SOLVED PROBLEMS IN HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Loss by Conduction

A plane brick wall, 25 cm thick, is faced with 5 cm thick concrete layer. If the
temperature of the exposed brick face is 70 oC and that of the concrete is 25oC, find
out the heat lost per hour through a wall of 15 m x10 m. Also, determine the
interface temperature. Thermal conductivity of the brick and concrete are 0.7
W/m.K and 0.95 W/m.K respectively.

Calculations:

Heat loss Q = (Ta - Tb) / R

Where Ta = 70oC; Tb = 25oC; and
R = Rbrick + Rconcrete
Rbrick = Lbrick/(Akbrick)
Rconcrete = Lconcrete/(Akconctrete)
A = 15 x 10 = 150 m2
Rbrick = 0.25/(150 x 0.7) = 2.381 x 10-3 oC/W
Rconcrete = 0.05/(150 x 0.95) = 3.509 x 10-4 oC/W
R = 2.381 x 10-3 + 3.509 x 10-4 = 2.732 x 10-3 oC/W
Q = (70 - 25) / (2.732 x 10-3) = 16471.4 W = 16471.4 J/sec = 59.3 MJ/hr
Heat loss per hour = 59.3 MJ
At steady state, this is the amount of heat transferred through the brick wall or
concrete per hour.

Q = A kbrick(Ta - Ti)/Lbrick = 16471.4 W

150 x 0.7 x (70 - Ti) / 0.25 = 16471.4
70 - Ti = 39.2
Ti = 70 - 39.2 = 30.8oC
Interface temperature Ti = 30.8oC

1
 Evaporation of Oxygen by Heat Exchanger

A steel sphere is of inner diameter 40 cm and outer diameter 45 cm is used to store

liquid oxygen (B.P is minus 183oC). The sphere is covered with one layer of
insulation; of thickness 50 mm whose K is 0.35 W/m.K and another insulation, of
thickness 50 mm whose K is 0.098 W/m.K. The sphere is exposed to atmosphere of
25oC. Find out the rate of oxygen becoming vapor every minute. Latent heat of
oxygen is 370 kJ/kg. Thermal conductivity of steel = 20 W/m.K. Heat transfer
coefficient of ambient air = 80 W/m2.K

Calculations:

For composite concentric sphere, the rate of heat transfer from outside to the
sphere Q, is given by,

Q = (Ta - Tb)/R
Ta = 25oC
Tb = -183oC
Where, R = Rs + Rins,1 + Rins,2 + Ra

Ra = air film resistance = 1 / (4ra2ha)

Rins,2 = Resistance offered by the outer insulation = (ra - r1) / (4kins,2rar1)
Rins,1 = Resistance offered by the inner insulation = (r1 - r2) / (4kins,1r1r2)
Rs = Resistance offered by the metal wall (steel) = (r2 - rb) / (4ksr2rb)
Given Data:

Diameter of sphere with insulation = 45 + 2 x 5 + 2 x 5 = 65 cm

ra = 32.5 cm = 0.325 m
r1 = 32.5 - 5 = 27.5 cm = 0.275 m
r2 = 27.5 - 5 = 22.5 cm = 0.225 m
rb = 20 cm = 0.2 m

Substituting these data in the above equations,

Ra = 1/(4 x 3.142 x 0.3252 x 80) = 9.4175 x 10-3 oC/W

2
 Rins,2 = (0.325 - 0.275)/(4 x 3.142 x 0.098 x 0.325 x 0.275) = 0.4543 oC/W
Rins,1 = (0.275 - 0.225)/(4 x 3.142 x 0.35 x 0.275 x 0.225) = 0.1837 oC/W
Rs = (0.225 - 0.2)/(4 x 3.142 x 20 x 0.225 x 0.2) = 2.2105 x 10-3 oC/W
R = 9.4175 x 10-3 + 0.4543 + 0.1837 + 2.2105 x 10-3 = 0.6496 oC/W
Q = (25 + 183)/0.6496 = 320.2 W
Rate of heat in per second = 320.2 J

Rate of heat in per minute = 320.2 x 60 = 19212 J = 19.212 kJ

370 kJ of heat is needed to vaporize 1 kg of liquid oxygen. Therefore, for the heat
input of 19.212 kJ/min,

Rate of oxygen becoming vapor = 19.212/370 = 0.0519 kg/min

Cooling by Radiation

A solid cube of side 30 cm at an initial temperature of 1000 K is kept in vacuum at

absolute zero temperature. Calculate the time required to cool it to 500 K. The
material has the following properties:

Density = 2700 kg/m3

Specific heat = 0.9 kJ/kg.K
Emissivity = 0.1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant,  = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4.
Calculations:

The given problem is an unsteady state problem. We shall start with the heat
balance equation, with the following assumptions:

(i) There is no temperature distribution within the solid

(ii) The surrounding is at absolute zero temperature throughout the cooling
period.
Rate of heat flow of out of the solid of volume V through the boundary surfaces A =
rate of decrease of internal energy of the solid of volume V

Volume of cube = 0.303 m3 = 0.027 m3

Surface area of cube = 6 x 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.54 m2
A   (T(t)4 - T 4) = -  CP V dT(t)/dt

Where T(t) is the temperature of the solid at time t and T is the temperature of the
surrounding.

Since T is 0,

0.54 x 0.1 x 5.67 x 10-8 x T(t)4 = -2700 x 900 x 0.027 x dT(t)/dt

0.46665 x 10-13 T(t)4 = -dT(t)/dt
Integrating the above equation,

 dT(t)/T(t)4 = -0.46665 x 10-13 x  dt

-2.1429 x 1013 x [-1/(3T(t)3)] = t + C
2.1429 x 1013/(3T(t)3) = t + C

3
 Substituting the initial condition eliminates the constant:

T(t) = 1000 at t = 0 sec

C = 7143.11
Time needed to cool down to 500 K:

2.1429 x 1013 / (3 x 5003) = t + 7143.11

t = 50002 sec = 13 hour 54 min
Time needed for the solid to cool to 500 K = 13 hour and 54 minutes

Convection in Air

Determine the rate of heat loss from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed
horizontally in ambient air at 30oC. The length of the pipe is 4 m and wall
temperature, Tw = 170oC. Use the following empirical expression:

Nu=0.53 (Gr x Pr)1/4

Properties of air at 100oC are as following
 =1/373 K-1;  = 23.13 x 10 -6 m2 /sec
k= 0.0325 W/m.K
Pr = 0.7

Calculations:

Gr = gD3(Tw - T )2 / 2

Where  = 1/Tf ; Tf = 0.5 (Tw + T ) = 0.5 x (170 + 30) = 100oC = 373 K

 = /

Substituting for the values,

Gr = 9.812 x (1/373) x 0.13 x (170 - 30) / (23.13 x 10-6)2 = 6.884 x 106

Nu = 0.53 x (6.884 x 106 x 0.7)1/4 = 24.832
Nu = hD/k = 24.832
h = 24.832 x 0.0325 / 0.1 = 8.07 W/m2.oC

Rate of heat loss Q = hA(Tw - T ) = h 2pRL (Tw - T )

= 8.07 x 2 x 3.142 x 0.05 x 4 x (170 - 30) = 1419.8 W

Convection in Water

A horizontal cylinder, 3.0 cm in diameter and 0.8 m length, is suspended in water at

20oC. Calculate the rate of heat transfer if the cylinder surface is at 55oC. Given Nu
= 0.53 (Gr x Pr)1/4 .The properties of water at average temperature are as follows:

Density,  = 990 kg/m3

Viscosity,  = 2.47 kg/hr.m
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.534 kcal/hr.m.oC
Cp = 1 kcal/kg.oC.

4
Calculations:

Gr = gD3(Tw - T )2 / 2

 = 1/Tf

Tf = 0.5 (Tw + T ) = 0.5 x (55 + 20) = 37.5oC = 310.5 K

 = 1/310.5 K-1

 = 2.47 kg/hr.m = (2.47 / 3600) kg/m.sec

= 6.861 x 10-4 kg/m.sec

Substituting for the variables,

Gr = 9.812 x (1/310.5) x 0.033 x (55 - 20) x 9902 / (6.861 x 10-4)2

= 62.176 x 106

Pr = Cp/k

k = 0.534 kcal/hr.m.oC = 0.534 x 4184 / 3600 W/m.oC

= 0.6206 W/m.oC

Cp = 1 kcal/kg.oC = 4184 J/kg.oC

Pr = 4184 x 6.861 x 10-4 / 0.6206 = 4.6254

Nu = 0.53 x (62.176 x 106 x 4.6254)1/4 = 69.02

Nu = hD/k = 69.02
h = 69.02 x 0.6206 / 0.03 = 1427.8 W/m2.oC

Rate of heat transfer Q = hA(Tw - T ) = h p D L (Tw - T )

= 1427.8 x 3.142 x 3 x 10-2 x 0.8 x (55 - 20)

= 3767.8 W

Heat Transfer Coefficient

In a 1-1 shell and tube heat exchanger, a fluid flowing through the tubes in
turbulent flow, is being heated by means of steam condensing on the shell side. It is
proposed to increase the tube side coefficient by one of the following methods:

a. Replace the existing tubes by the same number of tubes with half the
original diameter but twice the length.
b. Increase the number of tube passes to 2.

Assuming that the fluid flow rate remains high enough to ensure a Reynolds number
of over 10,000 in all cases, indicate the method you would select. Justify your
selection in brief (in not more than five lines).

5
 Calculations:

(a) Replace the existing tubes by the same number of tubes with half the original
diameter but twice the length:

Original flow area = (/4) D2

New flow area = (/4) (D/2)2 = 0.25 (/4) D2

For a given volumetric flow rate A v = Constant

If original A is taken as 1, and original v is taken as 1 then D = 1.1284

New diameter = 1.1284/2 = 0.5642

New velocity = 1/0.25 = 4

Under forced convection, heat transfer coefficient can be estimated from Dittus-
Boelter equation, which can be written as,

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4

hD/k = 0.023 (Dv/)0.8 Pr0.4

h = C D-0.2 v0.8

where: C is a constant
D is the diameter
v is the velocity.
Original h = C x 1.1284-0.2 x 10.8 = 0.976 C

New h = C x 0.5642-0.2 x 40.8 = 3.399 C

Heat transfer coefficient increase by 100 x (3.399 - 0.976) / 0.976 = 248.3%.

(b) Increase the number of tube passes to 2.

Original flow area = n (/4) D2

New flow area = 0.5 n (/4) (D)2
New velocity = 1/0.5 = 2
New h = C x 1.1284-0.2 x 20.8 = 1.6995 C
Heat transfer coefficient increases by 100 x (1.6995 - 0.976) / 0.976 = 74.1%

From the above calculations, it could be seen that replacing the existing tubes by the
same number of tubes with half the original diameter but twice the length will increase
the heat transfer coefficient by a higher value than the other scheme. Hence the first
method can be selected.

Rate of Condensation

Steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 0.25 m 2 vertical plate. The plate

temperature is 96oC. Find the heat transfer coefficient and the mass of steam

6
condensed per hour. The length of the plate is 50 cm. At 97 oC, c = 960 kg/m3; k =
0.68 W/m.K; c = 2.82 x 10-4 kg/m.s; hfg = 2255 kJ/kg

Calculations:

The average value of condensing coefficient (hm) can be calculated from the
equation obtained by Nusselt's condensation theory.

Since condensation is at atmospheric pressure, steam temperature (T v) is at 100oC.

Film temperature Tf = (Tv + Tw)/2 = (100 + 96)/2 = 98oC. Since there will be
negligible change in the properties at 98oC compared to 97oC, we can utilize the
properties given at 97oC.

The data given are:

l = 960 kg/m3
kl = 0.68 W/m.K
hfg = 2255 kJ/kg = 2255 x 1000 J/kg
ml = 2.82 x 10-4 kg/m.sec
Tw = 96oC
L = 0.5 m
Compared to rl, rv can be taken as zero.

Therefore, hm = 0.943 x [9.812 x 9602 x 2255 x 1000 x 0.683 / (2.82 x 10-4 x 4 x

0.5)]1/4

= 9737.2 W/m2.K

By adding a correction factor of 1.2 obtained from experiments to the Nusselt's

equation, the average heat transfer coefficient is,

hm = 1.2 x 9737.2 = 11685 W/m2.K

Mass of steam condensed (M) is obtained by energy balance as:

M hfg = hmA(Tv - Tw)

M = 11685 x 0.25 x (100 - 96) / 2255000 = 5.1817 x 10-3 kg/sec

Steam condensed per hour = 5.1817 x 10-3 x 3600 = 18.654 kg

Parallel Flow - 1

A heat exchanger heats 25,000 kg/hr of water entering at 80 oC while cooling 20,000
kg/hr of water from 100oC to 80oC. Determine the heat transfer area necessary for
(i) Parallel flow arrangement (ii) Counter flow arrangement. Given Overall heat
transfer coefficient, U= 1,500 W/m2.

7
Calculations:

Heat of heat transferred by the cooling water = Q = mC pT = 20000 x 4.184 x (100
- 80) = 1673600 kJ/hr

This will be the amount of heat transferred to the water that is getting heated up.
Therefore, temperature change is = 1673600 / (25000 x 4.184) = 16 oC

i.e., outlet temperature = 80 + 16 = 96oC

Parallel Flow - 2

A heat exchanger heats 25,000 kg/hr of water entering at 30 oC while cooling 20,000
kg/hr of water from 100oC to 80oC. Determine the area necessary for

(i) Parallel flow arrangement

(ii) Counter flow arrangement.
Overall heat transfer coefficient may be assumed as 1,600 W/m2K.

Calculations:

Heat of heat transferred by the cooling water = Q = mCpT = 20000 x 4.184 x (100
- 80) = 1673600 kJ/hr = 464.89 kW

This will be the amount of heat transferred to the water that is getting heated up.
Therefore, temperature change is = 1673600 / (25000 x 4.184) = 16 oC

i.e., outlet temperature = 30 + 16 = 46oC

With these data, the following temperature-length diagram is drawn.

8
 (i) Parallel flow arrangement:

To = 100 - 30 = 70oC

TL = 80 - 46 = 34oC
LMTD = DTln = (To - TL) / ln (To/TL)
= (70 - 34) / ln (70/34) = 49.85oC
A = Q / (UTln) = 464.89 x 103 / (1600 x 49.85) = 5.8286 m2
Area required for parallel flow = 5.8286 m 2

(ii) Counter flow arrangement:

To = 80 - 30 = 50oC
TL = 100 - 46 = 54oC
LMTD = DTln = (To - TL) / ln (To/TL)
= (50 - 54) / ln (50/54) = 51.97oC
A = Q / (UTln) = 464.89 x 103 / (1600 x 51.97) = 5.5908 m2
Area required for counter flow = 5.5908 m 2
Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger

Water enters a parallel flow double-pipe heat exchanger at 15oC, flowing at the rate
of 1200 kg/hr. It is heated by oil (Cp =2000 J/kg.K), flowing at the rate of 500 kg/hr
from an inlet temperature of 90oC. For an area of 1 m2 and an overall heat transfer
coefficient of 1,200 W/m2.K determine the total heat transfer and the outlet
temperatures of water and oil.

Calculations:

Since the outlet temperature of the fluids are not given, the problem can be best
solved by -NTU method.

Cmin = (500/3600) x 2000 = 277.78 W/oC = Ch

Cmax = (1200/3600) x 4184 = 1394.67 W/oC = Cc
C = Cmin/Cmax = 277.78 / 1394.67 = 0.2
N = NTU = UA / Cmin = 1200 x 1 / 277.78 = 4.32
For parallel flow, relation between effectiveness () and NTU (N) is given by,

9
  = {1 - exp[ -N(1 + C)]} / (1 + C) = {1 - exp[ - 4.32 x (1 + 0.2)]} / (1 + 0.2)
= 0.8287

Total heat transfer rate Q = Cmin(Th,in - Tc,in) = 0.8287 x 277.78 x (90 - 15)
= 17265 W
Th,out = Th,in - Q/Ch = 90 - 17265/277.78 = 27.85oC

Outlet temperature of oil = 27.85oC

Tc,out = Tc,in + Q/Cc = 15 + 17265/1394.67 = 27.38oC

Outlet temperature of water = 27.38oC

Heat Transfer Area

Hot gases enter a finned tube heat exchanger at 300oC and leave at 100oC. It is
used to heat water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 oC to 125oC. The specific heat of
exhaust hot gas is 1000 J/kg.K and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the
gas side is Uh = 100 W/m2.K. Determine the required gas surface area using the
NTU method

Calculations:

Since flow configuration is not given, we shall take it as countercurrent flow.

Mass flow rate of hot gases (mg) is obtained by energy balance:

1 x 4184 x (125 - 35) = mg x 1000 x (300 - 100)

mg = 1.8828 kg/s
Cmin = 1.8828 x 1000 = 1882.8 W/oC = Ch
Cmax = 1 x 4184 = 4184 W/oC = Cc

 = Cc(Tc,out - Tc,in) / [Cmin(Th,in - Tc,in)]

= 4184 x (125 - 35) / [1882.8 x (300 - 35)]
= 0.755

C = Cmin/Cmax = 1882.8/4184 = 0.45

For the counter flow exchanger, effectiveness - NTU relationship is given by,
 = {1 - exp[-N(1 -C)]} / {1 - Cexp[-N(1 - C)]}
We know  and C; and we have to find N. This has to be solved by iteration.

0.755 = {1 - exp[-N(1 - 0.45)]} / {1 - 0.45 exp[-N(1 - 0.45)]}

0.755 = (1 - e-0.55N) / (1 - 0.45e-0.55N)
Starting with an initial assumption of N = 2,

(1 - e-0.55N) / (1 - 0.45e-0.55N) = 0.667 / 0.85 = 0.7845

By assuming N = 1.9,

(1 - e-0.55N) / (1 - 0.45e-0.55N) = 0.648 / 0.842 = 0.77

10
 By assuming N = 1.8,

(1 - e-0.55N) / (1 - 0.45e-0.55N) = 0.628 / 0.833 = 0.754

Since the assumption of N = 1.8, almost balances the equation, we shall take N

= 1.8 as the correct value.

The required gas surface area, A = NTU Cmin / U = 1.8 x 1882.8 / 100 = 33.89 m2

Length of Heat Transfer

In a counter-current heat exchanger, an oil stream is cooled from 450 K to 410 K by

water inlet and outlet temperatures of 300 K and 350 K respectively. The exchanger
consists a number of tubes of 1 m length each. It is now desired to cool the oil to
390 K (instead of 410 K) while maintaining the flow rate of oil, flow rate of water,
inlet temperature of oil and water, and the number of tubes at the same values as
before. Calculate the length of each tube required for this purpose. Assume that the
physical properties remain unchanged.

Calculations:

For the first case:

Tln,1 = LMTD = (To - TL) / ln (To/TL)

To = 450 - 350 = 100 K
TL = 410 - 300 = 110 K
Tln,1 = (100 - 110) / ln (100/110) = 104.9 K
For the second case:

Outlet temperature of water is obtained from the following proportionality factor.

For 40 K change in oil temperature, there is a change of 50 K in water temperature.

Since the flow rates are not changed, for a change of 60 K (i.e., = [ 450 - 390] K) in
oil temperature the corresponding change in water temperature = 60 x 50 / 40 = 75
K

11
Therefore, outlet temperature of water = 300 + 75 = 375 K

And heat transfer rate for the second case will be 50% more than that of the first
case, since there is a 50% increase in temperature drop.

Q2 = 1.5 Q1

To = 450 - 375 = 75 K

TL = 390 - 300 = 90 K
Tln,2 = (75 - 90) / ln (75/90) = 82.3 K
Since there is no change in physical properties of fluid compared to the first case,
overall heat transfer coefficient U will be the same for both the cases.

Heat transfer rate Q = U A Tln and A = n  D L

'A' is directly proportional to 'L'

For a given diameter and number of tubes it can be written as,

Q = C L Tln

where C is a constant.

For the first case,

Q1 = C L1 Tln,1
Q1 = C x 1 x 104.9
Q1/C = 104.9 (1)
For the second case,

Q2 = C L2 Tln,2

Since Q2 = 1.5 Q1, the above equation can be written as,

1.5 Q1 = C L2 Tln,2

12
 L2 = 1.5 (Q1/C) (1/Tln,2) (2)

Substituting for Q1/C from Equation 1 in Equation 2,

L2 = 1.5 x 104.9 / 82.3 = 1.912 m

Length of each tube required for the second case = 1.912 m

Single-Effect Evaporator

10,000 kg/hr of an aqueous feed containing 1% dissolved solids is to be

concentrated to 20% solids, in a single effect evaporator. The feed enters at 25 oC.
The steam chest is fed with saturated steam at 110oC. The absolute pressure
maintained in the evaporator is such that the water will boil at 55 oC. The boiling
point elevations are as follows:

Feed: 0.2oC
20% solution: 15oC

The overall heat transfer coefficient, under normal operating conditions would be
2500 W/m2.oC

Estimate the steam requirement assuming no sub cooling of condensate, heat load
on the condenser, and the heat transfer area.

Calculations: The given data are represented in the following diagram.

Let us have the following notations:

Feed: F
Concentrated product: P
Water vapor: V
Steam: S

13
 Mass balance:

Solid balance:

F x 0.01 = P x 0.2
P = 10000 x 0.01 / 0.2 = 500 kg/hr
V = F - P = 10000 - 500 = 9500 kg/hr
Energy balance:

Temperature of Water vapor, leaving from the evaporator

= 55oC + Boiling point elevation = 55oC + 15oC = 70oC

Enthalpy of feed at 25oC (HF)= 104.8 kJ/kg (the data for water at 25oC - from
Steam Tables)

Enthalpy of product at 70oC (HP)= 293.0 kJ/kg (the data for water at 70oC - from
Steam Tables)

Pressure in the evaporator vapor space = 15.74 kPa(abs) (saturation pressure of

water vapor at 55oC - from Steam Tables)

Enthalpy of water vapor leaving at 70oC and 15.74 kPa(abs) (HV)= 2640 kJ/kg (from
Mollier Diagram)

Enthalpy of saturated water at 15.74 kPa(abs) = 230.2 kJ/kg

Latent heat of steam at 110oC (S)= 2230 kJ/kg (from Steam Tables)

F HF + S  S = V HV + P HP
10000 x 104.8 = S x 2230 = 9500 x 2640 + 500 x 293
S = 10842.4 kg/hr
Steam requirement = 10842.4 kg/hr = 3.01178 kg/sec

Heat load on Condenser (assuming condensate water leaves as saturated liquid

corresponding the vapor space pressure) = 9500 x (2640 - 230.2) = 22893100
kJ/hr = 6359.2 kW

Heat transfer area estimation:

Q = Rate of heat transfer through heating surface from steam = U A T

S S = U A T
3.01178 x 2230 = 2.5 x A x (110 - 70)
A = 67.2 m2

Heat transfer area = 67.2 m2

Time Required for Evaporation

An apparent overall heat transfer coefficient is 735 Btu/(hr.sqft.oF) for a forced

circulation evaporator concentrating sulfite liquor under certain special conditions.
How long will it take to concentrate 20000 lb of a feed liquor containing 5% solute

14
by weight to a final concentration of 15% if the steam temperature is 230.8oF and
the temperature corresponding to the pressure in the vapor space is 210.7 oF. The
heating surface is 100 sqft. Indicate all the assumptions made in obtaining the
result. How will the result be affected if each of the assumptions is not made.

Calculations:

Assumptions:

(i) Steady state operation

(ii) No elevation in boiling point due to solute concentration.
(iii) No elevation in boiling point due to hydrostatic head.
(iv) No sub-cooling of condensate.
(v) Feed is at the temperature of 210.7oF
Rate of heat transfer, Q = U A T

= 735 x 100 x (230.8 - 210.7) / 3600 = 410.375 Btu/sec

Mass flow rate of steam, (mS):

mS S = 410.375

S = 958 Btu/lb (from Steam Tables - for the temperature 230.8oF )

Therefore,

mS = 410.375/958 = 0.42837 lb/sec

Making heat balance for the solution: (taking 210.7oF as the datum temperature)

By denoting mass flow rate of vapor as, mV,

m V V = m S S

V = 971 Btu/lb (from Steam Tables - for the temperature 210.7oF )

Therefore,

mV = 410.375/971 = 0.42263 lb/sec

Mass of vapor evaporated = 0.42263 lb/sec

Time needed for evaporation:

Solute balance:

If the product is denoted as P,

20000 x 0.05 = P x 0.2

P = 5000 kg

Water in feed = water evaporated + water in concentrated solution

15
 20000 x 0.95 = 0.42263 x t + P x 0.8

19000 = 0.42263 x t + 4000

t = 15000/0.42263 = 35492 sec = 9 hr 52 min

Time needed for evaporation = 9 hour and 52 minutes.

If the assumptions were not made:

If the assumption (i) is not made, then we have to make a unsteady balance (For
Batch Evaporation). The results will be different for these two operations

If the assumption (ii) is not made, then the DT will be equal to, (Tsteam - Tboiling point of
water corresponding to the pressure inside the evaporator - boiling point elevation). This will lead to the
increase of time needed for evaporation.

Assumption (iii) also has the same effect of assumption (ii).

Assumption (iv): If sub-cooling of steam is allowed, it will give more heat to the
solution, which in turn will reduce the time needed for evaporation.

Assumption (v): If feed temperature is less than this, it leads to more steam
requirement. So with the available heat transfer rate, it leads to increased
evaporation time.

16