Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SAFERWORLD
PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES briefing
A cyclist passes beneath a poster in Beijing
for the 2006 China-Africa summit, which
celebrated 50 years of diplomatic relations
and was intended to strengthen political
and economic ties between China and Africa.
© panos/mark henley
SAFERWORLD
PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES
SAFERWORLD
PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES
SAFERWORLD
PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES
“Poverty eradication
and development gains
cannot be sustained
under conditions of
violent conflict and
insecurity.”
the murder rate in South Africa in 2014
was around five times higher than the
2013 global average.10 South Africans –
along with Venezuelans – are also the
least likely to say that they feel safe
walking home at night. In a Gallup poll
from 2012, nearly 75 per cent of South
Africans had this sense of insecurity.11
It is important to note that poor and
marginalised people everywhere are
often the ones most affected by violence
and insecurity. For example, there is a
close relationship between higher
poverty rates and violence in South Asia.
In India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal
and Bangladesh, conflict is concentrated
in regions where per capita income is
lower than the national average.12
People around the world recognise
these realities. In fact, protection against Women take part in a focus group discussion conducted as part of a study on resource and land conflict
crime and violence rank among the top in northern Uganda. An SDG target on fair access to resources and control over land is included in the
six development priorities in the My 2030 Agenda. © saferworld/capson sausi
Reducing violence and making the 16.1 significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
public secure
16.2 end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture
against children
Voice and participation in 16.7 ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making
decision-making at all levels
16.10 ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with national legislation and international agreements
10.2 by 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of
all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or
other status
Ending impunity and ensuring access 16.3 promote the rule of law at the national and international levels, and ensure
to justice equal access to justice for all
16.b promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable
development
16.9 by 2030 provide legal identity for all including birth registration
Transparency, accountability and 16.5 substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all its forms
controls on corruption
Addressing the external stresses 16.4 by 2030 significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen recovery
that lead to conflict and return of stolen assets, and combat all forms of organized crime
Fair access to social services and 1.4 by 2030 ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable,
resources have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership,
and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources,
appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance
Shared economic growth and 8.5 by 2030 achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women
opportunities for decent livelihoods and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay
for work of equal value
8.6 by 2020 substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment,
education or training
The ability of states to manage 16.6 develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
revenues and perform core functions
effectively and accountably
Ensuring equality between social 5.1 end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
groups – especially between men
5.2 eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private
and women
spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
5.5 ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for
leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life
10.1 by 2030 progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40%
of the population at a rate higher than the national average
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5 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
People take part in a march to promote African solidarity in an area of Alexandra, South Africa that is affected by xenophobic violence. © action support centre
China still views itself as a developing stability, and development. The fifth rights and development.”35 Once an
country with its own domestic challenges pillar on peace and security in the CAP initial set of 17 Goals had been agreed
and is reluctant to be seen as a donor. acknowledges the “importance of peace South Africa sought to protect the
As such, China does not believe it should and security in Africa and in the world, delicate compromise that had been
make concrete commitments on aid to and the inextricable links between reached, with its public positions on
the same degree as developed countries. development and peace, security and Goal 16 also influenced by its role as
In addition, China has tended to envision stability”.34 Various African states called the Chair of the G77.
a narrower development framework, for a strong focus on peace in the OWG
which focuses on the three core pillars and have actively supported Goal 16.
of development – the economic, social
and environmental pillars 32 – while Africa
Despite an initial reluctance to embrace
Goal 16, at the 11th OWG session South
“…China and Africa
has committed itself to a more ambitious Africa stated that “Achieving stable and have both demonstrated
agenda, which includes issues of human
rights, good governance, rule of law and
peaceful societies should be considered
as an important part of sustainable
that they acknowledge
peace and security.33 development. What is significant is the the strong link between
As noted, China and Africa have both
demonstrated that they acknowledge
relation-ship between peaceful, stable
and non-violent societies, as well as rule
peace and stability,
the strong link between peace and of law at all levels and respect for human and development.”
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8 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
A shared commitment
to peace in Africa
How has China committed to
promote African peace and
security?
Over the past few years, issues related
to peace in Africa have moved up the
agenda of China-Africa relations. The
support for the promotion of peace and
stability in Africa has been voiced at the
highest political level in China. During
President Xi Jinping’s tour of Africa in
March 2013, he promised that China
would remain a reliable partner of Africa,
stating that, “China will continue to
uphold the principle of peace, develop-
ment, co-operation and mutual benefit,
and dedicate itself unswervingly to
safeguarding world peace and promoting
common development.” 42 This promise
was echoed by Premier Li Keqiang during
his four-nation tour in Africa on 2 May
2014, when he said that China is ready
to support African countries in upholding
peace.43 In his speech to the UN General
Assembly on 28 September 2015, President
Xi Jinping announced that China will
provide US$100 million in free military
assistance to the AU in order to support
Chinese peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo march to a road rehabilitation project, which
the establishment of the African Standby was undertaken to enable greater access to the Ruzizi One Dam Power Plant – the only source of electricity
force and the African Capacity for for the east of the country. © un photo/marie frechon
Immediate Response to Crisis.44
The FOCAC process has been a key peace and security in Africa are increasing operations.47 These issues look set to
forum for specific agreements on African and reaffirmed their commitment to stay on the agenda: China’s Foreign
peace and security. Peace was identified strengthen cooperation in policy Minister Wang Yi has expressed that the
as one of five key areas for deepened coordination, capacity building, preventive maintenance of regional peace and
cooperation in former President Hu diplomacy, peace keeping operations security is one of three key areas in which
Jintao’s speech at the opening ceremony and post-conflict reconstruction and he expects China-Africa cooperation
of the Fifth FOCAC meeting in July 2012. rehabilitation on the basis of equality to be enhanced as a result of the next
He stated that the Chinese and African and mutual respect to jointly maintain FOCAC Summit in South Africa.48
people shared a desire to seek peace peace and stability in Africa”.46 The Action China’s growing engagement on
and development and recognised the Plan also outlines a large number of Africa’s peace and security challenges
need to “promote peace and stability in commitments on enhanced cooperation has been driven by a number of factors.
Africa and create a secure environment including support to post-conflict National interests certainly play a role:
for Africa’s development”, which China reconstruction, the development of the the protection of increasing numbers of
would contribute to.45 In the current African Peace and Security Architecture Chinese citizens and deepening economic
FOCAC Action Plan (2013–2015) which and the creation of the ‘Initiative on interests on the continent has become
emanated from this meeting, China China-Africa Cooperative Partnership for a higher priority for Beijing. However,
and Africa stated that they “shared the Peace and Security’, which will provide more broadly than this, China’s leader-
view that the challenges confronting the AU with support for its peace-support ship has been explicit about the need for
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10 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
China to be seen as acting as a responsible What kind of actions has China Chinese peacekeeping troops deployed
great power which is concerned with taken in order to meet these around the world, over 2,200 of these are
promoting peace overseas along with commitments? in Africa.54 In fact, among the permanent
other global public goods.49 Further- members of the UNSC, China has
China’s practical engagement in the
more, African states themselves have deployed the largest number of peace-
promotion of peace and stability on
pushed China to deepen its engagement, keeping forces.55
the African continent has increased over
thereby addressing concerns in Beijing In addition, China is part of the
recent years, ranging from the deploy-
about adherence to the policy of international naval operation to combat
ment of peacekeeping troops to direct
non-interference.50 Indeed, deepening piracy off the coast of Somalia and has
mediation efforts. China’s contribution
engagement on African peace and participated in anti-piracy patrols by
to UN peacekeeping operations has
security issues is increasingly seen as sending ships and by taking part in joint
included both logistical support and
a means to strengthen bilateral and exercises, including in the Mediterranean
troop contribution. For example, Beijing
Sea.56 China has also supported the
multilateral relations.51 Finally, there has contributed 170 soldiers to the UN
operationalisation of the African
is a broader recognition in China that peacekeeping mission in Mali, provided
Standby Force (ASF).57 In the field of
efforts to promote mutual development US$1 million in assistance to the AU to
diplomacy, China has supported mediation
between China and Africa cannot ignore support its mediation and coordination
efforts in the South Sudan conflict by
matters of peace and security, and that efforts in the Mali conflict 52 and deployed
regional organisations such as the Inter-
mutually beneficial cooperation will need a Chinese infantry battalion of 700 troops
Governmental Authority for Development
to include a focus on these matters from to South Sudan to assist the UN peace-
(IGAD).58 China’s Special Envoy for Africa,
a development perspective. keeping mission there.53 Out of the 3,040
Ambassador Zhong Jianhua, has travelled
frequently to Africa to mediate the
South Sudan issue.59 In addition, Foreign
Minister Wang Yi visited Addis Ababa
in January 2014 to meet with rebel and
government officials and called for an
immediate cessation of hostilities in South
Sudan.60 Responding to crises elsewhere,
China provided funding for the
humanitarian response to the crisis in the
Horn of Africa in 201161 and contributed
humanitarian aid and medical personnel
to support international efforts to tackle
the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.62
It is argued by Chinese officials and
scholars that China’s engagement on
African peace and security issues extends
beyond reactive and hard security
approaches – such as the deployment
of peacekeepers – to actions that will
help address the root causes of conflict.
Promoting economic growth has been
seen as one such contribution. During
a UNSC meeting on post-conflict
peacebuilding in March 2014, Chinese
Ambassador Liu Jieyi stated that “…post-
conflict peacebuilding efforts should
A Chinese operations manager works at a copper mine in Zambia. The mine is owned by the Non-Ferrous
Company Africa, a Chinese company that owns and operates several mines in Zambia’s Copperbelt Province. focus on removing the deep-rooted
© panos/sven torfinn causes of conflict, with a particular
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11 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
People visit Lido Beach in the Somali capital Mogadishu. The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), a peace enforcement mission, has been deployed in
southern and central areas of the country since 2007. AMISOM has received significant financial and logistical support from China. © un photo/stuart price
emphasis on economic and social develop- of Chinese development financing 67 – What are the linkages between
ment.” 63 Looking at official Chinese totalling $6.4 billion in 2013 – which FOCAC and the peace aspects of
discourse on the roots of conflict in covers areas such as education, transport, the 2030 Agenda?
Sudan, Chinese scholars argue that communication and health.68 Through
the belief that reducing poverty reduces promoting win-win economic cooperation, It should first be noted that discussions
conflict is based on China’s own experi- it is argued that China is promoting not on China’s existing commitments to
ences of attempting to bring stability to only development in Africa, but long- African peace and security could be used
its own restive frontier regions.64 China’s term peace. While the reality on the to help address the concerns about the
economic engagement on the African ground may be much more complex – inclusion of peace in the SDG framework
continent has increased rapidly in recent with the type of economic growth which were raised by China in past
years – China’s investment in Africa grew mattering more for peace than whether negotiations. While China has now
from US$ 210 million in 2000 to US$3.17 it happens at all 69 – this emphasis on accepted Goal 16, in line with the CAP,
billion in 2011.65 Trade between Africa economic development demonstrates addressing lingering concerns will be
and China shot up from just US$10bn in recognition of a more holistic approach crucial for developing buy-in for imple-
2000 to US$210 in 2013.66 In addition, to preventing conflict and building mentation. The concerns identified on
Africa counts among the top recipients sustainable peace. page 8 could be addressed by:
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12 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
“…existing China-Africa
commitments in the
current FOCAC Action
Plan overlap significantly
with a number of goals
and targets that promote
peace in the SDGs.”
n Ensuring that the sovereignty of on peaceful and inclusive societies. For has been reached, the composition and
countries is not violated. The SDGs example, the launch of the Initiative on rules within the UNSC will still form an
are about how individual countries China-Africa Cooperative Partnership important element of the global
can help themselves and not about for Peace and Security and the ambition negotiating process and will require
what the international community to strengthen cooperation in preventive further attention. Discussions around
can impose on them. The SDGs are diplomacy and post-conflict reconstruction this could form part of the FOCAC agenda.
non-binding and their implementation and rehabilitation 70 would serve as means Meanwhile, target 16.10 includes a
will take place at national level, with to achieve progress on target 16.1 on the focus on fundamental freedoms while
requests for support defining engage- reduction of violence, as well as Goal 16 the Action Plan calls for ‘strengthened
ment in these countries by other as a whole. Another example is the dialogue and exchanges in the area of
states. Also commonly agreed between commitment to increase cooperation in human rights and reaffirmed respect for
states, the FOCAC process has similarly the field of law research, legal services, the principle of universality of human
outlined general areas for China to training of law professionals and the rights’ 74.
support African countries without a mechanism of non-judicial settlement Nonetheless, there are certain SDG
threat to their sovereignty. of disputes 71, which could potentially target areas that are not represented in
n Emphasising that the inclusion of peace help advance SDG target 16.3 on the the current FOCAC Action Plan, such as
will strengthen and build on the Rio+20 promotion of the rule of law and equal those which seek to ‘substantially reduce
agenda. Although there is consensus access to justice for all. corruption and bribery in all its form’ and
that the 2030 Agenda should be Transnational threats such as illicit ‘end all forms of violence against women
framed by the three pillars of Rio+20, flows of arms, finance and drugs have a and girls’.75 Furthermore, while the FOCAC
the intention was not for these to be negative impact on the stability of many Action Plan (2013–2015) has a strong
used to delimit the new development countries and, ultimately, on sustainable focus on economic growth, addressing
framework, which will reflect a development. It is therefore encouraging inequality and the need for inclusive
broader conception of sustainable to see that China and Africa have growth and development are not explicitly
development. The inclusion of a focus committed to cooperate in order to addressed. The Sixth FOCAC could present
on peace and security within the address these issues in the FOCAC Action an opportunity to address these gaps to
FOCAC is explicitly framed in reference Plan (2013–2015). They have, for instance, ensure that China-Africa cooperation
to enabling and promoting develop- agreed to combat illegal trade and circu- reflects the wider 2030 agenda.
ment in Africa. lation of small arms and light weapons, Indeed, a more holistic vision of
and fight transnational organised crime.72 promoting sustainable peace and
n Respecting the mandate of the existing
This provides opportunities for cooperation preventing conflict is reflected in the
peace and security architecture. Just as
in order to achieve the SDG target 16.4 SDGs. The current FOCAC Action Plan
FOCAC commitments on African peace
to ‘significantly reduce illicit financial focuses largely on hard security or
and security do not undermine other
and arms flows, strengthen recovery and diplomatic responses to existing conflicts
processes on the continent or globally,
return of stolen assets and combat all in Africa, such as the deployment of
the SDGs must complement the wider
forms of organized crime’. peacekeepers or the use of mediation.76
peace and security architecture.
SDG target 16.7 seeks to ‘ensure These tools will remain crucial in reducing
Furthermore, the inclusion of peace
responsive, inclusive, participatory and violence and promoting Goal 16 as a
is not about reconfiguring existing
representative decision-making at all whole. Nonetheless, the next FOCAC
institutional responsibilities but about
levels’, which can be linked to the FOCAC Action Plan could try to articulate a more
mainstreaming a preventive approach
Action Plan (2013–2015) commitment to holistic vision of peace which takes a
within development.
support African countries in ‘strengthen- preventive and developmental approach
More specifically, existing China-Africa ing democracy and good governance’.73 to addressing the root causes of conflict
commitments in the current FOCAC Global governance structures have also in Africa. This would include not only a
Action Plan overlap significantly with a come under scrutiny in the discussions focus on the need for inclusive, repre-
number of goals and targets that promote that have arisen around this target. sentative and accountable politics, but a
peace in the SDGs. In particular UNSC reform has been raised focus on economic development which
Particularly notable are the various as an important issue and while not a reduces marginalisation and inequality.
commitments that would promote Goal 16 deal-breaker in the compromise that
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13 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
FOCAC
FOCAC was formally established in The Sixth Forum on FOCAC – the photo: Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (far right)
October 2000 as a joint initiative to Second Summit since the inception of is pictured with leaders of the Fifth Ministerial
Conference of the Forum on China-Africa
strengthen cooperation between China FOCAC – will be held in Johannesburg, Cooperation in July 2012.
and African states in achieving common South Africa from 4–5 December 2015. ©un photo/eskinder debebe
development. Since then, FOCAC has It is expected that all Heads of State
i FOCAC ABC, (www.focac.org/eng/ltda/ltjj/t933522.
become gradually institutionalised from African countries as well as the AU, htm)
and a key mechanism for enhancing regional and multilateral organisations ii South African Government (2015) ‘Minister Maite
cooperation between China and African will attend the Summit. It was originally Nkoana-Mashabane announces South Africa’s
hosting of second Summit of FOCAC’ 4 September
countries. The follow-up mechanism intended to be a ministerial meeting 2015, (www.gov.za/speeches/minister-nkoana-
of the Forum operates at three levels: but was upgraded to a Summit after an mashabane-officially-announces-south-africa%
E2%80%99s-hosting-second-summit-forum)
the Ministerial Conference held every agreement between the Heads of State
three years, the Senior Officials meet- of China and South Africa. The Summit
ings, which are held one year before will result in a new Declaration and Plan
the Ministerial conference and lastly, of Action (2016–2018), which will guide
meetings of African diplomats in China China’s Africa policy for the next three
with the Chinese Follow-up Committee years.ii
held at least twice a year.i
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14 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
Policy Implications
of the SDGs for
FOCAC and Broader
Cooperation
5. More broadly, the SDGs will allow for a
developmental approach to addressing
conflict given that efforts to address
issues such as inequality or unequal
and exclusive economic growth are
highlighted across the document.
China and Africa could draw from this
approach for the articulation of a more
holistic and preventive approach to
promoting peace in the next FOCAC
agreement.
6. Tangible cooperation on peace under
the next FOCAC can now be reported
on as a contribution to the SDGs at
international level. Before, only specific
aspects of China-Africa cooperation
could be linked to the MDGs, but the
SDGs will allow for China to consider
wider aspects of its engagement with
Africa – including on peace and
security – as direct contributions to
President Jacob Zuma holds bilateral talks with former Premier Wen Jiabao at his residence Zhongnanhai global development.
in China. President Zuma was in China attending the Fifth Ministerial Conference on FOCAC in July 2012.
© government of south africa 7. FOCAC provides a good opportunity
to better understand the AU Agenda
1. China’s existing FOCAC commitments 3. FOCAC Action Plans lay out a set of 2063, to find ways of aligning the
to African peace and security action-orientated commitments. They longer term developmental goals of
demonstrate that efforts to promote can be used to help deliver on the SDGs, China and Africa, and to explore how
peace through the SDGs need not be as an implementation mechanism of a FOCAC Action plan could contribute
contentious. South-South Cooperation. Given that to these long term goals, using the
2. The large number of linkages between the SDGs are focused on outcomes, SDGs as a stepping stone.
peace-related targets in the SDGs cooperation mechanisms such as the 8. This report has focused only on the
and the current FOCAC Action Plan FOCAC can help deliver implementation peace aspects of the current SDGs –
(2013–2015) suggest that, while distinct through a focus on tangible actions to there are likely many other linkages
international processes, synergies meet these outcomes. related to sustainable development
do exist between their respective 4. The next FOCAC Action Plan could and poverty reduction which should
objectives. This demonstrates that address gaps between the SDGs and be further explored.
there is room for specific commitments the current Action Plan. Specifically, a 9. Efforts to create a more rules-based
in the next FOCAC Action Plan that focus on violence against women and and equitable world order may prove
are linked to Goal 16 and other peace- corruption in the next Action Plan useful in addressing systemic and global
related targets in the SDGs. would increase coherence between drivers of insecurity and conflict. In this
efforts to promote peace in FOCAC regard, the FOCAC itself and South-
and the SDGs. South Cooperation can, with the right
leadership and vision, help create an
international environment conducive
to building more peaceful and inclusive
societies.
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15 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
notes
1 UN (2012) ‘Future we want’, General Assembly, 27 African Union (2014), ‘Common African Position on au.int/en/content/statement-chairperson-african-
A/RES/66/288 the Post-2015 Development Agenda’ union-commissionher-excellency-dr-nkosazana-
2 Melamed C, Scott L (2011), ‘After 2015: Progress and 28 Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013), ‘China’s dlamini-zuma-occas)
challenges for development’, Overseas Development Position Paper on the Development Agenda Beyond 51 Wheeler, T (2013), ‘Peace through prevention:
Institute, March, p 2 2015’, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, practical steps for deepening China-Africa security
3 See for example: World Bank (2011), ‘World (www.safpi.org/news/article/2013/chinas-position- co-operation’, African East Asian Affairs, China
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recovering states “account for 77 percent of school- May (http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/ 52 Sun Y (2014a), ‘Xi Jinping’s Africa policy: the first year’,
age children not enrolled in primary school, 61 percent the-evolving-dynamic-of-china-africa-relations/) Brookings, April (www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-
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2015 ambitions – highlights’, March, p 9 31 China (2015), ‘China’s Position Paper on the Post-2015 700-combat-troops-south-sudan-africa-battalion-un-
6 African Development Bank et al (2013), ‘The MDG Development Agenda’, May (www.fmprc.gov.cn/ peacekeeping)
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8 Foreign Minister Wang Yi (2013), Statement on 34 Ibid, p.3 completes Indian Ocean exercises’, 4 February
‘peace, development and cooperation must be moved (www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/04/
35 South Africa (2014), ‘South Africa’s Intervention
forward instead of backward’, United Nations Special chinese-navy-squadron-indian-ocean)
on Focus Area 16: peaceful and inclusive societies,
Event to follow up the efforts made to advance the rule of law and capable institutions’, 11th 57 African Union (2014) Press Release: ‘Commissioner
Millennium Development Goals, the 68th Session of Session, United Nations Open Working Group, Chergui concludes official visit to China; launches
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Event_25Sept13.pdf) press-release-commissioner-chergui-concludes-official-
36 Dr Endah Murniningtyas (2014), Statement on
9 Geneva Declaration (2010), ‘More violence, less visit-to-china-launches-au-china-strategic-dialogue-
behalf of China, Indonesia and Kazakhstan, ‘conflict
development: examining the relationship between for-peace-security-in-africa.pdf)
prevention, post-conflict peacebuilding and the
armed violence and mdg achievement’, September, p 4 promotion of durable peace, rule of law and 58 Xinhua News Agency (2015), ‘China supports IGAD’s
10 Africa Check (2014), ‘Factsheet: South Africa’s official governance’, 8th Session of the Open Working Group, mediation efforts on South Sudan’, 12 January
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11 Crabtree S (2012), ‘Venezuelans, South Africans on Ensuring Peaceful and Stable Societies, organised 60 Ibid
least likely to feel safe’, Gallup (www.gallup.com/ by the President of the General Assembly, April (http:// 61 Provost C (2011), ‘Update: aid for the food crisis in the
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medium=topic&utm_campaign=tiles) assembly-thematic-debate/3505168372001) 2011/aug/01/drought-food-crisis-africa-data)
12 Ghani E & Lyer L (2010), ‘Conflict and development – 38 Chinese Ambassador Wang Min (2014), ‘Statement 62 Anderson M and Lamble L (2014) ‘Ebola outbreak
lessons from South Asia’, Economic Premise, by Troika of China, Indonesia and Kazakhstan on response: a breakdown of the key funding pledges’
The World Bank, Issue No 31, September, p 2–3 Cluster 8 of Focus Areas on 10th Session of SDGs The Guardian, 9 October (www.theguardian.com/
13 United Nations (2015) ‘My world analytics’ OWG’, 10th Session, UN Open Working Group, global-development/2014/oct/09/ebola-outbreak-
(http://data.myworld2015.org/) (http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/ response-breakdown-key-funding-pledges)
14 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, documents/8127china8.pdf) 63 Chinese Ambassador Liu Jieyi (2014) Statement
(www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/) 39 China during the 12th and 13th Session of Open at the Security Council Briefing on Post-conflict
15 African Union (2014), ‘Common African Position on Working Group, informal negotiations Peacebuilding, (www.china-un.org/eng/hyyfy/
the Post-2015 Development Agenda’, March 40 China (2015), ‘China’s Position Paper on the Post-2015 t1144076.htm)
16 Saferworld (2012), ‘Issue Paper 1: The impact of Development Agenda’ 64 Jiang H (2010) ‘China and the Darfur crisis: Chinese
conflict and violence on achieving development’ 41 Ibid. perspectives’, Paper presented to the China-Africa Civil
17 United Nations General Assembly (2015), Society Forum on Peace and Development, Beijing,
42 Xinhua News Agency (2013), ‘China will be Africa’s
‘Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for 2–4 June 2010
all-weather friend and partner: Chinese president’,
Sustainable Development’ March, (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ 65 Sun Y (2014b), ‘China’s aid to Africa: monster
18 Wright, H (2014), ‘Masculinities, conflict and china/2013-03/30/c_124522273.htm) or messiah?’, Brookings East Asia Commentary,
peacebuilding’, Saferworld, November Brookings, No 75
43 He W (2015), ‘Helping Africa build up its security
19 The Institute for Economics and Peace (2011), capacity serves global interests’, China-US Focus, 66 BBC News (2014) ‘China sees Africa trade evolving
‘Structures of peace: identifying what leads to (www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/helping-africa- beyond natural resources’, (www.bbc.co.uk/news/
peaceful societies’ (www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/ build-up-its-security-capacity-serves-global-interests/) business-27774200)
Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e- 44 President Xi Jinping (2015), Statement ‘working 67 Op cit Sun Y (2014b)
2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=136294) together to forge a new partnership of win-win 68 Lowy Institute (2015) China’s Aid (www.lowyinstitute.
20 Attree L, Brinkman H-J, Hezir S (2013), ‘Addressing cooperation and create a community of shared future org/issues/chinese-foreign-aid)
horizontal inequalities as drivers of conflict in the post- for mankind’ held at the General Debate of the 70th 69 See, for example, Saferworld (2012), ‘China and
2015 development agenda’, Saferworld, February Session of the UN General Assembly, 28 September conflict-affected states – between principle and
21 FOCAC (2012), ‘The Fifth Ministerial Conference of the 45 Xinhua News Agency (2012), ‘Chinese president’s pragmatism’, February; South African Institute of
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation: Beijing Action speech at opening ceremony of Fifth Ministerial International Affairs (2012), ‘Between the CPA
Plan (2013–2015), July, Paragraph 3.4, (www.focac. Conference of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation’, and Southern Independence: China’s Post-Conflict
org/eng/zxxx/t954620.htm) 19 July, (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ Engagement in Sudan’, Occasional Paper No. 15, April.
22 Chinese and African Foreign Ministers (2013), china/2012-07/19/c_131725637.htm) 70 FOCAC (2012), ‘The Fifth Ministerial Conference of the
‘Joint Communiqué of the Third Round of Political 46 FOCAC (2012), ‘The Fifth Ministerial Conference Forum on China-Africa Cooperation: Beijing Action
Consultations between Chinese and African of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation: Beijing Plan (2013–2015)’, July, Paragraphs 2.6.1 and 2.6.3
Foreign Ministers’, Sidelines of the UN General Action Plan (2013–2015)’, July, Paragraphs 2.6.1 and (www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t954620.htm)
Assembly, September, (www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ 2.6.2,(www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t954620.htm) 71 Ibid, paragraph 2.4.4
wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t1080313.shtml) 47 Ibid, Paragraph 2.6.3 72 Ibid, paragraphs 2.6.1 and 2.6.2
23 FOCAC (2013), ‘FOCAC ABC’, April (www.focac.org/ 48 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China (2015) ‘Wang Yi talks 73 Ibid, paragraph 2.6.2
eng/ltda/ltjj/t933522.htm) about expectation on 6th FOCAC: enhance “Three- 74 Ibid, paragraph 3.8
24 BBC News (2013), ‘Xi Jinping wraps up Africa trip Aspect Support” on China-Africa Cooperation’, (www.
75 United Nations General Assembly (2015),
in Congo’, 30 March, (www.bbc.co.uk/news/ fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1256317.shtml)
‘Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for
world-africa-21979122) 49 See for example Xinhua News (2004) ‘Hu Jintao Bo’ao Sustainable Development’
25 FOCAC (2009), ‘Declaration of Sharm El Sheikh of Forum Speech’, 23 April
76 Ibid, paragraphs 2.6.5 and 2.6.1
the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation’, November, 50 See for example the statement by African Union
(www.focac.org/eng/dsjbzjhy/hywj/t626388.htm) Commission’s Chairperson Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini
26 Lei Sun H (2011), ‘Understanding China’s agricultural Zuma on the occasion of the visit of Li Keqiang,
investments in Africa’, South African Institute of Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of
International Affairs, No 102, p 5 China, to the African Union 5 May 2014, (http://cpauc.
|
16 saferworld and south african liaison office briefing Promoting peace through the Sustainable Development Goals
SAFERWORLD
Sudanese people take part in ‘Citizen Hearings’ in Blue Nile State, part of a process of popular consultations where residents can express whether the 2005
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) has met their expectations. ©un photo/tim mckulka
PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES
acknowledgements
The lead authors of this briefing were
SAFERWORLD
PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES
Richard Smith from SALO, Dr. Showers
Mawowa from SALO and the University
of Pretoria, and Anna Möller-Loswick
The Southern African Liaison Office Saferworld is an independent inter- and Thomas Wheeler from Saferworld.
(SALO) is a South African-based civil national organisation working to prevent The authors would like to thank Dr Zhang
society organization which contributes violent conflict and build safer lives. Chun from the Shanghai Institutes for
to peace and security through
facilitating dialogue and building
SAFERWORLD
Our priority is people – we believe that
everyone
PREVENTING should
VIOLENT CONFLICT.be able
BUILDING toLIVES
SAFER lead peaceful,
International Studies (SIIS) for his
invaluable inputs.
consensus between national, regional fulfilling lives, free from insecurity and
and international actors. Focused violent conflict. We work with local publications
predominantly on Southern Africa SALO people affected by conflict to improve Saferworld’s briefings
is now increasingly being consulted their safety and sense of security, and n From agreement to action: Building peaceful, just
Joint briefings
and North Africa. SALO’s approach to evidence and learning to improve local,
n Conflict and the post-2015 development agenda:
building international consensus includes national and international policies and Perspectives from South Africa
creating ‘safe spaces’ for formal and practices that can help build lasting peace. SALO briefings
informal dialogues among and between We are a not-for-profit organisation n Extractives Revenue Transparency in SADC:
with programmes in nearly 20 countries Challenges and Opportunities
state and non-state actors, informing key
n Trendsetting the Third India-Africa Summit
policy makers, and generating in-depth and territories across Africa, the Middle (IAFS 3) in Africa’s Development Trajectory
research and analysis. East, Asia and Europe. n South Africa-Zimbabwe relations
salo The Southern African Liaison Office (SALO), Liesbeek House Park, River Park, Gloucester Road, Mowbray, Cape Town, 7700 · Phone: +27 (0) 21 680 5306 4646
Fax: +27 (0) 21 680 5011 · Email: info@salo.org.za · Web: www.salo.org.za