ISSN 08845913, Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies, 2016, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 48–53.

© Allerton Press, Inc., 2016.

Original Russian Text © M.V. Ishchenko, 2016, published in Kinematika i Fizika Nebesnykh Tel, 2016, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 70–80.

EARTH’S ROTATION
AND GEODYNAMICS

Determination of Velocities of East European Stations

from GNSS Observations at the GNSS Data Analysis Center
of the Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine
M. V. Ishchenko
a
Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
ul. Akademika Zabolotnoho 27, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine
email: marina@mao.kiev.ua
Received December 11, 2014

Abstract—Dynamics of horizontal and vertical motions of East European GNSS stations has been
studied at the GNSS Data Analysis Center, Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine (MAO NASU). The GNSS station coordinates have been estimated from
regional processing and reprocessing performed with the Bernese GNSS Software ver. 5.2 at the
GNSS Data Analysis Center, MAO NASU. The velocity values have been computed for 42 GNSS sta
tions, 15 of them located in Ukraine. Global and local offsets of the horizontal and vertical motions of
the GNSS stations have been determined.
DOI: 10.3103/S0884591316010049

Deformations of the Earth’s crust can be determined from geodetic measurements. This allows detec
tion of the coordinate shifts of the stations and variations in their velocities. Permanent GNSS stations for
monitoring the coordinates of points on the Earth’s surface are currently of special importance for geody
namic problems. Wide use of GNSS technologies and elongation of the observation periods at permanent
GNSS stations allow to determine velocities’ vectors of their shifts.
In this work, an attempt to interpret the Earth’s crust deformation with reference to a geological map
is made on the basis of calculated shift velocities. The aim of this work is calculation and analysis of time
variations in the GNSSstation velocities, first of all, for stations located on the territory of Ukraine.
The following procedures were carried out at the GNSS Data Analysis Center, MAO NASU:
(1) Regular processing of GNSS observations for GPS weeks 1400–1631 (November 5, 2006–April 10, 2011),
(2) Reprocessing of archive data for GPS weeks 935–1399 (December 9, 1997–November 4, 2006).
Observations at 43 East European GNSS stations were used for the solutions, 16 of them located in
Ukraine.
More detailed information about the reprocessing and regular processing can be found in [4, 8] and on
the website of the Ukraine Permanent GNSS Network (http://gnss.mao.kiev.ua/?q=node/17). The total
data on the GNSS stations are tabulated below; the arrangement of the stations is shown in Fig. 1.
The resulting SINEX and TROPEX files are accessible on the ftp server of MAO NASU
(ftp://mao.kiev.ua/pub/gnss/products/IGS05). Both solutions have been made in the IGS05 coordinate
system, and the resulted time series are sufficiently long. This allows one to solve the problem on determi
nation of the shift vectors for these GNSS stations.
To find the motion velocities of GNSS stations, the continuous observation period should be no
shorter than 3 years, according to advice of international services, such as the International GNSS Ser
vice and the EUREF Permanent GNSS Network [10]. KTVL and PRYL GNSS stations do not answer
this requirement. The former station has an observation period of 2.5 years, and the latter, less than
2 years with long gaps in the observations. Nevertheless, KTVL was included in the motion velocity cal
culations. According to data from geodetic campaigns carried out at the Crimea geodynamic test area
[6], KTVL obviously shifts even for short observation intervals. The results of geodynamic campaigns
allow the conclusion that a period of observation of 2.5 years is sufficient for calculation of reliable val
ues. The vectors were calculated for 42 GNSS stations with the Bernese GNSS Software ver. 5.2, with
the use of daily files of normal equations for the both solutions. The maximal observation period lasted

48
 DETERMINATION OF VELOCITIES OF EAST EUROPEAN STATIONS 49

(a) (b)
ϕ ϕ
SURE RIGA
SURE RIGA KHAR MDVJ
1 KHAR 1 KLPD MOBN
MDVJ 55°
KLPD
VLNS
55° VLNS MOBN LAMA

LAMA BDPL
1 cm/year BOR1 5 mm/year
BDPL JOZE
BOR1 JOZE CNIV SHAZ CNIV
SHAZ GLSV
WTZR USDL SULP 1 50°
50° SULP GLSV POLV ALCI
1 UZHL SMLA
WTZR USDL POLV ALCI PENC
UZHL SMLA DNMU
DNMU BAIA BACA MIKL
GRAZ IGEO
GRAZ PENC BAIA IGEO OROS
BACA MIKL DEVA
OROS
DEVA
EVPA 45°
45° BUCU
EVPA BUCU
COST
2 ZECK
2 ZECK
COST SOFI
SOFI ISTA TRAB
ISTA ANKR
TRAB
MATE 40°
40° MATE
ANKR

2 CRAO
2
KTVL NICO 35°
35° CRAO NICO KTVL

10° 20° 30° 40° 10° 20° 30° 40° λ

Fig. 1. Horizontal component of the motion vector of GNSS stations: (a) Vtot and (b) Vloc values.

from December 9, 1997, to April 10, 2011. Thus, the longest observation period was a little longer than
14 years, and the minimal one was 2.5 years.
The total velocity vector is defined by a sum of the vector V pl of lithosphere plate motion calculated for
a GNSS station by the NUVEL1A model [10, 11] and the vector Vloc of local deformation for each GNSS
station:
Vtot = Vpl + Vloc.
The velocity vector calculation process can be divided into two steps. During the first step, GNSS sta
tion shift values are calculated only within the NUVEL1A model of lithosphere plate motion. For this
purpose, it was necessary to create a file with information on lithosphere plates where the GNSS stations
are located. These data are provided in the Site Information Form for the stations.
The first models were based on geological data with allowance for transformfault azimuths, ridge
spreading rates, and earthquake slip vectors. New tectonic models appeared after space technologies came
to be used for measurements of lithosphere plate motions [5, 11, 12].
Since the GNSS station shifts were calculated by the tectonic plate motion model in the Cartesian
coordinates, it was necessary to transform them into a local coordinate system. The transformation by the
equations [13, p. 281] resulted in representation of GNSS station shifts by three components in the local
coordinate system, i.e., northern, eastern, and altitude (see table). In the table, the GNSS stations with
antennas fixed at special concrete constructions immediately on the ground are marked by asterisks. Such
a construction allows minimizing the station deformations that can affect the calculation of shift vectors
for stations located at roofs of buildings, especially multistory. Therefore, these values can be considered
free of errors due to building constructions.

HORIZONTAL MOTIONS
The convection in the Earth’s mantle is the main cause of lithosphere plate motions. The difference in
temperatures on the surface and in central regions of the asthenosphere is a source of energy. Lithosphere
plates move from oceanic regions where tension occurs (ridges) to compression areas [7].
Horizontal motions of lithosphere plates throughout the asthenosphere are not accompanied by defor
mations inside the plates. No different types are distinguished in this type of motion, only the velocity var
ies. Therefore, it is difficult to detect such motions [1, 2], while vertical shifts produce the plate topogra
phy and are much easier to detect. As mentioned above, the main aim of the study of horizontal motions
is a holistic representation of shifts of continental and oceanic crust regions.

KINEMATICS AND PHYSICS OF CELESTIAL BODIES Vol. 32 No. 1 2016

50 ISHCHENKO

General data on GNSS station, their geological locations, and displacements (total values and local deformations)

Descrip VN, mm/yr VE, mm/yr VU, mm/yr

Station State Geological location
tor Vtot Vloc Vtot Vloc Vtot Vloc
Biala Podlaska Poland BPDL East European Platform 13.63 1.14 20.60 –0.65 –0.10 0.80
Jozefoslav Poland JOZE* East European Platform 14.68 0.07 21.06 1.85 –0.15 2.04
Olsztyn Poland LAMA East European Platform 14.74 –0.30 19.42 –1.97 0.97 –0.21
Mendeleevo Russia MDVJ East European Platform 11.81 2.02 22.50 –2.57 2.51 –2.78
Obninsk Russia MOBN East European Platform 11.38 –0.50 22.83 –0.40 3.00 –4.11
Vilnius Lithuania VLNS* East European Platform 13.73 –3.36 20.71 –1.87 0.44 –1.32
Klaipeda Lithuania KLPD East European Platform 14.70 3.07 19.75 –1.36 1.96 –2.84
Riga Latvia RIGA East European Platform 13.53 1.73 19.93 –2.88 1.76 0.66
Kishinev Moldavia IGEO East European Platform 13.01 1.61 22.32 2.29 0.09 1.49
Alchevsk Ukraine ALCI East European Platform 11.51 –1.89 24.30 –2.57 1.14 –2.75
Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine DNMU East European Platform 12.06 0.92 23.50 1.54 1.84 –3.17
Yevpatoria Ukraine EVPA* East European Platform 12.63 0.99 23.53 2.74 –0.03 1.52
Kyiv/Goloseevo Ukraine GLSV East European Platform 12.21 1.03 22.33 –2.04 –0.08 –1.12
Lviv Ukraine SULP East European Platform 14.14 –0.19 21.38 –1.76 0.40 –2.17
Nikolaiv Ukraine MIKL East European Platform 12.58 –1.14 23.16 –2.15 0.09 1.93
Poltava Ukraine POLV East European Platform 12.59 –2.95 22.17 2.48 0.58 –2.63
Smila Ukraine SMLA East European Platform 14.29 –3.65 22.39 –3.10 –0.63 –3.64
Kharkiv Ukraine KHAR East European Platform 11.09 –0.10 23.39 –1.83 0.62 –1.56
KNURE Ukraine SURE East European Platform 13.07 –0.49 22.97 –2.18 –0.36 –3.11
Chernihiv Ukraine CNIV East European Platform 12.94 3.17 22.23 –1.54 1.60 2.74
Shatsk Ukraine SHAZ East European Platform 14.09 2.07 21.00 –2.77 –1.42 –0.12
Borovets Poland BOR1 West European Platform 14.80 0.90 19.88 –0.09 0.49 1.94
Wetzel Germany WTZR West European Platform 15.63 –0.65 20.25 –0.45 0.57 –2.17
Bucharest Romania виси Mediterranean Alpide Belt 12.55 1.17 22.94 2.41 3.31 2.56
Bacau Romania ВАСА Mediterranean Alpide Belt 13.72 1.10 22.07 –1.11 0.63 2.33
Constanta Romania COST Mediterranean Alpide Belt 12.57 –1.65 23.41 –0.15 0.22 –0.95
Baia Mare Romania BAIA Mediterranean Alpide Belt 13.95 –0.23 22.48 2.42 0.30 0.45
Deva Romania DEVA Mediterranean Alpide Belt 12.81 2.05 20.79 1.67 1.05 1.33
Ustrzyki Dolne Poland USDL Mediterranean Alpide Belt 14.29 –0.67 21.49 1.45 –1.07 –1.16
Zelenchukskaya Russia ZECK Mediterranean Alpide Belt 11.79 –3.20 25.11 –2.49 1.79 2.08
Ankara Turkey ANKR* Mediterranean Alpide Belt 12.36 15.27 0.96 –13.28 –1.63 –4.73
Istanbul Turkey ISTA Mediterranean Alpide Belt 10.66 1.10 24.92 –0.38 1.11 –0.11
Trabzon Turkey TRAB Mediterranean Alpide Belt 13.77 2.44 24.82 –4.00 1.15 1.64
Oroshaza Hungary OROS Mediterranean Alpide Belt 14.84 –0.09 23.22 –1.05 0.62 2.91
Pecs Hungary PENC Mediterranean Alpide Belt 15.12 –2.83 21.81 –1.43 1.29 –0.76
Craz Austria GRAZ Mediterranean Alpide Belt 16.03 2.46 21.88 –0.85 0.85 1.97
Sofia Bulgaria SOFI Mediterranean Alpide Belt 12.48 0.50 23.77 2.18 –1.72 –2.17
Matera Italy МАТЕ Mediterranean Alpide Belt 19.43 2.75 22.87 4.28 1.20 4.58
Nicosia Cyprus NICO* Mediterranean Alpide Belt 16.85 –3.26 19.14 4.89 0.43 –2.41
Katsiveli Ukraine KTVL* Mediterranean Alpide Belt 6.45 3.07 22.82 –1.37 –0.83 –0.30
Simeiz Ukraine CRAO Mediterranean Alpide Belt 11.98 –2.32 23.74 2.23 1.55 0.71
Uzhgorod Ukraine UZHL Mediterranean Alpide Belt 13.72 –0.53 21.38 1.27 –0.07 –1.59

KINEMATICS AND PHYSICS OF CELESTIAL BODIES Vol. 32 No. 1 2016

 DETERMINATION OF VELOCITIES OF EAST EUROPEAN STATIONS 51

(a) (b)
ϕ ϕ
1 1
KHAR RIGA
KHAR 1 MDVJ
SURE 50°
KLPD
SURE
RIGA 1 VLNS MOBN 55°
MDVJ LAMA
KLPD
55° VLNS MOBN
3 BOR1 JOZE
BDPL
1 mm/year
LAMA SHAZ CNIV

3 JOZE BDPL 1 mm/year SULP GLSV POLV 1 50°

BOR1 USDL
SHAZ CNIV WTZR SMLA
UZHL ALCI
SULP GLSV DNMU
50° USDL 1 PENC BAIA
WTZR POLV GRAZ BACA IGEO MIKL
UZHL SMLA ALCI OROS
DNMU DEVA
PENC BAIA
EVPA 45°
BUCU COST 2 ZECK
GRAZ OROS BACA IGEO MIKL 2SOFI
DEVA
45° EVPA
2 BUCU COST 2 ZECK
ISTA ANKR TRAB
SOFI MATE 40°
ISTA ANKR TRAB
40° CRAO MATE
CRAO
2 2
4
NICO 35°
KTVL
35° 4 NICO KTVL

10° 20° 30° 40° 10° 20° 30° 40° λ

Fig. 2. Vertical component of the vector of upward and downward motions of GNSS stations: (a) Vtot and (b) Vloc values
(East European Platform (1), Mediterranean Alpide Belt (2), North European Plain (3), and African lithosphere plate (4)).

Figure 1a shows the directions of the horizontal components of the velocity vectors for 42 GNSS sta
tions. The shifts are northeastward directed for most stations. All the vectors obviously agree in direc
tions, except for ANKR station, with the northward vector.
The motion vectors calculated at the GNSS Data Analysis Center, MAO NANU, coincide with the
results of calculation of the general pattern of lithosphere plate motions by the NUVEL1A model at the
UNAVCO center (http://www.unavco.org/data/gpsgnss/gpsgnss.html).
Figure 1b shows directions of the horizontal components of the vectors of local shifts of the GNSS sta
tions. No general trends are seen here, which is evidence of different local shift trends.

VERTICAL MOTIONS
Figure 2 shows the following geological regions: East European Platform (1), Alpide belt (2), North
European Plain (3), and African lithosphere plate (4). Figure 2a shows the altitude components of the vec
tors of local motions with allowance for data on plate motion, regional and local deformations Vtot; Fig. 2b
shows values of the local motions Vloc. The updirected arrows show upward motions, and downdirected
arrows, downward motions.

EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM

Almost the whole of Ukraine, except for the Carpathian and Crimean Mountains, lies on the East
European Platform. The platform is characterized by low intensity of vertical motions during a long period
[2]. Shields and plates are main components of the platform.
The central part of rightbank Ukraine lies on a crystalline shield, bounded by the northeastern slope
(estuary of Dnieper) from the east. Shields are segments of crops of crystalline paleorocks of the Platform
basement (sedimentary cover is negligible).
Fifteen GNSS stations are insufficient for a full geodynamic analysis in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the
general pattern of trends with respect to the altitude components can be constructed. DNMU station is
located at the periphery of the Ukrainian shield, and GLSV and SMLA stations are located at its slopes.
The results for these stations witness gradual sliding of the sedimentary cover from the shield boundaries.
SHAZ, SULP (Ukraine), and BPDL (Poland) stations are located on slopes of the Ukrainian shield,
which borders with the southwestern periphery of the North European Plain. Motions of these stations

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52 ISHCHENKO

point out to subsidence of this site, which can be caused by pressure of the geosynclinal belt on the low
land region (formation of Shatsky ozera).
CNIV, POLV, SURE, and KHAR GNSS stations lie on a relatively quiet segment of East European
Platform—DnieperDonetsk Rift. ALCI station is located on Donetsk folding. They show different weak
upward and downward motions, which witnesses to insignificant local shifts.
MIKL GNSS station is located on the Black Sea Rift and shows an insignificant positive rise. EVPA
GNSS station, though being located at a stable segment—Sarmatian Craton—is located near the Black
Sea coast and descents to the coastal line with a rate of –0.33 mm/year. In addition, six of eight GNSS
stations located at the territory of East European Platform move upward.
Nevertheless, when calculating local deformations for Ukrainian stations, only two stations, CNIV and
MIKL, move upward, like in the case of calculation of Vtot. MIKL station, which had a negative value
when calculating Vtot, showed positive upward motion for Vloc. Most other stations on the East European
Platform showed insignificant downward motion (see table).
KHAR and SURE stations spaced 1.3 km apart are of interest. SURE station shows downward motion
in both cases, and the downward motion doubled when calculating the local deformation. This might well
be because of construction works near the station, resulting in the local ground shift.

NORTH EUROPEAN PLAIN

The North European Plain joints with the northwestern periphery of the East European Platform. It is
located in a wide depression between the Baltic shield and zone of Paleozoic fold structures. In the mod
ern epoch, segments of the coastal line partly descent (especially in the western part), while some regions,
in contrast, ascend. WTZR and BOR1 stations are located on this territory and show upward motions.
Unfortunately, two stations are insufficient to estimate the total dynamics of this geological region; we can
talk only of local trends, which are positive for BOR1 station and negative for WTZR station (see table).

ALPIDE BELT
The Alpide belt joints with the southwestern periphery of EastEuropean Platform. It is one of the most
movable belts of the Earth; it extends in latitude direction from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In this work,
we consider only its Alpine part.
It is currently one of the most tectonically active regions of the Eurasian lithosphere plate [2, 3, 7].
Chutes, where destruction of the African Plate occur with its following creeping under the Eurasian Plate,
are distinguishable here, along with transform faults, where boundaries of two types are combined, and no
crust is produced or destructed [1, 9]. Data on the arrangement of the chutes and transform faults were
taken from the database of the Institute of Geophysics, the University of Texas in Austin
(http://www.ig.utexas.edu/re search/projects/plates/data.htm).
The mean velocity of vertical motions is by approximately one or even several orders of magnitude
higher in the abovedescribed regions than on platforms or on planes. Vertical motions are divided into
upward and downward. For example, mountains formed in geosynclinal belts relate to the first type. For
mation of interior and shelf seas can be related to the second type. The Mediterranean, Black, and Cas
pian Seas are manifestations of downward motions, which resulted in formation of trenches that were later
on filled with water.
Among 18 GNSS stations in this region, only three (ANKR, KTVL, and SOFI) show downward
motions according to calculations of Vtot. ANKR, KTVL, UZHL, PENC, COST, ISTA, ZECK, and
NICO stations show negative local deformations. The vertical components of the motion vectors are no
more than 1 mm for all the stations except for ANKR, ZECK, and NICO. ANKR station shows down
ward motion in both cases, which can be explained by enhanced depression. Tuz Lake is the center of this
depression; it is located in several kilometers from Ankara.
CRAO and KTVL stations are spaced ~2.9 km apart. CRAO station shows upward motion in both
cases, while KTVL station shows downward motion (Fig. 2). CRAO station is located on a geodynami
cally stable territory, formed by destructed but stable bed rocks. That is why rock deformations are absent
there. KTVL station, vice versa, is located on an extremely unstable territory, formed by clay rocks and rubbles
that slide toward the sea. According to geodetic campaigns, the sliding rate is 8 mm/year; it sometime deceler
ates to 3 mm/year or accelerates to 15 mm and more. Plastic deformations of the rock massif change to the stage
of active sliding with surface subsidence and ground surface cracks on certain segments [6].
There is an active region at joints of Eurasian and African lithosphere plates, in the converging plate
region. Deepwater chutes are formed there. NICO station is located in this region. The motion vectors

KINEMATICS AND PHYSICS OF CELESTIAL BODIES Vol. 32 No. 1 2016

 DETERMINATION OF VELOCITIES OF EAST EUROPEAN STATIONS 53

calculated for this station, which is located on the geologically active territory, witness significant local
deformations.

CONCLUSIONS
At present, there is no clear idea about the effect of different internal and external dynamic processes
on the kinematics of lithosphere plates. However, these forces affect the velocity of plate motions. The alti
tude component of the velocity is of great importance, since it can help to reveal dynamic trends of the
plates and their geological components, as well as local dynamics. In turn, such shifts can be detected from
longterm GNSS observations.
To calculate the horizontal and vertical velocity components, the results of regular processing of GNSS
data for GPS weeks 1400–1631 and reprocessing of archive data for GPS weeks 935–1399 were used,
obtained in the GNSS Data Analysis Center, MAO NASU. The velocity values have been calculated for
42 GNSS stations located on the East European territory, 15 of them located in Ukraine. The motions of
GNSS stations agree with the global model of lithosphere plate tectonics. In addition to the results
obtained within this mode, local deformations have been calculated for each GNSS station.
An analysis of the geological structure of the western territory of the Eurasian Plate and arrangement
of GNSS stations shows a clear correlation between variations in the altitude components and geological
processes. Thus, this correlation is traceable the most on the (Mediterranean) territory of active Alpide
Belt, where 15 of 18 GNSS stations show upward motions. Nevertheless, 15 GNSS stations are insuffi
cient to study geodynamic processes that occur on the territory of Ukraine in more detail. A denser cov
erage is required, especially on the rightbank part.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work was supported by the President of Ukraine (grant for young scientists). The Bernese GNSS
Software complex was updated up to version 5.2 due to the financial support of the System Solutions,
PrAT (Ukraine).

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Translated by O. Ponomareva

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