HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES FOURTH EDITION Neel ae UNS OicUOMUMi- nena Ete IUFourth edition published 2007 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1990, 1996, 2001, 2007 Pavel Novak, Iain Moffat, the estate of Chandra Nalluri and Rangaswami Narayanan The right of Pavel Novak, lain Moffat, Chandra Nalluri and Rangaswami Narayanan to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ‘The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hydraulic structures / P. Novak ... [et al.]. — 4th ed, pcm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-415-38625-8 (alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-415-38626-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Hydraulic structures. I. Novak, Pavel TC180,H95 2007 627--de22 ISBN 0-203-96463-2 Master e-book ISBN. ISBN10: 0-415-38625-X Hardback ISBN10: 0-415-38626-8 Paperback ISBN10: 0-203-96463-2 e-book ISBN13: 978-0-415-38625-8 Hardback ISBNI3: 978-0-415-38626-5 Paperback ISBNI3: 978-0-203-96453-7 e-bookContents Preface Preface to the third edition Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition Acknowledgements List of tables List of main symbols 1 Elements of dam engineering 1.1 General 1.2 Introductory perspectives 1.3 Embankment dam types and characteristics 1.4 Concrete dam types and characteristics 1.5 Spillways, outlets and ancillary works 1.6 Site assessment and selection of type of dam 1.7 Loads on dams References 2 Embankment dam engineering 24 2.2 23 Introduction Nature and classification of engineering soils Engineering characteristics of soils xi xiii xv XVii xix XxX XXii 12 16 20 23 35 39 42 2 42 47vi CONTENTS 24 Principles of embankment dam design 25 Materials and construction 2.6 Seepage analysis 2.7 Stability and stress 28 Settlement and deformation 29 — Rockfill embankments and rockfill 2.10 Small embankment dams, farm dams and flood banks 2.11 Tailing dams and storage lagoons 2.12 Geosynthetics in embankment dams 2.13 Upgrading and rehabilitation of embankment dams Worked examples References Concrete dam engineering 3.1 Loading: concepts and criteria 32. Gravity dam analysis 33 Buttress dam anaiysis 34 Arch dam analysis Design features and construction Concrete for dams The roller-compacted concrete gravity dam 38 Upgrading of masonry and concrete dams Worked examples References Dam outlet works 41 Introduction 42 The design flood 43. Flood routing 44 Freeboard 45 Sedimentation in reservoirs 46 Cavitation 47 Spillways 48 Bottom outlets Worked examples References Energy dissipation 51 General 52 Energy dissipation on spillways 53 Stilling basins 54 Plunge pools 55 Energy dissipation at bottom outlets Worked examples References 60 73 78 82 o7 100 103 107 108 109 dit 116 122 122 133 155 157 164 170 174 180 182 188 191 191 192 195 197 200 204 206 231 234 239 244 244 245 249 259 261 264CONTENTS Gates and valves 6.1 General 62. Crest gates 63 High-head gates and valves 6.4 Tidal barrage and surge protection gates 65 Hydrodynamic forces acting on gates 6.6 Cavitation, aeration, vibration of gates 67 Automation, control and reliability Worked example References Dam sofety: instrumentation and surveillance 7. Introduction 7.2 Instrumentation 73 Surveillance 7.4 Damsafety legislation 15 Reservoir hazard and risk assessment References Part Two Other hydraulic structures 10 River engineering 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Some basic principles of open-channel flow 83 River morphology and régime 84 — Riversurveys 85 Flow-measuring structures 8.6 River flood routing 8.7 Riverimprovement Worked examples References Diversion works 9.1 Weirs and barrages; worked examples 92 Intakes: worked examples 9.3. Fish passes References Cross-drainage and drop structures 10.1 Aqueduets and canal inlets and outlets; worked examples 10.2. Culverts, bridges and dips; worked examples 10.3 Drop structures; worked example References 267 267 2068 275 277 279 283 284 285 287 289 289 291 304 306 309 315 319 321 321 322 327 331 337 338, 342 353 300 364 364 392 410 416 418 418 428 viiviii CONTENTS 11. Inland waterways 11 Introduction 11.2 Definitions, classification and some waterways 11.3 Multipurpose utilization of waterways 11.4 Transport on inland waterways 11.5 Canalization and navigation canals 11.6 Resistance of ships 11.7. Wave action on banks 1L8 Locks 11.9 — Thrift locks 11.10 Lifts and inclined planes 11.11 Lock approaches 11.12 Inland ports Worked examples References Hydroelectric power development 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Worldwide hydroelectric power development in perspective 12.3 Power supply and demand 12.4 Some fundamental definitions 12.5 Types of water power development 12.6 Head classification of hydropower plants 12.7 Streamflow data essential for the assessment of water-power potential 12.8 | Hydraulic turbines and their selection 12.9 Other components of hydropower plants 12.10 Surge tanks 12.11 Small hydraulic power plant development 12.12 Other energy resources Worked examples References Pumping stations 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 Introduction Pumps and their classification Design of pumping mains Classification of pumping stations and intakes Sump design Screening devices Benching Surges General design considerations of pumping stations and mains 461 499 502 502 505 51714 16 Worked examples References Woves and offshore engineering 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Wave motion 14.3 Range of validity of linear theory 14.4 Waves approaching a shore 145 Wave breaking 14.6 Wave reflection 14.7 Basin oscillations 148 Wave diffraction 14.9 Wave prediction 14.10 Wave stat 14.11 Forces on cylindrical structures 14.12 Vortex-induced oscillations 14.13 Oscillations of cylinders in waves Worked examples References Coastal engineering 15.1 Introduction 15.2. Coastal defence 15.3. Wave forces on coastal structures 15.4 Wave run-up 15.5 Wave overtopping 15.6 Rubble-mound breakwaters 15.7 Sea outfalls 15.8 Coastal management Worked examples References Models in hydraulic engineering 16.1 Hydraulic models 16.2 Structural models Worked example References Author index Subject index CONTENTS 568 374 575 575 576 ixaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.The aim of the book, to provide a text for final year undergraduate and postgraduate students, remains the same as in the previous editions; we also trust that researchers, designers and operators of hydraulic structures will continue to find the text of interest and a stimulating up-to-date reference source. This new edition enabled us to update the text and references throughout, and to introduce some important changes and additions react- ing to new developments in the field. We have also taken note of some comments received on the previous edition; particular thanks for the con- structive comments and help provided by Professor J. Lewin in redrafting Chapter 6 (Gates and valves). The authorship of individual chapters remains the same as in previ- ‘ous editions; (Dr Narayanan carried out the work on this edition during his stay in the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia). However, as our colleague Dr C. Nalluri unfortu- nately died in December 2003 ‘his’ text was reviewed by Dr Narayanan (Chapter 13) and Professor Novak (Chapters 9, 10 and 12) who also again edited the whole text. Readers of the previous (2001) edition may note the following major changes: Chapter 1. Enhanced discussion of environmental issues including the World Commission on Dams report. Chapter 2. New sections on partially saturated soils, small farm and amenity dams, tailing dams and lagoons and upgrading and rehabilitation of embankment dams; extended treatment of upstream face protection/rock armouring. Chapter 3. Extended discussion of roller-compacted concrete dams and a new section on upgrading of masonry and conerete dams.