The Union Peace Conference - 21st Century Panglong (Burmese: ပြည်ထ ောင်စု

ငငြိမ််းချမ််းထ ်းညီလောခံ (၂၁) ောစု ြင်လ)ံု is a peace conference which began on 31 Aug 2016 in Myanmar
Convention Centre 2 of Naypyidaw, Myanmar.
The first Panglong Conference was held in the Panglong region of British Burma in 1947, and was
negotiated between Aung San and ethnic leaders.[1] Despite several meetings between
ethnic insurgent groups and the government prior to the Panglong Conference in 2016, it is unclear
how many of them will actually attend.
Eighteen ethnic insurgent groups are expected to attend the conference, whilst three ethnic
insurgent groups (The Arakan Army, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, and
the Ta'ang National Liberation Army) are not expected to attend.[2] Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-
General of the United Nations also attended the opening ceremony. United Wa State Army had left
the conference saying they were allowed only as observer.[3] It is planned to hold the conference in
every six month until the agreement is reached and negotiations and political dialogue will be
continued however in the upcoming peace conference it will be allowed only to the insurgent groups
who have signed the NCAagreement.[4]
The conference was chaired by Lt-Gen Yar Pyae from Tatmadaw, Tin Myo Win from government,
Shila Nan Taung from parliament, Khun Myint Tun from ethnic armed group and Myint Soe from
political parties. Ethnic armed groups called for federal system that guarantees justice, equality, self-
administration and protection of racial, religious and political rights of ethnic minorities.[5][6]
On 15 October, Burmese government announced the Seven Steps Roadmap for national
reconciliation and union peace.

1. To review the political dialogue framework

2. To amend the political dialogue framework
3. To convene the Union Peace Conference—the 21st Century Panglong in accordance with the
amended and approved political dialogue framework
4. To sign union agreement— the 21st Century Panglong Conference Agreement based on the
results of the 21st Century Panglong Conference
5. To amend the constitution in accordance with the union agreement and approve the
amended constitution
6. To hold the multi-party democracy general elections in accordance with the amended and
approved constitution
7. To build a democratic federal union in accordance with the results of the multi-party
democracy general elections[7]

See also[edit]
Ceasefires in Myanmar

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Myanmar's Panglong Peace Conference to Include All Armed Ethnic Groups".
2. Jump up^ "Myanmar Peace Talks Seek to Defy Weight of History".
3. Jump up^ "တတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတ 'တ'တတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတ တတ
တတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတ တတတတတတတ".
4. Jump up^ "Myanmar peace summit ends with long road ahead".
 5. Jump up^ "21 Century Panglong Conference concluded successfully".
6. Jump up^ "တတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတတ တတတတတတတတတတ".
7. Jump up^ . Global News Light Of
Myanmar https://issuu.com/myanmarnewspaper/docs/16_oct_16_gnlm. Retrieved 17
October 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Panglong Conference
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the conference. For the agreement, see Panglong Agreement.

This article possibly contains original research. Please improve

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The Panglong Conference (Burmese: ြင်လစ

ံု ောချျုြ်), held in February 1947, was an historic meeting
that took place at Panglong in the Shan States in Burma between the Shan, Kachin and Chin ethnic
minority leaders and Aung San, head of the interim Burmese government. Aung Zan Wai, Pe
Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung and Myoma U Than Kywe were among
the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar representative General
Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. All these leaders unanimously decided to join the Union
of Burma. On the agenda was the united struggle for independence from Britain and the future of
Burma after independence as a unified republic.

Contents
[hide]

 1History
 2First Panglong conference
 3Panglong Agreement
 4Legacy
 5Rebellion
 6Personal journeys
 7References
 8External links

History[edit]
Burma has been called an anthropologist's paradise. Various groups of people migrated south into
the Irrawaddy- Chindwin, Sittang and Salween valleys from the China-Tibet region in the latter part
of the first millennium, the Mon followed by the Tibeto-Burman and Tai - Shan races. The main
groups were the Mon, Bamar, Shan and Rakhine, establishing their own kingdoms, and the first
three groups vying for supremacy. The Bamar under Anawrahta in the 11th century, Bayinnaung in
the 16th century, and Alaungpaya in the 18th century unified and expanded their kingdoms
establishing the first, second and third Burmese Empires respectively, whilst the Shan were
ascendent during the 14th and the 15th centuries. The ancient Mon kingdom in the south was finally
overwhelmed by the Bamar into submission only in the mid-18th century, and the Arakan annexed
subsequently, establishing a Bamar-dominant nation state approximately within its current
boundaries. Although the Arakan and Monlands were under Bamar administration, the Shanlands
and the Trans-Salween states of the Karen and Karenni were never under direct control but only
under Burmese suzerainty.
The British fought three wars with Burma in 1824, 1852 and 1885, culminating in the loss of
Burmese sovereignty and independence. They established a colonial administration 'at least
possible cost' according to Lord Dufferin, and a distinction between the hills and the plains that
evolved during the arduous annexation process, due to armed resistance not just from the Bamar
but from the Shan, Chin and Kachin, became formalised into Ministerial Burma, formerly Burma
Proper, and the Frontier Areas. The Shan and Karreni Saophas or Sawbwas, and Kachin Duwas
were left to continue their feudatory rule in their areas; the Karenni states were never even included
within the borders of British Burma. In parliament, seats were reserved for the Karen,
immigrant Chinese, Indian and Anglo-Burmese minorities, an arrangement bitterly opposed by many
Burmese politicians. The Mon of Lower Burma and the Rakhine included in Ministerial Burma had no
representation at all even though the plains Karen (the majority of the Karen population) and the
Mon shared the Irrawaddy Delta of Lower Burma.[1]
The draining of the marshes for rice cultivation drew Burman migration into British Burma even
before the final annexation of Upper Burma. The Bamar however were virtually excluded from
military service, and even as late as 1939 there were only 432 Burmans in the army compared with
1448 Karens, 886 Chins and 881 Kachins. Karen villagers had acted as guides for the British during
the Anglo-Burmese Wars, and Karen troops had played a major part in the suppression of rebellions
in Lower Burma in 1886 and again in the Saya San rebellion of 1930-32.
American, British and other European missionaries had also succeeded in converting the hills
peoples to Christianity, the Karen in particular, and also the Kachin and Chin, whereas they made
very little headway among the Buddhist Bamar, Mon, Rakhine, Shan and the plains Karen. Once
they had benefited from a Christian education, Karen migration to towns in Lower Burma and
the Tenasserim also increased. Burman leaders would blame the 'divide and rule' policy of
Western imperialists and the 'servile streak' in the ethnic minorities who would look up to them; U
Nu, the first prime minister of independent Burma, was later to accuse certain missionaries and
writers of 'having deliberately sown the seeds of racial and religious conflict'. The ethnic minorities
would, in turn, point the finger at Burman 'chauvinism' and 'oppression'.[1]
The Frontier Areas or Scheduled Areas were divided into Part I or Excluded Areas such as the
Kachin state with no right of election to parliament, and Part II or Partially Excluded Areas
subdivided into two groups, one with electoral representation such as Myitkyina and Bhamo with
Kachin minority and Shan/Burman majorities, and the other group with no electoral representation. A
Federal Council of Shan Chiefs was formed in 1922 which gave the Shan and their Sawbwas an
important channel for representation. The Burma Frontier Service boasted just 40 members
employed in the administration of the entire Scheduled Areas at the outbreak of the Second World
War.[1]
When the Japanese invaded Burma in 1942, the Karen remained loyal to and fought with the British,
and consequently suffered at the hands of the Burma Independence Army (BIA) under Gen. Aung
San and the Japanese Army. Villages were destroyed and massacres committed in their areas, and
among the victims were Saw Pe Tha, a pre-war cabinet minister, and his family.[1]

First Panglong conference[edit]

In March 1946, the Saophas or Chaofa (Sawbwa in Burmese) of the Shan states sponsored a
conference at Panglong in order to discuss the future of the Shan states after independence. It was
led by the Saopha of Yawnghwe Sao Shwe Thaik, and the Kachin, Chin and Karen representatives
were also invited. They realised that Burma would soon gain independence from the British, and that
the Frontier Areas faced a real risk of remaining a British dominion since the hill tracts were deemed
backward and not yet ready for self-determination. The pre-war prime minister U Saw and Thakin
Nu from the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) gave speeches as the Burman majority
representatives, and a message from the British Governor was read out which reiterated the White
Paper policy that no decisions would be made on the Frontier Areas and their peoples without their
full consent.[1]
The Chin delegates expressed their sense of insecurity stemming from their heavy economic
dependence on Burma Proper, hence their weak bargaining position. The Kachins were critical of U
Nu's diatribe against the British and sceptical of Burman sincerity as regards equal rights. The
Karens wanted a separate state that included the Tenasserim seaboard. The one positive outcome
was the formation of a United Burma Cultural Society with Sao Shwe Thaik as chairman and U Saw
as secretary.[1]
Relations later improved between the hills peoples and the AFPFL through contacts such as the
Sama Duwa Sinwa Nawng, a Buddhist Kachin whose father was killed in the fight against British
annexation at the turn of the century, and who himself raised Kachin levies and fought with
the Burma National Army (BNA) in the Second World War, also the Chin leader Vamthu Mawng, and
the Sawbwa of the Pa-O substate of Hsihseng (Hsahtung or Thaton) Sao Khun Kyi. In November
1946, a Supreme Council of the United Hills Peoples was formed at the instigation of the AFPFL,
and Sao Shwe Thaik was elected as president.[1]
The minority leaders however continued to lobby London and the Frontier Areas Administration
(FAA) directly at the same time the AFPFL was in almost continuous consultation with the British
authorities for independence. The Karen National Associations (KNA), founded in 1881, had argued
at the 1917 Montagu-Chelmsford hearings in India that Burma was not "yet in a fit state for self-
government" to the dismay of Burmese nationalists, but 3 years later, after submitting a criticism of
the 1920 Craddock Reforms, won for themselves 5 (later 12) seats in the Legislative Council of 130
(later 132) members. Sao Shwe Thaik and Sawbwa of Mong Mit Sao Khin Maung travelled
to London to argue for an independent Shan state at the Burma Round Table hearings in 1931,
despite the British Governor's disapproval. The Karen Goodwill Mission to London in August 1946
likewise failed to receive any encouragement for their separatist demands from the British
government.[1]
H. N. C. Stevenson, the director of the FAA, criticised by both the Burma Office and the AFPFL,
lamented the lost opportunities, and the lack of economic data or coordination between the Frontier
Areas and Ministerial Burma. He stated,"I believe that the multiplication of and strengthening of the
economic relations between the hills and the plains will be the shortest and most inexpensive route
to a unified Burma."
In Blueprint for a Free Burma, composed by the Japanese military but wrongfully attributed to Aung
San,[2] the question of minorities is addressed in similar vein:
"the essential prerequisite is the building of one unified nation. In concrete terms it means we
must now bridge all gulfs now existing through British machinations between the major
Burmese race and the hill peoples, the Arakanese, the Shans and unite all these peoples
into one nation with equal treatment unlike the present system which divides our people into
'backward' and 'administered' sections. All the natural barriers that make mutual associations
and contacts shall be overcome, for instance, by construction of effective modern
communications such as railways and roads."[1]

Panglong Agreement[edit]
Main article: Panglong Agreement
Aung San and Arthur Bottomley at Panglong Conference

A significant breakthrough came when an agreement was signed between the Shan, Kachin and
Chin leaders, and Aung San as leader of the Governor's Executive Council at the second
Panglong Conference on February 12, 1947. The Karens sent only four observers; also absent
were the Mon and Arakanese representatives as they were not considered separately, but within
Ministerial Burma.[1] There were 23 signatories in all expressing their willingness to work with the
'interim Burmese government' in order to achieve independence speedily, and agreeing in
principle the formation of a 'Union of Burma'.

 The Agreement proposed a Counsellor to the Governor to be appointed and co-opted as a

member of the Executive Council, on recommendation by the Supreme Council of United
Hills Peoples, in order to deal with the Frontier Areas, thus bringing the subject 'within the
purview of the Executive Council', and the Counsellor to be assisted by two deputies who
should also be allowed to attend relevant meetings of the EC.
 Full autonomy in internal administration of the Frontier Areas was to be accepted in principle.
 A separate Kachin state was agreed to be desirable, subject to discussion in the Constituent
Assembly.
 Citizens of the Frontier Areas were to enjoy the rights and privileges regarded as
fundamental in democratic countries.
 The financial autonomy of the Federated Shan States was not to be affected.
 Financial assistance to the Kachin and Chin Hills likewise was not to be affected, and the
feasibility of the same arrangement for them as existed with the Shan states to be
considered.[3]
The British were left in no doubt that Aung San and the Burman dominated AFPFL were able to
mediate with the leaders of the hills peoples. Sao Shwe Thaik was appointed Counsellor to the
Governor, with Sinwa Nawng and Vumthu Mawng as his deputies. Aung San's assurance on the
day, "If Burma receives one kyat, you will also get one kyat", has often been quoted by ethnic
nationalists since.[1]

Legacy[edit]
Thanks to the Panglong Agreement, the Union of Burma came into being after independence on
January 4, 1948, and February 12 has been celebrated since as 'Union Day'. The spirit of
Panglong is often invoked, although many today feel that another Panglong is long
overdue.[4] The debate certainly needs to move on from the old black-and-white caricatures of
'imperialist stooges' and 'chauvinist oppressors' for any progress to be made.
Even at the time, there was no representation from the Karen and Karenni, no consideration
regarding the Mon and Rakhine as they fell within Ministerial Burma, and the Pa-
O, Palaung and Wa were subsumed under the Shan states, although the Saopha
of Tawngpeng Palaung substate was among the signatories. The Frontier Areas Commission of
Enquiry (FACE) was set up in April/May 1947 as a condition of the Aung San-Attlee Agreement
of January 27, 1947, and although the Burmese independence movement was represented by
just one united front, the AFPFL, there were 50 often conflicting groups from the hill tracts; the
Delta Karen, Mon and Rakhine were still excluded.[1]
The shortcomings of the conference which resurfaced in the Constituent Assembly, and the
consequent inadequacies of the Constitution promulgated on September 24, 1947, were to
emerge soon after independence, and in fact in the Arakan the veteran monk U Seinda had
already started a rebellion in May 1947. The Karen had isolated themselves further by
boycotting both the EC and the elections to the Constituent Assembly, notwithstanding seats
reserved for them, though persistent in their demand for an independent state similar to the kind
their cousins, the Karenni, had enjoyed under their own Sawbwas; their future was as a result
left unsettled, deferred till after independence. The Kachin had to make concessions in their
representation in parliament in exchange for the inclusion of Myitkyina and Bhamo, towns with
Shan and Burman majorities, in the new state, although in the hills the Duwas would continue
their rule. The Chin ended up with no state, only a special division. The Mon and Rakhine again
were not even considered separately.[1] One Mon group contested unsuccessfully at the
elections which they claimed were rigged, but another boycotted; the Mon after independence
threw in their lot with the Karen and joined the rebellion.[1]

Rebellion[edit]
The Regional Autonomy Enquiry Commission in October 1948, though now expanded to include
six Karens, six Mons, five Arakanese, seven Burmans and four others, did not report until
February 1949, by which time the Karen rebellion had already broken out. The Karen had
repeated their controversial demand to include Karen majority areas of the Irrawaddy Delta in
the independent Karen state as well as a joint Mon–Karen independent state in the areas of the
Tenasserim where they could not stake an exclusive claim.[1]
Communal relations turned sour when the AFPFL government deployed Karen and Kachin
troops, which proved to be ruthlessly efficient, in suppressing the Burmese Communist rebellion
that started in March 1948 centred on their stronghold of Pyinmana.[1] The situation went from
bad to worse when U Nu raised the Sitwundan auxiliary troops in order to reduce the
government's heavy dependence on ethnic troops, and not least in anticipation of a Karen
insurrection. They were put under the command of Maj. Gen. Ne Win and not the Army Chief of
Staff Gen. Smith Dun, a Karen who was later removed and replaced by Ne Win on January 31,
1949. They soon outnumbered the Karen Rifles and Union Military Police (UMP), and were
subsequently used against the Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO), a paramilitary
force formed in July 1947 by the Karen National Union (KNU), and the Karen UMP units.[1]
History repeated itself when the KNU was judged to be a separatist movement as an 'imperialist
plot' at the Left Unity talks in July/August 1948 between the AFPFL and the PVO (Pyithu
yèbaw or People's Volunteer Organisation, a paramilitary force formed earlier by Aung San from
BIA veterans) and their allies the Communists. A gun-running plot had been uncovered involving
an Anglo-Burmese officer, Capt. Vivian, who was convicted and jailed but later escaped with the
Karen; he was linked to U Saw who was in the frame for the assassination of Aung San and six
other cabinet members in July 1947. Another plot led by Col. Cromarty-Tulloch, an ex-Force
136 adventurer, and a few other Britons and Anglo-Burmese officers, in the early days of the
Karen insurrection, was also uncovered shortly after it started.[1] Naw Seng, a commander of the
Kachin Rifles, after being dispatched to suppress the Karen revolt, joined the KNDO whose
ranks now swelled from the defection of the Karen Rifles; he then went on to lead the Pawng
Yawng rebellion before going into exile to China in 1950, only to make a comeback in 1968 as
a Communist commander.[1]
It was not just the Karen and Mon that rose up in rebellion, soon after independence in early
1949. The Rakhine led by the veteran monk U Seinda started an insurrection as early as 1946
followed by the Rakhine Mujahid in December 1947 in northern Arakan along the border of
today's Bangladesh, migrants and their descendants from East Bengal. The Karenni revolt
however was precipitated by a Baptist-Catholic split in its leadership in August 1948, when the
veteran leader Bee Tu Re was brutally murdered, and as a result the Kyebogyi Sawbwa Sao
Shwe took up arms against the AFPFL-backed Kantarawaddy Sawbwa Sao Wunna, both ex-
Force 136 and erstwhile comrades-in-arms, and Sao Shwe was later aided by Tulloch.[1]
But it was not until 1949 when the Karen attacked Rangoon, triggered by the broken promise of
independence. and after a brief batte both sides agreed to a cease fire and after receiving
promises that the Burmese government would reconsider their requests, returned home.
Nothing was done to implement these promises under Ne Win's interim Government. Then in
the early the Kachin rebelled, triggered by the former Marxist U Nu's declaration of Buddhism as
state religion, and the Shan rebellion, triggered by Gen. Ne Win's coup d'etat of March 1962,
took off. In fact it was the Shan Federal Movement, led by Sao Shwe Thaik and aspiring to a
'loose' federation with Burma, but seen by army hardliners as a separatist movement insisting on
the government honouring the right to secession after 10 years provided for by the 1947
Constitution to both the Shan and the Karenni, which precipitated the coup.[1] Ne Win had
already stripped the Sawbwas of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for
life in 1959 during his caretaker government.[1] His 1962 coup put paid to the 1947 Constitution
and what little remained of the Panglong spirit.[1] The Chin launched a rebellion also in the
1960s. The Kayan insurgency in the Shan substate of Mong Pai was triggered by the first
'demonitisation' declaring the 100 and 50 kyat notes illegal in 1964 which wiped out the savings
of hill farmers as well as the rest of the country.[1] The Shan rebellion was partially caused by the
CIA who armed them in exchange for their opium and cooperation with the Chinese Kuomintang
forces that fought with General Stilwell in the War against Japan and remained in the region.
The latter were removed by the USA after being ordered by the UN and flew some of the
Kuomintang to Formosa.

Personal journeys[edit]
Aung San was assassinated with several members of his cabinet, including Sao Sarm Htun,
the Saopha of Mong Pawng and a signatory of the Agreement, and a Karen member Mahn Ba
Khaing, on July 19, 1947, just months after Panglong and before independence; July 19 has
been commemorated since as 'Martyrs' Day'. U Saw was convicted and hanged in May 1948 for
his role in the crime. The Socialist leader Thakin Nu became the first Prime Minister of
independent Burma as a direct consequence of Aung San's untimely death and the earlier
expulsion of the Burmese Communists from the AFPFL.[1] Sao Shwe Thaik was elected the first
President of independent Burma (1948–52), arrested at the time of the 1962 coup when his
youngest son was the one fatality, shot dead, in what was generally described as a 'bloodless'
coup, and he himself died shortly afterwards in custody.[1] His wife Mahadevi Sao Nang Hearn
Kham and son Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe formed the Shan State Army (SSA) in 1964 taking the
Shan rebellion that started in 1958 to a new phase.[1]
Sinwa Nawng and Vamthu Mawng both became cabinet ministers in the first AFPFL
government. Brang Seng, the late Chairman of the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO)
and former headmaster of Myitkyina Baptist Mission High School, was the nephew of one of the
Kachin signatories Lawdan Duwa Zau La. Khun Kya Nu, a leader of the SSA and
former Rangoon University student, is the son of one of the Shan delegates at Panglong, Kya
Bu.[1]

References[edit]
 1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Smith, Martin (1991). Burma - Insurgency and
the Politics of Ethnicity. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 42–43,44–46,62,73–
74,46,72,76,78–80,78,84,79,86,114–115,116–118,113–114,,141,112–113,195,193,94,69–
70,79,195,220,192.
2. Jump up^ Houtman, Gustaaf (2007). "Aung San's lan-zin, the Blue Print and the Japanese
occupation of Burma". In Kei Nemoto. Reconsidering the Japanese military occupation in Burma
(1942–45)(PDF). Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies: Research Institute for Languages
and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). pp. 179–227. ISBN 9784872979640.
3. Jump up^ "The Panglong Agreement, 1947". Online Burma/Myanmar Library.
4. Jump up^ "The New Panglong Initiative" (PDF). Ethnic Nationalities Council (Union of Burma).

External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or
guidelines. Please improve this article by
removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful
links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2013)(Learn how
and when to remove this template message)

 Kachin National Organization

 The Panglong Agreement, 1947 in Burmese and English inc. photos, New Era Journal
 In the Name of Panglong: Hailing the 57th Anniversary Union Day New Light of
Myanmar inc. photos
 Federalism in Burma Online Burma/Myanmar Library
 Mon, Shan: New Draft Constitution for Real Union of Burma UNPO
 Shan State Affairs Chao Hso Hom
 Burma's Ex-Insurgents: The Mon Ceasefire and Political Transition Ashley South
 Monland Restoration Council
 Arakan Information Website
 Revolution Reviewed: The Karens' Struggle for Right to Self-determination and Hope for the
Future Saw Kapi, February 24, 2006
 Fifty Years of Struggle: A Review of the Fight for the Karen People's Autonomy
(abridged) Ba Saw Khin, 1998 (revised 2005)
 Pa-O, the Forgotten People Nandar Chann, The Irrawaddy, May 2004
 Determined Resistance: An Interview with Gen. Saw Bo Mya Irrawaddy, October 2003
 Echoing the Party Line: An Interview with Tu Jai Irrawaddy, October 2003
 Shaky Future for the KIO Naw Seng, Irrawaddy, April 2004
 A Rocky Road Khun Sam, The Irrawaddy, November 2005
 At What Price? Gold Mining in Kachin State, Burma Images Asia and Pan Kachin
Development Society, November 2004, fully illustrated with photos
 KITE: Karenni Independence Through Education
 Karrenis, The Forgotten People of the World Kayan New Generation Youth (KNGY), June 4,
2005
 Federal Constitution Drafting Process Ethnic Nationalities Council (Union of Burma)
 National Democratic Front (Burma)
 Chin UNPO
 Burma and Federalism Dr Vum Son, June
 Zomi Re-unification Movement
 Independence or Federalism Harn Yawnghwe, Chinland Guardian, April 9, 2005
  The Union Question in Burmese, Nguyinpyin.net

ပင်လစ
ုံ ာခ ျုပ် ပြည်ထထောင်စပု ြန်ြောနင
ု င
် ၏
ံ ဂုဏပ် ြြ်ကု ထည်ဝါခနည
် ဲ့ ောားထစခသ
ဲ့ ည် သောြက
တင
ု ား် ရင်ားသောားတထသွ
ု ဲ့ ားစည်ားညီညွတပ် ခင်ား၏ ကွယဝ
် က
ှ ၍
် ြရထသော အြှတသ
် ထကေတလည်ား ပြစ်သည်။ အခ န်ကောား
လွနခ
် ထ
ဲ့ သော ၇၀ နှစတ
် ောကောလ။ အတအက ဆရ
ု ထသော ၁၉၄၇ ခုနစ
ှ ် ထြထြော်ဝါရီလ။

ထနရောြှော ရှြ်ားပြည်နယ်ထတောင်ြုငား် လခ ောားထစော်ဘောွ ားအြုင ် နယ်အတွငား် ရှ ြင်လမံု ြ က

ြို့ ထလားတွင ် ပြစ်၏။ စင်စစ်ြင်လဟ
ံု ု
နှုတက
် ားထခေါ်ထဝေါ်ထန ထသော်လည်ား ရှြ်ားဘောသောစကောားပြင ဲ့် ‘ြန်လ’ံု ဟု ထခေါ်၍ ‘လွငပ် ြင်ကကီား’ ဟု အဓြပါယ်ရသည်။
ထထ
ု ဲ့ ကောင ်ဲ့ ြန်လံု ထခေါ် ြင်လံု သည် လွငပ် ြင်မြ ြို့ ဟု အနက်ထြားထသော်ရသည်။

၁၉၄၇ ခုနစ
ှ ် ထြထြော်ဝါရီ ၁၂
ရက်တင
ွ ် ဗုလခ
် ြ်ထအောင်ဆန်ား အြားပြ ထသော ဆောထြောင်ကကီား၊ ဦားတင်ထဋ
ွ ၊် ဦားထအောင်ဇံထဝ၊ ဗလ
ု ခ
် င်ထြောင်ကထလား၊ သခင်
ဝတင်၊ ဗလ
ု ြ
် ားထအောင်၊ ဗလ
ု ြ
် င်ားလွင၊် ဦားကက
ု ထ
ု လား၊ မြ ြို့ြ-ဦားသန်ားကကယ်၊ ထြါက်တော စန်ပြထြောင်၊ ဗလ
ု သ
် ြ်ားထဆွ၊
ဦားတင်ညွန၊် ဲ့ ဦားထြောင်ထြောင် စထသော ပြန်ြောကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယြ
် ောားသည် လည်ားထကောင်ား တက်ထရောက်ခဲ့ ကသလု
မဗတသျှတဘက်
ု ဲ့ ြှ ြြ
ု ီနယ
ီ န်အတွငား် ဝန်ကထလား ထဘောတ
ဲ့ ြ
ွ ထ
် လ၊ ြစစတော လက်ဝြ်ခ ်် (Mr. W.B.T.Leduidge)၊
ဇွနထ
် လြင် အြားထသော အရောရှကကီားြ ောားနှင ဲ့် ထတောင်တန်ားထြသ ြင်ားကကီား ြစစတော စတီဗင်ဆင်တလည်
ု ဲ့ ား
တက်ထရောက်ခဲ့ ကသည်။ ကရင်အြ ားသောားအစည်ားအရံုား (KNU) အြွြို့ ြှ ြြဝ
ု ရီထက ော်၊ သထံဦ
ု ားလှထြ၊ ထစောစံထကားနှင ဲ့်
ဦားခ စ်တားီ တလည်
ု ဲ့ ဲ့ ည်။[၁]
ားထလဲ့လောသူအပြစ် တက်ထရောက်ခသ

မဗတသျှတ၏
ု ဲ့ ထပခထားု ထသွားခွြှုြ ောားထ ကောင ်ဲ့ တင
ု ား် ရင်ားသောားစည်ားလံားု ညီညတ
ွ ထ
် ရားကက ားြြ်ားြှုြှော
လြ်ခတင်ားလင်ားပြစ်ထနထသော်လည်ား ၁၉၄၇ ခုနစ
ှ ် ထြထြော်ဝါရီလ ၁၂ ရက်ထန နံ
ဲ့ နက် ၁၀နောရီအခ န်တင
ွ ်
သြုငား် ဝင်ြင်လစ
ံု ောခ ြ်ကကီားကု ဗုလခ
် ြ်ထအောင်ဆန်ား၊ ကခ င်ကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယြ
် ောား၊ ရှြ်ားထစော်ဘောွ ားကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယြ
် ောား၊
ရှြ်ားပြည်သက
ူ ဲ့ ယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယြ
် ောားနှင ဲ့် ခ င်ားကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယတ
် သည်
ု ဲ့
သထဘောတူညလ
ီ က်ြတ
ှ ထ
် ရားထားု နင ် ဲ့ ကသည်။[၂][၃][၄] ပြန်ြောပြည်ဘရ
ု ခ ု င်ခံ၏ အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စြ
ီ ှ အြွဝ
ြို့ င်အခ ြို့ နှင ဲ့်
စဝ်ြြ ောားအောားလံားု တအပြင်
ု ဲ့ ရှြား် ပြည် နယ်ြ ောား၊ ကခ င်ထတောင်တန်ားထြသြ ောားနှင ဲ့် ခ င်ားထတောင်တန်ားထြသတြှ
ု ဲ့
ကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယြ
် ောားတု တက်
ဲ့ ထရောက် ကထသော ြင်လမံု ြ ြို့တင
ွ က
် င်ားြသညဲ့် အစည်ားအထဝားကကီားတရြ်တင
ွ ်
ကောားပြတ်ပြန်ြောအစုားရနှင ဲ့် ခ က်ခ င်ားြူားထြါင်ားပခင်ားအောားပြင ဲ့် ရှြ်ား၊ ကခ င်နင
ှ ဲ့် ခ င်ားတသည်
ု ဲ့ လတ
ွ လ
် ြ်ထရားကု ြြ
ု ု၍
လျှငပ် ြန်စွော ရရှလြြ
်ဲ့ ည်ဟု အစည်ားအထဝားတက်ထရောက်သူ အြွြို့ဝင်တသည်
ု ဲ့ ကနက
် ဲ့ က
ွ သ
် ြ
ူ ရှဘ ထအောက်ြါအတင
ု ား်
သထဘောတူညီ ကထလသည်။

 (၁) ထတောင်တန်ားသောားြ ောား စည်ားလံားု ညီညွတထ

် ရားအြွြို့ (တစညြ) ၏ ကက ားကင
ု အ
် ြွြို့ ကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယြ
် ောား၏
ထထောက်ခံခ က်အရ ထတောင်တန်ားသောားြ ောား၏ ကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယတ
် စ်ဦားကု ဘုရင်ခံကထရွ ားခ ယ်၍
နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောားကစစနင
ှ ြ
ဲ့် တ်သက်၍ ထဆောင်ရွကရ
် န်အတွက် ဘုရင်ခ၏
ံ အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ုဂ္ လ်အပြစ်
ခနထ
် ဲ့ ောားရြည်။
 (၂) ဤအတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ဂ
ု ္ လ်ကု ဘုရင်ခ၏
ံ အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စတ
ီ င
ွ ် ဌောနလက်ကင
ု ြ
် ရှ
ထကောင်စဝ
ီ င်တစ်ဦားအပြစ်ခနထ
် ဲ့ ောား၍ ကောကွယထ
် ရားနှင ဲ့် ပြည်ြကစစရြ်ြ ောားတွင ် ထံားု နည်ားဥြထြအရ အြှုထဆောင်
ထကောင်စ၏
ီ အောဏောလက်ထအောက်သု ထရောက်
ဲ့ ရသညဲ့
ှ န
် ည်ားတူ နယ်စြ်ထြသကစစြ ောားကလ
ု ည်ား
အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စ၏
ီ အောဏောထအောက်သု ထရောက်
ဲ့ ရထစရြည်
ှ ။ ဤနည်ားလြ်ားြ ောားအတင
ု ား် နယ်စြ် ထြသဆင
ု ရ
် ော
အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ဂ
ု ္ လ်အောား အုြ်ခ ြ်ခွငအ
ဲ့် ောဏောကု ထြားအြ်ရြည်။
 (၃) အဆြ
ု ါ အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ုဂ္ လ်ကု ၎င်ားနှငလ
ဲ့် ြ
ူ ားခ င်ားြတူထသော ြုတယအတင
ု ြ
် င်ခံနစ
ှ ဦ
် ားက ကူညထ
ီ စရြည်။
ထရှားဦားစွော ြုတယအတင
ု ြ
် င်ခံြဂ
ု ္ လ်နစ
ှ ဦ
် ားတသည်
ု ဲ့ ၎င်ားတအသီ
ု ဲ့ ားသီားသက်ဆင
ု သ
် ညဲ့န
် ယ်ြ ောား၏ ကစစရြ်ြ ောားကု
ထဆောင်ရွကရ
် န်ပြစ်၍ အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခံြဂ
ု ္ လ်ြှော အပခောား နယ်စြ်ထြသအောားလံားု တ၏
ု ဲ့ ကစစရြ်ြ ောားကု
ထဆောင်ရွကထ
် စရန်ပြစ်သည်။ ၎င်ားတသည်
ု ဲ့ ထံားု နည်ားဥြထြအရ တွြက်တောဝန် ယူရသညဲ့ြ
် ူအတင
ု ား်
ရွ ကထ
် ဆောင်ထစရြည်။
 (၄) အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ုဂ္ လ်သည် အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စတ
ီ င
ွ ် အြွဝ
ြို့ င်လကူ ကီားအထနပြင ဲ့် နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောား၏
တဦားတည်ားထသော ကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယအ
် ပြစ် ြါဝင်ရြည်ပြစ်ထသော်လည်ား ြုတယအတင
ု ြ
် င်ခံ ြုဂ္ လ်ြ ောားသည်
နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောားနှင ဲ့် သက်ဆင
ု ရ
် ောကစစရြ်ြ ောားကု ထဆွားထနွား ကသညဲ့အ
် ခါ အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စတ
ီ င
ွ ်
တက်ထရောက်နင
ု ခ
် ွငရ
ဲ့် ထစရြည်
ှ ။
 (၅) အထက်တင
ွ ် သထဘောတူညသ
ီ ညဲ့အ
် တငု ား် ဘုရင်ခ၏
ံ အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စက
ီ ု တားု ခ ြို့ြည်ပြ စ်ထသော်လည်ား
နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောား၏ နယ်တင
ွ ား် အုြ်ခ ြ်ထရားတွင ် ယခုခစ
ံ ောားထနရထသော ကယ
ု ြ
် ုင ် အုြ်ခ ြ ််ထရားကု ြည်သညဲ့်
နည်ားနှငြ
်ဲ့ ဆု တစံတ
ု ရောလက်လတ
ွ ထ
် စရန် အဆြ
ု ါထကောင်စက
ီ
ပြ လုြ်ပခင်ားြရှထစရ။နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောားအတွကန
် ယ်တင
ွ ား် အုြ်ခ ြ်ထရားတွင ် ကယ
ု ြ
် ုငအ
် ြ
ု ်ခ ြ်ထရားရောခုငန
် န
ှု ား်
အပြညဲ့် ရှထစရြည်ဟထ
ူ သောြူကု သထဘောတူညီ ကသည်။
 (၆) ြူားထြါင်ားထောားမြီားသညဲ့် ပြန်ြောပြည်အတွငား် သီားသန ် ကခ
ဲ့ င်ပြည်နယ်တခုနယ်နြတ်သတ်ြတ
ှ ၍
်
တည်ထထောင်ရန် ပြဿနောြှော တင
ု ား် ပြ ၊ ပြည်ပြ လွှတထ
် တော်က ဆံားု ပြတ်ရန်ပြစ်ထသော်လည်ား ဤကသ
ဲ့ ု ဲ့
သီားပခောားပြည်နယ်တခု ထောားရှသငထ
ဲ့် ကောင်ားကု သထဘောတူညီ ကသည်။ ဤရည်ရွယခ
် က် အထထပြောက်ရန်အလငှ
ု ဲ့ ော
ြထြထပခလှြ်ားအထနပြင ဲ့် ၁၉၃၅ ခုနစ
ှ ် ပြန်ြောနင
ု င
် ထ
ံ တော်အစုားရအက်ဥြထြအရ ထနောက်ဆက်တစောရင်
ွ ားြါ အြုငား်
(၂) ထြသြ ောားကသ
ဲ့ ု ပြစ်
ဲ့ ကကီားနောားနှငဗ
ဲ့် န်ားထြော်ခရု ငတ
် ၏
ု ဲ့ အုြ်ခ ြ်ထရားတွငန
် ယ်စြ်ထြသ အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ဂ
ု ္ လ်နင
ှ ဲ့်
ြုတယအတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ဂ
ု ္ လ်အောားထဆွားထနွားတင
ု ြ
် င်ရြည်။

 (၇) နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောား၏ နယ်သန

ူ ယ်သောားတသည်
ု ဲ့ ြီြုကထရစီနင
ု င
် ြ
ံ ောားတွင ် အထပခခံြ ောားအပြစ်
အသအြှတပ် ြ ထောားထသော အခွငအ
ဲ့် ထရားြ ောားတက
ု ဲ့ ု ခံစောားနင
ု ခ
် ွငရ
ဲ့် ထစရြည်
ှ ။
 (၈) ဤစောခ ြ်တင
ွ ် သထဘောတူ ကသညဲ့် အစီအစဉ်ြှော ြထြသရောဇ် ရှြ်ားပြည်နယ် နယ်ထပြစုတင
ွ ် ယခု
အြ်နင
ှ ား် ထောားမြီားထသော ဘဏ္ဍောထရားနှငြ
ဲ့် တ်သက်သညဲ့် ကယ
ု ြ
် ုငအ
် ုြ်ခ ြ်ထရားကု ထခက
ု ပ် ခင်ား ြရှထစရန်။
 (၉) ဤစောခ ြ်တင
ွ သ
် ထဘောတူညီ ကသညဲ့အ
် စီအစဉ်ြှောပြန်ြောပြည်အခွနထ
် တော်ထငွြ ောားြှကခ င်
ထတောင်တန်ားနယ်ြ ောားနှင ဲ့် ခ င်ားထတောင်တန်ားနယ်ြ ောားက ရသငရ
ဲ့် ထက
ု ထ
် သောဘဏ္ဍောထရားအကူအညီကု
ထခုကပ် ခင်ားြရှထစရ၊ ပြန်ြောပြည်နင
ှ ဲ့် ြထြသရောဇ် ရှြ်ားပြည်နယ်ထပြစု၏ ဘဏ္ဍောထရားအစီအစဉ်ြ ောားကသ
ဲ့ ု ဲ့
 ကခ င်ထတောင်တန်ားနှင ်ဲ့ ခ င်ားထတောင်တန်ားြ ောားအတွက် အလောားတူအစီအစဉ်ြ ောားကု ထောားရှ က ငသ
်ဲ့ ားံု ရန် ပြစ်နင
ု ြ
် ည်၊
ြပြစ်နင
ု ြ
် ည်ကု ဘုရင်ခ၏
ံ အြှုထဆောင်ထကောင်စက
ီ နယ်စြ်ထြသြ ောား၏ အတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ဂ
ု ္ လ်နင
ှ ဲ့်
ြုတယအတင
ု ြ
် င်ခြ
ံ ဂ
ု ္ လ်တနှ
ု ဲ့ ငအ
ဲ့် တူ စစ်ထဆား ကညဲ့ရ
် ှု ရြည်။

ြင်လစ
ံု ောခ ြ်ကု ထအောက်ထြော်ပြြါ ြုဂ္ လ်ြ ောား လက်ြှတထ
် ရားထားု ခသ
ဲ့ ည်။

မြန်ြာနင
ုံ င
် တ ာ်အစုံိုးရ

 တအာင်ဆန်ိုး ၁၂-၂-၄၇

ကခ င်တကာ်ြ ီ

 ဆြာိုးဒိုးဝ ိုး ဆင်ဝ ိုးတနာင် ပြစ်ကကီားနောား

 တ ာ်ရစ် ပြစ်ကကီားနောား

 ဒန်ရ န် ပြစ်ကကီားနောား
 တ ာ်လ ဗန်ားထြော်

 တ ာ်လန
ွ ်ိုး ဗန်ားထြော်

 လဗန်ိုးဂတရာင်ိုး ဗန်ားထြော်

ခ င်ိုးတကာ်ြ ီ

 ဦိုးလာြှုန်ိုး ထအတီအြ်။ အုငတ

် အ
ီ က်(စ်)အြ်၊ ြလြ်ား။

 ဦိုးတ ာင် ာခပ် ထအတီအြ်၊ တီားတန်။

 ဦိုးကီယြ
ုံ န်ိုး ထအတီအြ်၊ ဟောားခါား။

ရှြ်ိုးတကာ်ြ ီ

 ခွန်ပန်ိုးစန် ထတောင်ြုငား် စဝ်ြလံု

 စဝ်တရ က
ုံ ် ထညောင်ထရွှစဝ်ြလံု

 စဝ်ဟဖ
ုံ ထပြောက်ြုငား် သနနစ
ီ ဝ်ြလံု

 စဝ်န ွ လခ ောားစဝ်ြလံု

 စဝ်စထွန်ိုး ြုငား် ြွနစ

် ဝ်ြလံု

 စဝ်ထန်ိုးတအိုး သောြုငား် ခြ်ားစဝ်ြလံု

 ဦိုးမဖြူ သထံစ
ု ဝ်ြလံ၏
ု ကယ
ု စ
် ောားလှယ်

 ခွန်ိုးဖုံိုး ထပြောက်ြုငား် သနနီ

 ဦိုး င်ဧ
 ဦိုးထွန်ိုးမြင ်

 ဦိုးကကာပုံ

 ဦိုးခွန်တစာ

 စဝ်ရစ်ဖ

 ဦိုးခွန်ထိုးီ

ကားု ကောား[ပပပပပပပပပပ]

1. Jump up↑ http://moemaka.com/archives/31609

2. Jump up↑ http://moemaka.com/archives/31836
3. Jump up↑ ၁၉၇၂ ခုနစ
ှ ြ
် ထြအကကြ် ြံုနြ်
ှ ထတ
ု ထ
် ဝထသော ြင်လည
ံု လ
ီ ောခံ သြုငား် စဉ်စောြ က်နောှ ၁၃၈
4. Jump up↑ ၁၉၈၀ထြမြ ြို့ခ စ်ထဆွ ထရားသောား ပြ စုခထ
ဲ့ သော ဗုလခ
် ြ်ထအောင်ဆန်ား၏ လွတလ
် ြ်ထရား ကက ားြြ်ားြှု
လစဉ်ြှတတ
် ြ်ား

[ဝှက]်

 ရှု

 ထပြော

 ပြင်

ြုံငိုး် ဝင် စာခ ျုပ်ြ ာိုး

ထကောင်ားတံစ
ု ောခ ြ် ၁၇၆၉ ခုနစ
ှ ၊် ြီဇင်ဘောလ ၁၃ ရက်ထနတွ
ဲ့ င ် တရုတ် ပြန်ြော စစ်ထပြမငြ်ားထရား စောခ ြ်ကု ထရွှထညောင်ြင် ထကောင်ားတံတ
ု င
ွ ် ခ ြ်ဆု ကထလသည်။ ရ

ရ နတြရ
ု ွ ော

အတတလနတတ် စောခ ြ် ၁၉၄၁ ခု သဂုတလ

် ၁၄ ရက်ထန၊ ဲ့ နယူားထြောင်လန်ကျွနား် ၏ အထရှ ြို့ဘက် ကြ်ားရု ားတန်ား အနီား ထက ောက်ဆားူ ခ ထောားထသော ယူအက်(စ)အက်(စ)

ကနဒစ
ီ ောခ ြ်၁၉၄၅ခုနစ
ှ ၊် စက်တင်ဘောလ (၆)ရက်ထနနှဲ့ င ဲ့် (၇)ရက်ထန၊ ဲ့ သီဟဠ
ု က
် ျွနား် (ယခု သီရလကေောသြမတနင
ု င
် )ံ ကနဒမီ ြ ြို့

နု - အက်တလီ စောခ ြ် ၁၉၄၇ ခု ထအောက်တဘ

ု ောလ ၁၇ ရက်ထန၊ ဲ့ လန်ြန် မြ ြို့

ထအောင်ဆန်ား-အက်တလီ စောခ ြ် ၁၉၄၇ ခုနစ

ှ ၊် ဇန်နဝါရီလ ၂၇ ရက်ထန၊ ဲ့ လန်ြန်မြ ြို့ ထြါင်ားနင်ားလြ်ား အြှတ် ၁ဝ

ြင်လစ
ံု ောခ ြ် ၁၉၄၇ ခုနစ
ှ ၊် ထြထြော်ဝါရီလ ၁၂ ရက်ထန၊ ဲ့ ရှြား် ပြည်နယ်၊ ြင်လမံု ြ ြို့

လက် ော-ြရီားြင်ားစောခ ြ် ၁၉၄၇ ခုနစ

ှ ၊် သဂုတလ
် ၂၉ ရက်ထန၊ ဲ့ ရန်ကန
ု မ် ြ ြို့

က တု သထဘောတူညခ
ီ က်စောခ ြ်

ဂ ောြန်-ပြန်ြော ြဟောြတ်စောခ ြ် (၁၈၈၅)

Panglong Agreement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the agreement. For the conference, see Panglong Conference.

Panglong Agreement

Ratified 12 February 1947

Location Panglong, Shan States

Signatories Aung San, ethnic Kachin, Chin and Shan representatives

Purpose Established autonomy for the Chin, Kachin and Shan

peoples

The Panglong Agreement (Burmese: ြင်လစ

ံု ောချျုြ် [pɪ̀ɴ lòʊɴ sà dʑoʊʔ]) was reached in Panglong,
Southern Shan State, between the Burmese government under Aung San and the Shan, Kachin,
 and Chin peoples on 12 February 1947. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr.
Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong
Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. The
agreement accepted "Full autonomy in internal administration for the Frontier Areas" in principle and
envisioned the creation of a Kachin State by the Constituent Assembly. It continued the financial
relations established between the Shan states and the Burmese federal government, and envisioned
similar arrangements for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills.
The day is celebrated in Myanmar as Union Day each February 12.[1]

Contents
[hide]

 1The Panglong Agreement, 1947

o 1.1Signatories
 1.1.1Burmese Government
 1.1.2Kachin Committee
 1.1.3Chin Committee
 1.1.4Shan Committee
 2See also
 3References
 4External links

The Panglong Agreement, 1947[edit]

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Text of the Agreement signed at Panglong on 12 February 1947 by Shan, Kachin and Chin leaders,
and by representatives of the Executive Council of the Governor of Burma.

A conference having been held at Panglong, attended by certain Members of the Executive
Council of the Governor of Burma, all Saohpas and representatives of the Shan States, the
Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills, the members of the conference, believing that freedom will
be more speedily achieved by the Shans, the Kachins and the Chins by their immediate co-
operation with the Interim Burmese Government, have accordingly, and without
dissentients, agreed as follows:
(I) A representative of the Hill peoples, selected by the Governor on the recommendation of
representatives of the Supreme Council of the United Hill Peoples, shall be appointed a
Counsellor to the Governor to deal with the Frontier Areas.
(II) The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a member of the Governor's Executive
Council without portfolio, and the subject of Frontier Areas brought within the purview of the
Executive Council by constitutional convention as in the case of Defence and External
Affairs. The Counsellor for Frontier Areas shall be given executive authority by similar
means.
(III) The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Counsellors representing races of
which he is not a member. While the two Deputy Counsellors should deal in the first
instance with the affairs of the respective areas and the Counsellor with all the remaining
parts of the Frontier Areas, they should by Constitutional Convention act on the principle of
joint responsibility.
(IV) While the Counsellor in his capacity of Member of the Executive Council will be the only
representative of the Frontier Areas on the Council, the Deputy Counsellor(s) shall be
entitled to attend meetings of the Council when subjects pertaining to the Frontier Areas are
discussed.
(V) Though the Governor's Executive Council will be augmented as agreed above, it will not
operate in respect of the Frontier Areas in any manner which would deprive any portion of
these Areas of the autonomy which it now enjoys in internal administration. Full autonomy in
internal administration for the Frontier Areas is accepted in principle.
(VI) Though the question of demarcating and establishing a separate Kachin State within a
Unified Burma is one which must be relegated for decision by the Constituent Assembly, it
is agreed that such a State is desirable. As first step towards this end, the Counsellor for
Frontier Areas and the Deputy Counsellors shall be consulted in the administration of such
areas in the Myitkyina and the Bhamo District as are Part 2 Scheduled Areas under the
Government of Burma Act of 1935.
(VII) Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privileges which are regarded as
fundamental in democratic countries.
(VIII) The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the financial
autonomy now vested in the Federated Shan States.
(IX) The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the financial
assistance which the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills are entitled to receive from the
revenues of Burma and the Executive Council will examine with the Frontier Areas
Counsellor and Deputy Counsellor(s) the feasibility of adopting for the Kachin Hills and the
Chin Hills financial arrangements similar to those between Burma and the Federated Shan
States.
Signatories[edit]
Burmese Government[edit]

Aung San signing Panglong Agreement

Aung San
Kachin Committee[edit]
Sinwa Naw, Myitkyina
Zaurip, Myitkyina
Dinra Tang, Myitkyina
Zau La, Bhamo
Zau Lawn, Bhamo
Labang Grong, Bhamo
Chin Committee[edit]
Pu Hlur Hmung, Falam
Pu Thawng Za Khup, Tiddim
Pu Kio Mang, Hakha
Shan Committee[edit]
Saohpalong of Tawngpeng State.
Saohpalong of Yawnghwe State.
Saohpalong of North Hsenwi State.
Saohpalong of Laihka State.
Saohpalong of Mong Pawn (Great-grandfather of Sai Sai Kham Leng) State.
Saohpalong of Hsamonghkam State
Representative of Hsahtung Saohpalong. Hkun Pung
U Tin E
U Htun Myint
U Kya Bu
Hkun Saw
Sao Yape Hpa
Hkun Htee (Great-grandfather of Sai Sai Kham Leng )
[This text is taken from pp404–405 of Hugh Tinker's Burma: The Struggle for Independence 1944-
1948 (Vol. II) London, HMSO 1984]

See also[edit]
 Panglong Conference
 Chin State
 Kachin State

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Myanmar Government holiday page[dead link]

External links[edit]
 Text of the Panglong Agreement
 Ethnic Peace Plan 2014
 Celebration of Panglong Agreement Day