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Assessment of municipal solid waste generation and recyclable materials

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 Waste Management 29 (2009) 2209–2213

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Assessment of municipal solid waste generation and recyclable materials

potential in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mohamed Osman Saeed a,*, Mohd Nasir Hassan b, M. Abdul Mujeebu c
a
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
b
World Health Organization, Cambodia Office, P.O. Box 1217, Sangkat Chaktomouk, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
c
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a forecasting study of municipal solid waste generation (MSWG) rate and potential of
Accepted 26 February 2009 its recyclable components in Kuala Lumpur (KL), the capital city of Malaysia. The generation rates and
Available online 14 April 2009 composition of solid wastes of various classes such as street cleansing, landscape and garden, industrial
and constructional, institutional, residential and commercial are analyzed. The past and present trends
are studied and extrapolated for the coming years using Microsoft office 2003 Excel spreadsheet assum-
ing a linear behavior. The study shows that increased solid waste generation of KL is alarming. For
instance, the amount of daily residential SWG is found to be about 1.62 kg/capita; with the national aver-
age at 0.8–0.9 kg/capita and is expected to be increasing linearly, reaching to 2.23 kg/capita by 2024. This
figure seems reasonable for an urban developing area like KL city. It is also found that, food (organic)
waste is the major recyclable component followed by mix paper and mix plastics. Along with estimated
population growth and their business activities, it has been observed that the city is still lacking in terms
of efficient waste treatment technology, sufficient fund, public awareness, maintaining the established
norms of industrial waste treatment etc. Hence it is recommended that the concerned authority (DBKL)
shall view this issue seriously.
Ó 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction A hierarchical source classification of MSW was suggested by

Modification of the environment and an increase in population
are the main causes of the many processes of deterioration which
have altered the ecosystem of our planet, including the generation
of municipal solid waste (MSW). Clearly, the way to limit the im-
pact on the environment is by reducing the amount of waste that
is generated. Failing this, waste must be either be recycled or re-
used. When these options are unsuitable, waste must be inciner-
ated with energy recovery and only as a last resort, should
landfills be utilized (Messineo and Panno, 2008).
Extensive studies have been reported and are underway in this
area. Messineo and Panno (2008) presented a new waste manage-
ment technique employing waste-to-energy plants, implemented
in Sicily. A study on plastic solid waste (PSW) generation in Kuwait
has been reported by Al-Salem (in press) who developed a data-
bank to assess the amount of PSW being generated from various
sources. The functioning of public–community participation sys-
tem in managing households’ solid waste problems in India was
analyzed by Chakrabarti and Majumder (in press).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 04 5995999x6201/6204/6266; fax: +60 04
5941009.
E-mail address: basheir2000@yahoo.com (M.O. Saeed).
Buenrostro et al. (2001) and a connection between the source
and the type of waste was established. A case study of Bangladesh
by Sujauddin et al. (2008) investigated per capita waste generation
by residents, its composition, and the households’ attitudes to-
wards waste management.
Benítez et al. (2008) established mathematical models that cor-
relate the generation of residential solid waste per capita of a Mex-
ican city, to the following variables: education, income per
household, and number of residents. Rousis et al. (2008) examined
alternative systems for the management of waste from electrical
and electronic equipment in Cyprus. These systems were evaluated
by developing and applying the Multi-Criteria Decision Making
(MCDM) method PROMETHEE. Twelve alternative management
systems were compared and ranked according to their perfor-
mance and efficiency. Adhikari et al. (2006) predicted food waste
FW production for 2025 and compared the impacts of encouraging
people to stay in rural areas and composting 75% of their FW, and
composting or anaerobically digesting 75% of urban FW (UFW). A
relationship was established between per capita gross domestic
product (GDP) and the population percentage living in urban areas
(%UP), as well as production of municipal solid waste (MSW) and
UFW.
Bolaane and Ali (2004) reported the results and experiences of
sampling household waste at the source of generation in Gaborone,

0956-053X/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.017
2210 M.O. Saeed et al. / Waste Management 29 (2009) 2209–2213

Botswana. The average generation rate, in kg capita1 day1, and predicted values of MSW. As far as the authors are aware, in the
percentages of various components of waste in Gaborone were open literature this kind of a study has not been reported yet from
determined using a statistically designed household sampling Malaysia.
survey. The current status of solid waste management in Abuja,
Nigeria has been reviewed by Imam et al. (2008) with recommen- 2. Solid waste generation in Malaysia
dations for the future.
Turan et al. (in press) presented a brief history of the legislative The official estimated KL’s population in 2007 is 1.604 million
trends in Turkey for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) according to statistic department 2007. The quantity of waste gen-
and the present situation of generation, composition, recycling, eration in KL alone is projected to increase from 2620 tons in 1995
and treatment. Troschinetz and Mihelcic (in press) analyzed the up to 3070 tons in 2000 (Mansor, 1999). In KL alone, the estimated
recycling of MSW in developing countries. Qualitative analysis of solid waste generation was 4000 tons per day in the year 2000
all 23 case studies identified the key factors influencing MSW recy- (Murad and Siwar, 2006). Solid waste management in Malaysia is
cling. Few of them are government policy, government finances, governed under concurrent list of the 9th schedule of the federal
waste characterization, waste collection and segregation, house- constitution (Nasir, 2007); under this list public health and sanita-
hold education, household economics and MSWM administration. tion can be carried out by the Federal government, state and also
A life cycle assessment by Rigamonti et al. (2009) analyzed the local authorities that include collection, transportation, treat-
material and energy recovery within integrated MSWM systems, ment and disposal of wastes. Economic growth in Malaysia has
in particular, the recovery of the source-separated materials (pack- brought prosperity; it has started to impose costs of industrial pol-
aging and organic waste) and the energy recovery from the resid- lution and degradation of the urban environment (Hassan et al.,
ual waste. A study by Wilson et al. (in press) highlighted the role of 1999); in Malaysia planning and management of solid waste are
informal sector in waste minimization through recycling. It under the responsibility of local government and its departments
showed that recycling rates already achieved by the informal sec- that deal with urban cleansing and services. Solid waste manage-
tor could be quite high, typically in the range from 20% to 50%; of- ment can be defined as the discipline associated with the control
ten up to half of this is in the form of clean, source-separated of generation (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993).
materials collected directly from households and businesses by Despite the aggressive economic development in Malaysia, the
itinerant waste buyers. The application of modern recycling tech- solid waste management is relatively poor and haphazard (Hassan
nologies in accordance with the European and Cyprus legislation, et al., 1999). Waste minimization strategy and control for the com-
aiming at the recovery of paper, glass, plastics, aluminum and ing few years in KL is the objective, to achieve the UN Agenda 21
non-ferrous metals from MSW were presented by Athanassiou which emphases on human and environment. Table 1 shows solid
and Zabaniotou (2008). The international situation was reviewed, waste composition of selected locations in peninsular Malaysia and
the general trends were marked and the main recycling practices Fig. 1 shows the corresponding graphical representation.
treatments were reported. Pappu et al. (2007) outlined the present
status on generation and utilization of both non-hazardous and
hazardous solid wastes in India. Their recycling potential and envi-
ronmental impact were reported and discussed in detail. Table 1
The waste generation rate in KL Malaysia is continuously rising Solid waste composition of selected locations in Peninsular Malaysia (Wahid et al.,
up every year due to the uncontrollable consumption owing to the 1996).
increasing population, the attitude towards shopping and the high Waste composition Kuala Lumpur Shah Alam Petaling Jaya
living standard. It is expected that the amount of solid waste gen-
Garbage 45.7 47.8 36.5
erated in Kuala Lumpur reach double in the next twenty years; Plastic 9.0 14.0 16.4
from 3.2 million tons a year today, to 7.7 million tons a year (Has- Bottles/glass 3.9 4.3 3.1
san, 2002; Hassan et al., 2000). Today SWM is the biggest environ- Paper/cardboard 29.9 20.6 27.0
Metals 5.1 6.9 3.9
mental problem is Malaysia. The amount generated of the waste
Fabric 2.1 2.4 3.1
continues to increase in response to rapid increase in Population, Miscellaneous 4.3 4.0 10.0
accelerated urbanization and industrialization process (Hassan
et al., 1999). The amount of solid waste management in Malaysia
has put pressure on local authorities making them continually seek
new management strategies to deal with these wastes generation,
i.e. demand management, as well as, find new sites for landfill, i.e.
supply management (Nesadurai, 1999). In 2006, about 7.34 million
tons of solid wastes were generated in Malaysia, enough to fill up
42 buildings (Siraj, 2006).
The current study is to assess the generation rate of MSW at KL,
and the potential of its recyclable components. The past and pres-
ent trends are studied and by means of a prediction model which is
solved by MS Excel 2003 worksheet the future trend is predicted.
In the proposed model a relationship was established between
per capita solid waste generation (SWG) and the population per-
centage of KL, as well as the daily and annual generations of
MSW. With estimated per capita SWG and the population growth,
the production of MSW could be predicted. The prediction of the
potential of recyclable components has been made by studying
the percentage composition of each recyclable component of
MSW such as garbage, plastic, bottles, glasses, paper, metals, fabric,
etc. which was assessed by previous researchers and extrapolating
the same trend for the coming years according to the respective Fig. 1. Solid waste composition of selected locations in Peninsular Malaysia.
 M.O. Saeed et al. / Waste Management 29 (2009) 2209–2213 2211

Kuala Lumpur alone in 1991 spent roughly about RM 25.2 mil- 3. Methodology
lion cost of managing solid waste; the comparative figures of the
damage costs of haphazard open damping landfill practice were The data related to SWG for the past years has been obtained
RM 178.30 per ton (Hassan et al., 1999). from the previous works (Hassan et al., 1999, 2000; Hassan,
In 1979 Environment Protection Society Malaysia (EPSM) called 2002). The data of KL and Shah Alam (district near to KL) is studied
for an official policy for recycling and recovering solid wastes; thoroughly and a correlation is obtained between the percentage
moreover, (EPSM) statement recommended separation of wastes compositions of MSW of these two places. The (R2) value is equal
component at its generation point, separated waste must be placed to 0.96 which indicate that both cities follow the same trend. At
in separate containers and organic waste should be used in biogas the same time the yearly SWG is also observed to be linear. Giving
plant for composting and or for energy generation. Domestic rub- confidence to this data, the future trend is predicted by means of
bish collection was far from satisfactory (Nesadurai, 1999). The Microsoft Excel 2003 tools.
industrial sites are mainly concentrated at Kuala Lumpur, Penang The linear model to predict the total SWG per year is:
and Johor (Hadi and Johari, 1996). With the increase in municipal
waste generation from 5.6 million tons in 1997 up to 8.0 million ðSWGÞF ¼ ½ðSWGÞP =ð100ÞF—P ½100 þ yF-P
tons in 2000, there is an urgent need for a better managed disposal where the subscripts F and P denote ‘‘future” and ‘‘present”, respec-
option (Fauziah and Agamuthu, 2003). MSW generated in KL in tively and y stands for yearly waste generation.
2002 is given in Table 2. KL’s solid waste composition from 1975 The assumptions regarding the solid waste generation for vari-
to 2000 is given in Table 3 and Fig. 2 shows the corresponding ous classes is given in Table 4 and other basic assumptions are
graphical illustration. given in Table 5.
The official census data of year 2000 considered 2% increase in
population of Kuala Lumpur. However, in this study 4% of increase
is assumed to incorporate the excess population (owing to daily
working people, jobseekers, resident foreigner’s, etc.). In this mod-
Table 2 el, 52 weeks are considered in one year. A flexibility of ±10% in the
MSW Generated in Kuala Lumpur in 2002 (Sivapalan et al., 2002). total yearly solid waste generation is also incorporated.
Years KL population Solid waste generated (tons/day)
1998 1446.803 2257 Table 4
2000 1787.000 3070 MSWG rate (tons/day) (Nasir, 2004).
2005 2150.000 3478
Sector Percentage (%)
Street Cleansing 11
Landscape and garden 07
Industrial and constructional 04
Table 3 Institutional 06
Kuala Lumpur’s solid waste composition (1975–2000). Residential 48
Commercial 24
Composition of waste 1975b 1980a 1990c 1995a 2000a
Organic 63.7 78.05 40.8 61.76 68.67
Paper 11.7 11.48 30.0 12.16 6.43
Plastic 7.0 0.57 9.8 5.27 11.45 Table 5
Glass 2.5 0.57 3.0 5.27 1.41 Miscellaneous assumptions.
Metals 6.4 3.16 4.6 6.89 2.71
Textile 1.3 3.16 2.5 2.84 1.50 Parameter Assumption
Wood 6.5 2.58 3.2 0.00 0.70 Rate of population increase 4% per year (Nasir, 2004)
Others 0.9 0.43 6.1 5.81 7.13 MSWG per person 1.50 kg per day(Nasir, 2004)
a Rate of increase of SWG per person 2% per year (Nasir, 2004)
Nasir (2007).
b Total waste per house with 3.5 5.25 (1.5  3.5) kg per
Engineering Advancement Association of Japan (1993).
c person per house house per day
Omar (1999).
Volume of waste per house per 100.00 m3
day with bulk density = 100 kg/m3
Frequency of MSW Collection Three times per week
Total MSW in Kula Lumpur per week 7 tons
Population of Kuala Lumpur in 2004 2 million (including foreigners)
(Nasir, 2004)
The share of recyclable material 20% (Nasir, 2004)

Table 6
Prediction of total MSWG of Kuala Lumpur.

Year Population of MSWG MSWG MSWG

KL city millions Kg/Cap./day tons/day tons/year
2008 2.34 1.62 3798.88 1383642.0
2010 2.53 1.69 4274.86 1560323.9
2012 2.74 1.76 4810.49 1755828.9
2014 2.96 1.83 5413.23 1975828.9
2016 3.20 1.90 6091.49 2223393.9
2018 3.46 1.98 6854.73 2501976.5
2020 3.75 2.06 7713.61 2815467.7
2022 4.05 2.14 8680.09 3168232.9
2024 4.38 2.23 9767.68 3565203.2
Fig. 2. Kuala Lumpur’s solid waste composition (1975–2000).
2212 M.O. Saeed et al. / Waste Management 29 (2009) 2209–2213

Table 7
Prediction of sectoral SWG of Kuala Lumpur (tons/day).

Year Residential (48%) Street cleansing (11%) Commercial (24%) Institutional (6%) Construction and industry (4%) Landscape (7%)
2008 1823.46 417.88 911.73 227.93 151.96 265.92
2010 2051.93 470.24 1025.97 256.49 170.99 299.24
2012 2309.04 529.15 1154.52 288.63 192.42 336.73
2014 2598.35 595.46 1299.17 324.79 216.53 378.93
2016 2923.91 670.06 1461.96 365.49 243.66 426.40
2018 3290.27 754.02 1645.14 411.28 274.19 479.83
2020 3702.53 848.50 1851.27 462.82 308.54 540.00
2022 4166.45 954.81 2083.22 520.81 347.20 607.61
2024 4688.49 1074.44 2344.24 568.06 390.71 683.73

4. Results and discussion

4.1. Solid waste generation

Table 6 shows the predicted results of total solid waste gener-

ated (per day and per year). For instance, the MSWG in column 4
for a population of 2.34 millions in 2008 is 3798.9 tons/day. This
figure is similar to the data which states that, if the current waste
generation trends continue increasing at 2% rate per/year the
waste generation will reach 3478 tons in 2005 (Nasir, 2004).
These trends can be used to predict the future tendency and
also help with the design of the treatment facility and landfill size
(Fauziah and Agamuthu, 2003). Table 7 shows the prediction of
SWG of various sectors under study. The solid waste (based on
48% proportion) only from residential sector is 12,764.23 tons/
week. This means 1823.46 tons/day as shown. This result matches
with the data of DBKL, 1993. The second highest is commercial
which indicates enhanced business activity in the city. The third
highest is street cleansing which indicates the tropical nature of
Kuala Lumpur.
Fig. 3. MSW recyclables of Kuala Lumpur.
4.2. Potential of recyclable components

Table 8 shows the recyclable components and their percentage

tice it (Mamat and Chong, 2007). It is alarming that, due to lack of
share and recycling rate in tons per year. The graphical representa-
proper recycling activity, Malaysian Newsprint Industries Sdn. Bhd.
tion of percentage recyclables is shown in Fig. 3. The results indi-
is forced to import 50% of its materials and Kuala Lumpur Glass
cate that, food (organic) waste is the major component followed
Manufacturers Sdn. Bhd. also import up to 20% (New Sunday
by mix paper and plastics. But unfortunately the attention paid
Times, 20th October, 2002b). Since 1993 a major effort of recycling
by the authority towards this direction is not sufficient enough
was lunched by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government but
to tackle this issue. The Agenda 21 of the UNCED 1992, defined
unfortunately limited recycling activities taken place (Agamuthu,
environmentally sound technologies protect the environment;
2001). In Kuala Lumpur, by 2005 the recycling of the waste gener-
moreover, recycling most of the wastes and handle residual wastes
ated planned to reach 16% and 22% by 2020 (Pillay, 1999).
in more acceptable manner. Though recycling activity in Malaysia
is rising up, the recycling industry still needs to be enhanced. The
Malaysian’s attitude towards recycling is higher, but only few prac- 5. Conclusions

A comprehensive survey on the solid waste generation of Kuala

Table 8 Lumpur city and the potential of its recyclable components has
Recyclable components and their percentage share. been made. After analyzing the past and present data a forecasting
model is developed and solved using MS Excel 2003 worksheet to
Recyclable SW Mass Percentage Recycling rate
components (kg/Cap./year) (tons/year) predict the future trend. It has been found from the predictions
that the solid waste generation in the city is presently very high
Food waste 387.63 56.80 155041.11
Mix paper 35.59 16.50 14235.00 and may become worse in future. Moreover, the MSW has a good
Mix plastic 61.87 15.30 24747.00 potential of recyclables. Hence it is recommended that the con-
Textile 07.12 01.30 2847.00 cerned authority should focus more on developing effective means
Rubber and leather 03.29 00.60 1314.00 of waste minimization and recycling.
Wood 02.19 00.40 876.00
As the present findings are based on previous observations and
Other combustible 00.00 00.00 00.00
Yard 25.73 04.70 10293.00 assumptions, it is recommended that the local environmental
Fine 03.83 00.70 1533.00 researchers shall help DBKL to extend this study by incorporating
Glass 06.57 01.20 2628.00 the economic and environmental aspects. Moreover, a mathemat-
Ferrous 13.14 02.40 5256.00
ical model using linear regression behavior along with Geographic
Aluminum 00.55 00.10 219.00
Information System (GIS) can improve the predictions of MSWG.
 M.O. Saeed et al. / Waste Management 29 (2009) 2209–2213 2213

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