Simulation Lab Manual Edit

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Sl. No. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No.
PSPICE Simulation of Transient and parametric Analysis of RLC

1 3
Circuit To an input (i) pulse (ii) step and(iii) Sinusoidal signals
Analysis of Three Phase Circuit representing the generator
2 transmission line and load .plot three phase currents and neutral current 10
using PSPICE
PSPICE Simulation of Single Phase fall converter using RLE loads and
3 16
11AC Voltage Controller using RLE loads.
PSPICE Simulation of DC circuits (Theremins Equivalent, Transfer

4 29
Functions)
Linear System analysis (Time domain analysis error analysis) using
5 34
MAT - LAB
Stability analysis (Bode, Root Locus, Nyquist) of Linear Time Invariant

6 38
system using MATLAB
Simulation of Dynamical system (Single area and two area power

7 44
system ) using SIMULINK
8 Circuit analysis using MATLAB (SimPower system Tool Box) 49
PSPICE Simulation of OP – PMP based Integrator and Differentiator

9 53
circuits
10 PSPICE simulation of single Phase Inverter with PWM control 62
11 PSPICE Analysis of Resonant Pulse Commutation circuit 67
12 PSPICE Analysis of Buck Chopper 73
13 Load flow analysis with N.R method using MATLAB 78
14 Fault Analysis using MATLAB 85

Electrical Simulation Lab Manual EEE
PSPICE SIMULATION OF SERIES RLC CIRCUITS FOR

STEP, PULSE & SINUSOIDAL INPUTS
KHIT-GUNTUR Page 2 of 91
PSPICE SIMULATION OF SERIES RLC CIRCUITS FOR STEP,

PULSE & SINUSOIDAL INPUTS
Date: Expt. No: 1
AIM: To study the responses of series RLC circuits for a given step, pulse & sinusoidal
inputs.
SIMULATION TOOLS REQUIRED:

PC with PSPICE Software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Series RLC circuit for STEP input
1 R1 2 L1 3 4 R2 5 L2 6 7 R3 8 L3 9
50uH 2 OHMS 50uH 8 OHMS 50uH
1 OHM
V1 V2 V3
C1 C2 C3
10UF 10UF 10UF
Series RLC circuit for STEP input

1 R1 2 L1 3 4 R2 5 L2 6 7 R3 8 L3 9
1 OHM 10uH 2 OHMS 10uH 3 OHMS 10uH
V1 C1 V2 C2 V3 C3
10UF 10UF 10UF
Series RLC circuit for SINUSOIDAL input

1 R1 2 L1 3 4 R2 5 L2 6 7 R3 8 L3 9
0.5 OHM 10uH 2 OHMS 10uH 6 OHMS 10uH
V1 C1 V2 C2 V3 C3
10UF 10UF 10UF
0
SPECIFICATIONS:
Step input : V1 = 0, T1 =0, V2 = 1V, T2 = 1ns, V3 = 1V, T3 = 1ms.
Pulse input : V1 = -10V, V2 = 10V, TD = TR = TF = 1ns, PW = 40us, PER = 80us.
Sinusoidal input: VOFF = 0V, VAMPL = 169.7V, FREQ = 50 Hz.
THEORY:
The fundamental integro differential equation of a series RLC circuit is given by

 di  t  
VS  t   i  t  R  L 
 dt 

1
C    i t  dt
Applying Laplace transformation to above equation,
VS  S   I  S   R  LS  1


CS   
I  S  

CS

1 S
L  

 VS  S  
 RCS  LCS  1 S  R S  1
2 2
L LC    
For Step Input:
V (t) = 0 when t < 0
= 1 when t > 0
Applying Laplace transforms VS (S) = (1 / S)
S  
 1L
 R S   1
LC 
I
S2
L
I S 
Vo S  
CS
V0  t    1 V0  S  
For Sinusoidal Input:
VS  t   Vm sin t
Vm
VS 
S2 2
Vm S
I S  
  
L  S 2   2   S 2  R S  1
L 

LC 
I S 
Vo  S  
CS
V0  t    1 V0  S  
For Pulse Input:

VS (t) = 0 {t > 0, t > T}
= 1 {0 < t < T}
V(S) = 1 / S {0 < t < T}
I S  
 1L
 R S   1
LC 
S2
L
I S 
Vo  S  
CS
V0  t    1 V0  S 
PROGRAMS:
STEP INPUT
SIMPLE RLC CIRCUIT FOR STEP INPUT

V1 1 0 PWL(0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V)
V2 4 0 PWL(0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V)
V3 7 0 PWL(0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V)
R1 1 2 1OHM
L1 2 3 50UH
C1 3 0 10UF
R2 4 5 2OHMS
L2 5 6 50UH
C2 6 0 10UF
R3 7 8 8OHMS
L3 8 9 50UH
C3 9 0 10UF
.TRAN 1US 800US
.PROBE
.END
PULSE INPUT
SIMPLE RLC CIRCUIT FOR STEP INPUT

V1 1 0 PULSE(-10 10 1NS 1NS 1NS 40US 80US)
R1 1 2 1OHM
L1 2 3 10UH
C1 3 0 10UF
R2 4 5 2OHMS
L2 5 6 10UH
C2 6 0 10UF
R3 7 8 3OHMS
L3 8 9 10UH
C3 9 0 10UF
.TRAN 1US 240US
.PROBE
.END
SINUSOIDAL INPUT
SIMPLE RLC CIRCUIT FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUT

V1 1 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50)
V2 4 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50)
V3 7 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50)
R1 1 2 0.5OHM
L1 2 3 10UH
C1 3 0 10UF
R2 4 5 2OHMS
L2 5 6 10UH
C2 6 0 10UF
R3 7 8 6OHMS
L3 8 9 10UH
C3 9 0 10UF
.TRAN 1US 60MS
.PROBE
.END
PROCEDURE:
ANALYSIS BY PROGRAM:
1. Write the program in a new text file in PSpice AD.

2. Save the file using the notation filename.cir.
3. Activate the file by opening it.
4. Run the simulation process using blue button.
5. By clicking Add Trace icon, get the required waveform.
ANALYSIS BY CIRCUIT:
1. Open the Orcad PSPICE.

2. Select Capture.
3. Open new project file from file menu.
4. Enter the name of the new file
5. Then Select analog or mixed A/D
6. Select ‘create a blank project’ from project file.
7. Go to ‘place’ on menu bar line that get all required parts and select a part and
drop on new file.
8. Draw the circuit diagram using wire.
9. Enter Ground potential at Zero value
10. Save the file.
11. Set the new simulation profile under PSPICE menu.
12. Enter the name where simulation results are required.
13. Select time domain analysis and set run time to a suitable value.
14. Simulate the file by selecting run from pspice menu
15. If the simulation is successful output wave form are displayed in the probe
window
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is Pspice?
2. Mention the differences between step, pulse and sinusoidal inputs?
3. What is the procedure to get transient response in Capture CIS?
4. What is the command to get graph as output?
5. Give the syntax for defining step, pulse and sinusoidal inputs in Pspice.
6. Give the syntax for defining an element in Pspice.
MODEL GRAPH:
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH STEP INPUT

1.5V
1.0V
0.5V
0V
0s 100us 200us 300us 400us 500us 600us 700us 800us
V(3) V(6) V(9)
Time
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH STEP INPUT

15V
10V
5V
0V
-5V
-10V
-15V
0s 40us 80us 120us 160us 200us 240us
V(3) V(6) V(9)
Time
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH SINUSOIDAL INPUT

200V
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms
V(3) V(6) V(9)
Time
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUIT
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUIT

Date: Expt. No: 2
AIM: To study the analysis of simple three phase circuit for balanced and unbalanced loads.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Three Phase circuit with Balanced load
L1 L2 L3
3MH 3MH 3MH
2 4 6
R1 R2 R3 Vx
20 OHMS 20 OHMS 20 OHMS 0V
1 3 5
VS1 VS2 VS3
Three Phase circuit with Unbalanced load
L1 L2 L3
3MH 6MH 9MH
2 4 6
R1 R2 R3 Vx
50 OHMS 10 OHMS 15 OHMS 0V
1 3 5
VS1 VS2 VS3
SPECIFICATIONS:
THEORY:
A 3- systems of voltages is merely a combinations of three if systems of

voltages or currents of which the 3- voltages or currents define in phase of 1200 electrical
degree from each other in a particular sequence. 3 voltage can be generated in a stationary
armature with rotating field structure, or in a rotating armature with a stationary field. In star
connection similar ends of the 3-’s are joined together with in alternator.
The common terminal so formed is referred to as the neutral point (N) or

neutral terminal. Three lines are run from the other free ends (R, Y, B) to fed power to a 3-
load. The terminal (R, Y, B) are called line terminal of the source. The voltage between any
line and the neutral is called the phase voltage i (VRN, V<n, VBN) while the voltage between
any two lines is called the line voltage (VRY, V<B, VBR). The currents flowing through the
phases are called phase currents, while those flowing in the lines are called line currents.
If the neutral wire is not available for external connection the system is
called 3- is 3-wire connected system. The system so formed will supply equal line voltage
displaced 1200 from one another and acting simultaneously in the circuit like three
independent single phase sources in the same frame of a 3- alternator.
PROGRAMS:
BALANCED LOAD CONDITION
SIMPLE 3 PHASE CIRCUIT FOR BALANCED LOAD

VS1 1 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ)
VS2 2 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ 0 0 120DEG)
VS3 3 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ 0 0 240DEG)
R1 1 4 20OHMS
L1 4 7 3MH
R2 2 5 20OHMS
L2 5 7 3MH
R3 3 6 20OHMS
L3 6 7 3MH
VX 7 0 DC 0V
.TRAN 1US 40MS
.PROBE
.END
UNBALANCED LOAD CONDITION
SIMPLE 3 PHASE CIRCUIT FOR BALANCED LOAD

VS1 1 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ)
VS2 2 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ 0 0 120DEG)
VS3 3 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ 0 0 240DEG)
R1 1 4 5OHMS
L1 4 7 3MH
R2 2 5 10OHMS
L2 5 7 6MH
R3 3 6 15OHMS
L3 6 7 9MH
VX 7 0 DC 0V
.TRAN 1US 40MS
.PROBE
.END
PROCEDURE:
FOR PROGRAM:

FOR CIRCUIT:
2. Select Capture
3. Open new project file from file menu
6. select ‘create a blank project from project file
7. Go to ‘place’ on menu bar line that get all required parts and select a part and
drop on new file
9. Enter Ground potential at Zero value
10. Save the file.
14. Simulate the file by selecting run from pspice menu
15. If the simulation is successful output wave form are displayed in the probe
window
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Give the syntax for defining a sinusoidal voltage source with some phase angle?
2. Give the equations for calculating line and phase currents in a three phase system.
3. Explain about the commands ‘.PROBE’, ‘.END’.
4. What do you understand by doing this analysis?
5. Give the syntax for defining a source.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INPUT WAVEFORM
200V
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms
V(1) V(2) V(3)
Time
BALANCED LOAD CONDITION

10A
5A
0A
-5A
-10A
I(L1) I(L2) I(L3)
Time
UNBALANCED LOAD CONDITION

20A
10A
0A
-10A
-20A
I(L1) I(L2) I(L3)
Time
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE FULL

CONVERTER & AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER

WITH RL & RLE LOADS
Date: Expt. No: 3.a
AIM: To analyze the single phase full converter with RL and RLE Loads.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Single Phase full converter with RL load
7
3 4
R
XT1 XT3 10 OHMS
8
1 E
Vs 100V
2 9
6 5 L
100MH
XT4 XT2
0
Single Phase full converter with RLE load
3 4
R
XT1 XT3 10 OHMS
1 8
Vs
2
6 5 L
100MH
XT4 XT2
0
SPECIFICATIONS:
T1 and T2: V1 = 0V, V2 = 100V, TD = 3333.34us, TR = TF = 1ns, PW = 100us, PER =
20ms. T3 and T4: V1 = 0V, V2 = 100V, TD = 13333.34us, TR = TF = 1ns, PW = 100us,
PER = 20ms. Firing circuit: RG = 50 Ώ, VX, VY = 0V, RT = 1 Ώ, CT = 10uf, RON =
0.0125, ROFF = 10E+5, VON = 0.5V, VOFF = 0V, IS = 2.2E-15, BV = 1800V, TT = 0
sec.
PROGRAMS:
WITH RL LOAD
SIGLE-PHASE FULL CONVERTER C IRCUIT WITH RL LOAD

VS1 1 2 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ)
R1 7 8 10OHM
L1 8 0 100MH
VG1 3 7 PULSE(0 100V 3333.34US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
VG2 5 2 PULSE(0 100V 3333.34US 1NS 1N S 100US 20000US)
XT1 1 7 3 7 SCR
XT2 0 2 5 2 SCR
XT3 2 7 4 7 SCR
XT4 0 1 6 1 SCR
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50OHMS
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 7 DC 0V
DT 7 2 DMOD
RT 6 2 1OHM
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.0125 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.5V
VOFF=0V)
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E -15 BV=1800 TT=0)
.ENDS SCR
.TRAN 1US 60MS
.PROBE
.END
WITH RLE LOAD
SIGLE-PHASE FULL CONVERTER C IRCUIT WITH RLE LOAD

VS1 1 2 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ)
R1 7 8 10OHM
L1 8 9 100MH
VDC 9 0 DC 100V
XT1 1 7 3 7 SCR
XT2 0 2 5 2 SCR
XT3 2 7 4 7 SCR
XT4 0 1 6 1 SCR
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50OHMS
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 7 DC 0V
DT 7 2 DMOD
RT 6 2 1OHM
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.0125 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.5V
VOFF=0V)
.ENDS SCR
.TRAN 1US 60MS
.PROBE
.END
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:
X1 X3
2N1595 2N1595
R1
10 OHMS
V1 = 0V VG1 V1 = 0V VG3
V2 = 100V V2 = 100V
TD = 3333.34US TD = 13333.34US
TR = 1NS TR = 1NS
VS VOFF = 0V TF = 1NS TF = 1NS
FREQ = 50HZ PW = 100US PW = 100US
VAMPL = 169.7V PER = 20000US PER = 20000US
X4 X2
2N1595 2N1595
L1
100 MH
V1 = 0V VG4 V1 = 0V VG2
V2 = 100V V2 = 100V
TD = 13333.34US TD = 3333.34US
TR = 1NS TR = 1NS
TF = 1NS TF = 1NS
PW = 100US PW = 100US
PER = 20000US PER = 20000US
X1 X3
2N1595 2N1595
R1
10 OHMS
V1 = 0V VG1 V1 = 0V VG3
V2 = 100V V2 = 100V
TD = 3333.34US TD = 13333.34US
TR = 1NS TR = 1NS
VS VOFF = 0V TF = 1NS TF = 1NS E
FREQ = 50HZ PW = 100US PW = 100US
VAMPL = 169.7V PER = 20000US PER = 20000US
100 V
X4 X2
2N1595 2N1595
L1
100 MH
V1 = 0V VG4 V1 = 0V VG2
V2 = 100V V2 = 100V
TD = 13333.34US TD = 3333.34US
TR = 1NS TR = 1NS
TF = 1NS TF = 1NS
PW = 100US PW = 100US
PER = 20000US PER = 20000US
PROCEDURE:
FOR ANALYSIS USING PROGRAM:

FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:

2. Select Capture.
7. Go to ‘place’ on menu bar line that get select a part and drop on new file.
9. Enter Ground potential at Zero value.
10. Save the file.
14. Simulation file by selects run from pspice menu
15. If the simulation is successful output wave are displayed in the probe window.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is your conclusion about this experiment?
2. Briefly explain the operation of single phase full converter.
3. Give the syntaxes for defining the following elements:
i. Pulse voltage
ii. Sinusoidal voltage
iii. Thyristor
iv. Switch
4. Explain about the command ‘SUBCKT’.
5. How will you give specifications for diode?
MODEL GRAPHS FOR FULL CONVERTER:
INPUT WAVEFORM
200V
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
V(1,2)
Time
OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH RL LOAD

200V
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
V(7)
Time
OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH RLE LOAD

300V
200V
100V
0V
-100V
V(7)
Time
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE

CONTROLLER WITH RL LOAD
Date: Expt. No: 3.b
AIM: To analyze the single phase full converter with RL and RLE Loads.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Single Phase AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER with RL load

XT1
1 2
R
10 OHMS
XT2 3
Vs
L
10MH
0
SPECIFICATIONS:
T1: V1 = 0V, V2 = 100V, TD = 3333.34us, TR = TF = 1ns, PW = 100us, PER = 20ms.
T2: V1 = 0V, V2 = 100V, TD = 13333.34us, TR = TF = 1ns, PW = 100us, PER = 20ms.
Firing circuit: RG = 50 Ώ, VX, VY = 0V, RT = 1 Ώ, CT = 10uf, RON = 0.0125, ROFF =
10E+5, VON = 0.5V, VOFF = 0V, IS = 2.2E-15, BV = 1800V, TT = 0 sec.
THEORY:
Ac voltage controllers are thyristors based devices which convert fixed alternating
voltage directly to variable alternating voltage without a change in frequency. The circuit
consists to two thyristors connected in anti parallel.
The KVL for the circuit gives
Ldio
VS  Vm sin  t  Rio  ---------   t   
dt
The solution of this equation is of the form
Vm   R t
io  sin  t     Ae L
Z
1
Z   R   L  
2 2 2
 

  tan 1  L R 
At t   i.e. at t 

. io = 0
PROGRAM:
SIGLE-PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER C IRCUIT WITH RL LOAD

VS1 1 0 SIN(0 169.7V 50HZ)
R1 2 3 10OHM
L1 3 0 10MH
XT1 1 2 4 2 SCR
XT2 2 1 5 1 SCR
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50OHMS
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 7 DC 0V
DT 7 2 DMOD
RT 6 2 1OHM
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.0125 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.5V VOFF=0V)
.ENDS SCR
.TRAN 1US 60MS
.PROBE
.END
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:

X1
2N1595
V1 = 0V
V2 = 100V
TD = 3333.34US
TR = 1NS
TF = 1NS
PW = 100US VG1
PER = 20000US
X2
R1
VS1
2N1595 10 OHMS
VOFF = 0V
VAMPL = 169.7V
FREQ = 50HZ V1 = 0V
V2 = 100V
TD = 13333.34US L1
TR = 1NS
VG2 TF = 1NS 10 MH
PW = 100US
PER = 20000US
PROCEDURE:


2. Select Capture.
10. Save the file.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is Full Converter?

2. Briefly explain about single phase AC voltage controller?
3. What is the command for calling a subprogram in Pspice?
4. Explain about the command ‘SUBCKT’?
5. What is your conclusion after doing the analysis?
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INPUT WAVEFORM
200V
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
V(1)
Time
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
200V
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
V(2)
Time
PSPICE SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUITS
PSPICE SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUITS

(Thevinin’s Equivalent & Transfer Function)
Date: Expt. No: 4
AIM: To simulate Thevinin’s equivalent circuit and Transfer function analysis of DC

Circuits.
THEORY:
The commands that are commonly used for DC analysis are .OP (DC
operating point), .TF (Small-signal transfer function) and .DC (Dc sweep). If the .OP
command is present, Pspice prints the currents and power dissipations of all voltage
sources. The small signal parameters of all non linear controlled sources and all the
semiconductor devices are also printed.
The .TF command calculates the parameters of Thevinin’s equivalent circuit
for the circuit file. The syntax is as follows: .TF Vout Vin.
A dc circuit is given in figure 1. We are using Pspice to calculate and print
voltage gain, input resistance, Thevinin’s output resistance and Thevinin’s voltage. The
output voltage V(2,4) is between nodes 2 and 4. The .TF command can calculate and print
dc gain, the input resistance and the output resistance. The voltage source VX acts as an
ammeter, and an independent source of 0V is normally connected to measure a current.
THEVININ’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1 R1 2 R2 3
5 Ohms 10 Ohms
Vin = 10 V R3 R4 Is = 2mA
20 Ohms
V(2,4) 40 Ohms
R5 Vx
10 Ohms 5 0V 4
0
Figure 1: A dc circuit for determining Thevinin’s Equivalent
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS: Find VTH, RTH.
PROGRAM:
THEVININS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

VIN 1 0 DC 10V
IS 4 3 DC 2A
VX 4 5 DC 0V
R1 1 2 5
R2 2 3 10
R3 2 0 20
R4 3 4 40
R5 5 0 10
.TF V(2,4) VIN
.OP
.END
TRANSFER FUNCTION ANALYSIS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1 R1 2 Ib 4
>
1K
RP
1.5 K
6 F1 = 40 Ib
Ro RL
Vx = 0V 100 K 2K
R2
Vin = 1V
20 K 3 5
Vy = 0V
RE
250
0
An amplifier circuit for determining Thevinin’s equivalent
PROGRAM:
TRANSFER FUNCTION ANALYS IS

VIN 1 0 DC 1V
R1 1 2 1K
R2 2 0 20K
RP 2 6 1.5K
RE 3 0 250
F1 4 3 VX 40
R0 4 3 100K
RL 4 5 2K
VX 6 3 DC 0V
VY 5 0 DC 0V
.TF V(4) VIN
.OP
.END
PROCEDURE:

5. By opening output file, note down the values of Rth and Vth.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Briefly explain the procedure to find Thevinin’s equivalent circuit.

2. What is a transfer function?
3. Explain about .TF and .OP commands.
4. Give the syntax for defining an element.
5. What is your conclusion on this analysis?
OUTPUT:
FOR PROGRAM 1:
SMALL-SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS:
V(2,4)/VIN = 6.250E-01. Av = 0.625
INPUT RESISTANCE AT VIN = 2.000E+01. Rin = 20 Ω
OUTPUT RESISTANCE AT V(2,4) = 1.094E+01. Rth = 10.94 Ω
Thus, Thevinin’s voltage Vth is Av Vin = 0.625 x 10 = 6.25 V.
FOR PROGRAM 2:
SMALL-SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS:
V(4)/VIN = -5.9695E+00 Av = -5.9695
INPUT RESISTANCE AT VIN = 8.313E+03 Rin = 8.313 kΩ
OUTPUT RESISTANCE AT V(4) = 8.840E+03 Rth = 1.992 kV
Thus, Thevinin’s voltage Vth is Av Vin = -5.969 x 1 = -5.969 V.
LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING MATLAB
LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

(Time domain Analysis & Error Analysis)
Date: Expt. No: 5

AIM: To analyze a given liner system for transient response and steady state error.
PC with MATLAB Software
TRANSFER FUNCTION:
𝑠 + 2𝛿𝜔𝑛
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 2𝛿𝜔𝑛 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑛2 )𝑠
THEORY:
In specifying the transient response characteristics of a control system to a unit-

step input, we usually specify the following parameters:
(i) Delay time (td) (ii) Rise time (tr) (iii) Peak time (tp)
(iv) Maximum overshoot, (Mp) (v) Settling time (ts) (vi) Steady state error (ess)
PROGRAM:
% MATLAB code for obtaining transient response

% Plot of step response with damping ratio δ as parameter
clear all;
d=[0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 4];
num=[1];
t=[0:0.1:12];
for i=1:13
d1=d(i)
den = [1 d1 1];
[y, x] = step(num,den,t);
Ys(:,i) = y;
End
Plot(t, Ys(:,1),’-‘t, Ys(:,2), ’-‘t, Ys(:,3), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,4), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,5), ’-‘t,
Ys(:,6), ’-‘t, Ys(:,7), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,8), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,9), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,10), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,11), ’-
‘t, Ys(:,12), ’ -‘t, Ys(:,13),’-‘);
xlabel(‘Time(Sec)’yl abel(‘y(t)’);
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new M file.
3. Enter the MATLAB code.
4. Click on the debug menu and run the code.
5. Then copy the obtained plot.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Briefly give introduction about MATLAB.

2. What is transient analysis?
3. Define delay time, rise time, peak over shoot, fall time and steady state error?
4. What is the command to obtain plot in MATLAB?
MODEL GRAPH:
Model Graph for δ = 0.2 :
Model Graph for δ = 0.8:
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR TIME

INVARIANT SYSTEMS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS

(Bode, Root Locus, Nyquist plots using MATLAB)
Date: Expt. No: 6
AIM: To analyze the stability of given linear time invariant systems using MATLAB.
PC with MATLAB Software
THEORY:
MATLAB has been collection of functions immediately useful to the
control engineer or system theorist complex arithmetic, eigen values, root finding, matrix
inversion and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical tools. More
generally, MATLAB linear algebra, matrix computation and numerical analysis
capabilities provide a reliable foundation for control system engineering as well as many
other disciplines.
Root Locus Technique:
It is a simple technique for finding the roots of the characteristic equation
introduction by W. R. Evans. This technique provides a graphical method of plotting the
locus of the roots in the S-plane as a given system parameter is varied over the complete
range of values. The root locus is a powerful technique as it brings into focus the complete
dynamic response of the system. The root locus also provides a measure of sensitively of
roots to the variation in the parameter being considered. The root locus technique is
applicable for single as well as multiple loop systems. Characteristic equation of the
feedback is 1 + G(S) H(S)
G(S) H(S) Open loop transfer function
Bode Plot:
One of the most useful representations of a transfer function is a
logarithmic plot which consists of two graphs. One giving the logarithm of  G ( j )  and
the other phase angle of G(j) both platted against frequency in logarithmic scale. These
plots are called bode plots. The transfer function G(j) is represented by
G (j) =  G ( j )  e j  
Taking natural logarithm of both sides.
ln G  j    lnG  j   j  
The real part is the natural logarithm of magnitude and measured in basic
unit called neper the imaginary part is the phase characteristic.
In this representation the unit of magnitude 20 log  G ( j )  is decibel
abbreviated as db,() is phase angle in degree.
Nyquist Plot:
Nyquist stability criterion relates the location of roots of the characteristic
equation to the open loop frequency response of a system. Here the stability study can be
carried out graphically from the open loop frequency response the nyquist stability criteria
is based on a theorem of complex variables due to Cauchy, commonly known as principle
of argument.
Nyquist stability criterion states that if the contour G(H) of the open loop
transfer function G(S) H(S) corresponding to the nyquist contour in the S-plane encircles
the point (-1+ja) in the contour clockwise direction as many times as the number of right
half S-plane pales of G(S) H(S) the closed loop system is stable.
TRANSFER FUNCTION:
The given system is represented by a transfer function as follows

242(𝑆 + 5)
𝐺(𝑆) =
𝑆(𝑆 + 1)(𝑆 2 + 5𝑆 + 121)
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Draw Bode, Nyquist and Root locus plots for the given transfer function.
PROGRAMS:
BODE PLOT:
a= [242 1210];
b=[1 6 126 121 0];
h=tf(a,b);
bode(h);
NYQUIST PLOT:
a= [242 1210];
b=[1 6 126 121 0];
h=tf(a,b);
nyquist(h);
ROOT LOCUS PLOT:

a= [242 1210];
b=[1 6 126 121 0];
h=tf(a,b);
rlocus(h);
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new M file.
3. Enter the MATLAB code.
4. Click on the debug menu and run the code.
5. Then copy the obtained plot.
RESULT:
MODEL GRAPHS: BODE PLOT
NYQUIST PLOT
ROOT LOCUS PLOT
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. How can you determine whether the system is stable or not using Bode plot?
2. How can you determine whether the system is stable or not using nyquist plot?
3. How can you determine whether the system is stable or not using root locus plot?
4. Explain the procedure to draw the above plots theoretically.
5. Which plot gives most accurate results?
SIMULATION OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

USING SIMULINK
SIMULATION OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS USING SIMULINK

(Single Area Power System)
Date: Expt. No: 7
AIM: To analyze a given linear system for steady state error with and without PI controller.
PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT CONTROLLER
Step 10 s+8
Add Transfer Fcn 1
1 1
0.2s+1 0.5s+1 Scope
Transfer Fcn Transfer Fcn 2
-20
Gain
WITH CONTROLLER
Step 10 s+8
Add Transfer Fcn 1
1 1
0.2s+1 0.5s+1
Add 1
Transfer Fcn Transfer Fcn 2
Scope
20
Gain
1
7
s
Gain 1 Transfer Fcn 3
THEORY:
MATLAB has been collection of functions immediately useful to the control

engineer or system threorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root finding, matrix
inversion and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical tools. More
generally, MATLAB linear algebra, matrix computation and numerical analysis capabilities
provide a reliable foundation for control system engineering as well as many other
disciplines.
Simulink is a software package that enables you to model, simulate and
analyze systems whose outputs change over time. Suc1h systems are often referred to as
dynamic systems. Simulink can be used to explore the behavior of a wide range of real
world dynamic systems including electrical circuits. Shock observers, breaking system and
many other electrical, mechanical and thermodynamic systems.
Simulating a dynamic system is a two-step process with simulink. First,
you create a graphical model of the system to be simulated, using the simulink model
editor. The model depicts the time dependent mathematical relationships among the systems
inputs, states and outputs. Then, you use simulink to simulate the behavior of the system
over a specified time span simulink uses information that you entered into the model to
perform the simulation.
Simulink provides a library browser that allows you to select blocks from
libraries of standard black and a graphical editor that allows you to draw lines connecting
the blocks. You can model virtually any real world dynamic system by selecting and
interconnecting the appropriate simulink blocks.
A simulink block diagram is a pictorial model of dynamic system it
consists of a set of symbols called blocks interconnected by lines. Each block represents an
elementary dynamic system that produces an output either continuously or at specific points
in time. The lines represent connections of block inputs to block outputs. Every block in a
block diagram is an instance of a specific type of black. The type of the block determines
the relationship between a blocks output and it’s inputs, states and time. A block diagram
can contain any number of instances of any type of block needed to model a system.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Simulink library browser in MATLAB.

2. Open a new page to create model.
3. Construct the block diagrams using the devices in the library browser.
4. Save the file and click the simulation button (black) to start simulation.
5. Click the scope to view the output response.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Briefly give some introduction about SIMULINK software?

2. What is PI Controller?
3. What is the procedure to connect different blocks in SIMULINK?
4. How steady state error in frequency is eliminated in single area system?
MODEL GRAPH:
WITHOUT CONTOLLER
WITH CONTOLLER
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

(SimPowerSystems Tools Box)
Date: Expt. No: 8
AIM: To analyze the steady state operation of a linear circuit using MATLAB
(SimPowerSystems Tool Box).
PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A 5th harmonic filter is connected at a bus bar fed by a 60 Hz, 100 V inductive
source. A 5th harmonic (300 Hz, 1 A) current is injected at the bus bar. This linear system
consists of 3 states (2 inductor currents and 1 capacitor voltage), 2 inputs (Vs, Is) and 2
outputs (Current and Voltage Measurement). An Impedance Measurement block is used to
compute the impedance versus frequency of the circuit.
Demonstration:
1. Use the Powergui block to find the steady-state 60Hz and 300 Hz components
of voltage and current phasors. The values of the 3 states (phasors and initial values) can be
also obtained from the Powergui block.
2. Open the scope and start the simulation from the Simulation/Start menu. Notice
that the simulation starts in steady-state. Using the Powergui block, select Impedance vs
Frequency Measurement. A new window opens.
3. The measurement will be performed for the specified frequency range vector [0:
2:1000] (0 to 1000 Hz by steps of 2 Hz). Click on the Display button. The impedance is
displayed in a graphic window. Notice the series resonance at 300 Hz corresponding to the
tuned frequency of the filter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Simulink library browser in MATLAB.

2. Open a new page to create model.
3. Construct the block diagrams using the devices in the library browser.
4. Save the file and click the simulation button (black) to start simulation.
5. Click the scope to view the output response.
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is your conclusion after doing this analysis?
2. What is the function of scope?
3. What is the procedure to add Current measurement block to the model?
4. What is POWERGUI?
5. What is the procedure to edit a part (for example voltage source)?
PSPICE SIMULATION OF INTEGRATOR &

DIFFERENTIATOR
PSPICE SIMULATION OF INTEGRATOR & DIFFERENTIATOR

Date: Expt. No: 9
AIM: To simulate an Op-amp based Integrator & Differentiator circuits using Pspice.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT
RF
1MEG
C1
0.1U
1 R1
-
2.5K
2 OUT
V1
4
+
3
Rx RL
2.5K 100K
DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT
RF
10K
1 R1 2 C1
-
100
0.4UF 3 out
4
+
5
Vin
Rx RL
10K 100K
THEORY:
INTEGRATOR:
A circuit in which the output voltage wave form is the integral of the input
voltage wave form is an integrator. The output voltage is directly proportional to the input
voltage and inversely proportional to the time constant Rc. If the input is a sine wave the
output will be cosine wave (or) if the input is a square wave the output will be a triangular
wave.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current equation at node V2
i1  iB  iF
The relation between current and voltage across the capacitor is
dv
iC  C
dt
Vin  V2
 C
d V2 V0 
R1 dt
V1  V2  0
Vin d  V0 
C
R1 dt
By integrating on both sides with respect to time

t
V
t
d  V0  dt
0 Rin1 dt  C
0
dt
 C  V0 
1
t
V0 
R1C V
0
in dt
DIFFERENTIATOR:
A differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation
differentiation i.e, the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The
differentiator may be constructed form a basic inverting amplifier of an input resistor R is
replaced by replaced by a capacitor C. The output of differentiator V0 is equal to the RC times
the negative instantaneous rate of change of the input voltage Vin with time, since the
differentiator performs the reverse of the integrator function. Cosine input wave will a sine
wave output.
The differentiator is similar and is most commonly used in wave shaping
circuit in an input. The expression for the output voltage can be obtained from Kirchhoff’s
current equation written at node V2.
iC  ib  i f
iB  0 , iC  i f
d Vin  V0  V  V0
C1  2
dt Rf
dVin
V0   R f C1
dt
PROGRAMS:
INTEGRATOR:
ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATOR C IRCUIT

VIN 1 0 PW L(0 0 1NS -1V 1MS -1V 1.0001MS 1V 2MS 1V
2.0001MS -1V 3MS -1V 3.0001MS 1V 4MS 1V)
R1 1 2 2.5K
RF 2 4 1MEG
RX 3 0 1K
RL 4 0 10K
C1 2 4 0.1UF
XA1 2 3 4 0 OPAMP
.SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4
RI 1 2 2.0E6
GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M
R1 3 4 10K
C1 3 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5
R0 5 7 75
.ENDS
.TRAN 50US 4MS
.PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1)
.PLOT AC VM(4) VP(4)
.PROBE
.END
DIFFERENTIATOR:
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIATOR C IRCUIT

VIN 1 0 PW L(0 0 1MS 1 2MS 0 3MS 1 4MS 0)
R1 1 2 100
RF 3 4 10K
RX 5 0 10K
RL 4 0 100K
C1 2 3 0.4UF
XA1 3 5 4 0 OPAMP
.SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4
RI 1 2 2.0E6
GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M
R1 3 4 10K
C1 3 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5
RO 5 7 75
.ENDS OPAMP
.TRAN 10US 4MS
.PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1)
.PROBE
.END
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS FOR ANALYSING USIING CIRCUITS:
INTEGRATOR
RF
1MEG
C1
0.1U
V2
15V
4
R1 uA741
2 1
V-
- OS1
2.5K
6
OUT
V1 3 5
V+
+ OS2
U2
7
V3
Rx RL
2.5K 15V 100K
DIFFERENTIATOR
RF
10K
V2
15V
4
R1 C1 uA741
2 1
V-
- OS1
100
0.4UF 6
OUT
V4 3 5
V+
+ OS2
U2
7
V3
Rx R4
10K 15V 100K
PROCEDURE:


2. Select Capture.
10. Save the file.
RESULT:
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INTEGRATOR INPUT & OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
1.0V
0V
-1.0V
-2.0V
V(1)
5.0V
0V
SEL>>
-5.0V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms
V(4)
Time
DIFFERENTIATOR INPUT & OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
1.0V
0.5V
SEL>>
0V
V(1)
5.0V
0V
-5.0V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms
V(4)
Time
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is a differentiator & an integrator?

2. Briefly explain about OPAMP?
3. What is the syntax for defining an opamp in Pspice?
4. What are the applications of differentiator & integrator?
SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM

CONTROL
SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM CONTROL
Date: Expt. No: 10
AIM: PSpice analysis of single phase inverter with PWM control.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Single phase inverter with PWM control

1 2
Vy 0V
Rg3 T3 D3
Rg1 T1 D1 12
8
11
7
3 Vx 4 R 5 L
10MH
Vs 0V 2.5 OHMS 6
100V
Rg4 T4 D4 Rg2 T2 D2
14 10
13 9
0
PWM Generator
R4
1 R1
5 100 KOHMS
1k
6 3
Ro
2 R2 75 OHMS
Vr Rin Co
2MEG 10pf
1k
Vc
Carrier and Reference signals
15 16 17
Rc1 Rc3 Rr
Vc1 2MEG Vc3 2MEG Vr 2MEG
SPECIFICATIONS:
VR: V1 = 50V, V2 = 0V, TD = 0, TR = TF = 8333.33us, PW = 1ns, PER = 16666.67us.
VC1: V1 = 0V, V2 = -30V, TD = 0, TR = TF = 1ns, PW = 8333.33us,
PER = 16666.67us. VC3: V1 = 0V, V2 = -30V, TD = 8333.33us, TR = TF = 1ns,
PW = 8333.33us, PER = 16666.67us.
Firing circuit: RG = 50 Ώ, VX, VY = 0V, RT = 1 Ώ, CT = 10uf, RON = 0.0125, ROFF =
10E+5, VON = 0.5V, VOFF = 0V, IS = 2.2E-15, BV = 1800V, TT = 0 sec. For Dt,
IS = e-15, BV = 1000V.
THEORY:
Dc to ac converters are known as inverters. The function of an inverter is to

change a dc input voltage to a symmetrical ac output voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency. The output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency. A
variable voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC voltage and maintaining the gain
of inverter constant. On the other hand, if the dc input voltage is fixed and it is not
controllable, a variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the inverter,
which is normally accomplished by pulse width modulation (PWM) control within inverter.
The inverter gain may be modified as the ratio of the ac output voltage to dc input voltage.
The output voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal.

However, the waveforms of practical inverters are non sinusoidal and contain certain
harmonics. For low and medium power applications, square wave or quassi – square wave
voltages may be acceptable; and for high-power applications, low distorted sinusoidal
waveforms are required. With the availability of high-speed power semiconductor devices,
the harmonic contents of output voltage can be minimized or reduced significantly by
switching techniques.
PROGRAM:
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

VS 1 0 DC 100V
VR 17 0 PULSE(50V 0V 0 833.33US 833.33US 1NS 16666.67US)
RR 17 0 2MEG
VC1 15 0 PULSE(0 -30V 0 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)
RC1 15 0 2MEG
VC3 16 0 PULSE(0 -30V 8333.33US 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)
RC3 16 0 2MEG
R1 4 5 2.5
L 5 6 10MH
VX 3 4 DC 0V
VY 1 2 DC 0V
D1 3 2 DMOD
D2 0 6 DMOD
D3 6 2 DMOD
D4 0 3 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E -15 BV=1800V TT=0)
XT1 2 3 7 3 DCSCR
XT2 6 0 9 0 DCSCR
XT3 2 6 11 6 DCSCR
XT4 3 0 13 0 DCSCR
.SUBCKT DCSCR 1 2 3 4
DT 5 2 DMOD
ST 1 5 3 4 SMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E -15 BV=1000V)
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.1 ROFF=10E+8 VON=10V VOFF=5V)
.ENDS DCSCR
RG1 8 7 100
RG2 10 9 100
RG3 12 11 100
RG4 14 13 100
XPW1 17 15 8 3 PWM
XPW2 17 15 10 0 PWM
XPW3 17 16 12 6 PWM
XPW4 17 16 14 0 PWM
.SUBCKT PWM 1 2 3 4
R1 1 5 1K
R2 2 5 1K
RIN 5 0 2MEG
RF 5 3 100K
RO 6 3 75
CO 3 4 10PF
E1 6 4 0 5 2E+5
.ENDS PWM
.TRAN 10US 3MS 0 10US
.PROBE
.END
PROCEDURE:

MODEL WAVEFORM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
120V
80V
40V
-0V
-40V
-80V
-120V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms
V(3,6)
Time
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is an inverter?
2. What is the procedure to trace a waveform?
3. What is the procedure to define a switch and diode?
4. What is subckt?
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF RESONANT PULSE

COMMUTATION CIRCUIT
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION CIRCUIT
Date: Expt. No: 11
AIM: Pspice analysis of resonant pulse commutation circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Resonant Pulse Commutation Circuit
D1
100V
V
1 10 T1 4
Vy
Rm
Cs 11 Rs 0.5
T2
750 ohms 5
0.1UF
C 2 L Lm
3 5MH
Vs Dm
6.4UH
31.2UF
6
T3
Vx
7 8 9 0V
10 V
R1 R2 R3
Vg1 10 MEG Vg2 10 MEG Vg3 10 MEG
0
SPECIFICATIONS:
VS = 200V, for diode DM : IS=1E-25 BV=1800,

Vg1: V1 = 0, V2 = 100V, TD = 0, TR = TF = 1us, PW = 0.4ms, PER = 1ms.
Vg2: V1 = 0, V2 = 100V, TD = 0.4ms, TR = TF = 1us, PW = 0.6ms, PER = 1ms.
Vg3: V1 = 0, V2 = 100V, TD = 0, TR = TF = 1us, PW = 0.2ms, PER = 1ms.
Internal thyristor circuit: switch: RON=0.1, ROFF=10E+6, VON=10V, VOFF=5V, diode:
IS=1E-25, BV=10000. Transient response specifications: 0.5US 3MS 1.5MS 0.5US.
Conditions: abstol=1.000u, reltol=0.01, vntol=0.1, ITL5=20000
PROGRAM:
RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION C IRCUIT

VS1 1 0 DC 200V
VG1 7 0 PULSE(0 100V 0 1US 1US 0.4MS 1MS)
VG2 8 0 PULSE(0 100V 0.4MS 1US 1US 0.6MS 1MS)
VG3 9 0 PULSE(0 100V 0 1US 1US 0.2MS 1MS)
RG1 7 0 10MEG
RG2 8 0 10MEG
RG3 9 0 10MEG
CS 10 11 0.1UF
RS 11 4 750OHMS
C 1 2 31.2UF IC=200V
L 2 3 6.4UH
D1 4 1 DMOD
DM 4 0 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D( IS=1E-25 BV=1800)
RM 4 5 0.5OHM
LM 5 6 5MH
VX 6 0 DC 10V
VY 1 10 DC 10V
XT1 10 4 7 0 DCSCR
XT2 3 4 8 0 DCSCR
XT3 1 3 9 0 DCSCR
DT 5 2 DMOD
ST 1 5 3 4 SMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E -25 BV=10000)
.ENDS DCSCR
.TRAN 0.5US 3MS 1.5MS 0.5US
.PROBE
.options abstol=1.000u reltol=0.01 vntol=0.1 ITL5=20000
.END
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:
D1
D1N5711
Vy X1
10 V 2N1595
V1 = 0V VG1 X2
V2 = 100V 2N1595
TD = 0 RM
TR = 1US
TF = 1US RG1 0.5
PW = 0.4MS
PER = 1MS
10 MEG
CS RS V1 = 0V VG2
VS V2 = 100V
TD = 0.4MS
0.1uf 750
TR = 1US
VOFF = 0 V TF = 1US
VAMPL = 169.7V PW = 0.6MS DM
FREQ = 50 HZ C L PER = 1MS LM
D1N5711
5MH
31.2uf 6.4 UH
RG2
10 MEG
X3 Vx
2N1595 10 V
V1 = 0V VG3
V2 = 100V
TD = 0
TR = 1US RG3
TF = 1US
PW = 0.2MS
10 MEG
PER = 1MS
PROCEDURE:


2. Select Capture.
10. Save the file.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is resonant pulse commutation?

2. What is carrier signal?
4. What is subckt?
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
V (1, 2)
1.0KV
0.5KV
0V
-0.5KV
-1.0KV
1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms
V(1,2)
Time
I(C)
2.0KA
1.0KA
0A
-1.0KA
-2.0KA
I(C)
Time
I(VX)
200mA
100mA
0A
-100mA
-200mA
I(VX)
Time
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF BUCK CHOPPER
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF BUCK CHOPPER

Date: Expt. No: 12
AIM: To analyze Buck chopper using Pspice.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Buck chopper
Vy T1 Le L
681.82UH 40.91UH
0V
R
RB 3 OHMS
250 OHMS Dm Ce
Vs 8.33UF
110V
Vg Vx 0V
10 V
SPECIFICATIONS:
VG: V1 = 0V, V2 = 20V, TD = 0, TR = TF = 0.1ns, PW = 27.28us, PER = 50us. For Ce,
IC = 60V. Firing circuit: RON = 0.1, ROFF = 10E+8, VON = 10V, VOFF = 5V, For DT:
IS = e-25, BV = 1000V. For DM, IS = 2.2e-15 , BV = 1000V, TT = 0.
THEORY:
A chopper is a high speed on (or) off switch. It connects source to load and
disconnects the load from source at a fast speed. If the average output voltage V0 is less
than the input voltage VS i.e, V0 < VS, then the corresponding chopper circuit is called step-
down chopper.
The principle of operation is as follows during the period in which transistor
(Tr ) is ON, the load voltage is equal to source voltage Vs. During the interval in which Tr
is off, the load current flows through the free wheeling diode FD and load voltage is there
fore zero during T off. In this manner, a chopper DC voltage is produced at the load
terminals. V0   VS
On time of transistor
Where  = duty cycle =
Total Time
T0 N

T
V0  FTonVS
The load voltage V0 can be controlled by varying duty cycle  the load voltage is
independent of load current.
PROGRAM:
BUCK CHOPPER
VS 1 0 DC 110V
VY 1 2 DC 0V
VG 7 3 PULSE(0 20 0 0.1NS 0.1NS 27.28US 50US)
RB 7 6 250OHMS
LE 3 4 681.28UH
CE 4 0 8.33UF IC=60V
L 4 8 40.91UH
R 8 5 3OHMS
VX 5 0 DC 0V
DM 0 3 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E -15 BV=1000V TT=0)
XT1 2 3 6 3 DCSCR
DT 5 2 DMOD
ST 1 5 3 4 SMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E -25 BV=1000V)
.ENDS DCSCR
.TRAN 1US 1.6MS 1.5MS 1US
.PROBE
.END
PROCEDURE:


2. Select Capture.
10. Save the file.
RESULT:
1. What is a chopper?
2. What is the syntax for defining an element?
4. What is subckt?
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INPUT & OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

120V
80V
40V
0V
-40V
1.50ms 1.51ms 1.52ms 1.53ms 1.54ms 1.55ms 1.56ms 1.57ms 1.58ms 1.59ms
V(3) V(1)
Time
LOAD FLOW SOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM
LOAD FLOW SOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM

Date: Expt. No: 13
AIM: To find the load flow solution of a given power system using Gauss-Seidel and
Newton Raphson methods.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
MA TLAB has a rich collection of functions immediately useful to the control
engineer or system theorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root finding, matrix inversion,
and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical tools. More generally,
MA TLAB linear algebra, matrix computation, and numerical analysis capabilities provide a
reliable foundation for control system engineering as well as many other disciplines.
Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and
electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline
are constantly improving the performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically
increased efficiency have forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and
sophisticated control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques.
Further complicating the analyst's role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the
only way to understand it is through simulation. Land-based power generation from
hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of power systems. A common
attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to achieve
their performance objectives.
SimPowerSystems was designed to provide a modern design tool that will allow
scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems.
SimPowerSystems uses the Simulink® environment, allowing a model to be built using
simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but
your analysis of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and
other disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact
with the extensive Simulink modeling library. Since Simulink uses MA TLAB@ as the
computational engine, designers can also use MA TLAB toolboxes and Simulink block sets.
Users can rapidly put SimPowerSystems to work. The libraries contain models of
typical power equipment such as transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. These
models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is based on the experience
of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Quebec, a large North
American utility located in Canada. And for users who want to refresh their knowledge of
power system theory, there are also self-learning case studies.
Several computer programs have been developed for the power flow solution
of practical systems. Each method of solution consists of four programs. The program for the
Gauss-Seidel method is LF-gauss, which is preceded by LF-Y-bus, and is followed by bus-
out and line-flow. Programs LF-Y-bus, bus-out, and line-flow are designed to be used with
two more power flow programs. These are LF-Newton for the Newton-Raphson method and
decouple for the fast decoupled method. The following is a brief description of the programs
used in the Gauss-Seidel method.
LF-Y-Bus:
This program requires the line and transformer parameters and transformer tap
settings specified in the input file named linedata. It converts impedances to admittances and
obtains the bus admittance matrix. The program is designed to handle parallel lines.
LF-Gauss:
This program obtains the power flow solution by the Gauss - Seidel method
and requires the files named busdata and linedata. It is designed for the direct use of load and
generation in MW and Mvar, bus voltages in per unit, and angle in degrees. Loads and
generation are converted to per unit quantities on the base MVA selected. A provision is
made to maintain the generator reactive power of the voltage-controlled buses within their
specified limits. The violation of reactive power limit may occur if the specified voltage is
either too high or too low. After a few iterations (10th iteration in the Gauss method), the var
calculated at the generator buses are examined. If a limit is reached, the voltage magnitude is
adjusted in steps of 0.5 percent up to 5 percent to bring the var demand within the specified
limits.
Busout:
This program produces the bus output result in a tabulated form. The bus
output result includes the voltage magnitude and angle, real and reactive power of generators
and loads, and the shunt capacitor/reactor Mvar. Total generation and total load are also
included as outlined in the sample case.
Lineflow:
This program prepares the line output data. It is designed to display the active
and reactive power flow entering the line terminals and line losses as well as the net power at
each bus. Also included are the total real and reactive losses in the system. The output of this
portion is also shown in the sample case.
Data preparation:
In order to perform a power flow analysis by the Gauss-Seidel method in the
MATLAB environment, the following variables must be defined: power system base MVA,
power mismatch accuracy, acceleration factor, and maximum number of iterations. The name
(in lowercase letters) reserved for these variables are basemva, accuracy, accel and maxiter,
respectively.
Typical values are as follows:
Basemva = 100 ; Accel =1.6;
Accuracy = 0.001; Maxiter = 80;
The initial step in the preparation of input file is the numbering of each bus.
Buses are numbered sequentially. Although the numbers are sequentially assigned, the buses
need not be entered in sequence. In addition, the following data files are required.
BUS DATA FILE - Busdata:
The format for the bus entry is chosen to facilitate the required data for each
bus in a single row. The information required must be included in a matrix called busdata.
Column 1 is the bus number. Column 2 contains the bus code. Columns 3 and 4 are voltage
magnitude in per unit and phase angle in degrees. Columns 5 and 6 are load MW and Mvar.
Columns 7 through 10 are MW, Mvar, minimum Mvar and maximum Mvar of generation, in
that order. The last column is the injected Mvar of shunt capacitors. The bus code entered in
column 2 is used for identifying load, voltage-controlled, and slack buses as outlined below:
1. This code is used for the slack bus. The only necessary information for this
bus is the voltage magnitude and its phase angle. This code is used for load buses. The loads
are entered positive in megawatts and megavars. For this bus, initial voltage estimate must be
specified. This is usually 1 and 0 for voltage magnitude and phase angle, respectively. If
voltage magnitude and phase angle for this type of bus are specified, they will be taken as the
initial starting voltage for that bus instead of a flat start of 1 and O.
2. This code is used for the voltage-controlled buses. For this bus, voltage
magnitude, real power generation in megawatts, and the minimum and maximum limits of the
megavar demand must be specified.
LINE DATA FILE:

Linedata Lines are identified by the node-pair method. The information
required must be included in a matrix called linedata. Columns 1 and 2 are the line bus
numbers. Columns 3 through 5 contain the line resistance, reactance, and one-half of the total
line charging susceptance in per unit on the specified MVA base. The last column is for the
transformer tap setting; for lines, 1 must be entered in this column. The lines may be entered
in any sequence or order with the only restriction being that if the entry is a transformer, the
left bus number is assumed to be the tap side of the transformer.
PROGRAM:
GUASS-SIEDEL METHOD:
NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD:
PROCEDURE:
GUASS-SIEDEL METHOD:
1. Open the MA TLAB Command window by clicking on the MA TLAB.exe icon.
2. Enter the programs LF-Y-Bus, LF-Gauss, busout and lineflow in the MA TLAB Text
Editor.
3. Prepare the line, transformer parameters and transformer tap settings data in a matrix
named linedata.
4. Run the programs bus, LF-Gauss, busout and lineflow in MA TLAB Command Window to
get the power flow solution using Gauss-Seidel Method.
NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD:

2. Enter the programs LF-Bus, LF-Newton busout and lineflow in the MATLAB Text Editor.
3. Prepare the line, transformer parameters and transformer tap settings data in a matrix
named line data.
4. Run the programs LF-Y-Bus, LF-Newton, busout and line flow in MATLAB Command
Window to get the power flow solution using Newton-Raphson.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is Load flow study?

2. Briefly explain about Gauss seidel method.
3. Briefly explain about Newton – Raphson method?
FAULT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB
FAULT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Date: Expt. No: 14
AIM: To find the total fault current and magnitude of bus voltages and line Currents
during
(i) Single line to ground fault. (ii) Line to line fault.
(iii) Double line to ground fault. (iv) Symmetrical 3phase fault.
PC with MATLAB software.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
MA TLAB has a rich collection of functions immediately useful to the
control engineer or system theorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root-finding,
matrix inversion, and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical
tools. More generally, MA TLAB linear algebra, matrix computation, and numerical
analysis capabilities provide a reliable foundation for control system engineering as well
as many other disciplines.
Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits
and electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this
discipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems. Requirements for
drastically increased efficiency have forced power system designers to use power
electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that tax traditional analysis
tools and techniques. Further complicating the analyst's role is the fact that the system is
often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it is or other devices is not the only use
of power systems. A common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics
and control systems to achieve their performance objectives.
SimPowerSystems was designed to provide a modern design tool that will
allow scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power
systems. SimPowerSystems uses the Simulink@ environment, allowing a model to be
built using simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology
rapidly, but your analysis of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical,
thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of
the simulation interact with the extensive Simulink modeling library. Since Simulink uses
MATLAB@ as the computational engine, designers can also use MA TLAB toolboxes
and Simulink block sets.
Users can rapidly put SimPowerSystems to work. The libraries contain
models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines, machines, and power
electronics. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is
based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of
Hydro-Quebec, a large North American utility located in Canada. And for users who want
to refresh their knowledge of power system theory, there are also self-learning case
studies.
PROGRAM:
3 - Φ SYMMETRICAL FAULT:
SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:

Line-to-ground fault analysis
Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for
bolted
fault enter 0). Zf = O.l*j
Single line to-ground fault at bus No.3
Total fault current = 2.7523 per unit
Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit Bus No. 3
Bus ------Voltage Magnitude------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 0.6330 1.0046 1.0046
2 0.7202 0.9757 0.9757
3 0.2752 1.0647 1.0647
Line currents for fault at bus No. 3
From To ---Line Current Magnitude---

Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 3 1.6514 0.0000 0.0000
2 1 0.3761 0.1560 0.1560
2 3 1.1009 0.0000 0.0000
3 F 2.7523 0.0000 0.0000
LINE TO LINE FAULT:
Line-to-line fault analysis
bolted fault enter
0).
Zf = O.l*j
Line-to-line fault at bus No.3
Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit
Bus ------Voltage Magnitude------

No. Phasea Phase b Phase c
1 1.0000 0.6720 0.6720
2 1.0000 0.6939 0.6939
3 1.0000 0.5251 0.5251
Line currents for fault at bus No.3
From To --Line Current Magnitude--

1 3 0.0000 1.9245 1.9245
2 1 0.0000 0.2566 0.2566
2 3 0.0000 1.2830 1.2830
3 F 0.0000 3.2075 3.2075
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:

Double line-to-ground fault analysis
bolted fault enter 0).
Zf = O.l*j
Double line-to-ground fault at bus No.3

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit
Bus ----Voltage Magnitude------

No. Phasea Phase b Phase c
1 1.0066 0.5088 0.5088
2 0.9638 0.5740 0.5740
3 1.0855 0.1974 0.1974
Line currents for fault at bus No.3
From To ----Line Current Magnitude---

1 3 0.0000 2.4350 2.4350
2 1 0.1118 0.3682 0.3682
2 3 0.0000 1.6233 1.6233
3 F 0.0000 4.0583 4.0583
PROCEDURE:
3 - Φ SYMMETRICAL FAULT:

2. Enter the following programs Zbus and Symfault in the MATLAB Text Editor.
3. Prepare Zdata parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance and
reactance.
SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:

2. Enter the following programs ZbusO, Zbus1, Zbus2 and Igfault in the MATLAB
Text Editor.
3. Prepare ZdataO, Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and Element
resistance and reactance.
4. Run the programs ZbusO, Zbus1, Zbua2 and Igfault to get the bus voltages, fault
current and line currents during the fault.
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the ZbusO, zbus1 &
Zbus2.
LINE TO LINE FAULT:
1. Open the MA TLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB Icon.

2. Enter the following programs Zbus 1, Zbus2 and ILfault in the MA TLAB Text
Editor.
3. Prepare Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance
and reactance.
4. Run the programs Zbus1, Zbua2 and ILfault to get the bus voltages, fault current and
line currents during the fault.
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the zbus1 & Zbus2.
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:
1. Open the MA TLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon.

2. Enter the following programs ZbusO, Zbus1, Zbus2 and Double line to ground fault in the
MATLAB Text Editor.
3. Prepare ZdataO, Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance
and reactance.
4. Run the programs ZbusO, Zbus1, Zbua2 and LLG fault to get the bus voltages, fault current
and line currents during the fault.
5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the ZbusO, zbus1 & Zbus2
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Briefly explain about different types of unsymmetrical faults?
2. What is a symmetrical fault?
3. Which type of fault is most severe?
END OF MANUAL

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sl. No. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No.

PSPICE Simulation of Transient and parametric Analysis of RLC

PSPICE Simulation of DC circuits (Theremins Equivalent, Transfer

Stability analysis (Bode, Root Locus, Nyquist) of Linear Time Invariant

Simulation of Dynamical system (Single area and two area power

8 Circuit analysis using MATLAB (SimPower system Tool Box) 49

PSPICE Simulation of OP – PMP based Integrator and Differentiator

10 PSPICE simulation of single Phase Inverter with PWM control 62

11 PSPICE Analysis of Resonant Pulse Commutation circuit 67

12 PSPICE Analysis of Buck Chopper 73

13 Load flow analysis with N.R method using MATLAB 78

14 Fault Analysis using MATLAB 85

PSPICE SIMULATION OF SERIES RLC CIRCUITS FOR

PSPICE SIMULATION OF SERIES RLC CIRCUITS FOR STEP,

SIMULATION TOOLS REQUIRED:

Series RLC circuit for STEP input

Series RLC circuit for SINUSOIDAL input

The fundamental integro differential equation of a series RLC circuit is given by

For Pulse Input:

SIMPLE RLC CIRCUIT FOR STEP INPUT

SIMPLE RLC CIRCUIT FOR STEP INPUT

SIMPLE RLC CIRCUIT FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUT

1. Write the program in a new text file in PSpice AD.

1. Open the Orcad PSPICE.

SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH STEP INPUT

SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH STEP INPUT

SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH SINUSOIDAL INPUT

PSPICE ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUIT

PSPICE ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUIT

SIMULATION TOOLS REQUIRED:

Three Phase circuit with Unbalanced load

A 3- systems of voltages is merely a combinations of three if systems of

The common terminal so formed is referred to as the neutral point (N) or

SIMPLE 3 PHASE CIRCUIT FOR BALANCED LOAD

SIMPLE 3 PHASE CIRCUIT FOR BALANCED LOAD

6. Write the program in a new text file in PSpice AD.

BALANCED LOAD CONDITION

UNBALANCED LOAD CONDITION

PSPICE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE FULL

PSPICE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER

Date: Expt. No: 3.a

SIGLE-PHASE FULL CONVERTER C IRCUIT WITH RL LOAD

SIGLE-PHASE FULL CONVERTER C IRCUIT WITH RLE LOAD

Single Phase full converter with RL load

FOR ANALYSIS USING PROGRAM:

11. Write the program in a new text file in PSpice AD.

FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:

1. Open the Orcad PSPICE.

OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH RL LOAD

OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH RLE LOAD

PSPICE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE

Date: Expt. No: 3.b

SIMULATION TOOLS REQUIRED:

Single Phase AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER with RL load

SIGLE-PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER C IRCUIT WITH RL LOAD

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:

FOR ANALYSIS USING PROGRAM:

1. Write the program in a new text file in PSpice AD.

FOR ANALYSIS USING CIRCUIT:

1. Open the Orcad PSPICE.

1. What is Full Converter?

PSPICE SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUITS