Name: _______________________

December 17, 2012

3.2 Understanding Genetics

1. Human Genetics

Phenotype: ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Genotype: _______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Allele: ___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Give an example of a phenotype and a genotype:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

How does the genotype ratio differ from the

phenotype ratio? Why?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

What is genetics?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

___________________ is how traits or characteristics

are passed on from generation to generation.

Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are made up of __________________

Genetic material (_____________ ________________ __________________) is

found inside of the ________________ of a cell.

_________________________ is considered “_____________________________” of Genetics.

2. Gregor Mendel

Austrian Monk

Experimented with “_________________________”

Used pea plants because:

 ____________________________________________________________________________________
  ___________________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________________

Understood that there was something that carried traits from one generation to the next –
“____________________________________”

3. Mendelian Genetics
Dominant: An allele that will be phenotypically expressed if it is present.
Recessive: An allele that will be phenotypically expressed when both copies of the allele are
identical.
Allele: An alternative form of a gene.
Punnett square: a simple graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of
offspring genotypes that can occur and their probability given the parent genotypes.
Probability: the likelihood that a specific event will occur. Probability is usually expressed as the
ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences.
Genotype: (Noun) The genetic make-up of a cell or organism.
Phenotype: Observable traits or characteristics of an organism.
Homozygous: When alleles at the same locus are identical.
Heterozygous: When alleles at the same locus are different.
 Write all the definitions in your own words, add an example for each definition
Dominant: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Recessive: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Allele: _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Punnett Square: _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Probability: _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Genotype: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Phenotype: ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Homozygous: __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Heterozygous: __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Review

How are gametes made?

__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

How does chromosome behavior affect inheritance of traits?

__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Somatic cells are diploid (this means____________________)
Ex. _____________
Gametes are haploid, with only ________________________________.
Ex. _________________
Karyotype: ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

5. Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

Autosomes: Chromosomes not considered _____________________________.
Sex Chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine the sex characteristics of
organisms XX___________________ and XY ______________________.
 6. 1st Law – Segregation of alleles
Cells contain __________________ (______________) of each gene.
Alleles separate during gamete formation (____________________)
Gametes carry only one ____________ of each __________________.

Alleles: alternative versions of a gene. The gene for a particular inherited character
resides at a specific locus (____________) on ______________________ chromosome

For each character, an organism inherits _________________, one from each parent

7. How do Alleles differ?

• _______________ - a term applied to the trait

(_______________) that is expressed regardless of
the second allele.

• _______________ - a term applied to a trait

that is only expressed when the second allele is
the same (e.g. short plants are __________________
for the recessive allele).

8. Punnett Squares
 • Punnett square: ________________ showing the ______________________ of the
possible outcomes of a genetic cross

9. How does it work?

Punnett squares show ____________________ and the __________________ of next

generation
Use the Punnett squares above and write the Homozygous and Heterozygous
genotypes

Homozygous:______________________

Heterozygous: _____________________