 0.9944 o. 9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.8283 0 . 7334 0.6214 0.5000 0.3786 0.2666 0.1717 0.0988 0.0489 0.0196 0.0056 0.0009 0.0000

5 l. 0000 0. 9999 0.9994 0. 9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9464 0 . 9006 0.8342 0. 7461 o. 6386 0. 5174 0.3911 0.2703 0.1657 0 . 0856 0.0339 0.0083 0.0006

6 1 . 0000 1. 0000 l . 0000 0. 9997 0. 9987 0.9957 0.9888 0.9750 0.9502 0.9102 o. 8505 o. 7682 0.6627 0.5372 0.3993 0 . 2618 0 . 1409 0.0530 0.0084

7 1. 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 l . 0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9986 0.9962 0.9909 0.9805 o. 9615 0. 9295 0.8789 0 . 8040 0.6997 0.5638 0 . 4005 0.2252 0.0712

8 1 . 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 l . 0000 1. 0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0 . 9992 0.9980 o. 9954 o. 9899 0.9793 0.9596 0.9249 0.8658 0.7684 0.6126 0.3698

10 0 0. 5987 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0 .05 63 0.0282 0.0135 0.0060 0.0025 0 .00 10 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 o. 0000

1 0. 9139 o. 7361 o. 5443 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0. 0860 0.0464 0.0233 0.0107 0.0045 0.0017 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0. 0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.9885 0.9298 o. 8202 0.6178 0.5256 0.3828 0.2616 0 . 1673 0.0996 0.0547 0.0274 0.0123 0.0048 0.0016 0.0004 0.0001 0. 0000 0.0000 0. 0000

3 0. 9990 0.9872 0. 9500 0.8791 0.1759 0.6496 0 .5138 0.3823 0.2660 0.1719 0.1020 0.0548 0.0260 0 . 0106 0.0035 0.0009 0 . 0001 0.0000 0 . 0000

4 0.9999 0.9984 0 . 9901 0. 9672 0.9219 0.8497 0. 7515 0.6331 0.5044 0 .3770 0.2616 0.1662 0.0949 0.0473 0.0197 0.0064 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000

5 1. 0000 0 . 9999 o . 9986 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0. 9051 0.8338 0.7384 0.6230 0.4956 0 . 3669 0.2485 0.1503 0.0181 0.0328 0.0099 0.0016 0.0001

6 1. 0000 1. 0000 0. 9999 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0. 9740 0.9452 0 . 8980 0.8281 0.7340 0.6177 0.4862 0.3504 0.2241 0.1209 0 . 0500 0.0128 0.0010

7 1. 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0. 9952 0.9877 0.9726 0.9453 · 0.9004 0 . 8327 0.7384 0.6172 0.4744 0.3222 0.1798 0.0702 0.0115

8 l. 0000 1. 0000 l . 0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0. 9995 0.9983 0.9955 0.9893 0.9767 0.9536 0.9140 0.8507 0.7560 0 .6242 0.4557 0.2639 0.0861

9 1. 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 1.0000 1.0000 l . 0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9975 0.9940 0.9865 0.9718 0.9437 0.8926 0.8031 0 .6513 0. 4013

10
 Table 3: Standard Normal Probabilities: P(O ~ ~)

z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 . 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4997
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998
3.5 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998
3.6 0.4998 0.4998 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999
3.7 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999
3.8 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999
3.9 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000

lI
Table 4: Upper-tail Critical Values oft-Distribution: t(a, v)

O!

V 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31 .821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
00 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576

12
 Table 5: Upper-tail Chi-square Critical Values: x2(a,v)

O!
V 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.9 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 3.93E--05 0.0002 0.0010 0.0039 0.0158 2.7055 3.8415 5.0239 6.6349 7.8794
2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.1026 0.2107 4.6052 5.9915 7.3778 9.2103 10.5966
3 0.0717 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 0.5844 6.2514 7.8147 9.3484 11 .3449 12.8382
4 0.2070 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 1.0636 7.7794 9.4877 11 .1433 13.2767 14.8603
5 0.4117 0.5543 0.8312 1.1455 1.6103 9.2364 11 .0705 12.8325 15.0863 16.7496
6 0.6757 0.8721 1.2373 1.6354 2.2041 10.6446 12.5916 14.4494 16.8119 18.5476
7 0.9893 1.2390 1.6899 2.1673 2.8331 12.0170 14.0671 16.0128 18.4753 20.2777
8 1.3444 1.6465 2.1797 2.7326 3.4895 13.3616 15.5073 17.5345 20.0902 21 .9550
9 1.7349 2.0879 2.7004 3.3251 4.1682 14.6837 16.9190 19.0228 21.6660 23.5894
10 2.1559 2.5582 3.2470 3.9403 4.8652 15.9872 18.3070 20.4832 23.2093 25.1882
11 2.6032 3.0535 3.8157 4.5748 5.5778 17.2750 19.6751 21 .9200 24.7250 26.7568
12 3.0738 3.5706 4.4038 5.2260 6.3038 18.5493 21.0261 23.3367 26.2170 28.2995
13 3.5650 4.1069 5.0088 5.8919 7.0415 19.8119 22.3620 24.7356 27.6882 29.8195
14 4.0747 4.6604 5.6287 6.5706 7.7895 21 .0641 23.6848 26.1189 29.1412 31 .3193
15 4.6009 5.2293 6.2621 7.2609 8.5468 22.3071 24.9958 27.4884 30.5779 32.8013
16 5.1422 5.8122 6.9077 7.9616 9.3122 23.5418 26.2962 28.8454 31.9999 34.2672
17 5.6972 6.4078 7.5642 8.6718 10.0852 24.7690 27.5871 30.1910 33.4087 35.7185
18 6.2648 7.0149 8.2307 9.3905 10.8649 25.9894 28.8693 31 .5264 34.8053 37.1565
19 6.8440 7.6327 8.9065 10.1170 11 .6509 27.2036 30.1435 32.8523 36.1909 38.5823
20 7.4338 8.2604 9.5908 10.8508 12.4426 28.4120 31.4104 34.1696 37.5662 39.9968
21 8.0337 8.8972 10.2829 11 .5913 13.2396 29.6151 32.6706 35.4789 38.9322 41.4011
22 8.6427 9.5425 10.9823 12.3380 14.0415 30.8133 33.9244 36.7807 40.2894 42.7957
23 9.2604 10.1957 11.6886 13.0905 14.8480 32.0069 35.1725 38.0756 41.6384 44.1813
24 9.8862 10.8564 12.4012 13.8484 15.6587 33.1962 36.4150 39.3641 42 .9798 45.5585
25 10.5197 11.5240 13.1197 14.6114 16.4734 34.3816 37.6525 40.6465 44.3141 46.9279
26 11 .1602 12.1981 13.8439 15.3792 17.2919 35.5632 38.8851 41 .9232 45.6417 48.2899
27 11 .8076 12.8785 14.5734 16.1514 18.1139 36.7412 40 .1133 43.1945 46 .9629 49.6449
28 12.4613 13.5647 15.3079 16.9279 18.9392 37.9159 41 .3371 44.4608 48.2782 50.9934
29 13.1211 14.2565 16.0471 17.7084 19.7677 39.0875 42 .5570 45 .7223 49.5879 52.3356
30 13.7867 14.9535 16.7908 18.4927 20.5992 40 .2560 43 .7730 46 .9792 50.8922 53.6720
40 20.7065 22.1643 24.4330 26.5093 29.0505 51 .8051 55.7585 59.3417 63.6907 66.7660
50 27.9907 29.7067 32.3574 34.7643 37.6886 63. 1671 67 .5048 71 .4202 76.1539 79.4900
60 35.5345 37.4849 40.4817 43.1880 46.4589 74.3970 79.0819 83.2977 88.3794 91 .9517
70 43.2752 45.4417 48.7576 51 .7393 55.3289 85.5270 90.5312 95.0232 100.4252 104.2149
80 51 .1719 53.5401 57.1532 60.3915 64.2778 96.5782 101 .8795 106.6286 112.3288 116.3211
90 59.1963 61 .7541 65.6466 69.1260 73.2911 107.5650 113.1453 118.1359 124.1163 128.2989
100 67.3276 70.0649 74.2219 77.9295 82.3581 118.4980 124.3421 129.5612 135.8067 140.1695

13