Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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B31.3
Tubería de proceso: tubería típicamente encontrada en refinerías de petróleo; plantas químicas,
farmacéuticas, textiles, papel, semiconductores y criogénicas; y plantas de procesamiento y
terminales relacionadas
B31.4
Sistemas de transporte por tuberías para líquidos y lechadas: productos de transporte de tuberías
que son predominantemente líquidos entre plantas y terminales y dentro de terminales,
estaciones de bombeo, regulación y dosificación
B31.5
Tuberías de refrigeración y componentes de transferencia de calor: tuberías para refrigerantes y
refrigerantes secundarios
B31.8
Sistemas de tuberías de transmisión y distribución de gas: tuberías que transportan productos que
son predominantemente de gas entre las fuentes y los terminales, incluidas las estaciones de
compresión, regulación y medición; tuberías de recolección de gas
B31.9
Tuberías de servicios de construcción: tuberías que se encuentran típicamente en edificios
industriales, institucionales, comerciales y públicos, y en residencias de unidades múltiples, que no
requieren el rango de tamaños, presiones y temperaturas cubiertas en B31.1
B31.12
Tuberías y tuberías de hidrógeno: tuberías en servicio de hidrógeno gaseoso y líquido y tuberías en
servicio de hidrógeno gaseoso
GMS LTDA pag:39
(a) Servicio de fluidos de categoría D: un fluido de servicio en el que todo lo siguiente aplica:
(1) el fluido manejado no es inflamable, no es tóxico, y no daña los tejidos humanos como se
define en paraca. 300.2
(2) la presión del instrumento de diseño no supera 1 035 kPa (150 psi)
(4) la temperatura del fluido causada por cualquier otra cosa que las condiciones atmosféricas no
es menos de -29 ° C (-20 ° F)
(b) Servicio de fluido de categoría M: un fluido de servicio en el que ambos de los siguientes se
aplican:
(1) el fluido es tan altamente tóxico que una sola exposición a una cantidad muy pequeña del
fluido, causada por una fuga, puede producir daños irreversibles graves a personas contacto
respiratorio o corporal, incluso cuando se restablece rápidamente se toman medidas
(c) Servicio de fluido a alta temperatura: un fluido de servicio en el cual la temperatura del metal
de la tubería es sostenida igual o mayor que Tcr como se define en la Tabla 302.3.5, Nota general
(b).
(d) Servicio de fluido a alta presión: un fluido de servicio para que el propietario especifica el uso
del Capítulo IX para diseño y construcción de tuberías; ver también para. K300.
(e) Servicio de fluidos de alta pureza: un fluido de servicio que requiere métodos alternativos de
fabricación, inspección, examen y pruebas no cubiertas en otra parte en el Código, con la
intención de producir un nivel controlado de limpieza. El término se aplica así a los sistemas de
tuberías definido para otros fines como alta pureza, ultra alto pureza, higiénico o aséptico.
(f) Servicio de fluido normal: un fluido de servicio perteneciente a la mayoría de las tuberías
cubiertas por este Código, es decir, no sujetas a las reglas para la Categoría D, Categoría M,
Elevada Fluido de temperatura, alta presión o alta pureza Servicio.
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WELDING OF PIPELINES AND RELATED FACILITIES 21
Documentation of these qualifications shall be retained be used to select welds that are subjected to destructive test-
by the company and shall include but is not limited to the ing in accordance with 8.1.
following:
9.2 RIGHTS OF REJECTION
a. Education and experience.
b. Training. All nondestructive test methods are limited in the informa-
c. Results of any qualification examinations. tion that can be derived from the indications they produce.
The company may therefore reject any weld that appears to
8.4 CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE meet these acceptance standards if, in its opinion, the depth of
TESTING PERSONNEL an imperfection may be detrimental to the weld.
Note: One or both root faces may be inadequately filled at the inside surface.
Bond is absent;
imperfection
is surface-connected.
b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous b. The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12-in.
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).
c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). c. An individual pore within a cluster exceeds 1/16 in. (2 mm)
d. The aggregate length of ISI indications in any continuous in size.
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm). 9.3.9.4 Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated
e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm). linear porosity that occurs in the root pass. HB shall be con-
f. More than four ISI indications with the maximum width of sidered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
1/ in. (3 mm) are present in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm)
8
length of weld. a. The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds 1/2 in.
g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds (13 mm).
8% of the weld length. b. The aggregate length of indications of HB in any continu-
ous 12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
9.3.8.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in. c. Individual indications of HB, each greater than 1/4 in.
(60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be considered a defect should (6 mm) in length, are separated by less than 2 in. (50 mm).
any of the following conditions exist: d. The aggregate length of all indications of HB exceeds 8%
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the of the weld length.
thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
9.3.10 Cracks
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width
of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indica- Cracks (C) shall be considered a defect should any of the
tion unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. (0.8 mm). In following conditions exists:
that event, they shall be considered separate indications.
a. The crack, of any size or location in the weld, is not a shal-
b. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). low crater crack or star crack.
c. The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times b. The crack is a shallow crater crack or star crack with a
the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined and the length that exceeds 5/32 in. (4 mm).
width exceeds one-half the thinner of the nominal wall thick-
nesses joined. Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are located at the stopping
point of weld beads and are the result of weld metal contractions
d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds during solidification.
8% of the weld length.
9.3.11 Undercutting
9.3.9 Porosity
Undercutting is defined as a groove melted into the parent
9.3.9.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying material to the toe or root of the weld and left unfilled by
weld metal before the gas has a chance to rise to the surface weld metal. Undercutting adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or
of the molten puddle and escape. Porosity is generally spheri- root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect should any of the
cal but may be elongated or irregular in shape, such as piping following conditions exists:
(wormhole) porosity. When the size of the radiographic indi- The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any
cation produced by a pore is measured, the maximum dimen- combination, in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm) length of
sion of the indication shall apply to the criteria given in weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
9.3.9.2 through 9.3.9.4. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any
combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weld length.
9.3.9.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be consid-
ered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: Note: See 9.7 for acceptance standards for undercutting when visual
and mechanical measurements are employed.
a. The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm).
b. The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner 9.3.12 Accumulation of Imperfections
of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
c. The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concen- Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-low and
tration permitted by Figures 19 or 20. undercutting, any accumulation of imperfections (AI) shall be
considered a defect should any of the following conditions
9.3.9.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except exist:
the finish pass shall comply with the criteria of 9.3.9.2. CP
a. The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12-in.
that occurs in the finish pass shall be considered a defect
(300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
should any of the following conditions exist:
b. The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8% of the
a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm). weld length.
GMS LTDA pag:73
Assorted
Large
Medium
Fine
Note: The size of the gas pockets is not drawn to scale; for dimensions, refer to 9.3.9.
Figure 19—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Less Than or Equal to 0.500 inch (12.7 mm)
GMS LTDA pag:74
Assorted
Large
Medium
Fine
Note: The size of the gas pockets is not drawn to scale; for dimensions, refer to 9.3.9.
Figure 20—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Greater Than 0.500 inch (12.7 mm)
GMS LTDA pag:75
alignment offset of abutting pipe ends, changes in weld rein- O.D. surface-connected shall be considered defects should
forcement profile of I.D. root and O.D. capping passes, inter- any of the following conditions exist:
nal chamfering, and ultrasonic wave mode conversion due to
a. The aggregate length of LB indications in any continuous
such conditions may cause geometric indications that are
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
similar to those caused by weld imperfections but that are not
b. The aggregate length of LB indications exceeds 8% of the
relevant to acceptability.
weld length.
9.6.1.2 Linear indications are defined as indications with 9.6.2.4 Transverse (T) indications (other than cracks) shall
their greatest dimension in the weld length direction. Typical be considered volumetric and evaluated using the criteria for
linear indications may be caused by, but are not limited to, the volumetric indications. The letter T shall be used to designate
following types of imperfections: inadequate penetration with- all reported transverse indications.
out high-low (IP), inadequate penetration due to high-low 9.6.2.5 Volumetric cluster (VC) indications shall be con-
(IPD), inadequate cross penetration (ICP), incomplete fusion sidered defects when the maximum dimension of VC indica-
(IF), incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD), elongated slag tions exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).
inclusion (ESI), cracks (C), undercutting adjacent to the cover
pass (EU) or root pass (IU), and hollow bead porosity (HB). 9.6.2.6 Volumetric individual (VI) indications shall be con-
sidered defects when the maximum dimension of VI indica-
9.6.1.3 Transverse indications are defined as indications tions exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm) in both width and length.
with their greatest dimension across the weld. Typical trans-
9.6.2.7 Volumetric root (VR) indications interpreted to be
verse indications may be caused by, but are not limited, to the
open to the I.D. surface shall be considered defects should
following types of imperfections: cracks (C), isolated slag
any of the following conditions exist:
inclusions (ISI), and incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD)
at start/stops in the weld passes. a. The maximum dimension of VR indications exceeds 1/4 in.
(6 mm).
9.6.1.4 Volumetric indications are defined as three-dimen-
b. The total length of VR indications exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm)
sional indications. Such indications may be caused by single
in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm) length.
or multiple inclusions, voids, or pores. Partially-filled voids,
pores, or small inclusions at start/stops in weld passes may 9.6.2.8 Any accumulation of relevant indications (AR)
cause larger indications in the transverse direction than in the shall be considered a defect when any of the following condi-
weld length direction. Typical volumetric indications may be tions exist:
caused by, but are not limited to, the following types of imper- a. The aggregate length of indications above evaluation level
fections: internal concavity (IC), burn-through (BT), isolated exceeds 2 in. (50 mm) in any 12-in. (300-mm) length of weld.
slag inclusions (ISI), porosity (P), and cluster porosity (CP). b. The aggregate length of indications above evaluation level
9.6.1.5 Relevant indications are those caused by imperfec- exceeds 8% of the weld length.
tions. Relevant indications shall be evaluated at the evaluation
level given in 11.4.7 to the acceptance standards given in 9.6.2. 9.6.3 Pipe or Fitting Imperfections
Note: When doubt exists about the type of imperfection being dis- Imperfections in the pipe or fittings detected by ultrasonic
closed by an indication, verification may be obtained by using other testing shall be reported to the company. Their disposition
nondestructive testing methods. shall be as directed by the company.
10.1 AUTHORIZATION FOR REPAIR 10.3.1 Repaired areas shall be inspected by the same
means previously used. If the company chooses, it may re-
10.1.1 Cracks inspect all of a weld containing a repair in the same manner
allowed for inspection of any production weld (see 8.1 and
Cracked welds shall be removed from the line unless per-
8.2). Repairs shall meet the standards of acceptability of
mitted by 9.3.10 or when the repair is authorized by the com-
Section 9.
pany. Cracks may be repaired provided the length of the crack
is less than 8% of the weld length and a qualified repair weld-
10.4 SUPERVISION
ing procedure is used.
10.4.1 The repair shall be made under the supervision of a
10.1.2 Defects Other Than Cracks technician experienced in repair welding techniques.
Defects in the root and filler beads may be repaired with 10.5 WELDER
prior company authorization. Defects in the cover pass may
be repaired without prior company authorization. A qualified 10.5.1 The weld shall be made by a qualified worker.
repair welding procedure is required to be used whenever a
repair is made to a weld using a process different from that 11 Procedures for Nondestructive Testing
used to make the original weld or when repairs are made in a
11.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TEST METHODS
previously repaired area.
11.1.1 General
10.2 REPAIR PROCEDURE
Subsection 11.1 presents the requirements for producing
When a repair welding procedure is required, the proce- radiographic images on film or other media through the use of
dure shall be established and qualified to demonstrate that a X-rays or gamma rays. A detailed procedure for the produc-
weld with suitable mechanical properties and soundness can tion of images shall be established and recorded. Radio-
be produced. This shall be determined by destructive testing graphic film produced by the use of this procedure shall have
and the type and number of such tests shall be at the discre- the density (see 11.1.10), clarity, and contrast required by this
tion of the company. The repair procedure, as a minimum, standard. Images produced by other systems shall have the
shall include the following: requisite sensitivity to define clearly the essential hole or wire
diameter of the proper penetrameter. The following criteria
10.2.1 Method of exploration of the defect. shall be used to evaluate images:
10.2.2 Method of defect removal. a. An acceptable image quality that is free from fog and from
processing irregularities that could mask the image of actual
10.2.3 The repair groove shall be examined to confirm imperfections.
complete removal of the defect. b. The prescribed penetrameter and the essential hole or wire
diameter.
10.2.4 Requirements for preheat and interpass heat treat-
ment. c. A satisfactory identification system.
d. An acceptable technique and setup.
10.2.5 Welding processes and other specification informa- e. Compatibility with acceptance standards.
tion contained in 5.3.2.
All requirements that refer to the quality of the resulting
10.2.6 Requirement for interpass nondestructive testing. images shall apply equally to X-rays and gamma rays. The