Solutions Colligative Properties

•  vapor pressure lowering

Raoult s Law: PA = XAP°A
•  boiling point elevation
!Tb = Kbm
•  freezing point depression
!Tf = Kfm
•  osmotic pressure
#n&
" = % ( RT = M RT
$V'

Colloids
!

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 1

Test Question
Which of the following aqueous solutions has the
greatest total concentration of ions?

1.  0.2M NH4NO3

2.  0.2M Pb(NO3)2
3.  0.2M Na2SO4
4.  0.2M AlPO4
5.  0.2M AlBr3
6.  0.2M CH3COOH (acetic acid)

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 2

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES are properties that
depend on the number of solute particles
(collections) in solution but not on the identity
of the solute.
Examples of Colligative properties
•  vapor pressure lowering
•  boiling point elevation
•  freezing point depression
•  osmotic pressure

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 3

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Example: What is the total particle concentration in a
0.2M solution of Pb(NO3)2 ? (salt, strong electrolyte)
[Pb+2]=
[NO3"]=
total concentration of particles =

What is the total particle concentration 0.2M solution of

CH3COOH (acetic acid)? (weak acid, weak electrolyte)

CH3COOH(aq) ! H+(aq) + CH3COO"(aq)

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 4

When a non volatile solute is dissolved in a
volatile solvent, the VAPOR PRESSURE of
the solvent will be LOWERED

VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING

rate of evaporation !
vapor pressure of SOLVENT !

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 5

DEMO: VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 6

 Quantitatively: for dilute solutions the partial
pressure of the solution PA is related to the
mole fraction and the vapor pressure of the
pure solvent P°A
Raoult s Law: PA = XAP°A

PA = vapor pressure of solution

XA = mole fraction of solvent
P°A = vapor pressure of pure solvent

Vapor pressure lowering is a colligative property

It depends on the concentration but not on the nature of the solute.

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 7

Lowering of the vapor pressure results in

changes in the melting and boiling points.

BOILING POINT ELEVATION

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
!Tb = Kbm Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
!Tf = Kfm Kf = molal freezing point depression constant
m = molality of the solution

Kb and Kf are tabulated for different solvents

Don’t forget that
Eg. water Kb= 0.52°C/m these are
Kf= 1.86°C/m colligative
benzene Kb= 2.53°C/m properties!!!
Kf= 5.12°C/m
Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 8
 Example
What is the freezing point of seawater assuming all of the
salinity* is due to NaCl?
(MW of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol)

*ocean salinity is ca. (35 g salt)/(1 kg seawater)

mainly: Cl–, Na+, SO42", Mg2+, Ca2+, K+

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 9

Osmosis: flow of molecules through a

membrane
Osmotic pressure: #
Pressure needed to stop the flow of molecules through a
membrane

#n&
" = % (RT = MRT
$ V'

units of atm molarity

!

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 10

 Osmosis through a cell membrane

Hypertonic: solution: Hypotonic solution:

water moves out of cell water moves into cell;
can cause cell to rupture.

Isotonic: solution that has same osmotic pressure as cell.

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 11

Reverse Osmosis: exert pressure on a

concentrated solution, forcing solvent
molecules through a membrane.
Solute molecules are trapped in concentrated portion.)
Used to purify water.

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 12

An aqueous solution contains 3.50 mg of protein dissolved in sufficient
water to form 5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution
at 25°C was found to be 1.54 torr.
Calculate the molar mass of the protein.

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 13

The size of particles in a mixture influences

the properties of the mixture.

Particle Size
small large
solution Colloidal dispersion mixture
uniform uniform non-uniform
molecules Particle size = 20-2000 Å Sedimentary
particles
EXAMPLES
NaCl(aq) Milk (fat particles) silt
Sugar(aq) Fog (water droplets)

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 14

 Colloid: homogeneous mixture of particles
defined by the size of the particles
•  Gravity does not cause particles to settle
•  between solution and heterogeneous mixture
•  particles are very large molecules or aggregates
•  phases are mutually insoluble

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 15

How light interacts with matter: Light scattering

Tyndall effect: light is scattered when $ of light % particle size
For molecules (~5Å) $ in X-ray region
•  visible light passes through solutions without scattering
•  Atmosphere scatters small $ light

Explains why the

sky is blue

For colloids (size~ 200nm) $ is in visible region:

Light passes through colloidal suspensions with scattering (milk, fog).
Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 16
 Beautiful colors found in stained glass windows
are made using Gold Colloids
•  Elixir of Life, a potion made
from gold (ancient Rome)
•  Used to stain glass

Solutions of gold nanoparticles:

colors are related to size of the gold
particles suspended in solution

Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 17