UNIT-II

Draught And Chimney

 Content
 Introduction to draught system

 Functions & Classification of Draughts

 Introduction to natural draught

 Estimate the height & diameter of chimney with Numericals.

 Condition for maximum discharge through a chimney

 Efficiency of chimney

 Advantages and Limitations of chimney or natural draught

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 Boiler Performance: Equivalent Evaporation and Boiler

Efficiency with Numericals.

 Draught
 Draught is defined as “the pressure difference (between absolute gas
pressure at any point in a gas flow passage and the atmospheric air outside
the boiler) required to maintain flow of air and exhaust gases through the
boiler setting.”
 Function of draught:

 To supply required quantity of air to the boiler furnace for the combustion of

fuel.

 To remove exhaust gases from the boiler passage to maintain flow of air

and gases.

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 To create pressure difference against pressure losses in the flow passage.

 To discharge the exhaust gases such that they will not be objectionable or

injurious to the surroundings.

 Classification of Draught
Draught

Natural Artificial
Draught Draught
Produced by chimney

Steam Jet Mechanical

Draught Draught
Produced by jet of stream Produced by fans

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Forced Induced Forced Induced
Draught Draught Draught Fan Draught Fan
Artificial Draught

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Natural draught

 It does not need any running cost although it has a big initial
cost.
 Natural draught allows natural circulation of air through the
boiler system.
 The natural draught mainly depends upon the height of the

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chimney.
Natural Draught is obtained by the use of a chimney.
The chimney in a boiler installation performs one or more of the
following functions:
1) It produces the draught whereby the air and gas are forced
through the fuel bed, furnace, boiler passes and settings.
2) It carries the products of combustion to such a height before
discharging them that they will not be Objectionable or injurious
to surroundings.
 A Chimney is vertical, Tubular structure built either of masonry,
concrete or steel.

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 The draught produced by the chimney is due to the density
difference between the column of hot gases inside the chimney
and the cold air outside.
 Estimate the height & diameter of chimney

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Natural Draught = Difference of pressure due to cold air column
and hot gas column
 P1= Pa + ρg.gH
Where, P1= Pressure at the grate level (Chimney Side)
Pa= Atmospheric Pressure at Chimney top
ρg. gH= Pressure due to the column of hot gas of height H meters,
ρg= Average mass density of hot gas.
Similarly
P2= Pa +ρa.gH
Where
P2= Pressure acting on the grate (Open Side)
Pa= Atmospheric Pressure at Chimney top
ρa. gH= Pressure exerted by the column of cold air outside the chimney of height H m
Ρa=Average mass density of air outside the chimney.
Net Pressure diffrence causing the flow through the combustion chamber,

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△P= P2-P1 = (ρa – ρg) gH
The diffrence of Pressure causing the flow of gases is known as Static Draught. Its value is very small &
generally measured by a water manometer.
It may be noted that this pressure diffrence in chimney is generally less than 12 mm of water
Let us assume that the volume of products of combustion is equal to
the volume of air supplied, both reduced to the same temperature
and pressure conditions.
Let,
ma= Mass of air supplied per kg of fuel
ma+1= Mass of Chimney gases
Ta= Absolute temp. of Atmosphere
Tg= Average absolute temp. of chimney gases
Also

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𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒐𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒎𝒂+𝟏
=
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒎𝒂
For Calculating Height of Chimney, we have to go through two basic
equations of gaseous pressure.
The equations are

Where, "P" is the pressure of air or gas, "ρ" is the density of the air or gas,
"g" is the gravitational constant, and "h" is the height of the head.

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Here "V" is the volume of the air or gas, "m" is the mass of the gas or air, "T"
is the temperature measured in kelvin scale and "R" is the gas constant.
 Equation (2) can be rewritten as

Combustion:
C + O2 = CO2
1Volm 1Volm 1Volm
Volm of Air = Volm Flue gas
When Temp before & after combustion=Constant,
Temp Change=Volm Vary

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 The air entries in the combustion chamber will gain extra volume after
combustion due to combustion temperature. The gained volume of the air
will be equivalent to the volume of the flue gases created after combustion.
Let us assume,
 ρo is the density of the air at 0oC or 273 K, and say it is To Here,
 P is the pressure of air at 0oC or 273 K, that is at To K.
If we keep, the pressure P as constant, the relation between density and
temperature of the air or gases can be written as,

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Where, ρa and ρg is the density of the air at temperature Ta and Tg K
respectively.

From, equation (1) and (5) we can write the expression of pressure at point "a"
outside the chimney, as

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The volume of the air at the temperature Tg would be

Let us assume, m kg of air is required to burn 1 kg of carbon then the density of the
flue gas would be

The pressure of the flue gas inside the chimney from equation (1) and (8), would be

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The pressure difference between outside and inside of the chimney from
equation (6) and (9) would be

𝟏 𝒎+𝟏
h= 353 H - mm of water . . . . . . . . . . ( 10)
𝑻𝒂 𝒎 𝑻𝒈

( 1 mm of water = 9.81 Pa )

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Here, “h" is the minimum height of the chimney to be constructed for the
draught ΔP
Assuming no loss, the velocity of the gases passing through the
chimney is given by

𝑉= 2݃H1
If the Pressure Loss in Chimney is equivalent to a hot gas column H’ meters.

Now, Hot Gas Velocity in Chimney 𝑉 = 2g (H – h’)

V= 4.43 𝐻 − 𝐻′

𝐻′
V= 4.43 𝐻1 1 − = K 𝐻1
𝐻

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𝐻′
Where K = 4.43 1 −
𝐻

Value of K=1 for Brick Chimneys and

K=1.1 for Steel Chimney
The mass of the gases flowing through any cross section of the
Chimney is given by

.
mg= ρg. A.C kg/s

. π
m g = ρ g . D2 . C
4

.
𝑚𝑔 4
D2 = x
ρ𝑔𝐶 π

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𝒎𝒈
Diameter of Chimney is D = 1.128
ρ𝒈𝑪
Maximum Discharge:
The Draught in mm of water column for maximum discharge can be evaluated
by inserting the value of Tg /Ta in
𝒎+𝟏
Tg = 2 Ta
𝒎

Thus we see that for maximum discharge, temperature of the flue gases (Tg)
should be slightly more than the atmospheric temperature (Ta).
Note 1: The Height of gas column (H’) producing the draught for maximum
mass of hot gases to be discharged is obtained by substituting the value of Tg in
equation (10)

𝑚 2 𝑚+1 𝑇𝑎

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H’=H X -1 = H meters
𝑚+1 𝑚 𝑋 𝑇𝑎
It shows that for maximum discharge, the height of hot gas column producing
the draught is equal to the height of the chimney.
Note 2: We know that draught pressure

1 𝑚+1
h= 353 H - mm of water
𝑇𝑎 𝑚 𝑇𝑔

The draught pressure for maximum discharge

1 𝑚+1 1 𝑚+1
h = 353 H - X 𝑚+1 Tg = 2 Ta
𝑇𝑎 𝑚 2 𝑚 𝑇𝑎 𝑚

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353 𝐻
=
2 𝑇𝑎

𝟏𝟕𝟔.𝟓 𝑯
h= mm of water
𝑻𝒂
 Efficiency of Chimney
It may be Defined as the ratio of the energy required to produce the artificial
draught (expressed in meters head or J/Kg of flue gas) to the mechanical equivalent
of extra heat carried away per kg of flue gases due to the natural draught.
Let, H’= Height of the flue gas column or the artificial draught produced in meters.
Tg= Temperature of flue gases in chimney with natural draught in K,
T= Temperature of flue gases in chimney with artificial draught in k
Cp= Specific heat of flue gases in KJ/Kg K. Its value may be taken as 1.005 KJ/Kg K.
We Know that energy required to produce the artificial draught per kg of flue gas.
=H’g J/Kg of flue gas
And extra heat carried away per kg of flue gas due to natural draught

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= 1 X Cp (Tg-T) KJ/Kg
Mechanical equivalent of extra heat carried away
=1000 Cp (Tg-T) J/Kg of flue gas
And efficiency

𝑯′ 𝒈
η=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝒈−𝑻)

Note 1: In the above expression the value of H’ may be substituted as

𝒎 𝑻𝒈
H’= H x - 1
𝒎+𝟏 𝑻

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Note 2: The efficiency of Chimney is less than 1 Percent
Problem No 1

Calculate the height of Chimney required to

produce a draught equivalent to 1.7 cm of
water if the flue gas temperature is 270 0 C and
ambient temperature is 220 C and minimum

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amount of air per kg of fuel is 17 kg.
Given Data:

Draught in mm of H2O hw or △P =1.7 cm =17 mm

Flue Gas temperature Tg = 270+273=543 K
Ambient Temperature Ta =22+273=295 K
Minimum amount of Air per kg of Fuel ma=17 kg

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To Find: Height of Chimney, H
Using the Relation,

𝟏 𝒎+𝟏
hw = 353 H -
𝑻𝒂 𝒎 𝑻𝒈

17 = 0.508 H

H = 33.46 m

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Hence Height of Chimney = 33.46 m
Problem No 2:
Calculate the mass of Flue gases flowing the Chimney
when the draught produced is equal to 1.9 cm of
water. Temperature of Flue gases is 2900 C and
ambient temperature is 200 C. The flue gases formed
per kg of fuel burnt are 23 kg. Neglect the losses and

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take the diameter of the chimney as 1.8 m.
Given Data:
Draught in mm of H2O hw or △P =1.9 cm =19 mm
Flue Gas temperature Tg= 290+273=563 K
Ambient Temperature Ta=20+273=293 K
Flue gases formed per kg of Fuel burnt, (ma + 1) =23 kg
Diameter of the Chimney D=1.8 m

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To Find: Mass of flue gases mg:
Using the relation,
H1 = △P or hw………………………………………(1)
Where H1 is the head in terms of gas column
Also
𝟏 𝒎+𝟏
hw= 353 H -
𝑻𝒂 𝒎 𝑻𝒈

( Here Given ma+1=23 kg , So ma = 22 kg )

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19= 0.548 H
H= 34.67 m
Now Put value of H in equation no 1 , So we get
H1=29.05 m of Air.

Velocity of gases, C = 𝟐𝒈𝑯𝟏

C=23.87 m/s
Now
mass of flue gases mg =A X C X ρg
𝑚𝑎+1 1

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ρ𝑔 = 353 X
𝑚𝑎 𝑇𝑔

ρ𝑔= 0.655 kg/m3

 𝜋
mg = X 1.82 X 23.87 X 0.655
4

mg = 39.8 kg/s

Hence mass of flue gases passing through the chimney

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Problem No 3: A Chimney is 60 meters high and
the temperature of atmospheric air is 270 C. If 15
kg of air/ kg of fuel is used. Find for maximum
discharge of hot gases’
1) The temperature of hot gases and
2) The draught Pressure in mm of water.
Given Data:
H= 60 m

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Ta= 270 C = 27+273 = 300 K
m = 15 kg/kg of fuel
1) The temperature of hot gases for maximum discharge
We know that temperature of hot gases for maximum
discharge
𝒎+𝟏 15+1
Tg = 2 Ta Tg = 2 300
𝒎 15

Tg = 640 K

2) Draught Pressure in mm of water

We know that draught Pressure for maximum discharge

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176.5 𝐻 176.5 𝑋 60
h= =
𝑇𝑎 300

h = 35.3 mm of water
Advantages
1. Chimney draught does not require any external power
to produce draught.

2. Simple in construction, less cost& has long life.

3. No mechanical parts & hence maintenance cost is

negligible.

4. Chimney keeps flue gases at a high place in the

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atmosphere which prevents contamination of
atmosphere & maintains the cleanliness.
 Performance of Steam Generators
Introduction:
The Performance of a steam boiler is measured in terms of its Evaporative
capacity. However, the evaporative capacities of two boiler cant be compared
unless both the boiler have the same feed water temp. , working Pressure, Fuel &
the final condition of steam. In actual practice, the feed water temp and working
pressure varies considerably. It is thus oblivious, that the comparison of two
boilers becomes difficult unless some standard feed temperature and working
pressure is adopted.
The feed temp usually adopted is 100 degree C and the working pressure

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as normal atmospheric pressure i. e 1.013 bar. It is assumed that the boiler is
supplied with water at the boiling temperature (100 degree C) Corresponding to
the atmospheric Pressure.
 Equivalent Evaporation
It is the amount of water evaporated from feed
water at 100 degree C & formed into dry and saturated steam
at 100 degree C at normal atmospheric pressure. It is usually
written as “From and at 100 degree C.
As the water is already at the boiling temp. it requires only
latent heat at 1.013 bar to convert it into steam at the temp.

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(100 degree c). The value of this latent heat is taken as 2257
KJ/Kg
Mathematically
Equivalent evaporation from & at 1000 C
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
E=
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

t1= Temperature of feed water in o C

hf1= Enthalpy or Sensible heat of feed water in KJ/Kg
of steam corresponding to t1 0C (From steam table)
h=hf + x hfg (for wet steam)

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=hf +hfg = hg (for dry wet steam)
= hg + Cp (tsup – t) (for superheated steam)

Note: Here, h = hg
me= mass of water actually evaporated or stem produced in kg/h or kg/kg
of fuel burnt
We know that heat required evaporate 1 kg of water = h-hf1
Total heat required to evaporate me kg of water = me (h-hf1)
and equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C

𝐦𝐞 (𝐡−𝐡𝐟𝟏)
E= h = hg
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

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(𝐡−𝐡𝐟𝟏)
Note: The factor is known as factor of evaporation and is usually
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

denoted by Fe. Its value is always greater than unity for all boilers.
 Boiler efficiency
It may be defined as the ratio of heat actually used in producing the steam
to the heat liberated in the furnace. It is also known as thermal efficiency of
the boiler.
Mathematically,
Boiler efficiency or thermal efficiency,

𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝒎𝒆 (𝒉−𝒉𝒇𝟏) h = hg

η= =
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝑪.𝑽

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me= Mass of water actually evaporated or actual evaporation in kg / kg of
fuel and
C.V= Calorific value of fuel in KJ/Kg of fuel
Note:1 If mg= Total mass of water evaporated into steam in kg
And mf = mass of fuel used in kg
𝑚𝑔
Then me= kg/kg of fuel
𝑚𝑓

And

𝒎𝒈 (𝒉−𝒉𝒇𝟏)
η=
𝒎𝒇 𝑿 𝑪𝑽

Note: 2
If a boiler consisting of an economiser and superheater is

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considered to be a single unit then the efficiency is termed as
overall efficiency of the boiler.
Problem 1:
A boiler evaporates 3.6 kg of water per kg of coal
into dry saturated steam at 10 bar. The
temperature of feed water is 320C. Find the
equivalent evaporation “’from and at 1000C” as
well as the factor of evaporation.

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Given Data:
me= 3.6 kg / kg of coal
P=10 bar
t1= 320c

To Find: 1) Equivalent evaporation “’from and at 1000C”

2) The factor of evaporation

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1) Equivalent evaporation “from and at 1000C”
From steam tables corresponding to a feed water temperature of 320C, we
find that
𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 134 KJ/ Kg
And Corresponding to a steam pressure of 10 bar we
find that
h = hg = 2776.2 KJ/Kg ……(for dry saturated steam)
We know that equivalent evaporation from and at 1000C
𝐦𝐞 (𝐡−𝐡𝐟𝟏)
E=
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

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𝟑.𝟔(𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔.𝟐−𝟏𝟑𝟒)
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕
E= 4.2 Kg / kg of coal
2) Factor of evaporation:

We know that factor of evaporation

(𝐡−𝐡𝐟𝟏)
Fe =
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

(𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔.𝟐−𝟏𝟑𝟒)
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

Fe= 1.17

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Problem 2:
The following observations were made in a boiler
trial:
Coal used 250 kg of Calorific value 29800 KJ/Kg
water evaporated 2000 kg steam pressure 11.5 bar.
Dryness fraction of steam 0.95 and feed water
temperature 340C.
Calculate the equivalent evaporation “From and at

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1000C” per kg of coal and the efficiency of the boiler.
Given Data:
mf= 250 kg
C.V= 29800 KJ/ Kg
mg= 2000 kg
P= 11.5 bar
x = 0.95
t1= 340C
To Find : 1) Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000C
2) Boiler Efficiency
From steam tables, corresponding to a feed water temperature of 340C,
We find that hf1= 142.4 KJ/Kg

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and Corresponding to a steam pressure of 11.5 bar
we find that hf = 790 KJ/Kg, hfg= 1991.4 KJ/Kg
We know that enthalpy or total heat of steam,
h = hf + x h fg h = hg

= 790 +0.95 X 1991.4

h = 2681.8 KJ/Kg
and mass of water evaporated per kg of coal
𝒎𝒈 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
m e= =
𝒎𝒇 𝟐𝟓𝟎

me = 8 kg/ kg of coal.
So Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000C

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𝐦𝐞 (𝐡−𝐡𝐟𝟏) 𝟖(𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏.𝟖−𝟏𝟒𝟐.𝟒)
E= =
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕

= 9 Kg / kg of coal
Efficiency of the Boiler
We know that efficiency of the boiler,

𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦

η=
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐜𝐞

𝒎𝒆 (𝒉−𝒉𝒇𝟏)
=
𝑪.𝑽

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𝟖 (𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏.𝟖−𝟏𝟒𝟐.𝟒)
=
𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟎

η = 0.682 or 68.2 %