TOEFL PREPARATION CLASS

STUDENT GUIDEBOOK

TOEFL KSE JABODETASER

EFS PAGUYUBAN KSE UI
2018
 TOEFL PREPARATION CLASS

1. PRONOUNS
Pronouns are used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is already known, often to
avoid repeating the noun. For example:

Kate was tired so she went to bed.

Michael took the children with him.

Kieran’s face was close to mine.

That is a good idea.

Anything might happen.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for example I, me,
mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided into various different categories
according to their role in a sentence, as follows:

• subjective pronouns
• objective pronouns
• possessive pronouns
• reflexive pronouns

Subjective pronouns

The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, and they are known as subjective pronouns because they
act as the subjects of verbs:

She saw Catherine.

We drove Nick home.

I waved at her.

Objective pronouns
The personal pronouns me, you, us, him, her, it, and them are called objective pronouns because they
act as the objects of verbs and prepositions:

Catherine saw her.

Nick drove us home.

She waved at me.

Here’s a table setting out the different forms:

SINGULAR PLURAL
subjective objective subjective objective
first person I me we us
second person you you you you
third person he/she/it him/her/it they them

Notice that the personal pronouns you and it stay the same, whether they are being used in the subjective
or objective roles.

Possessive pronouns

The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known as possessive pronouns: they
refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or something previously mentioned. For
example:

That book is mine.

John’s eyes met hers.

Ours is a family farm.

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive personal pronouns include myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
themselves. These are used to refer back to the subject of the clause in which they are used:

I fell and hurt myself.

Daisy prepared herself for the journey.

The children had to look after themselves.

Practices

1. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, …. Communicate through
facial expressions and by making noises.
(A) however
(B) they
(C) furthermore
(D) who

2. Although adult education in America began in colonial times, …. Chief growth has taken place
since the 1920’s.
(A) its
(B) so it
(C) but its
(D) it is

3. ….. became a state in 1876.

(A) when Colorado
(B) Colorado
(C) it was Colorado
(D) Colorado, which

Answers

❖ (B) They
Pada kalimat pertama subjek adalah children (plural) sehingga kata ganti they cook cocok
digunakan sebagai subjek kalimat kedua.
❖ (A) Its
Subjek dalam kalimat pertama adalah adult education (singular) dan subjek pada kalimat kedua
adalah chief growth dari adult education sehingga kata ganti its digunakan.
❖ (B) Colorado
Subjek dibutuhkan untuk pelaku kata kerja became yang merupakan predikat kalimat.
 2. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another. There are
three Degrees of Comparison in English. They are:
1. Positive degree.

2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.

1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.

Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house" is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other, We use both the Positive degree and
Comparative degree.

Examples:

a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)

This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger" is comparative version of the term “big".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)

This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful" is comparative version of the term “beautiful".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)

He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “more intelligent" is comparative version of the term “intelligent".

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)

He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)

The term “taller" is comparative version of the term “tall".

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.

Examples:

a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)

This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)

The term “biggest" is the superlative version of the term “big".

All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)

This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)

No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)

The term “most beautiful" is the superlative version of the term “beautiful".
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)

He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “most intelligent" is superlative version of the term “intelligent".

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)

He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term “tallest" is superlative version of the term “tall".

*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs*

*Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*

He is the tallest student in the class. The term “tallest" is an adjective.

Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively. The term “effectively" is an
adverb.

All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.

We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.

Let us see their models.

Model -1: “The best":

Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.

No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.

No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.

ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.

Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.

No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

Model-2: “One of the best":

Examples:

i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.

Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.

Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.

ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.

Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.

No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.

Model-3: “Not the best":

Examples:

i. This is not the best solution to the problem.

This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.

ii. New York is not the largest city in America.

New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.

Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more" before them. And
their superlative terms, by getting “most" before them.

Examples:

o Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful

o Effective……….more effective………most effective

o Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively

o Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable

o Useful……………….more useful………..most useful

o Different………..more different…………most different

o Honest………..more honest…………..most honest

o Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified

o Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er" after them and
their superlative terms, by getting “est" after them.

Examples:
 o Hard……………..harder……………..hardest

o Big……………….bigger…………….biggest

o Tall……………..taller……………tallest

o Long………………longer………………longest

o Short……………..shorter……………….shortest

o Costly…………………costlier……………costliest

o Simple………………….simpler………….simplest

Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Practices

1. Maine has …. Weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.
(A) coolest
(B) the coolest
(C) cooler
(D) the cooler
2. The topology of Mars is more … than that of any other planet.
(A) like that of the earth
(B) the earth’s like that of
(C) like the earth of that
(D) that of the earth’s like
3. Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Answers

1. (C) Cooler
Comparative sebagai perbandingan lebih
2. (A) Like that of the earth
Comparative sebagai perbandingan lebih pada penggunaan noun of noun
3. (A) The most
Perbaikan: more
Kalimat tidak menyatakan superlative melainkan sebagian besar dari sesuatu.
 3. PREPOSITION & PHRASAL VERB
Certain verbs require prepositions in order to connect to their sentences’ objects. These combinations,
known as prepositional verbs, allow the prepositions to act as necessary links between verbs and nouns
or gerunds. The prepositions used in these combinations are sometimes called dependent prepositions.

Here are some of the prepositions most commonly used with verbs:

• for
• to
• about
• with
• of
• in
• at
• on
• from

Usage

Prepositional verbs always take a direct object (either a noun or gerund) after the preposition and cannot
be separated by it. For example:

• “He listens to classical music every night.” (Correct — the prepositional verb is not separated,
and the object comes directly after the preposition.)
• “He listens classical music every night.” (Incorrect — the verb listens requires a preposition to
connect to its object, classical music.)
• “He listens classical music to every night.” (Incorrect — listens and its preposition to cannot
be separated by the object, classical music.)

Prepositional verbs vs. phrasal verbs

Sometimes, a phrasal verb may be mistaken for a prepositional verb. Although both combinations
employ verbs and prepositions, you can differentiate the two grammar structures by looking at the
literal meaning of the verb and the word order.

Literal meaning of the verb

Prepositional verbs use the literal meanings of verbs, whereas phrasal verbs tend to be idiomatic. For
example, the meaning of the verb ask doesn’t change when combined with the preposition for; however,
it changes dramatically when combined with the preposition out:
 • “Kelly asked for a raise.” (The literal meaning of to ask is to inquire. Kelly inquired about a
raise, making it a prepositional verb.)
• “Kelly asked out Chad.” (Ask out means to invite someone on a date, making it an idiomatic
phrasal verb.)

Word order
The order of a verb’s preposition and its object can also help determine whether a verb is prepositional
or phrasal. As previously stated, the object of prepositional verbs always comes immediately after the
preposition, which in turn comes immediately after the verb. Note that an exception to this rule is when
an adverb is used to modify the prepositional verb, in which case it can appear between the verb and
the preposition. However, the object must still follow the preposition. For example:

• “Kelly asked for a raise.” (correct)

• “Kelly asked politely for a raise.” (correct)
• “Kelly asked a raise for.” (incorrect)

For phrasal verbs, however, prepositions and objects can often be rearranged without issue:

• “Kelly asked out Chad.” (correct)

• “Kelly asked Chad out.” (also correct)

Examples of common pairings

Because there are no established rules or methods to determine which prepositions accompany which
verbs, we have to settle on memorizing some of the most common verb + preposition combinations.

The following sections contain numerous examples of commonly used prepositional verbs.

Verb + for
The preposition for can be used with a number of verbs, often to emphasize purpose or reason. For
example:

Verb + for Example Sentences

apologize for “Brittany never apologizes for her behavior.”

ask for “The student asked for a pencil.”

beg for “The man begged for a second chance.”

care for “I don’t care for salads.”

fight for “Many generations of people have fought for freedom."

hope for “The family is hoping for a miracle.”

long for “The man longed for the days of his youth.”

pay for “Who’s going to pay for these tickets?”

provide for “Parents are expected to provide for their children.”

search for “Did you search for the missing piece yet?”

wait for “I’m waiting for the bus.”

wish for “Some people wish for nothing but fame.”

work for “She works for the government.”

Verb + to
To is commonly used with verbs and usually refers to direction (literal or metaphorical) or connections
between people or things. For example:

Verb + to Example Sentences

adjust to “You’ll adjust to your new school in no time.”

admit to “He admitted to reading her diary.”

belong to “The wallet belongs to that woman over there.”

travel to “I am traveling to England tomorrow.”

listen to “Grace is listening to music in her room.”

go to “Anthony, please go to the back of the classroom.”

relate to “I can’t relate to this character at all.”

respond to “Josh responded to his friend’s email.”

talk to “He talked to the manager for more than an hour.”

turn to “Turn to page 46 for a diagram of the procedure.”

Verb + about
Many verbs take the preposition about when referring to things, events, or gerunds. For example:

Verb + about Example Sentences

ask about “I asked about the company’s job opening.”

care about “She doesn’t seem to care about going to college.”

complain about “The boy complained about his early curfew.”

forget about “I forgot about the wedding reception.”

hear about “Did you hear about the renovation project?”

joke about “Kim often jokes about her high-pitched voice.”

know about “What do you know about physics?”

laugh about “The friends laughed about their terrible luck.”

learn about “Michelle is learning about film production.”

talk about “What are you talking about?”

think about “We’ll need to think about hiring some more staff.”

worry about “So many adults worry about getting older.”

write about “Dean wrote about his day in his journal.”

Verb + with
Verbs using the preposition with usually point to connections and relationships between people or
things. For example:

Verb + with Example Sentences

agree with “I don’t agree with his opinions.”

argue with “The two argued with each other for several minutes.”

“Let’s begin with a short quiz.”

begin with, start with
“I shouldn’t have started with a salad.”
collide with “It is possible, albeit unlikely, for an asteroid to collide with Earth.”

compare with “How does the restaurant’s soup compare with Vera’s?”

compete with “When I run races, I only compete with the clock.”

cope with “It’s not easy to cope with failure.”

disagree with “She disagrees with my suggestion.”

interfere with “Be careful not to interfere with the conference upstairs.”

meet with “When will you meet with her?”

Verb + of
The preposition of can be used with a variety of verbs. For example:

Verb + of Example Sentences

approve of “Ellen doesn’t approve of her sister’s friends.”

consist of “Pizza consists of bread, cheese, and tomato sauce.”

dream of “I dream of visiting Europe.”

hear of “Have you heard of this new TV show?”

take care of “Who will take care of your goldfish while you’re away?”

think of “If you only think of failure, you’ll never take any risks.”

Verb + in
The preposition in accompanies several verbs and tends to point to involvement or connections between
people or things. For example:

Verb + in Example Sentences

believe in “The majority of children believe in Santa Claus.”

engage in “Maurice likes to engage in political debates.”

invest in “Now is the time to invest in as many companies as possible.”

live in “Haley lives in Seattle.”

participate in “What sports did you participate in as a kid?”

result in “The hotel’s failure to exterminate the bed bugs resulted in fewer customers.”

specialize in “English majors can choose to specialize in creative writing or literature.”

succeed in “Steven succeeded in earning a scholarship.”

Verb + at
At is commonly used with verbs to indicate places, skills, and reactions. For example:

Verb + at Example Sentences

arrive at “We arrived at the hotel in the morning.”

balk at “Melissa balked at taking out the garbage.”

excel at “My five-year-old niece already excels at math and science.”

laugh at “The boy couldn’t stop laughing at Isabella’s joke.”

look at “Look at the whiteboard, please.”

nod at “She nodded at her coworkers.”

shout at “He could hear someone shouting at the TV.”

smile at “My son smiles at me every time I walk through the door.”

stare at “It’s uncomfortable when people stare at you.”

Verb + on
The preposition on is used with a number of different verbs. For example:

Verb + on Example Sentences

agree on “The committee finally agreed on a solution.”

bet on “I wouldn’t bet on that happening.”

comment on “The lawyer briefly commented on the lawsuit.”

“He’s trying to concentrate on his work.”

concentrate on, focus on
“I'm too tired to focus on this assignment.”
decide on “He eventually decided on a career path.”

“You can’t depend on him forever.”

depend on, rely on
“Too many students rely on the Internet to conduct research.”

elaborate on “This paragraph elaborates on the previous one’s claims.”

experiment on “The company offered assurances that it does not experiment on animals.”

insist on “She insisted on joining us.”

operate on “Aspiring surgeons learn how to operate on people.”

plan on “Do you plan on attending the concert tomorrow?”

Verb + from
The preposition from is commonly used with verbs to identify a point of origin or a connection or
disconnection between people or things. For example:

Verb + from Example Sentences

benefit from “Aspiring musicians benefit from getting public exposure for their music.”

come from “Saya comes from Japan.”

differ from “How does milk chocolate differ from white chocolate?”

escape from “The prisoners escaped from their captors.”

recover from “The girl recovered from her illness.”

refrain from “Could you please refrain from shouting?”

resign from “The CEO resigned from her position after 25 years with the company.”

retire from “He retired from his job last year.”

suffer from “Many people suffer from social anxiety.”

Verb + other prepositions

Other prepositions can be used to create prepositional verbs. Some of these prepositions are against,
into, and like. For example:

• “We decided against visiting my aunt.”

 • “The car nearly crashed into a tree.”
• “I feel like going on an adventure.”

Verbs with multiple prepositions

Certain verbs can take multiple prepositions without changing the overall meaning of the sentence. For
example, the verb talk can use the prepositions to and with interchangeably:

• “I need to talk to the principal.”

• “I need to talk with the principal.”

On the other hand, some verbs’ meanings do change when a different preposition is introduced. For
example, the verb dream can mean to aspire when it is used with the preposition of; however, when it
is used with the prepositions about, it means to see images during sleep. For example:

• “She dreams of becoming a pilot.” (aspiration)

• “She often dreams about flying.” (image during sleep)

Practices

1. Common use with gold in the nineteenth century was as a standard for the value of money.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2. If laid out in straight line, the human digestive tract would measure approximately thirty foot
(A) (B) (C)

In length.

(D)

3. Interest with major social events led to a period of growth in journalism after 1945.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Answers

1. (B) With
Perbaikan: of
Of digunakan untuk menggabungkan noun dengan noun phrase
2. (D) In length
Perbaikan: long
In length dalam menyatakan kata benda tidak digunakan dalam pengukuran
 3. (A) With
Perbaikan: on
Ketertarikan pada dinyatakan dengan frasa interest on

4. CONCORD & PARALLELISM

Concord adalah aturan dalam Bahasa inggris yang menyatakan apakah sebuah subjek tertentu
bersifat singular (tunggal) atau plural (jamak). Dalam istilah lain disebut juga Subject-verb
Agreement.
Basic concord
a. My friend lives in Bandung. (singular verb)
b. My friends live in Bandung. (plural verb)
Verb + -s/-es = orang ketiga tunggal dalam simple present.
Noun + -s/-es = kata benda jamak
c. That book on political parties is interesting
d. The ideas in that book are interesting
Keterangan prepositional yang disisipkan di antara subjek dan predikat tidak
memengaruhi bentuk kata kerjanya.
e. My brother and sister live in Bandung
Dua (atau lebih) sujek yang dihubungkan konjungsi and bersifat jamak
f. Every man, woman and child needs love
g. Each book and magazine is listed in the catalog
Pengecualian:
Every dan each selalu diikuti oeh kata benda tunggal. Dalam hal ini, meski
ada 2 (atau lebih) kata benda yang dihubungkan oleh and, kata kerjanya
bersifat tunggal.
h. Growing flowers is her hobby
Gerund yang digunakan sebagai subjek kalimat bersifat tunggal

Concord: expression of quantity

a. Some of the book is good

b. Some of the books are good
c. A lot of the equipment is new
d. A lot of my friends are here
e. Two-thirds of the money is mine
f. Two thirds of the pennies are mine
 Brntuk tunggal jamak pada kata kerja ditentukan oleh noun atau pronoun yang mengikuti of
pada expression of quantity. Sederhananya:
Some of + singular noun + singular verb
Some of + plural noun + plural verb

Concord: expletive
a. There is a book on the shelf
b. There are some books on the shelf
Kadang-kadang dalam informasi English, kata kerja tunggal
digunakan setelah there saat ada dua subjek tunggal yang
dihubungkan dengan and.
c. There are a book and a pen on the desk
d. There is a book and a pen on the desk. (informal)

Concord: irregularities

a. The news is interesting

b. The United States is big
c. The Phillippines consists of 7.000 island
d. The United Nations is located in New York

Concord with nouns

a. A student walked into the room. She/he was looking for the teacher.
b. Some students walked into the room. They were looking for the teacher.
c. A student should always do his or her assignment. (generic noun)

Concord with indefinite nouns

a. Everyone has his or her own ideas.

b. Everyone has their own ideas. (informal)
Indefinite noun:
Everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anything, anybody,
no one, nobody, nothing.

Concord with collective nouns

berikut ini kata benda yang tergolong kolektif:

audience, public, staff, group, couple, class, committee, team, family, government, faculty, crowd

a. My family is large. It is composed of nine members.

b. My family is loving and supportives. They are always ready to help me,
Pada (a) my family dimaksudkan pada sebuah unit impersonal tunggal sehingga pronoun
tunggal (it, its) yang digunakan. Sedangkan, pada (b) my family dimaksudkan pada banyak
individu sehingga pronoun jamak (they, them, their) yang digunakan.

❖ Parallelism
Dalam grammar, parallelism adalah pengunaan pola kata, kalimat dan klausa yang serupa untuk
menunjukkann bahwa ide-ide yang dipaparkan memiliki kesetaraan bentuk dan kepentingan.

Parallelism on word & phrase

Gerund parallel: mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
Infinitive parallel: mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. (ATAU)
Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(gunakan to sebelum semua kata kerja atau hanya yang pertama saja.)

Parallelism on clause
Not parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
much, and to do some warm up exercises before the game.
Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
much, and that they should do some warm up exercises before the game.

Practices:

1. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while…

(A) Spoken is slander

(B) is spoken slander

(C) slander is spoken

(D) is slander spoken

2. Nutritionists …. Goat milk to be rich, nourishing, and readily digested.

(A) consider

(B) is considered

(C) are considered

(D) considering

3. In the late 1800’s ellen Richards began working in the new field of “sanitary science” which
was concerned with waste removal, water purification and …

(A) to ventilate adequately

(B) adequate ventilation

(C) adequate ventilate

(D) ventilation adequately

4. Fruit is one of the most abundant, nutrious, and … foods a person can eat.

(A) delicious

(B) too delicious

(C) is it delicious

(D) tastes delicious

5. …. Limit to the extent which human beings may benefit from their own inventive genius.

(A) not any

(B) has no

(C) there is no

(D) it not

Answers
1. (C) Slander is spoken

Ketentuan kesetaraan yang digunakan pada kata libel is printed (S+P) juga digunakan oleh
slander is spoken (S+P).

2. (A) Consider

Nutritionists (plural) membutuhkan kata kerja Verb 1 aktif untuk menyatakan bahwa para ahli
nutrisi menganggap susu kambing itu kaya nutrisi dan mudah dicerna.

3. (B) Adequate ventilation

Ketentuan kesetaraan noun phrase yang harus digunakan agar sebanding dengan bentuk noun
phrase waste removal dan water purification. Adequate (adj) dan ventilation (noun) adalah
kombinasi adjective dan noun yang dapat membentuk noun phrase.

4. (A) Delicious

Ketentuan kesetaraan adjective yang harus digunakan agar sebanding dengan bentuk superlative
the most abundant, nutritious, and delicious foods.

5. (C) There is no

Ketiadaan dinyatakan secara singular dengan menggunakan to be is dan impersonal there.