ProcessEquipmentDesign I PDF

CH2357 Process Equipment Design I
www.msubbu.in
Mechanical Design of Process

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Equipments
w.m
sub
bu
.in
Dr. M. Subramanian
Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
Kalavakkam – 603 110, Kanchipuram (Dist)
Tamil Nadu, India
msubbu.in@gmail.com
21-Mar-2011
Syllabus Contents
1. Design and drawing considerations of bolt, nut and screws,
welded and riveted joints, flanged joints, nozzles and
reinforcements. Pipe fittings.
2. Design and drawing considerations of vessel supports such
as bracket, saddle, skirt, etc. Storage Tanks for solids, liquids
and gases. ww
w.m
3. General design and drawingsuconsideration
bb of vessels
subjected to internal pressure, u.in and external pressure.
High pressure vessels.
4. Fundamental principles, equations, general design and drawing
considerations of cyclone separators centrifuges, thickeners
and filtration equipments.
5. General design and drawing considerations of crystallizers,
agitated vessel, jacketed and coil heated vessels.
21-Mar-2011 M Subramanian
Bolts & Nuts
• Specification: Mx (in units

of millimeters)
• Preferred sizes: M2 2.5 3

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4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 ww.
ms
36 42 ub
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Welded Joints
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Riveted Joints
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Flanged
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Types of Flanges
• Slip-on raised face

• Welding neck
• Lap-joint
• Stub-end ww
• Screwed w.m
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Material of Construction
• Forgings, castings, plates
• Forged Steel such as ASTM A 105

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Slip-on Raised Face Flange
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Welding Neck Flange
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Socket Weld Flange
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Lap joint
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Screwed Flange
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Blind flange
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Standards Evolution
• ASA B16e, 1932
• ASA B16.5, 1953,

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• ANSI B16.5, 1973 w.m
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• ASME/ANSI B16.5, 1988
• ASME B16.5, 1996
Rating of Flanges
• 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, 2500 psig
• Pipe flanges and flanged fittings:

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Flange Facings
• Flat Facing (FF):
• Raised Facing (RF): The Raised face is the most common of all flange
faces. The Raised face is named like this because the gasket surfaces
ww face (the raised face is only a slight
are raised above the bolting circle
w.m
step). Raised face flanges are therefore
sub not full contact flanges. As
such, some flange stress may be created bu
.in when the bolting is tightened.
The raised face is finished with a series of concentric circular grooves for
keeping the gasket in place and providing a better seal. Raised face
flanges are specified for low, medium and high pressure-temperature
applications.
• Ring type Joint Facing (RTJ)
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How to Order a Flange
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Dished
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Ends
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The manufacturing of such an end is easier than that of a

hemisphere. The starting material is first pressed to a radius r1 and
then curled at the edge creating the second radius r2. Vessel dished
ends can also be welded together from smaller pieces.
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Types of Ends
• Flanged
• Ellipsoidal
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• Torispherical w.m
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• Hemispherical
• Conical
• Toriconical
Torispherical Hemispherical
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Flanged only
Ellipsoidal
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Conical Toriconical
Reverse dished
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Ellipsoidal
Tori-spherical
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Hemi-spherical (Segmental)
Hemi-Spherical (Deep Drawn)
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Diffuser Head
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Dished Only Head
Dished & Flared Head
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Flanged only.in
XY = ID/2 - r, OX = R - r
Ø1 = Sin XY / OX , Ø2 = 90° - Ø1
Blank Plate Diameter (BPD) = 2 (L1+ L2+L1)

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OD = outside
ID = inside
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diameter w.m
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R = crown radius r = knuckle radius bu
.in
h = height of dished portion (straight flange not
t = wall thickness
incl.)
SF = straight
IH = total inside height
flange
Drawing an Ellipse
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Nozzles attachment to shell
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Nozzle Reinforcement
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Reinforcement of Openings
• Openings must be reinforced to account for metal removed.

• Metal used to replace that removed must be equivalent in metal
area
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Manhole with hinge support

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Manhole with Davit

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Supports towwProcess
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Vessels
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Types of Supports
• Leg support
• Lug support
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• Saddle support w.m
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• Skirt support
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Leg support
• Small vertical pressure vessel

leg at the bottom of the shell.
• Ring reinforcement pad to
provide additional
reinforcement of local and
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sub local stresses that occur
• buThe
.in sum of the leg is needed
depends on size and weight
received vessel.
• Support leg is also commonly
used in pressurized spherical
storage vessels.
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• Spherical storage vessels
typically supported on legs.
• Cross-bracing typically used

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sub earthquake loads.
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Lug Support
• Vessel size limits for lug

supports:
1 – 10 ft diameter
2:1 to 5:1 height/diameter
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ratio w. ms
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• Lugs bolted to horizontal
structure.
• Bolt holes are often given the

gap to provide radial thermal
expansion of freedom in the
vessel.
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Saddle Support
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Saddle Support
• Saddle supports used for horizontal drums.

– Spreads load over shell.
– One support fixed, other slides.
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Skirt Support
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Skirt Support
• Skirt supports typically used for tall vertical vessels
• Designed for weight, wind, earthquake. Pressure not a factor.
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Pressure Vessel Design
• ASME Section VIII is most widely used Code.

• Assures safe design.
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Materials of Construction
• Plate Materials:
– Mild Steel: A-36, A-516 Gr 60, 70,
– Stainless Steel: 304, 316, 304L, 316L
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• Pipe Materials – A106, w.m
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• Forgings – A105,
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Thickness of Pressure Vessels
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Design Pressure
• May have internal of external

pressure, or both at different
times.
• Must have margin between

maximum operating pressure ww
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at top of vessel and design sub
pressure. bu
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• Hydrostatic pressure of
operating liquid (if present)
must be considered at
corresponding vessel
elevation.
Design Pressure
• For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is

normally taken as the pressure at which the relief device is set.
This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal working
pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process
upsets. ww
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• Vessels subject to external pressure
sub should be designed to resist
the maximum differential pressure bu that is likely to occur in
.in
service.
Additional Loadings
Loadings other than pressure and temperature:

• Weight of vessel and normal contents under operating or test
conditions
• Superimposed static reactions from weight of attached items
(e.g., motors, machinery, wother
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insulation) .m
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• Loads at attached internal componentsbu or vessel supports
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• Wind, snow, seismic reactions
Joint Efficiency
• 1, 0.85, 0.7
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Corrosion Allowance
• The corrosion allowance must be added to the calculated

thickness.
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Design for External Pressure and
Compressive Stresses
• Compressive forces caused by dead weight, wind, earthquake,
internal vacuum
• Can cause elastic instability (buckling)

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• Vessel must have adequate stiffness bu
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– Extra thickness
– Circumferential stiffening rings
Stiffener Rings
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Design for Internal Pressure
• Inside Diameter - 10’ - 6”
• Design Pressure - 650 psig
• Design Temperature - 750°F
• Shell & Head Material - SA-516 Gr. 70
• Corrosion Allowance - 0.125 in.
• 2:1 Semi-Elliptical heads, seamless
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• 100% radiography sub
• Vessel in vapor service bu
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Design – as per codes
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Design Codes
• Pressure Vessels: ASME Sec VIII, IS 2825
• Storage Tank: API 650, IS 803
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ProcessEquipmentDesign I PDF

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CH2357 Process Equipment Design I

Mechanical Design of Process

• Specification: Mx (in units

• Preferred sizes: M2 2.5 3

• Slip-on raised face

• Forgings, castings, plates

• Forged Steel such as ASTM A 105

• ASA B16e, 1932

• ASA B16.5, 1953,

• ASME B16.5, 1996

• 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, 2500 psig

• Pipe flanges and flanged fittings:

• Flat Facing (FF):

• Ring type Joint Facing (RTJ)

The manufacturing of such an end is easier than that of a

Blank Plate Diameter (BPD) = 2 (L1+ L2+L1)

• Openings must be reinforced to account for metal removed.

Manhole with hinge support

Manhole with Davit

• Small vertical pressure vessel

• Cross-bracing typically used

• Vessel size limits for lug

• Bolt holes are often given the

• Saddle supports used for horizontal drums.

• Skirt supports typically used for tall vertical vessels

• Designed for weight, wind, earthquake. Pressure not a factor.

• ASME Section VIII is most widely used Code.

• May have internal of external

• Must have margin between

• For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is

Loadings other than pressure and temperature:

• The corrosion allowance must be added to the calculated

• Can cause elastic instability (buckling)

• Pressure Vessels: ASME Sec VIII, IS 2825

• Storage Tank: API 650, IS 803

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