Professional Documents
Culture Documents
November 2003
AT1307E, Rev. 03
Operating Manual
Copyright 2003 by AVL List GmbH, Graz - Austria
List GmbH
ATTENTION!
Connected equipment that uses voltages higher than or equal to
50 V AC or 75 V DC must comply with the Low Voltage Directive
73/23/EEC.
This device must not be used in any environment where there is a
danger of explosion. The Opacimeter must not be used to measure
explosive exhaust gas mixtures.
Note the device's degree of protection.
To ensure that the risk of electric shock is minimised, the device may
only be opened by qualified personnel.
Exhaust gases from internal combustion engines contain toxic
substances!
Make sure that the room is properly ventilated and that the exhaust
gas is correctly conducted away.
Make sure the probe connections with the exhaust line and the instru-
ment are gas-tight.
The probe can become very hot – be careful, danger of burning!
Always select "Function off" mode before turning off the Opacimeter!
The gas path of the opacimeter must never be subjected to blasts of
compressed air.
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3
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Table of Contents 5
Table of Contents
4 Installation .................................................................................................................. 37
4.1 Commissioning ............................................................ 37
4.2 Placing the Opacimeter on a Surface......................... 37
4.2.1 General ...................................................................... 38
4.2.2 Wall Mounting Console Option................................... 39
4.2.3 Trolley Option............................................................. 40
4.3 Exhaust Gas Routing................................................... 41
4.3.1 Connections on the Opacimeter................................. 41
4.3.2 Fitting of Zero Air Valve, Sampling Lines and Probes 42
4.3.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation......................................... 48
4.3.4 Installation Instructions for Tube Fittings.................... 49
4.4 Compressed Air Supply .............................................. 49
4.5 Power Supply ............................................................... 51
4.6 Interfaces ...................................................................... 52
4.6.1 Serial Interfaces ......................................................... 53
4.6.2 Digital Interface ("Digital I/O") .................................... 54
4.6.3 Analog Measurement Value Output ........................... 58
4.6.4 Connecting the AVL 4210 Instrument Controller or PC60
4.6.5 Configuring the AVL 4210 Instrument Controller ....... 60
4.7 DIL Switches................................................................. 63
5 Measurements ............................................................................................................ 65
5.1 Brief Instructions ......................................................... 65
5.1.1 Overview of Opacimeter Functions ............................ 65
5.1.2 Carrying out a Measurement...................................... 66
5.1.3 Reading stability......................................................... 67
5.1.4 Safety Instructions in Special Conditions ................... 67
5.2 Setting the Function and Measurement Value Output68
5.2.1 AVL 4210 Instrument Controller................................. 68
5.2.2 Control via Serial Interface or Terminal Program of a PC71
5.2.3 Control via Hybrid Interface ("DIO") ........................... 72
5.3 Switching On and Warming Up – Getting the Opacimeter Ready for Measurement73
5.4 Zeroing .......................................................................... 75
5.5 Continuous Measurement (Standard Measurement) 78
5.6 Peak Value Measurement (ECE R24 or EEC 72/306, ELR)80
5.6.1 General ...................................................................... 80
5.6.2 Example 1: ELR Test ................................................. 83
5.6.3 Example 2: ECE R24 (EEC72/306) Test ................... 86
5.7 Checking the Zero Point.............................................. 88
5.8 Setting the Parameters ................................................ 89
5.8.1 Measurement parameters .......................................... 89
5.8.2 Device Parameters (ambient pressure, spread of analog signal, conditioning temperature and
operating hours counter) ............................................ 92
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Table of Contents 7
13 Appendix................................................................................................................... 167
13.1 Mounting Instructions -
439 Wall Mounting Console ...................................... 167
13.2 Mounting Instructions -
Probe for Open Exhaust ............................................ 168
13.3 Valve Block (complete).............................................. 169
13.4 Measuring Chamber................................................... 170
13.5 Probe Heating............................................................. 172
13.6 Gas Path...................................................................... 174
13.7 Pneumatics ................................................................. 175
13.8 Electronics / Assembly.............................................. 177
13.9 Block Diagrams, Wiring............................................. 179
13.10 Wiring Basic Unit ....................................................... 180
13.11 Electronic Wiring Diagram ........................................ 182
13.12 Components Location Diagram................................ 183
13.13 Circuit Diagrams ........................................................ 184
13.14 Comparison Table...................................................... 190
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Safety Instructions 9
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Typographic Conventions 11
ATTENTION:
Icon and text indicate a warning of situations or actions that could
potentially lead to personal injury, hardware damages and/or signifi-
cant data loss.
Note: Icon and text refer to further information (tip, literature, etc.)
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Measurement Principle 13
2 Method of Operation
Soot particulate
I0 I
Lamp Detector
L = Leff
Fig. 1
æ N ö
− lnç1 − ÷ = kL
è 100 ø
æ N ö
− lnç1 − ÷
è 100 ø
k=
L
k corr =
( N
− ln 1 − 100 ) ⋅ TGas ⋅
p atm
L TNorm p gem
with
( N
− ln 1 − 100 )=k
L
Since
N
1− = e −kL
100
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Operating Modes 15
2.3.1 Measurement
The opacity of the exhaust gas is measured as it flows through the
Opacimeter.
The sampled gas is conditioned in the sample conditioning tube.
Heated compressed air is conducted around the probe line thus
ensuring that the temperature of the sample is constant as it enters the
Opacimeter.
The opacity is calculated from the detector element signal in accor-
dance with Beer-Lambert Law and is available as an output value.
The various types of measurement available are described
under “Measurements” on page 65.
2.3.2 Zeroing
During zeroing, ambient air conditioned to approx. 100 ± 5° C is fed
through the measuring chamber. This is achieved when a 3/2-way
"zero air" valve is switched, i.e. the zero air valve is switched so that
the ambient air is drawn in and no exhaust gas can flow into the Opaci-
meter.
The mean value (over 30 s) of the light intensity measured at the
detector is then saved as "zero intensity I0" as soon as it fulfils the
required stability criteria for sensitive measurements.
After switching on from "Function off" or "Pause" status, the zeroing is
carried out automatically after a warm-up and stabilization time. The
system displays the maximum time required before it is ready for
measurement.
Zeroing takes approx. 1 minute when it is initiated from one of the
measuring modes.
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Operating Modes 17
2.3.4 Pause
This mode is designed to save energy. It should only be activated
when the Opacimeter is not going to be used for measurements for a
while.
The pause state allows the instrument to return as quickly as possible
to operational readiness. In this state, there is lower air and energy
consumption and less wear (especially on the pumps).
In this mode, the inlet valve and zero air valve are closed to exhaust
gas. The measuring chamber heating is switched on and the sample
conditioning works at a reduced level.
DANGER!
Always select "Function off" before disconnecting the opacimeter‘s
power supply!
In the event of a power cut, ensure that either the test engine is shut
down or that an alarm is sounded.
2.3.7 Calibration
Calibration is used to determine the accuracy, reproducibility and
linearity, and also serves as proof of the implementation of a traceable
measuring instrument monitoring system with certified test and inspec-
tion equipment.
A filter holder with a calibrated absorption filter is inserted in the lamp
unit for the calibration. The displayed value must correspond within a
certain tolerance to the value of the absorption filter used.
Absorption filters with different opacity values (see Section “Linearity
Check ("Calibration") with "Neutral Density Filters"” on page 106) are
available from AVL.
A calibration can only be started in zeroing mode.
DANGER!
The Purge function must not be activated in tests involving high
concentrations of flammable gases (e.g. HC, H2, CO).
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Function Description 19
These two pumps ensures that the gas flows through the mea-
surement system at a constant 40…49 l/min.
Note:
At a supply voltage of 60 Hz, the pumps run at a higher speed,
and the flow is increased by approx. 10 %. This has no impact on
the measured values. The instrument automatically recognises
the frequency of the supply voltage and adapts the control system
limits accordingly.
n After pumping, the sampled gas flows out of the Opacimeter either
through the exhaust gas recirculation system (during a measure-
ment) or through the zero air outlet (during zeroing).
That ensures that no ambient air can enter the exhaust system
during zeroing.
Gas flow scheme
4 bar
*) Sample heating
SV1
Exhaust
gas
SV2
Purging air *)
Inlet valve 2.5 bar
V4
Compressed
Pressure
air supply
Detector Measuring chamber Lamp regulator
unit unit
Pump unit
ZAV2
Flow meter *)
*)
Filter ∆p
Accumulator Zero air outlet
Fig. 2
SV1 solenoid valve for sample heating
SV2 solenoid valve for purging air
SV3 solenoid valve for zero air
V4 inlet valve for sample flow
ZAV1 zero air valve - sampling line
ZAV2 zero air valve - zero air outlet
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Function Description 21
Light unit
Window unit
Insertable calibration filter cartridge
Lamp housing
Halogen lamps
Heated
window element
Lamp element
(BB0828)
Connector for
Connector for lamp element
window element
Fig. 4
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Function Description 23
Detector unit
Detector-
housing
Heated
window element
Detector
element
with green filter
and controlled
heating system
(BB0797)
Fig. 5
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Basic Unit 25
1 6
2 8
3 9
4 10
11
5
1 Cabinet hood
2 Main cabinet
3 Exhaust gas recirculation
4 Control connection for zero air valve
5 Sample filter unit
6 Calibration cover
7 Electric box (rear side)
8 Status LED
9 Sample conditioning tube connector
10 Zero air outlet
11 Compressed air maintenance unit
Fig. 6
Designation Number
1 AVL Opacimeter 439 G004 GH0564
1 230 V mains cable (2.5 m) BV2166
1 compressed air preparation unit (see page 29) BH0171
1 compressed air tube (5 m, Ø 9 mm) SS0353
2 tube clips DN1366
1 RS232 interface cable (15 m) BV1854
2 cable connectors EU1623
3 spare filter MF0609
1 Operating Manual AT1307E
Tab. 1
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Basic Unit 27
Designation Number
1 AVL Opacimeter 439 G004 GH0564
1 Autotransformer 230 V / 4 A, 1 phase EI0275
1 100 / 115 V mains cable (2.5 m) BV2261
1 compressed air preparation unit (see page 29) BH0171
1 compressed air tube (5 m, Ø 9 mm) SS0353
2 tube clips DN1366
1 RS232 interface cable (15 m) BV1854
2 cable connectors EU1623
3 spare filter MF0609
1 Operating Manual AT1307E
Tab. 2
Designation Number
1 AVL Opacimeter 439 G004 GH0564
1 Autotransformer 230 V / 4 A, 1 phase EI0275
1 100 / 115 V mains cable (2.5 m) BV2261
1 compressed air preparation unit (see page 29) BH0171
1 compressed air tube (5 m, Ø 9 mm) SS0353
2 tube clips DN1366
1 RS232 interface cable (15 m) BV1854
2 cable connectors EU1623
3 spare filter MF0609
1 Operating Manual AT1307E
Tab. 3
1
1 Transformer 100/115 V
EI0275
Fig. 8
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Basic Unit 29
Fig. 9
Designation Number
Compressed air preparation unit BH0171
including:
tube coupler for 9 mm diameter tube
Tab. 4
Flow direction
Fig. 10
3.2 Options
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Options 31
Designation ID number
Zero air valve BO5358
Conditioning hose, silicone, 1.5 m BO5359
Control hose for zero air valve, 1.5 m, PTFE BO5356
(Teflon)
Sampling line G004, 1 m BH0227
Return sampling line, complete, silicone, 2.5 m BH0203
Tab. 5
Designation ID number
Zero air valve BO5358
Conditioning hose, silicone, 3 m BO5353
Control hose for zero air valve, 3 m, PTFE BO5357
(Teflon)
Sampling line G004, 1 m BH0227
Return sampling line, complete, silicone, 4 m BH0214
Tab. 6
Designation ID number
Zero air valve BO5358
Conditioning hose, FPM (Viton), 1.5 m BO5354
Control hose for zero air valve, 1.5 m, PTFE BO5356
(Teflon)
Sampling line G004, 1 m BH0227
Return sampling line, complete, FPM (Viton), BH0266
2.5 m
Tab. 7
Designation ID number
Zero air valve BO5358
Conditioning hose, FPM (Viton), 3 m BO5355
Control hose for zero air valve, 3 m, PTFE BO5357
(Teflon)
Sampling line G004, 1 m BH0227
Return sampling line, complete, FPM (Viton), 4 BH0267
m
Tab. 8
Fig. 11
Note: If the AVL Instrument Controller is used to control the AVL 415
Smoke Meter (predecessor of AVL 415S), you need the remote control
cable AVL 415 (15 m; ID number BV1908).
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Options 33
3.2.3 PC-Software
Fig. 12
Tab. 12
Fig. 13
Tab. 13
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Options 35
a a
423
425.5
463
a a
460
540 460
Fig. 14
Tab. 15
3.2.8 Trolley
Fig. 15
Tab. 16
Tab. 17
Tab. 18
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Commissioning 37
4 Installation
4.1 Commissioning
Remove the instrument from the packaging and prepare it for commis-
sioning.
n Behind the quick-release locks on the cabinet hood are two
screws screwed in from below (see Placing the Opacimeter on a
Surface, Pos. 1). They are designed to prevent the quick-release
locks from being opened unintentionally. Please note that the defi-
nition of the protection class for this instrument is only met when
both of these safety screws are fitted.
Front view
1 1
Fig. 16
Take particular care to ensure that the probes are fitted correctly
(see Section Fitting of Zero Air Valve, Sampling Lines and Probes
Fitting of Zero Air Valve, Sampling Lines and Probes)!
n on a platform
n on the wall mounting console option (see Section “Wall Mounting
Console Option” on page 39)
n on the instrument trolley option (see Section “Trolley Option” on
page 40)
4.2.1 General
n Make a space of about 1 × 1 m for the AVL 439 Opacimeter to
ensure that it has sufficient ventilation.
n The surface where it is placed must be as free as possible from
vibration.
n Make sure that the sampling line travels uphill from the exhaust
line to the Opacimeter (to prevent condensate from forming).
n The Opacimeter should not be placed in the vicinity of the exhaust
line (because of the effect of heat).
n Make sure the Opacimeter is easily accessible (e.g. for calibra-
tion).
DANGER!
Ensure that cables and the compressed air supply hose are laid in
compliance with the general safety requirements, i.e. in such a way
that they cannot be damaged by excessive temperatures (including
any excessive heat from radiating heat sources) and/or mechanical or
chemical sources (such as fuel, NOx, SO2, hot steam), which would
constitute a safety hazard.
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Placing the Opacimeter on a Surface 39
a a
423
425.5
463
a a
460
540 460
Fig. 17
n Remove the four rubber feet. Fit the four feet to the basic unit.
Place the Opacimeter on a flat surface and adjust the feet until the
instrument is standing horizontally.
n Then lift the Opacimeter onto the support plate on the wall
mounting console and screw it on tightly from below using the
countersunk screws at the feet.
n Screw the frame firmly to the wall. Place the support plate and the
Opacimeter on it and secure in position by tightening it with the
hand screw provided.
The wall mounting console allows the Opacimeter to be swivelled
through 90° if necessary for servicing. To do this, undo the hand screw
a little to pull the Opacimeter forwards and then swivel it into the
required position. Make sure that the signal and supply lines are not
damaged when moving the Opacimeter. When work on the Opacimeter
is completed, return it to its original position and secure it again.
DANGER!
The wall mounting console is not designed for the Opacimeter to be
used permanently in the swivelled position.
Make sure that the sampling line travels uphill from the exhaust line to
the opacimeter (to prevent condensate from forming).
DANGER!
Push the trolley only over smooth floors when the Opacimeter is
mounted on it.
If the trolley is pushed too fast over differences in floor levels greater
than 3 cm in height, the Opacimeter can tip over.
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Exhaust Gas Routing 41
2 3
1 Exhaust gas feed back tube
2 Control hose
3 Conditioning tube
4 Zero air outlet
Fig. 18
The AVL 439 Opacimeter has three connectors for tubes on the front
panel and another next to the maintenance unit:
n connector for conditioning tube
n connector for control hose
n connector for return sampling line
n connector for zero air outlet
These four connections are couplings that cannot be mixed up and are
easily mounted by hand.
Important: When connecting the tubes, make sure the quick connec-
tors are pushed onto the probe connectors as far as they will go,
otherwise the gas flow will be interrupted.
Secure the conditioning tube connection with the screw on the face.
Fig. 19
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Exhaust Gas Routing 43
Probe positions
6D ~200 mm 3D
Fig. 20
DANGER!
Engine exhaust gas is noxious!
If the probe gas is not fed back into the exhaust line, it must be prop-
erly disposed of, e.g. fed into the test bed air extraction system.
The control hose of the zero air valve may be under pressure! Ensure
that it cannot be damaged by excessive temperatures. The pressure
tolerance of compressed air hoses becomes lower as the temperature
increases! A hose with a spec for 10 bar at 20° C can burst at 2 bar
when the temperature increases to 70° C.
When installing the sampling lines and probes, remember that very
high concentrations of flammable gases can occur upstream of certain
exhaust aftertreatment systems. The restrictions described in
Chapter “Application Area” on page 9 and Section “Operating Modes”
on page 15 therefore apply.
When the AVL 439 Opacimeter is operated in Onboard mode, the
exhaust gas is fed out through the zero air outlet - under no circum-
stances should it be allowed to flow into the passenger compartment!
This connection has the same coupling as the exhaust gas recircula-
tion system so you must connect the exhaust recirculation hose to the
zero air outlet and feed the exhaust gas out of the vehicle.
Mounting instructions
The exhaust gas is sampled through the probe tube which is a flexible
stainless steel corrugated tube, 1 m long (½ m length optional -
reduced temperature tolerance), to which the probe pipe is connected
at one end and the zero air valve at the other. The probe pipe is
inserted into the exhaust line through the welded-on connecting piece
and screwed tightly in position.
Important: Make sure that the sampling aperture at the tip of the
probe is pointing into the exhaust gas flow.
The direction the sampling aperture is pointing can be recognized by
the short piece of pipe welded on to the probe pipe.
Detail "X"
~200 mm
10 × 1 tube 10 × 1 tube
~16 mm X X
Position indicator for
exhaust gas inlet opening Weld connector Weld connector
Fig. 21
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Exhaust Gas Routing 45
M12×1.5
Ø16
~6 × D ~3 × D
Straight exhaust line section
Flow direction
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
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Exhaust Gas Routing 47
The probe line and zero air valve are connected by a screwed connec-
tion with clamp ring. This pneumatic, self-resetting 3/2-way valve is
closed to the exhaust gas and not under pressure. The Opacimeter
draws in the ambient air in that state (which is known as "zeroing").
The valve is opened when a measurement is carried out. The exhaust
gas is thermally conditioned in the conditioning hose so that it has a
temperature of 100 °C when it enters the measuring chamber. The
control hose for the zero air valve is connected to the appropriate
connection on the Opacimeter by means of a rapid-release connector.
Sample conditioning tube, connected to the probe tube
2
3
4
Important: Make sure that the sampling line travels uphill from the
sampling point to the opacimeter (to prevent condensate from
forming).
Contact your AVL representative if it is not possible to lay the
sampling line ascending to the Opacimeter.
Keep the probe line as straight as possible
(min. bend radius 300 mm).
DANGER!
The maximum permissible sampled gas temperature on entry into the
probe is 600° C.
Be careful! Probe and conditioning tube can get very hot! Danger of
burning!
You must read the safety instructions at the front of this manual!
Fig. 25
DANGER!
Engine exhaust gas is noxious!
When the AVL 439 Opacimeter is operated in Onboard mode, the
exhaust gas is fed out through the zero air outlet - under no circum-
stances should it be allowed to flow into the passenger compartment!
This connection has the same coupling as the exhaust gas recircula-
tion system so you must connect the exhaust recirculation hose to the
zero air outlet and feed the exhaust gas out of the vehicle.
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Compressed Air Supply 49
Important: Use the AVL 439 Opacimeter only together with the
compressed air preparation unit to ensure the quality of the
compressed air.
If the compressed air supplied contains oil and/or water, it has to be
removed from the condensate container at regular intervals. Check at
least once a day whether there is condensate in the container.
DANGER!
Ensure that cables and the compressed air supply hose are laid in
compliance with the general safety requirements, i.e. in such a way
that they cannot be damaged by excessive temperatures (including
any excessive heat from radiating heat sources) and/or mechanical or
chemical sources (such as fuel, NOx, SO2, hot steam), which would
constitute a safety hazard.
1 2
1 Zero air outlet
2 Compressed air connection on compressed air preparation unit
3 Mains power connection
4 ON/OFF switch
Fig. 27
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Power Supply 51
DANGER!
Make sure that the opacimeter is being supplied with the correct
mains voltage.
Ensure that the power supply cable is laid in compliance with the
general safety requirements, i.e. in such a way that it cannot be
damaged by excessive temperatures (including any excessive heat
from radiating heat sources) and/or mechanical or chemical sources
(such as fuel, NOx, SO0 hot steam), which would constitute a safety
hazard.
4.6 Interfaces
The AVL 439 Opacimeter has the following interfaces for control and
data acquisition purposes:
X1 Analog I/O
X2 COM1 (RS232 serial interface)
X3 COM2 (RS232 serial interface)
X4 Digital I/O
X5 External (service function)
6
7
1 ANALOG I/O
2 COM 1
3 COM 2
4 Digital I/O
5 External
6 Rating plate *)
7 Screw mounting for potential equalization
Fig. 28
*)
Rating plate with supply voltage, serial number, revision, device
generation, CE logo
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Interfaces 53
Pin 1 RxD
Pin 2 TxD
Pin 3 Ground
Pin 4 Ground power supply for AVL 4210
Pin 8 Instrument Controller
+24 V, 0.5 A max.
Tab. 19
RS232 socket
7 8 6
3 1
5 2 4
Fig. 29
7 8 6
3 1
5 2 4
Fig. 30
A cable for DIO connections is available (Cable digital I/O BV2266, see
also Section “I/O Cables (Analog Cable)” on page 36).
DIO cable - pin/colour assignment:
Tab. 20
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Interfaces 55
AVL 439
ANALOG DIGITAL
COM1 COM2
I/O I/O
Fig. 31
This consists of 3 digital inputs and 3 digital outputs which all have
optocouplers. They are therefore electrically separated from the other
electronics (but not from one another). The internal power supply can
be used when the potential does not need to be separated, e.g. when
using relays or optocouplers. This makes the circuitry simpler. Jumpers
J23 and J24 on the pcb are used for the switching (Fig. 32 on page 55).
Jumpers J23 and J24
Fig. 32
Inputs
Tab. 21
1 2 3 4
J23
"0": U < 0.5 V
6
I "1": U = 4.5…30 V
(Imax = 3 mA)
U
1, 4, 5
Fig. 33
1 2 3 4
J23
+5 V "0": switch open
6
"1": switch closed
permissible voltage
1, 4, 5
(Imax = 3 mA)
Fig. 34
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Interfaces 57
Outputs
2, 7, 8
IC
UCE "0": IC < 100 µA when U CE < 10 V
3
"1": UCE < 1 V when IC < 5 mA
J24
1 2 3 4
Fig. 35
2, 7, 8 IC
+5 V
J24
1 2 3 4
Fig. 36
Pin Signal
Pin 1 Measurement signal, filtered, 0 … 10 V DC output
OUT_A Scaling "times 1": N = 0 … 100 % or. k = 0…10 m-1
"times 5": N = 0 … 20 % or. k = 0 … 2 m-1
(see Section “Device Parameters (ambient pressure, spread of analog signal, condi-
tioning temperature and operating hours counter)” on page 92)
Pin 2 Ground
GND
Pin 3 Measurement signal, not filtered, 0 … 10 V DC output
OUT_B Scaling "times 1": N = 0 … 100 % or. k = 0 … 10 m-1
"times 5": N = 0 … 20 % or. k = 0 … 2 m-1
(see Section “Device Parameters (ambient pressure, spread of analog signal, condi-
tioning temperature and operating hours counter)” on page 92)
Pin 4 Ground
GND
Pin 5 U/U0 output
OUT_C Scaling 0 … 10 V DC: U/U0 = 0 … 2
Pin 8 PTkorr output
OUT_D Scaling 0 … 10 V DC: PTkorr = 0 … 2
Tab. 22
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Interfaces 59
7 8 6
3 1
5 2 4
Fig. 37
Tab. 23
Spread = 1 Spread = 5
Analog Out N k N k
0V -1 % -01 m-1 -0.2 % -0.02 m-1
0.1 V 0% 0 m-1 0% 0 m-1
10 V 99 % 9.9 m-1 19.8 % 1.98 m-1
Tab. 24
Spread = 1 Spread = 5
Analog Out N k N k
0V 0% 0 m-1 0% 0 m-1
10 V 100 % 10 m-1 20 % 2 m-1
Tab. 25
AVL 439
ANALOG DIGITAL
COM1 COM2
I/O I/O
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
POWER COM 2 COM 1 EXTERN COM 0
! GRAZ
AUSTRIA
FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS! DON´T
OPERATE THIS INSTRUMENT IN
Type S/No
EXPLOSIVE HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS!
THE OPENING OF THIS DEVICE IS Rev
PERMITTED ONLY BY AUTHORIZED
TRAINED PERSONNEL!
Fig. 38
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Interfaces 61
Fig. 39
If the AVL 4210 Instrument Controller has never been operated before,
there will be horizontal lines shown in the dark field, otherwise, it shows
the devices for which it has been configured.
n Press the MENU key.
You will now see the main menu with the options CONTRAST,
LANGUAGE and CONFIGURATION. If the devices have already been
configured, a column will appear on the left with menus for the selected
devices.
Main menu
Fig. 40
Fig. 41
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DIL Switches 63
Tab. 26
The settings of the DIL switches 1, 2, 5 and 6 are only checked when
the equipment is turned on, changes of DIL switch settings 3 and 4
take effect immediately.
DANGER!
Under no circumstances may exhaust gas be sampled in test mode
(for presentations only)!
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Brief Instructions 65
5 Measurements
Fig. 42
DANGER!
Always select "Function off" mode before turning off the Opacimeter!
The inlet valve is not closed until "Function Off" status.
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Brief Instructions 67
Fig. 43
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Setting the Function and Measurement Value Output 69
Fig. 44
The operating mode and the state of the device are shown in the
second line. The operating mode tells from where the device is being
controlled:
INST.CON.: controlled by the AVL 4210 Instrument Controller
REMOTE: controlled by the test bed computer or PC
You can only communicate actively with the devices, i.e. adjust param-
eters, start measurements, etc., when in INST.CON. mode.
You can change to INST.CON. mode by pressing the button READY.
The state of the device tells if the device is in a ready state, if a proce-
dure is currently running, if an error has occurred, etc. Which functions
can be carried out is dependent on this state.
The last line describes the function of the keys. In different pictures the
keys usually correspond to different functions. The button to the far left,
however, always brings you back to the next higher menu.
The line above the key functions is reserved for messages.
When entering a number, you can select a digit using the < and >
keys.
n Press ENTER to end the input.
n If the SAVE key is displayed, it must be pressed to save the set-
tings.
Important: Settings which were not saved before leaving the screen
will be lost.
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Setting the Function and Measurement Value Output 71
1 start bit, 1 stop bit, 8 data bits, 9600 baud, no parity, no hand-
shake
Fig. 45
Terminal Answer
Initialisation:
<Ctrl+B> SREM<Ctrl+C> SREM 0
Requesting measurement parameters
(see Sections and )
<Ctrl+B> APAR<Ctrl+C> APAR 0 1 2 3 0.800 0
Settings according ECE-R24 filtering with
internal trigger (see Sections and )
<Ctrl+B> EPAR 1 2 3 0.8 0<Ctrl+C> EPAR 0
Tab. 27
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Switching On and Warming Up – Getting the Opacimeter Ready for Measurement 73
Tab. 28
Fig. 46
The "Zero, ready" state in the AVL 439 combines three functions
or states:
– the Opacimeter is ready for measurement
– "Zero" - the brightness value (N = 0 %) is determined
– "Forward purge" – clean zero air flows through measuring
cell and sampling line.
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Zeroing 75
The OFF (F2), ZERO (F4) and SET (F6) functions are also avail-
able.
n Preparing ready status from the serial interface
AK command: STBY
5.4 Zeroing
"Zeroing" must be carried out before a measurement. The measuring
chamber is filled with clean air and the relevant sensor signal is regis-
tered internally as the zero value (or light value). N = 0 % represents
the zero value while N = 100 % is the dark value.
The AVL 439 Opacimeter has only a small zero drift but for precision
measurements at low opacity, zeroing is nevertheless necessary not
only immediately after powering up and warm-up but also periodically
during the measurement (approximately every half-hour).
As of firmware Version 2.65 you can set the length of time that zeroing
takes (see “DIL Switches” on page 63). The long zeroing (duration
approx. 55 s) ensures that the absolute zero point remains stable
because the data is statistically evaluated over a long period of time.
The short zeroing (duration approx. 25 s) should only be used when
longer zeroing is not possible because of a test run.
If you issue the "Zeroing" command when the Opacimeter is in the
"Function off" or "Pause" state, it warms up to a steady temperature
and forward-purges the measuring cell.
"Zeroing" mode includes forward purging of the measuring cell and
conditioning line. Generally, the whole line should only be back-purged
when the Opacimeter is switched on and off, but can also be
performed in "Zeroing" state. It can therefore only be called up from the
"Function off", "Pause", and "Zeroing" states.
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Zeroing 77
AK command: STBY
Fig. 47
The measurement data and the filter algorithm are displayed in addi-
tion to the measurement value (N or k).
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Continuous Measurement (Standard Measurement) 79
5.6.1 General
The peak value measurement registers the highest measured value
during a measurement period. The measurement is prescribed for
certain statutory test cycles for engine certification or testing, e.g. for
free acceleration in accordance with ECE R24 (EEC 72/306) or the
"ELR" test ("Load Response Tests") of the EURO III HD Regulation.
The peak value can only be output via the serial interface and not the
analog or digital one.
n Instrument Controller
Call up the Menu (key F1). Select the measurement screen for
the required peak value measurement (ECE R24 or ELR or free
acceleration peak value measurement) and confirm with F6.
n The correct parameters are already programmed for the statutory
test runs and do not have to be set. For the free acceleration peak
value measurement: set parameters as described in
Section Checking the Zero Point.
n When a peak value measurement is called up, the trigger type
(i.e. measurement period "Start" and "Stop") is set to "internal", i.e.
the measurement period is controlled by pressing function keys
TRIG (F3) and STOP (F6). This is displayed at the right of the
fourth line. If an external trigger is to be used, which is actually
preferable, the parameter has to be set in the usual way:
– Select the variable to be set with the ↑ ↓ keys (your selec-
tion is then inversely highlighted).
– When you press SET (F6), the inverse highlighting changes
to a normal display and is enclosed in a box. INPUT appears
above F6. Use the ↑ ↓ keys to change the parameter and
confirm by pressing INPUT (F6).
n You will find more information about trigger types on the following
pages.
The "peak value measurement" mode now has to be initialised by
pressing the MEAS key (F4).
The measurement period is started by pressing the TRIG function key
F3 and terminated by pressing STOP (key F6). If key F3 is pressed a
second time before key F6 is pressed, the previous measurement
window is automatically terminated and a new one started. The
measurement window can also be defined by digital input when the
Instrument Controller is being used (see below).
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Peak Value Measurement (ECE R24 or EEC 72/306, ELR) 81
The highest measurement values between each start and stop, i.e. the
peak values, are displayed on the screen.
Free acceleration peak value measurement screen
Fig. 48
This command starts the measurement window for the peak value
measurement and SMFE terminates it.
The last peak value can be queried with the AMES command on
completion of each measurement window
or
– "Start edge" The measurement window is started when the
contact is closed and terminated by the next Start edge.
n Internal trigger, Instrument Controller function keys or AK com-
mand via serial interface
Measurement
interval
Level
internal trigger
SMFA
SMFE
Fig. 49
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0.8
k [m -1]
Fig. 50
5.6.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 2500
Speed C [min -1] Speed
2000
Speed B
Speed A
Example 1: ELR Test
1500
ELR test
Operating Manual
1000
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 t [s] 360
Instrument
Controller only A T (S) T (S) T S/T T (S) T (S) T S/T T (S) T (S) T S/T D
The ELR test consists of three additional loads on the engine (with
peak value measurement) at each of three (or optionally four) speeds
A, B, C (D). The mean value of the three peak values has to be deter-
mined for each of the speed blocks and a weighted total measurement
value calculated from the first three blocks (see relevant European
Council Directive).
An example of this is shown in Fig. 49 on page 82 where the sequence
control for the various trigger types can also be seen.
Here:
Fig. 51
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Peak Value Measurement (ECE R24 or EEC 72/306, ELR) 85
The tester may also add a freely defined fourth speed block D to the
additional load on the engine at the three defined speed blocks. The
Instrument Controller "assumes" that the fourth additional load test will
take place. If there is no fourth test and a new ELR test is required
instead, the test must be started anew by pressing ZERO (F4) and
MEAS (F3).
When the Instrument Controller is used, a screen can be called up by
pressing DATA (F6) where the mean values of the speed blocks, the
deviations within the blocks and the weighted total mean value are
displayed.
EURO 3 results
Fig. 52
N.B. Although the timing of the ELR test is defined, the tolerance for
the phases (±10 %) is too large to make the triggering of the AVL 439
Opacimeter for each additional load on the engine independent of the
test bed host sequence control.
ELR sequence control with test bed control
The start and stop points of the measurement period coincide with
characteristic times of the engine control system and can therefore
easily be integrated in the test sequence plan for the ELR test. To do
this, of course, the test bed control system must be suitably linked to
the AVL 439 Opacimeter by serial or digital connection.
Fig. 53
Opacity
5.6.3
k [m -1]
Speed
min -1
nstrument
T S T S T S T S T S T S
Controller only
>4.5 V
ECE R24 test
external trigger
level", q=1
<0.5 V
Peak Value Measurement (ECE R24 or EEC 72/306, ELR)
>4.5 V
Example 2: ECE R24 (EEC72/306) Test
external trigger
"edge", q=2
<0.5 V
serial
interface T S T S T S T S T S T STOP
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Peak Value Measurement (ECE R24 or EEC 72/306, ELR) 87
In the ECE R24 "free acceleration" test, the engine is freely acceler-
ated at least six times. The first two accelerations are not evaluated.
The next four are valid if the measurement values lie within a scatter
band of 0.25 m-1. If they do not, the free accelerations are continued
until this criterion is fulfilled.
The order of the sequence control for the various trigger types is
shown in Fig. 53 on page 86.
Here:
Fig. 54
The peak values of the last four free accelerations are displayed each
time on the Instrument Controller as well as the mean value and devia-
tion. It can easily be seen therefore whether the current measurement
series is valid or whether another free acceleration is required.
ECE R24 sequence control with test bed control:
The start and stop points of the measurement period coincide with
characteristic times of the engine control system and can therefore
easily be integrated in the test sequence plan for the ECE R24 test. To
do this, of course, the test bed control system must be suitably linked
to the AVL 439 Opacimeter by serial or digital connection.
AK command: SNGA
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Setting the Parameters 89
Tab. 29
Bessel filtering is carried out in such a way that the rise time τ (10-90)
of a jump function is the "filter time" (see Tab. 29 on page 89). The
algorithms used to attain this within a given physical rise time are spec-
ified in the relevant regulations and illustrated with examples.
*) For the R 24 test, the AVL 439 Opacimeter has to simulate a device
that has a physical rise time (or gas exchange time) of 0.4 s and a
galvanometer instrument with a 1 s low-pass filter characteristic.
Comparative tests showed that first a 2nd order (Bessel) filtering over
0.35 s and then a 1st order low pass filter over 0.8 s has to be applied.
Physical requirements at opacimeters
Tab. 30
n Instrument Controller
When you press SET (F6), the inverse highlight changes into a
normal display and the data is enclosed in a box. "INPUT"
appears above F6. Use the ↑ ↓ keys to change the parameter
and press INPUT (F6) to confirm.
Important: When you have set all the parameters as required, save
the configuration by pressing SAVE (F2).
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Setting the Parameters 91
There are two scales for the analog output: "times 1" and "times
5". This means that the voltage signal 0…10 V corresponds to the
following measurement values:
Function key Delete (F5) sets the second operating hours counter
("last") to 0. The first operating hours counter ("total") cannot be
set to 0.
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Setting the Parameters 93
Important: When you have set all the parameters as required, save
the configuration by pressing SAVE (F2).
AK command EMBE x y
x = 1: "times 1"
x = 5: "times 5"
y=0
– Delete the second counter (service personnel only)
AK command: SBST
– Adjusting the pressure to ambient pressure
AK command ELDR x
AK command ESMK x
x = 70 … 120° C
Tab. 31
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Measurement Value Calculation 95
N = SN
for N:
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Measurement Value Calculation 97
Bessel Filter
The Bessel filter has the characteristic of a 2nd order low pass which is
described by the following formula:
Yi = Yi −1 + E ∗ ( X i + 2 X i −1 + X i − 2 − 4Yi − 2 ) + K ∗ (Yi −1 − Yi − 2 )
Y… calculation results
X… measurement values
E, K … Bessel constants which determine the T10-90 time
The Bessel constants depend on the rise time (T10-90) (0.1 s for the
AVL 439 Opacimeter) and the sampling frequency of the unfiltered
signal (50 Hz internally for the AVL 439 Opacimeter), i.e. Bessel
filtering of a signal with the same rise time but which was recorded with
a different sampling frequency, needs different filter constants.
The constants (E, K) are specified below for a data rate of 50 Hz.
Data rate = 50 Hz
Time
Constant 0.2 s 0.35 s 0.5 s 1s 1.077 s 1.5 s 2s
E 1.9383e-2 5.8148e-3 2.8362e-3 7.2038e-4 6.2236e-4 3.2358e-4 1.8298e-4
K 0.4995 0.7302 0.8127 0.9063 0.91296 0.93737 0.95296
Tab. 32
The low pass filter constant (C) can be calculated from the following
formula:
1 ⋅ln(10)
C = 1 − e Sampling frequency⋅τ 90
æU ö
S k = − lnçç ÷ ⋅ PTcorr
÷
èU0 ø
Yi = Yi −1 + E ∗ ( X i + 2 X i −1 + X i − 2 − 4Yi − 2 ) + K ∗ (Yi −1 − Yi − 2 )
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Measurement Value Calculation 99
Tab. 33
S k = − ln UU ⋅ PTcorr
0
(
S N = 100 ⋅ 1 − e − Sk )
only calculated when filter = N and output = N
Filtering
N k kN
(first k is filtered,
then conversion into N)
S = SN S = Sk S1 = Bessel
Filter type
without smoothing moving average Bessel filter 1st order low pass
S=S S = mov.av. (S) S = BE (S) S = 1stLP (S)
Output
N k
when filtering when filtering
N oder kN k N oder kN k
N=S
(
N = 100 ⋅ 1 − e − S ) k=
( S
− ln 1 − 100 ) k=
S
Leff Leff
Tab. 34
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Measurement Value Calculation 101
5
U U U
U0 U0 U0
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General 103
6.1 General
Opacimeters have two well defined calibration points (see
Section “Zeroing” on page 75):
the light value at N = 0 % and the dark value at N = 100 %.
These two points are determined in the AVL 439 Opacimeter as it goes
into ready mode:
n The dark value that corresponds to the signal from the sensor
when no light falls on it, is determined internally shortly after the
instrument is switched on while the light units are deactivated. (It
is usually less than 10 mV.)
n The light value is determined during zeroing (the associated
sensor signal is 2…4 V). The light value has to be determined
anew periodically, i.e. approximately every half-hour. The Opaci-
meter prompts the user to do this. The scale between light value,
N = 0 %, and dark value, N = 100 %, is graduated linearly to the
sensor signal.
During calibration the system checks that the graduation of the N-scale
is linear to the incident light intensity. This is done by reducing the
transmitter light intensity by a precisely defined amount, say by 40 %.
The display should then show an opacity of N = 40 % in accordance
with the definitions and formulas of Section “Method of Operation” on
page 13.
A calibration can be performed in one of two ways on the AVL 439
Opacimeter:
1. with the patented "Linearity Test"
2. with calibrated filters "of neutral optical density"
(i.e. grey glass discs that reduce the light of each wave length to
approximately the same extent in the observed optical spectral
range.)
Important: Calibrating the AVL 439 Opacimeter with the linearity test
or with neutral optical density filters is only used to check the sensor
linearity - it has no effect on the display of measurement values.
linearity
deviation
D1+2
ideal curve
real curve
D1 + D 2
D1 D2
I1 light intensity I
I2
I1 + I2
I = I0 = 100 %, N = 0 %
Fig. 55
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Linearity Test ("LIN Check") 105
n Instrument Controller
Zeroing is automatically carried out after the test. You can inter-
rupt it by pressing ZERO (F4) or you can start a new linearity test
by pressing START.
n Control via serial interface
ALCH x1 x2 x3 x4 w1 w2
Tab. 36
For calibration of the device with certified neutral density filters, usually
one filter will be enough, preferably with an absorption of 50 %. For
engine certification of commercial vehicles according to guideline
1999/96/EU ("commercial vehicles regulation Euro 3/4"), filters with an
absorption of 10, 20 and 40 % are required.
The opacity values specified on the filters should be treated as guide-
lines only. The pricise, calculated absorption value is printed on the first
page of the calibration protocols of the company Swarovski.
In a few special cases, Calibration Certificates from the BEV (Bunde-
samt für Eich- and Vermessungswesen = Federal Office for Calibration
and Measurement) are supplied with the equipment and not the Cali-
bration Report from Swarovski. These calibration certificates show the
transmission values of the filters as a function of the wave length [400
… 800 nm], from which the precise calibration value can be calculated.
The transmission factors indicate the filter's permeability to light of
different wavelengths (usually from 400 nm to 800 nm). The transmis-
sion that is effective for the AVL 439 Opacimeter is obtained by multi-
plying and standardizing these values by the standardized emission
and sensitivity of the detector unit. The Excel spreadsheet
"Filter_Cal.xls" can be used for an exact calculation. A simpler calcula-
tion, which experience has shown to produce the effective transmis-
sion (or opacity, see below) to better than 0.5 %, is described below.
The AVL 439's detector unit is designed in such a way that its highest
spectral sensitivity is between 550 nm and 570 nm (in accordance with
the statutory requirements). It is the transmission values around
550 nm therefore that are particularly significant in the filter's calibra-
tion certificate. Approximated absorption value can be determined from
the weighted mathematical mean of three values (see below).
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Linearity Check ("Calibration") with "Neutral Density Filters" 107
Tab. 37
DANGER!
The absorption value of a filter decreases as the temperature rises!
Do not leave the calibration filter in the unit for longer than 1 min!
Absorption filters are precision components – never touch the surface!
If the surface is touched, this changes the absorption value even if the
filter is meticulously cleaned. Once touched, a filter must be officially
calibrated again!
With careful handling the absorption value of the filters changes only
slightly (<<1 %). For a calibration at an official certification according to
1999/96/EU it is necessary that the filter is not longer used than one
year. After that, a recalibration is required. You can have your device
recalibrated by AVL or by an approved national inspection agency.
The neutral density discs are mounted in a calibrating filter cartridge.
For the calibration, the calibrating filter cartridge is inserted in the light
unit (on the right of the measuring unit) instead of the cartridge without
glass discs. The cartridge can be accessed by undoing the screwed
coupling on the Opacimeter cover using a spanner (NW 58). It is then
easy to remove and replace.
Fig. 56
AK command: SKAL
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Linearity Check ("Calibration") with "Neutral Density Filters" 109
Calibration sequence
The system prompts the user to insert or remove the calibration filter
cartridge as required by making the status LED flash slowly.
Important: When the status LED flashes slowly, it means the calibra-
tion filter cartridge should be changed.
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General 111
7.1 General
This chapter contains information for programmers who have to inte-
grate the AVL 439 Opacimeter into automation systems.
The communication via the RS232 interface is based on the AK
generic communication interface that is standard in exhaust emissions
measurement technology.
You will find references to the interface parameters in chapter “Serial
Interfaces” on page 53.
Byte Function
1 <STX>
2 Is ignored
3…6 Function code
Tab. 38
Acknowledgement message
Byte Function
1 <STX>
2 Is ignored
3…6 Function code (same as command)
7 Blank
8 Error status
0 no error
1 … 9 error (counted in cycles)
. Data (variable)
Can also be omitted (depends on function code)
.
.
nth byte <ETX>
Tab. 39
n … error status
n General comments and possible acknowledgements in the event
of error
– The command message must begin with <STX> and end in
<ETX>. The first nine bytes must always be present.
– When entering commands via keyboard, <STX> can be
entered by pressing and holding down the control key (Ctrl)
and then pressing B (also known as <Ctrl+B>), <ETX> can
be entered by pressing <Ctrl+C>.
– Blanks are used as separators.
– The variable-length floating decimal format is used to display
numerical values. There is no decimal point with integers.
The sign is only specified in front of negative values. Physi-
cally meaningless digits are omitted.
– If no data is available in response to a query, the piece of
data is replaced by # in the acknowledgement.
– Data that is only conditionally valid is prefixed with a #.
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General 113
All three interfaces are in monitor mode after power-up and after a
reset.
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General Queries 115
AKEN k v
Device ID and firmware version
ABST t1 t2
Operating hours counter (operating time of pump, window heating
system)
ASTZ z1 z2...
Status
The statuses are the same as their function code if they are triggered
by control commands.
ASTF
Error status
Shows the numbers of the current errors (see next page).
Error codes
13 Zeroing warning Zeroing has not been carried out for more than 30
minutes.
14 Not ready (= status information) Target temperatures not reached yet
(during PAUSE)
Signal stability not yet reached
(during STANDBY)
Tab. 40
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General Control Commands 117
SRES
Reset
All active functions are aborted and the system is reset.
SREM
Switch to control mode
SIDL
"Function off"
SPAU
Pause
STBY
Zeroing
SBST
Reset operating hours
7.4 Measurement
SMGA
Start measurement (charge of measurement gas)
Permitted: Zeroing (STBY) and Checking the zero point (SNGA)
AKON x
Measurement value
AMDT TG p Q t
Measurement data
AMES x
Result of peak value measurement
SMFA
Peak value measurement: start of measurement window
Permitted: during measurement (SMGA) provided that the trigger type
= internal (set with EPAR)
The command can also be transmitted several times (without SMFE in
between). It then acts like an edge trigger.
SMFE
Peak value measurement: end of measurement window
Permitted: during measurement (SMGA) provided that the trigger type
= internal (set with EPAR)
SNGA
Checking the zero point
Permitted: during measurement (SMGA)
Back to measurement with SMGA
EPAR u v f T q
Measurement parameters
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Measurement 119
APAR u v f T q
SKAL
Calibration
Permitted: Zeroing (STBY)
AKAL x
Calibration result
in N [%] or k [m-1], as set with EPAR (real)
SLCH
Linearity test ("LIN check")
Permitted: Zeroing (STBY)
ALCH x1 x2 x3 f w1 w2
Linearity test result
SLEC
Leak test
Duration: 10 … 20 s
Permitted: Off (SIDL)
ALEC x
Leak test result
x = 0: test passed
x = 1: test failed
EMBE x y
Scaling of analog output
AMBE x y
x=1: times 1
(10 V = 100 % or 10 m-1)
x=5: times 5
(10 V = 20 % or 2 m-1)
y=0
ELDR x
Air pressure [mbar]
ALDR x
Permitted: Off (SIDL), Pause (SPAU)
x = 500 … 1100
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Service 121
SRUC
Purging
Permitted: Off (SIDL), Pause (SPAU), Zeroing (STBY)
Continuous purging, can be stopped with SIDL, SPAU or STBY.
SPRG
Purging
Permitted: Off (SIDL), Pause (SPAU), Zeroing (STBY)
Purging for 13 s, then switching back to the operating mode SPRG
was called from.
7.5 Service
Switch commands contain parameter z which can be 0 or 1.
0 … off / close
1 … on / open
ASPA UD TD TMK TG p Q I1 I2 TL P1 P2
Service measurement values
ELMP n z
Switch halogen lamp n
(n = 1, 2; 0 [both])
EPMP z
Switch pumps
EVLV n z
Switch valve n
(n = 1 … 4)
ASST L1 L2 p v1…v4
Switch states
Lamps, pumps, valves
ESMK x
Setpoint value for conditioning temperature (service technician only)
ASMK x
(70 ≤ x ≤ 120° C)
EANA x
Checking analog output
AANA x
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General 123
8.1 General
The AVL 439 Opacimeter is designed in such a way that it requires
little maintenance even when in use for long periods. This is due in
particular to the heated measuring chamber window, the sample condi-
tioning and the automatic purge function. Only the filter element in the
exhaust gas sampling path has to be changed from time to time
depending on the degree to which it is used. The Opacimeter indicates
when the filter needs changing (flow measurement).
When the Opacimeter has been in operation for a long time, we recom-
mend cleaning it periodically because residues can build up in the lines
and measuring chamber, especially if it has been used for exhaust
gases with high particulate concentrations. Such residual deposits can
become dislodged during operation due to thermal or mechanical influ-
ences and cause an effect that looks like soot peaks or zero drift.
We therefore recommend cleaning the Opacimeter, particularly before
measurements on low-emission engines. You should clean the
following components approximately every 100 operating hours:
n Window modules and window elements
n Sampling lines
n Measuring chamber
DANGER!
The gas path of the opacimeter must never be subjected to blasts of
compressed air.
Fig. 57
n Remove the filter element from the filter housing together with the
cover.
n "Snap" the used filter element out of the cover by pressing it to the
side and then let it fall out.
This way there is no need to touch the filter element that is loaded
with diesel particulate.
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Changing the Filter Element 125
Fig. 58
Fig. 59
n Insert a new filter element into the cover. You can hear when it is
sitting correctly by the sound it makes as it fits into place in the
cover.
Fig. 60
n Check the O-ring in the cover for any signs of damage and
replace if necessary.
n To reassemble, insert the filter element into the filter housing,
centre the sealing collar and push it carefully onto the internal
guide. As soon as you can feel that it is correctly positioned, press
the filter element together with the cover until it is resting on the
threaded guides.
Fig. 61
n You can feel when the cover fits into the threaded guides by
turning it counterclockwise while gently pushing it. Then tighten
the cover moderately by hand.
n The Opacimeter is ready for use again.
DANGER!
Do not operate the Opacimeter without the filter elements supplied by
AVL and do not use any other brand, otherwise operational reliability
cannot be guaranteed.
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Cleaning the Window Modules 127
DANGER!
The components of the Opacimeter may still be hot from previous use
- be careful not to burn yourself!
1
2
Fig. 62
Fig. 63
n Screw off the two connectors for the supply line and the signal
line.
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Cleaning the Window Modules 129
Fig. 64
Fig. 65
n Place the light and detector units on a suitable work surface with
the windows facing upwards.
DANGER!
When carrying out this work, make sure that no exhaust gas is
entering the Opacimeter via the return line. The gas could escape
through the opened measuring chambers - risk of poisoning!
DANGER!
Only ever clean the elements when they have cooled down (i.e. are
warm to the touch)!
Do not touch the window elements with your fingers.
The windows are made of laminated 1 mm thick quartz.
Mind the limited shock resistance of the windows, especially when
using pointed equipment.
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Cleaning the Sampling Lines 131
Instrument Controller:
– Set V3 to "1" and all other values to "0" in the Service menu
(see Section “Device Parameters” on page 143).
AK command:
– EVLV 3 1
n Disconnect conditioning hose from the Opacimeter input.
n Blow compressed air into the conditioning hose in short bursts
while shaking the hose so that any particulate deposits can work
loose.
n Repeat the process several times.
If, despite this cleaning, there are still depositis in the line, you can
clean them out with the cleaning brush (Ident. No. WH0065).
DANGER!
All components should be exchanged only with approved and speci-
fied AVL spare parts!
With defects and troubles which are caused by disregarding AVL, no
warranty on the defective hardware can be claimed. This relates also
to the accuracy and specifications of the system.
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Storage for Long Periods of Non-Use 133
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Error codes 135
9 Error Table
Tab. 41
Tab. 41
Tab. 42
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Causes of Error, Remedies 137
TG sensor defective
(see above)?
No voltage in the heating Check voltage at plug Repair contact if faulty or replace
system X15, pin 1 and 4 solid-state relay REL1
(Section “Components of the Elec-
tronics Board” on page 153)
Overtemperature switch Let heating element cool If R > 1 Ω:
broken down, disconnect plug Replace overtemperature switch
X15, measure resis- EV0177
tance between pin 3 and
4
6 Compressed air supply inad- Check pressure indicator Ensure adequate supply of com-
equate pressed air. There must be a pressure
of > 1.8 bar at the inlet even when
100 N l/min is removed
7 Heating layer defective P_window < 21.5 W, The window element must be
measure window resis- replaced, if not
Contact error
tance RF (plug J6, pins 10 Ω ≤ RF ≤ 100 Ω
Heating layer overheating 1+2 and 5+6) Note that the window elements must
be replaced in pairs!
Electronics problem 10 Ω ≤ RF ≤ 100 Ω Check electronics
8 PT-100 sensor for measuring The sensor is delivering Replace the sensor (or the entire
TG (at measuring chamber unacceptable values valve block)
inlet) is defective
9 Temperature sensor for TMK The sensor is delivering Replace the sensor (or the entire
defective unacceptable values measuring chamber)
Setpoint resistance:
50 kΩ … 160 kΩ at room
temperature
Tab. 42
Tab. 42
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Causes of Error, Remedies 139
Tab. 43
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Causes of Error, Remedies 141
Tab. 43
Tab. 44
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Function Check 143
10 Service
Fig. 66
The screen displays all the system’s measurement parameters and the
switch states of the lamps, pumps and valves.
You can also switch the lamps, pumps and valves using the service
function to check that they are working properly. To do this, press OFF
(F2) to set the Opacimeter to "Function off" mode.
When the Opacimeter is in ready mode (i.e. "Pause" and "Measure-
ment" functions), the following switch states must be displayed:
Code L1 L2 P V1 V2 V3 V4
Signifying Lamp 1 Lamp 2 Pumps Conditioning air Purging Zero air Measure-
air ment gas
State 1 1 1 1 0 x 1
Tab. 45
DANGER!
V2 (purging valve) and V4 (inlet valve) must never both be on 1 at the
same time!
n The states of the lamps, pumps and valves can be checked using
the query command ASST. They can be set using switch com-
mands (see Section “Service” on page 121).
n The operating hours counter can be queried with the ABST com-
mand (see Section “General Queries” on page 115).
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Function Check 145
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Function Check 147
Fig. 67
Result: ALEC x
x = 0: test passed
x = 1: test failed
Fig. 68
Fig. 69
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Function Check 149
Fig. 70
Fig. 71
Fig. 72
Fig. 73
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Function Check 151
Assembly:
n Clean the bore making sure that no dirt gets into the valve body!
n Coat the metal housing of the new temperature sensor with liquid
Teflon (e.g. Loctite 572) and press it into the valve housing as far
as it will go (using a small screwdriver if necessary).
n Re-connect the temperature sensor cable at slot X12.
Fig. 74
10.2 Electronics
J3
Controller Board
(BB1101)
J28
Toroidal core
transformer
On/Off switch
J13 J14
Mains connection
Fig. 75
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Electronics 153
LED 5
operating
state
Flow measurement
pressure sensor
Measuring chamber
pressure sensor
EPROM
with
firmware
LED 7
self test DIL
switches
LED 4
measuring
chamber
heating
LED 1
probe
heating
REL1
probe
heating
REL2
measuring
chamber
heating
Fig. 76
When the On/Off switch is switched on, the following function dis-
plays are illuminated indicating that they are in a functional state
(see Section “Components of the Electronics Board” on page 153
for position of the LEDs):
– The status LED (Fig. 76 on page 153) is continuously on.
– LED no. 1 (red) lights up when probe heating is on
– LED no. 4 (red) lights up when chamber heating is on
– LED no. 5 (green) flashes at a frequency of about 2 Hz
(indicating that the microprocessor is functioning properly)
– LED no. 7 (red) lights up during the self test (approx. 5 s after
On/Off switch is switched on) and then goes off. This LED
also lights up when the Opacimeter is in not ready state.
– LED no. 8 (red) lights up when the solenoid valve for the
sample heating is active
– LED no. 9 (red) lights up when the solenoid valve for purging
air is active
– LED no. 10 (red) lights up when the solenoid valve for zero
air is active
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155
Tab. 46
Mechanical Components
Designation Article number
Tube 6.0 × 2.0 Viton black (per meter) SS0272
Polyamid filter cover H 145 H-8, S80x3 (for filter housing) MF0610
O-ring 73.5 × 3.5 (for Polyamid filter cover MF0610) DA0415
Measuring chamber, complete BO2694
Locking ring DIN 471 28x1.5 mm (stainless) DZ0637
(stainless version for measurement chamber tube – see 1000 Hour Service)
Pressure spring type KM-2286-174 mm lang (stainless) DF0148
(stainless version for measurement chamber tube – see 1000 Hour Service)
Diaphragm-type pump 7015 ZVD/230 V MV0141
(for 50 and 60 Hz power supply systems)
Spare parts set for pump 7015 (contains spare parts to service a single pump!) MV0143
Inlet valve complete (V4 inlet valve) G001 BO2716
G002 BO4084
G003, G004 BO4814
Cable motor valve (motor for V4 inlet valve) G001, G002 BV2204
G003, G004 BV2587
Solenoid valve (SV1, SV2, SV3) G001 … G003 MM0589
Solenoid valve (SV3) G004 MM0251
Air preparation unit for compressed air BH0171
Hose set, inside (for 1000 hour service) BO4460
Upgrade kit fan G001, G002 BH0269
(cooling air fan, electric box)
Fan (cooling air fan, electric box) BV2342
1
Pressure reducer 0.5 … 10 bar R /4" M004-R00 (mounted internally) MM0584
Pressure switch 1 … 10 bar (mounted internally) EZ0222
Tab. 47
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157
Sampling Unit
Designation Article number
Zero air valve G004 BO5358
Sealing cone for zero air valve G004 YM3679
Sample conditioning tube 1.5 m (silicone) G001 … G003 BH0169
Conditioning tube 1.5 m SI (silicone) G004 BO5359
Conditioning tube 1.5m FPM (Viton) G004 BO5354
Control hose for zero air valve 1.5 m PTFE (Teflon) G004 BO5356
Return sampling line 2.5 m G001 … G003 BH0203
Return sampling line 2.5 m FPM (Viton) G004 BH0266
Sample conditioning tube 3.0 m G001 … G003 BH0170
Conditioning tube 3 m SI (silicone) G004 BO5353
Conditioning tube 3m FPM (Viton) G004 BO5355
Control hose for zero air valve 3 m PTFE (Teflon) G004 BO5357
Clip conditioning tube - control hose G004 BO4548
Return sampling line 4.0 m G001 … G003 BH0214
Return sampling line 4.0 m FPM (Viton) G004 BH0267
Sampling line (incl. fittings, 0.5 m) G001 … G003 BH0220
G004 BH0227
Sampling line (incl. fittings, 1 m) G001 … G003 BH0173
G004 BH0228
Probe (corrugated tube 0.5 m, without fittings), YM3452
can be used as feed back pipe
Probe (corrugated tube 1 m, without fittings), YM3361
can be used as feed back pipe
Male connector DN1323
Drain plug for leak check DN0228
Welding piece 6-6GW DN1324
Closing plug for welding piece DN1373
Straight connector DN1320
Probe for open exhaust TM04390EA.01
(For test bed use only, not for testing on the road!)
O-ring 10.82 × 1.78 mm, viton (for sample conditioning tube) DA0355
O-ring 29.74 × 3.53 mm, viton (for sample conditioning tube) DA0356
Tab. 48
Electrical Components
Designation Article number
Probe heating BO2717
Temperature switch 180° C (for probe heating) EV0177
Temperature switch 135° C (for measuring chamber heating) EV0176
Temperature sensor - measuring chamber BV2170
Temperature sensor - valve block BV2208
O-Ring 3.68 x 1.78 mm, Viton (for BV2170 and EV0176) DA0207
Controller board (main board) BB1101
Power supply 5 V/8 A, 24 V/2 A, ±15 V/2.5 A EN0321
Toroidal core transformer 240 VA prim. 2×115 V / sec. 2×24 V EI0248
(for window heating)
Signal lamp complete, green G001 EL0264
Light bulb 24 V, 2.6 W, BA9S socket (for signal lamp)) G001 EL0259
Cable kit 5 (contains all cables of the electric box) G003, G004 BV2585
(includes the following cables: BV2192, BV2193, BV2194, BV2195,
BV2390, BV2198, BV2585/1, BV2585/2, BV2585/3, BV2207)
Cable kit 6 (contains all cables of the main cabinet) G003, G004 BV2586
Tab. 49
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159
Optical Components
Designation Article number
Exchange set windows BH0215
(lamp unit and detector unit for exchange - paired unit)
Lamp element BB0828
Detector element BB0797
O-ring 50.00 x 2.00 mm, Viton (for lamp and detector unit) DA0369
Locking ring DIN 472 50x2 mm DZ0638
(stainless, for lamp and detector unit – 1000 hour service)
Sliding part (neutral, without calibration filter insert) YM3340
Tab. 50
Accessories
Designation Article number
Analog cable 10 m G001, G002 BV1740
Analog cable 15 m G001, G002 BV1763
Cable digital I/O (DIO) 15 m BV2266
(is also used as analog cable with G003 and G004)
RS232 PC interface cable 15 m (e.g. connecting AVL 439 and PC) BV1854
RS232 PC interface cable 20 m (e.g. connecting AVL 439 and PC) BV2395
Download dongle G003, G004 BV2601
Connecting cable for AVL Instrument Controller, 15 m BV2191
Connecting cable for AVL Instrument Controller, 20 m BV2467
Condensate trap (including documentation) BH0193
Tab. 51
Consumption Parts
Designation Article number
Filter insert (package consists of 6 pcs. filter insert plus an O-ring DA0415) MF0609
Cleaning set for heated windows HY0028
Tab. 52
Calibration Equipment
Designation Article number
Calibration kit 439 (for service technician) TM0439KALA.01
(includes: floppy disk with calibration software, calibration device for temperature
sensor GAS IN, documentation)
Transmission filter 50 % BH0177
10 % BH0183
20 % BH0182
40 % BH0181
Tab. 53
Tools
Designation Article number
Service Tool Kit for 439 TM0439WZK.01
(includes: cleaning brush, extractor tool and socket spanner for temperature sensors,
stopper for leak check, cleaning set for heated windows, documentation)
Cleaning brush for measuring chamber and sampling line WH0065
Tab. 54
Documentation
Designation Article number
Operating Manual AVL 439 (English) AT0525E
AT1196E
AT1307E
PC Software Manual AVL 439 (English) AT0602E
Calibration Procedure AVL 439 (English) AT0685E
PUMA Integration 439 (English) AT0909E
VersaDos integration into PUMA5 and PUMA Open
On Board Diagnosis (German) AT0970D
Cleaning Set for Window Elements (English) AT0952
Exchanging Temperature Sensors (English) AT0955
Exchange Set Heated Windows (lamp adjustment) (English) AT0907
Condensate Trap (English) AT0713E
1000 Hour Service (English) AT1004E
Pressure-filled Mode (English) AT1005E
Manual "upgrade kit" (English / German) AT1284
Mounting instructions for upgrade kit "fan" AT1160
Tab. 55
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161
Tab. 55
Miscellaneous
Designation Article number
Plug connection 8p cable plug 6 mm (suitable for AVL 439 plugs) EU1623
Hose 9.0 × 3.0 PVC + fabric transparent (for compressed air tube) per meter SS0353
Clamp for tube 16.5 RER for compressed air tube DN1366
Tab. 56
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163
12 Technical Data
Measurement value output
Opacity N [%] or absorption k [m-1]
Measurement range
N = 0 … 100 % or k = 0 … 10 m-1
Measurement value resolution
0.1 % opacity or 0.0025 m-1 (10 s mean value)
Zero stability
{0.1 % or 0.0025 m-1} / 30 min (drift with zero gas)
Rise time
0.1 s (at flow rate 40 l/min)
Inputs/outputs
Analog outputs 0 … 10 V (filtered, not filtered, calculation factors)
Serial RS232C interface, 9600 baud
Serial interface for connecting the optional AVL 4210 Instrument
Controllers
Digital input/output: 3 inputs, 3 outputs; potential separated by
optocoupler
(see Section “Digital Interface ("Digital I/O")” on page 54)
Sampling rate for opacity signal
50 Hz
Output rates
Protection type
IP 24
Ambient temperature
5 … 50° C
Power supply
230 V (100/115 V optional) ± 10 %, 50…60 Hz
Power consumption
1 kVA (max.)
Compressed air supply/consumption
Required:
max. 100 l/min, non-oiled, dry and filtered
input pressure regulated to 4…10 bar
Dimensions
650 × 420 × 450 mm (W × H × D)
Weight
approx. 47 kg
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165
CE Compliance
89/336/EEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive complied with by
virtue of compliance with the following standard:
n EN 61326:97/A1:98/A2:01 Electrical Equipment for Measurement,
Control and Laboratory Use.
EMC Requirements
73/23/EEC Low Voltage Directive complied with by virtue of compli-
ance with the following standard:
n EN 61010-1:93/A2:95 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equip-
ment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use
The conformity to the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC is
evidenced by an assessment showing that the range according to
"article 3 / paragraph (3)" is not exceeded with this product / assembly.
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460
Fig. 77
Use fixing materials
that are suitable
13.1
AVL 439 Opacimeter
for the type of wall
463
425.5
13 Appendix
Wall mounting
console
Grundplatte
Ø 12
Wall 540
Operating Manual
AVL 439 Opacimeter
Mounting Instructions -
M10x12 DIN7991
439 Wall Mounting Console
Exhaust system
Fig. 78
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Valve Block (complete) 169
X12
Fig. 79
Tab. 57
X14 2 1
Fig. 80
13.4
X18
30
cool end
cool end
Measuring Chamber
0210
0110 0090 0100 0050 0010 0080 0200 0205 0020 0120 0030 0205 0060 0180 0070 0200 0100 0090 0110
0130
Measuring Chamber
long end
0050
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Measuring Chamber 171
Tab. 58
30
290
90
50
rd/bk rt/sw
sw
br
bl
30
bk
br
bl
1
3
2
4
X15
Fig. 81
Tab. 59
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PCB Probe heating
Fig. 82
Heating
Resistance: approx. 100 Ω
δ = 240° C
Thermoclick
Operating Manual
AVL 439 Opacimeter
Socket or
plug (cable's side)
Probe Heating
173
174 Gas Path
0370
Valve block
0370
housing
complete
Filter
0250
0280
0250
PT1
PT2
Main board
P+
Q+
Fig. 83
Tab. 60
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Pneumatics 175
13.7 Pneumatics
0130
0200
Set pressure
at zero point adjustment:
2
V3 3 V1 V2 2.5 bar
1
0100
0150
0135
0140
0120
0135
0135
Teflonschlauch 4.0 × 1
Fig. 84
Tab. 61
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Electronics / Assembly 177
0070
Z
F1
F4
0090
Fig. 85
Tab. 62
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Probe Heating Pumps Lamp Unit Measuring Chamber Detector Unit Fan
1 2 2 1
Fig. 86
13.9
M M Temp. Meas. Chamber M M
~ ~ = =
MV4
BV2162 BV2162 BV2161 Temp. Gas BV2170 BO2938 BO2938
Pt100
BO2717
BV2210 BV2208
Connecting
X15 X13 X16 X14 X12 X18 X11 X17
Panel
Compressed Air
BV2203 BV2164 BV2206 BV2586/1
P
Temp. AUX
Operating Manual
ANALOG I/0 X1 J15 J7 J10 J4 J6 J2 J11 J8 J5
Block Diagrams, Wiring
LINE
LOAD
Filter XT1 V1 V2 V3
Fig. 87
CONTROLLER BOARD
BV2421
BV2205 BV2203 BV2204 BV2167
BV2206
FAN FAN
BV2209
Detail Z Detail Y
MV4 BV2206 BV2170
BV2210
BV2161
X13 X16
X12 X18
BV2209 BO2938
BV2209 BO2938
BV2209
PT100
pos 1030
PUMP BV2208 PUMP
sw rt/sw rt/sw sw
pos 1010,1020
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Fig. 88
BV2585/2
J1
BV2585/1
J3
BV2198
J28
BV2342
Operating Manual
AVL 439 Opacimeter
BV2201
ws
1 11
sw
rt 2 12
br
BV2195
bl1
3 13
gr
4 14 BV2390
bl
5 15
gr1
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
V1 V2 V3
Controller Board
BV2194
BV2192
LINE
LOAD
J13
J14
Wiring Basic Unit
EI0248
bl bk / sw
XT1 115V 24V XT1
0110
0110 gr rd / rt
4 0180
3
Fig. 89
0170 F1 3.15AT
F2 1ATT
14 bl1 br 13
115V 24V
gr1 wh / ws
F3 6.3AT br bl
P 1 bk / sw
15 5
sw / bk 2 1 sw / bk 7 17 sw / bk br
LINE
BV2585/1
N 2 bk / sw 0020
LOAD
Controller
sw / bk 4 3 sw / bk 8 18 sw / bk gr1 Board J3
BV2207
16 6 J14
bl bl
J1
F4 6.3AT
BV2193 ye/gn 19 9 ye/gn
BV2342
ge/gn ge/gn
M
=
BV2585/2
X7 S1
SUPPLY 230V AC POWER XT1 XT1
0080
13.11 Electronic Wiring Diagram
AC
BV2198
DC
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Components Location Diagram 183
Fig. 90
Fig. 91
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Circuit Diagrams 185
Fig. 92
Fig. 93
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Circuit Diagrams 187
Fig. 94
Fig. 95
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Circuit Diagrams 189
Fig. 96
Tab. 63
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Index 191
Index
A C H
absorption coefficient 13 Calibration Hybrid Interface ("DIO") 72
AK command Calibrating the Sensors 110
AANA 122 General 103 I
AKAL 119 Linearity Check ("Calibration") with
AKON 117 "Neutral Density Filters 106 Installation 37
ALCH 120 Linearity Test ("LIN Check") 104 Analog Measurement Value Output
ALDR 120 calibration 18 58
ALEC 120 calibration points commissioning 37
AMBE 120 dark value 103 Compressed Air Supply 49
light value 103 Connecting the AVL 4210
AMDT 118
changing the filter 124 Instrument Controller or PC 60
AMES 118
Checking the Zero Point 88 Connections on the Opacimeter 41
APAR 119
checking the zero point 16 Digital Interface ("Digital I/O") 54
ASMK 122
Circuit Diagrams 184 DIL Switches 63
ASPA 121
commissioning 37 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 48
ASST 122
Comparison Table 190 Exhaust Gas Routing 41
ASTF 115 Fitting of Zero Air Valve, Sampling
ASTZ 115 Components Location Diagram
Lines and Probes 42
EANA 122 183
General 38
ELDR 120 Continuous Measurement Installation Instructions for Tube
ELMP 121 (Standard Measurement) Fittings 49
EMBE 120 78 Interfaces 52
EPAR 118 Power Supply 51
EPMP 121 D Serial Interfaces 53
ESMK 122 Trolley Option 40
dark value 103
EVLV 122 Wall Mounting Console Option 39
SBST 117
detector 13
Determination of Zero Value 95 intensity of the light 13
SIDL 117 Interface 52, 60
Device Parameters
SKAL 119 Analog 58
Ambient pressure 92
SLCH 119 Digital 54
Conditioning temperature 92
SLEC 120 Reset of the second operating hours Serial 53
SMFA 118 counter 92
SMFE 118 Spread of the analog signal 92
SMGA 117 L
DIL Switch 63
SNGA 118 light extinction 13
SPAU 117 light value 103
SPRG 121 E LIN check 17
SREM 117 ECE R24 87 linearity 17
SRES 117 electromagnetic radiation 13 Linearity Check 17
SRUC 121 Electronic Wiring Diagram 182 Linearity Check ("LIN Check") 17
STBY 117 Electronics Assembly 177 low pass filter constant 97
AK Generic Communication ELR test 84 Low pass of the 1st order 97
Interface 111 Error Table
AVL 4210 Instrument Controller Causes of Error, Remedies 136 M
68 Error codes 135
Maintenance and Storage
Menu Choices and Settings 70
Operating the AVL 4210 Instrument 1000 Hour Service 132
Controller 69
F Changing the Filter Element 124
Filter Calculation 96 Cleaning instructions for the window
filter element 124 elements of the detector and
B filter type lamp unit 130
Back-flushing of the Probe 18 Bessel Filter 97 Cleaning the Sampling Lines 131
Basic Unit 25 Floating Mean 96 Cleaning the Window Modules 127
Beer-Lambert law 13 Low pass of the 1st order 97 General 123
Bessel Filter 97 Floating Mean 96 Storage for Long Periods of
Bessel filtering 89 Function off 17 Non-Use 133
Block Diagrams, Wiring 179 measurement 16
Measurement parameters 89
G Measurement Principle 13
Gas Path 174 measurement variation 67
Getting the Opacimeter Ready for
Measurement 73
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AVL List GmbH
Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria
Phone: +43 316 787-0, Fax: +43 316 787-400
http://www.avl.com