UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY AS CONTRIBUTOTY FACTORS

TO THE INCREASE OF CRIME IN MAJAYJAY, LAGUNA

A Thesis
Presented to
the College of Criminology
UNION COLLEGE
Santa Cruz, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

CHARLENE A. VILLARMIL
JERIK JEZZER A. PANCHACOLA
KENNETH L. FABULA
October 2014
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Social scientists conceived crimes as menace to social, economic and political stability of

nations and thus ultimately cause people to suffer from fears, insecurities, life miseries, and

misfortunes. More than ever, crimes vary from one social group to another and their root causes

in most cases may be traced to societal general conditions.

As disclosed by Lemert (2013) societal general conditions as indicative of urbanization,

rapid population rate, poverty, unemployment, no access to equal educational opportunities

among the populace, migration from the rural to urban, and corruptions of politicians directly

and indirectly, contribute to the incidence of crimes of any form.

By and large, social scientists have had classified criminal activity according to the

discernible behavior systems of those who engage in it. In most cases, illiteracy equates

unemployment and therefore correlated to commission of crimes for survival or eventually

sustenance of vices of those who commit it.

In the local scenario as reported by Police Supt. Sindac (2014),the PNP Spokesman,

290,000 number of crimes were committed in the country for year 2014, and these were

attributed to various causes though thirty percent (30%) of which were solved and still in

progress for their resolutions, with ninety percent (90%) satisfaction rating, in favor among the

rank and file of the police organization.

 It was therefore apparent for the researchers to conduct a study on unemployment and

illiteracy as contributory factors to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna with the end in view that

the findings of this study may merit lawmakers, educators, local public officials, police

authorities, citizens and future researchers.

Background of the Study

The old town of Majayjay in the Province of Laguna offers a magnificent St. Gregory

Church built in 1575 has ultimately preserved the antique relief statues of saints brought by the

Spaniards and historical sites, together with the warm hospitality of people thus making the

municipality a second home away from home among the local and foreign tourists who happened

to come and visit the place for quite sometimes.

Majayjay standing on the western foot of Mt. Banahaw, has a climatic condition second

to Tagaytay and accessible by land transportation by a matter of minutes from the adjacent towns

of Magdalena, Liliw, Nagcarlan, Luisiana and Lucban in the north, south and east directions

respectively, with agriculture as major means of people’s livelihood.

However, the serenity of the place has been awakened by incidence of crimes involving

public order commonly known as crimes without victims, such as drunkenness, vagrancy, sex

offenses, gambling, and drug addiction; as well as conventional crimes comprising robbery,

larceny, burglary, and youth offenses.

Anchored on the above scenario, it was imperative for the researchers to conduct an

actual study of this nature in order to establish significant linkages of unemployment and

illiteracy with the said crimes committed in various degrees in selected barangays in Majayjay,

Laguna.
Theoretical Framework

Selected theories stipulated hereunder offered deeper insight for the present researchers

to formulate a conceptual frame of reference which helped them resolve the problem areas

investigated with finality.

As theorized by Noori (2014) in today’s era of high needs and technology, it is true that

unemployment is growing fast and people are getting frustrated and the commission of crime is

definitely an option for survival.

The foregoing theory is sustained further by Ali (2014) that there is a link between and

among unemployment, illiteracy and crimes wherein the former are correlates to the latter. In

other words, in the community where unemployment and illiteracy rates are high, the incidence

of crimes is also high. The positive relationships between and among the foregoing variables are

prevalent in developing countries where agricultural activities on the subsistent or hand-to-mouth

level are the major means of occupation. Added insult to injury, the corruption of public

officials is a blunder to bringing to the doorsteps of impoverish citizens access to free quality

educational and employment opportunities, and thus the latter are motivated to commit crimes

for their survival.

The above theories served as masker keys in designing a conceptual framework for the

present researchers to develop proper psychological and associational perspectives within which

their problem areas of investigation lie.

Conceptual Framework

The foregoing theoretical citations served as the basis in designing a skeleton model in a

form of research paradigm as shown in Figure 1.

The said paradigm is an application of system analysis to research where it provides a

holistic approach in analyzing as to whether or not unemployment and illiteracy are factors

which contribute to increases in crime rates in Majayjay, Laguna.

Independent Variables Intervening Variables Dependent

Variables
Input Throughput Output

Personal Profile: Degree of Crimes Extensiveness of Crime

Committed:
 Gender  Increases as
 Age  crime against Contributed:
 Educational public order  unemployment
Attainment  conventional  illiteracy
 Monthly Income crime
 occasional
property crime
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Figure 1: Research Paradigm

In Frame 1, it includes the independent variables fused as input or load, such as personal

profile of the respondents in terms gender, age, educational attainment, and monthly income.

The inclusion of these variables is significant in determining most probably if the respondents

are illiterate and unemployed.

 As reflected in Frame 2, it covers the intervening variables in terms of the degree of

crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of public order, conventional crime, and

occasional property crime deciphered as throughput, the transformation process wherein input is

transformed into output. In other words without throughput, input can never be transformed into

output, and therefore the objectives advanced in this study have no chance to be achieved.

Toward this end, the dependent variables are capsulated in Frame 3 as output or simply

the outcome in order to gauge out if unemployment and illiteracy are contributory factors to

crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

As such therefore, if the correlational level between unemployment and illiteracy as

contributory factors and the increases of crime rate in the said municipality is positively high,

then the null hypothesis is rejected, while the working hypothesis is supported at five percent

(5%) level of significance.

Statement of the Problem

This study is focused on unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to crime

increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

Specifically, it seeks answers to the following problems:

1. What is the personal profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. gender,

1.2. age,

1.3. educational attainment,

 1.4. employment, and

1.5. monthly income?

2. What degree of crimes has been committed by the respondents as to:

2.1. crimes against property,

2.2. crimes against person, and

2.3. crimes that is usually committed?

3. To what extent do crime increases in Majayjay are significantly contributed by the

given factors with respect to:

3.1. unemployment, and

3.2. illiteracy?

Statement of Hypotheses

Hypotheses in null and working forms are hereby drawn for acceptance or support at five

percent (5%) level of significance:

Null (Ho1-3) – There is no significant difference in the personal profile of the

respondents, the degree of crimes they had committed, and no extensiveness of crime increases

in Majayjay as significantly contributed by factors with respect to unemployment and illiteracy.

Working (H1-3) – The higher is the personal profile of the respondents, the lesser or zero

degree of crimes they had committed, and therefore unemployment and illiteracy are

insignificant factors to extensiveness of crime increases in Majayjay.

 There is a work relationship established between the null and working hypotheses for

simple reason that once the former is rejected, the latter is supported relative to the foregoing

problem areas investigated.

Objectives of the Study

The following objectives are hereby drawn:

1. To know the personal profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, educational

attainment, employment and monthly income;

2. To determine the degree of crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of public

order, conventional crime, and occasional property crime; and

3. To establish the relationship between unemployment and illiteracy as contributory

factors, and crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study covered sixty (60) respondents representing DSWD officials, PNP officers and

personnel, municipal officials, barangay officials, citizens and law offenders in Majayjay,

Laguna, year duration 2014.

It is limited to three (3) areas of investigation, namely: 1.) the personal profile of the

respondents in terms of gender, age, educational attainment, employment, and monthly income;

2.) the degree of crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of crime against property,
crimes against person, and other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay as significantly

contributed by the given factors with respect to unemployment and illiteracy.

It is further limited to the use of descriptive method in gathering and treating the data for

the above problem areas investigated with stratified random sampling for proportional

representation of the actual respondents coming from different sectors in the said municipality.

Importance of the Study

The findings of this study may merit the following:

Lawmakers. They will be motivated to give more teeth to laws governing minors who

commit crimes involving public order and conventional crimes separating the same from that of

adult offenders, as well as parents who will be liable to answer of their neglect of the legal duties

to educate their children for their welfare.

DepEd Officials. Upon knowing that illiteracy is contributory factor to commission of

crimes most particularly among minors, they will be forced to allot more budget in putting up

more schools in every barangay in the urban and rural areas in the country.

CHED and TESDA Officials. They will see to it that four and short term college

courses are related to the needs of the industries so that graduates will not join the big army of

jobless citizens and thus will not remain as liabilities but rather responsible citizens who have

active share in building their respective families and communities in particular, and the country

in general toward the global arena.

Local Public Officials. They will lead into self-examination of their legal duties as

public servants and thus they are enjoined to serve their respective offices with the highest
degree of responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency in the delivery of basic services to their

respective areas of jurisdiction so their constituents will enjoy quality life in the midst of natural

and manmade calamities.

PNP Officers and Personnel. Their police work being essentially a civilian function

which shall be non-military and civilian in character under the administration and control of a

civilian agency such the case of local executives be given authority and responsibility among the

former in the maintenance of peace and order, protection of lives and properties and enforcement

of the law.

Citizens. As members of democratic community who enjoy full civil and political rights,

they will realize that achievement of peace and order does not exist in a vacuum and therefore

demands utmost cooperation and support to their local and national leaders in order to make their

respective communities in particular, and their country in general, a better place to live and work.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study may serve as data bank for future

researchers to conduct studies of similar nature and thus strengthened further the findings of this

present investigation.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined:

Contributory Factors. These are unemployment and illiteracy which jointly ignite the

commission of crimes against property and person as criminal activities in Majayjay, Laguna.

Crime Increases. These refer to enlargement or expansion of crimes committed due to

unemployment and illiteracy of the offenders presumed to be their option for survival.
 Crimes against Person. This involves physical injury and destruction of life.

Crimes against Property. This involves theft, malicious mischief and arson and other

crimes involving destruction.

Illiteracy. A public offender who has little or no education at all and eventually unable to

read and write serving as a contributory factor to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

Majayjay. A third class municipality in Laguna rationalized by the researchers as the

venue of the study due to proximity to their respective domiciles in order to minimize financial

and time constraints during the actual gathering of data for their thesis.

Personal Profile. This applies to private characteristics of the respondents in terms of

gender, age, educational attainment, employment and monthly income as one of the basic

questions raised in this.

Unemployment. It is one of the variables included in this study believed to be as a

contributory factor to crime increases in Majayjay due to the fact that the public offender is not

engaged in a gainful occupation or no work at all as means for survival.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Selected literatures and studies included hereunder by the foreign and local authors and

research personalities were found with direct similarity and significant bearing to the present

study. Their readings served as guide for the present researchers to attack with deeper insight

and with more complete knowledge on how their own problem areas investigated were resolved

with lesser difficulty and finality.

Related Literatures

Foreign

As claimed by Mueller (2013), unemployment and illiteracy are terms in tandem as

correlates to one another rooted from Latin words “an” and “implicare” meaning “no” and “fold”

for the former which generally connotes a person not engaged in a gainful occupation; and

“illiteratus” denoting unable to read or write for the latter respectively. In other words, if a

person is illiterate, chances are no leeway for him to be employed under an employer, however

he has access to be self employed by using his muscular strength in order to earn for a living.

But at the end day, a person’s earnings through the use of muscles are on the subsistent or hand-

to-mouth level and therefore could not consistently support and sustain the basic household

needs of the family and thus deprived children of quality education for their welfare. However,

such scenario is only true in countries where there is abundance of labor supply hence the work

of the hands is very cheap. But on other hand, the use of muscles or simply manual labor as

means for a living is of great demand in highly developed and affluent countries and the income
is definitely high than the white collar jobs. It is within this context that a person with hand-to-

mouth income would find other means by committing crimes for survival just in case he is a

family man with many children to support of their basic household, nutritional and educational

needs.

The above viewpoints are strengthened further by Schaefer (2013) that illiteracy

sustained the unemployment status of the individual and therefore partners in the impoverished

conditions of the family. In this case, if a person is illiterate, he has no access to employment

opportunities and therefore tantamount to resulting into other means by committing crimes at

extreme cases, for survival.

The same line of thinking has been advocated by Jackson (2013) that unemployment and

illiteracy are social conditions as offshoots of very weak leadership combined with corruptions

as veritable industry of some politicians taking shape in poor countries. With this dilemma,

people have no access to better educational and employment opportunities the fact that budgetary

allotment for schools and industries went into the pocket of their leaders, hence the former, other

than their sufferings from natural calamities, they suffered much from manmade calamities as

offshoots of the latter’s nefarious activities which tantamount to their life decadence and

miseries. With this at hand, victims of such malady who are then illiterates and unemployed

have to find ways and means by committing crimes in order to eat four square meals a day, and

thus sacrificing the educational needs of their children.

Local

By and large in the local scenario, as former Senator Magsaysay (2010) declared it that

the nation’s progress is no swifter than its progress in education. More than ever, the entire

country is counting on the educational system and the educators to lead this nation towards the

realization of social and economic goals. The Filipinos therefore have always subscribed to the

principle that the youth is the hope of the nation, for they will one day become the citizens and

leaders of this country. And thus, a neglect of budget allocations for educational opportunities

among youth will eventually drag them to illiteracy which is tantamount to unemployment as

they will become liabilities rather than assets to society. With this situation, illiteracy and

unemployment are the common denominators of crimes in the respective communities in

particular, and by placing the country at large, as crime capital before the eyes of the global

village.

On the same vein, former Senator Angara (2011) rectified that in order to zero down

illiteracy and unemployment in the country, education must be at work. More than ever, budget

priority for education is a constitutional mandate, wherefore a neglect of which is a threat to the

welfare of the youth. It is at this point that the youth cannot be the hope of the fatherland as they

are illiterates and no work as means for a living and therefore, they do not have active share in

building their respective communities in particular, and the country in general, and thus they do

not have a competitive edge with their counterpart in the global arena.

Accordingly, Rimando (2010) strongly pointed out that schools are means to eradicate

illiteracy rate in the country as means for employment opportunities among the greatest number.

It is for this reason that budget allocation for school buildings, modern facilities and equipment
side by side with deployment of more teachers and increases of their salaries in the first city to

the last barrio of the country, will redound to uplift the quality of life the citizens on the local and

national spheres. With this situation, the citizens are liberated from the bondage of ignorance,

poverty and criminality.

The above foreign and local literatures though not necessarily identical but somehow

collateral to the present investigation relative to unemployment and illiteracy as contributory

factors to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna. And thus, their advocacies helped the present

researchers in farming out unexplored areas for them to elicit answers to the basic questions

raised in the study.

Related Studies

Foreign

An institutional study was launched by Greene (2010) along illiteracy as indicator of

unemployment in enhancing crime rate in the slum areas of the urban metropolis in New York.

He employed a field study in gathering and treating the data for the basic problems raised

utilizing purposive sampling of around sixty (60) actual respondents from the population

parameter of one-hundred fifty (150). His findings among others, revealed that 30 or 60 percent

finished high school; whereas, 20 or 40 percent were elementary graduates wherein the former

were absorbed as blue collar workers in the factory, and the latter remained jobless.

The foregoing findings tend to point out those jobless were the ones involved in occasional

property crimes such as shoplifting and vandalism; and those who finished high school with blue

collar jobs seldom were involved in conventional or occasional property crime but at extreme

cases were dragged to crime involving public order such as drunkenness.

 A parallel study was conducted by Newman (2011) on illiteracy and unemployment as

correlates to crime incidence in Idaho. Of the one-hundred fifty (150) randomly selected

respondents, 80 or 53.33 percent were college graduates and with white collar jobs; whereas 70

or 46.67 percent finished high school and landed as blue collar workers as janitors and janitress

in hotels and resorts. Based on the findings of the study, it was therefore inferred that the higher

is the educational attainment of the respondents, the better is the job and no crime of any kind

inflicted by them.

Graf (2012) in his study revealed that illiteracy and unemployment served as enhancers

of criminal behavior among inmates in Indiana District Jail. Anchored on the foregoing findings,

he inferred that the higher is the degree of illiteracy among inmates, the lesser is their chance for

employment opportunities and the more they are susceptible to criminal behavior and later

landed up in jail.

Local

A group research conducted by Guevarra, et. al. (2014) along the effectiveness of

correctional education program in San Pablo City District Jail, their findings revealed that

majority of inmates around 90 percent were on the grade level; and 10 percent were illiterates.

Such the case, grade level and illiterate inmates were prone to commit crimes involving public

order, conventional and occasional property offenses. They revealed further that the lower is the

educational attainment of inmates, the higher is their susceptibility to commit crimes, and the

more they become adaptable to prison cell for their security and safety as no leeway for survival

in a free society due to their unemployment status. Based on the foregoing findings, they

recommended that inmates should be motivated to finish high school and acquire vocational and
technical courses while in jail in preparation for life anew in society, subsequent to serving their

sentence in jail.

A study by Catapang, et. al.(2014), strengthened further the findings of the foregoing

studies with bearing on factors affecting the increase of female inmates in Correctional

Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City. They utilized a descriptive design with locally

constructed questionnaire of five-Likert scale in gathering and treating the data in order to elicit

answers to the basic questions raised in the study. Among others, their findings revealed that

illiteracy and unemployment were contributory factors to the increase of female inmates in the

said correctional institution. They recommended that these inmates be given access to finish

high school and college for their professional growth, in order to live their life anew when they

served their sentence for considerable number of years.

An institutional research of similar nature was spearheaded by Perez (2011) on illiteracy

and unemployment as correlates to incidence of crimes in the selected urban areas. He utilized a

field research by immersion with inmates in the selected city jails in the metropolis. His findings

among others, revealed a positive correlation between illiteracy and unemployment, and

incidence of crimes in the selected urban areas. In other words, the higher is the illiteracy and

unemployment rate, the greater is the incidence of crimes in the metropolis, and the more

inmates are locked up in city jails. In the light of the aforementioned findings, he recommended

that more access to educational opportunities be made among unemployed individuals in order to

minimize if not to totally zero down incidence of crimes in the city, and thus lessen the number

of inmates in the city jail.

 Apparently, though the above studies are not exactly identical in venue and time frame

with the present research undertaking, yet both are peripheral in the problem areas investigated

most probably along unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to crime increases in

Majayjay, Laguna.
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This portion gives careful consideration on research design, population and sampling

technique, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data in order

to elicit answers to the foregoing problem areas advanced in this study.

Research Design

The researchers employed the descriptive survey method in gathering and treating the

data for the above problem investigated. In the employment of the said design, the researchers

observed the following: the population for the study was carefully chosen, clearly defined, and

specifically limit on the topic concerned and precise parameters for ensuring the discreteness to

safeguard the data were systematically organized so that valid and accurate conclusions may be

drawn.

Thus from the procedure discussed above, the researchers believed that descriptive

survey method is rationalize as essential for this study.

Population and Sampling Technique

Stratified randomized sampling was employed in this study. This kind of sampling

consists of heterogeneous population from different sectors representing the actual respondents

of this study. A total of fifty (43) actual respondents were selected: Ten (11) DSWD officials:

Ten (11) PNP officers and personnel: Ten (10) municipal officials: Ten (11) inmates.
 In order to assure the validity and reliability of the actual sample, Sloven’s sampling

formula was employed.

Sampling formula:

n=N
1 +Ne2

Where:

n=sample size

N= population size

e2=error of estimate squared

Research Instrument

Three (3) sets of questionnaire were issued to the actual respondents of this study. The

items in the questionnaire were based on the problem areas investigated for objectivity,

relevance, suitability to the basic questions raised and probability of favorable reception and

return from the said respondents.

Thus, the researchers were guided by several important considerations in questionnaire

construction, such as: be courteous an occasional request beginning; simplify by making the

instrument as simple to read and to respond to as possible; think of other fellow by putting

oneself in the place of the respondent; concentrate on the universal by trying to address questions

to universals rather than specifics; make it brief by making the questionnaire as brief as possible

and should solicit only those data essential to the progress of the research project; and check for
consistency by dealing with debatable or opinion-sensitive issues or in situations where the

respondent may give answers that seem prudent in certain cases.

The tentative draft of the questionnaire was submitted to the thesis adviser for judgmental

corrections after which three (3) authorities representing panel of experts were consulted to

improve further its organization and contents. The improved draft was then tried out on ten (10)

dry-run subjects who were not included as actual respondents of this study using the Spearman’s

(Rho) formula to ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

Rho formula:

R=1-6ED2
N(N2-1)

where:

R=Rho value

ED2=sum of square difference between ranks

N=number of pairs of measurement

With the R value of one (1), the questionnaire was declared valid and reliable.

In order to avoid guesswork and obtain one-hundred percent (100%) responses from the

actual respondents, a five-Likert scale type of optional answers was reflected with equivalent

weight and verbal interpretation given below.

 Scale Weight Verbal Interpretation

5 4.21-5.00 Always

4 3.41-4.20 Often

3 2.61-3.40 Sometimes

2 1.81-2.60 Seldom

1 1.00-1.80 Never

Data Gathering Procedure

As everything was in place coupled with the validity and reliability of the major

instrument with notation from the thesis adviser, letters addressed to the PNP,DSWD, and local

government officials were prepared requesting permission to issue a set of questionnaire to the

actual respondents included in their respective areas of jurisdiction.

The distribution and retrieval of the three (3) sets of questionnaire were done personally

by the researchers in order to clarify questions which were found highly technical in nature by

the said respondents.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The responses of the actual respondents were tallied and tabulated in order to determine

the frequencies and equivalent percentages using the given formula.

Percentage formula:
 %=Ef
N

where:

%=percent

Ef=sum of frequencies

N=number of cases

Chi-square test formula to test null hypotheses 1 and 2 relative to the significant

differences in the personal profile of the respondents and the degree of crimes committed by the

offenders at five percent (5%) significant level.

X2=E(0-E)2
E

where:

X2=chi-square value

O=observed frequency

E=expected frequency

Weighted mean formula designed to know the weight of the responses of the respondents

to the basic questions raised.

WM=Esf
N
 where:

WM=weighted mean

Esf=sum of scale and frequency

N=number of cases

Product-moment formula intended to establish relationship between independent and

dependent variables such the cases of unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to

crime increases in the said municipality respectively.

R=Exy
V(Ex2)(Ey2)

where:

R=correlation value

x=independent variables

y=dependent variables

T-ratio formula to test null hypothesis 3 in determining as to whether or not

unemployment and illiteracy can contribute to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna at five

percent (5%) level of significance.

T = r Vn-2
V1-r2
where:

T= t-ratio
r=computed r between x and y

n=number of paired data

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Angara, Edgardo (2011). Making Education At Work. Quezon City: Agenda for Reform

Constantino, Renato (2013). Problems of Global Competitiveness: Social Science and

Multiculturalism. Manila: ASSERT.

Jackson, Richard M. (2013). The Machinery of Justice in England. London: Justice

Journal.

Lemert, Edwin M. (2013). Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. New
York: NY Publications.

Magsaysay, Ramon Jr. (2010). Talking Points on Trends, Issues and Challenges of the
21st Century: Implications to Quality Education. Manila: ASSERT.

Mueller, Gerhard O. (2013). The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes. New Jersey:
Manual for System of Justice.

Rimando, Tony (2010). Schools for the Future. Manila: Manila Bulletin
Publications.

Schaefer, Walter C. (2013). The Suspect and Society. Ill.: South Hackened Evanston
Press.

B. Published and Unpublished Researches

Catapang, Bing Carla (2013). “Factors Affecting the Increase of Female Inmates in
Correctional Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City.” A Thesis, College of
Criminal Justice Education, LSPU Santa Cruz Main Campus.

Graf, Max (2012).”Illiteracy and Unemployment as Enhancers of Criminal

Behavior.”Indiana: A Position Paper.

Greene, Theodore M. (2010).”Illiteracy as Indicator of Unemployment in Enhancing

Crime Rate in the Slum Areas of the Urban metropolis.” New York: Institutional
Study for Book publications.

Guevarra, Arjay; Marfori, Ralph Marvin; and Reyes, Zette Rudly (2013).”Effectiveness
of Correctional Education Program in San Pablo City Jail.” A thesis, College of
Criminology, LSPU San Pablo City Campus.

Newman, Ernest A. (2011). “Illiteracy and Unemployment as Correlates to Crime

Incidence in Idaho.” An Institutional Research for Sociological Publications.
Perez, Robert T. (2011). “Illiteracy and Unemployment as Correlates to Incidence of
Crimes in the Selected Urban Areas.” Manila: An Institutional Research for
Sociology Journal.
 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered from 43 respondents representing PNP officers

and personnel, inmates, DSWD officials and municipal officials of Majayjay, Laguna by means of

questionnaire of five-optional answers. The data are presented in pie graphs and tables

according to frequency counts and equivalent percentages weighted mean with verbal

interpretation of always, often, sometimes or never, to correlation and subjected to

nonparametric and parametric tests by means of chi-square and T-test formulas respectively for

empirical testing of null hypotheses at five (5) percent level of significance as basis for analysis

and interpretation of data relative to the unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors

to the increase of crimes in Majayjay, Laguna. The pie graphs and tables appear based on the

logical sequence of the basic problem areas investigated.

Personal Profile of the Respondents

The personal profile of the respondents is presented hereunder in order to provide

background information of their gender, age, present position, civil status, educational

attainment and unemployment as presented in pie graphs in gauging out the validity and

reliability of data for the above areas investigated.

PNP officers and Personnel

Gender of the total of 11 PNP officers and personnel of Majayjay Police District, 8 or

72.73 percent were males as against the female counterpart of only 3 or 27.27 percent in their

rank and file as shown in Pie Graph I.

Pie Graph I: Gender of PNP officers and Personnel

MALE
3 or 27.27%
FEMALE

8 or 72.73 %

The chi-square (x2) value of 2.2728 which is lesser than the critical value (cv) of 3.841

with the degree of freedom (df) of one (1), registers no significant difference in the gender

representation between male and female PNP officers and personnel at the time this study was

conducted. The findings tend to show of the equal representation of both male and female

officers and personnel from PNP in Majayjay, Laguna.

Age

Majority of the PNP officers and personnel were at the age bracket of 20-39 years old as

declared by 11 or 100 percent in their rank and file. The findings point out that they belonged

to early adulthood, a period of adjustments to new patterns of life and new social expectations

as significantly attested of the chi-square (x2) value of 11 which is indeed greater than the

Pie Graph 2: Age of PNP officers and Personnel

11 or 100%

20-39 years old

critical value of 3.841 with the degree of freedom of one (1). The said findings reveal that they

are in the productive age in preparation for parenthood which is basically the most important

roles in the lives of these young PNP officers and personnel in Majayjay Police District.
Present Position of PNP officers and Personnel

Present position of the total of 11 PNP officers and personnel who were asked of this

query, 3 or 27.27 percent belonged to WCPD and operation; 2 or 18.18 percent claimed that

their work assignment is in the investigation and traffic; whereas only 1 or 9.09 percent was

deployed in the intelligence section as reflected in Pie Graph 3.

Pie Graph 3: Present Position of PNP officers and Personnel

2 or 18.18%
3 or 27.27% WCPD
operation
intelligence
2 or 18.18%
traffic
investigation
3 or 27.27%
1 or 9.09%

An analysis of the chi-square value of 1.2727 which is lesser than the critical value of

9.488 with the degree of freedom 4 registers no significant difference in their present position

of the said police district in Majayjay.

Inmates

Gender of 11 inmates at Majayjay Municipal Jail, 9 or 81.82 percent were males and

only 18.18 percent were females as reported in Pie Graph 4.

The findings show the dominance of male inmates at the said jail as registered by the

chi-square (x2) value of 2.2728 which is lesser than the critical value of 3.841 with the degree of

freedom of one (1).

Pie Graph 4: Gender of Inmates

2 or 18.18%

female
male
9 or 81.82%

The foregoing findings tend to imply that males were prone to commit crime due to

their aggressive and masculine behavior than their female counterpart who belonged to the

weaker sex.
Age

As reported in Pie Graph 5, the age bracket of inmates ranged from 18 to 59 years old.

The youngest were at the age bracket of 18-39 years old declared by 8 or 72.73 percent;

whereas the oldest were at the ages from 40 to 59 years old as disclosed by 3 or 27.27 percent

leaving behind their average age of 29 years old.

Pie Graph 5: Age of Inmates

3 or 27.27%
40-59 years old
18-39 years old

8 or 72.73%

The foregoing findings tend to show that the greatest number of inmates were in their

early adulthood, categorized as productive and problem age due to parenthood preparation

who were totally unprepared to face it respectively as evidenced by the chi-square value of

2.2728 which is lesser than the critical value of 3.841 with the degree of freedom of one (1).
Civil Status

The civil status of inmates at Majayjay district jail reported in Pie Graph 6.

The said inmates are predominantly married as registered by 5 or 45.45 percent;

followed by 4 or 36.36 percent who claimed that they are single since no family to support;

whereas only I or 9.09 percent revealed that they are separated and widower.

Pie Graph 6: Civil Status of Inmates

1 or 9.09%

1 or 9.09%
married
single
widower
5 or 454.45% separated

4 or 36.36%

The chi-square value of 57.165 which is greater than the critical value of 11.070 with the

degree of freedom of 5, registers a significant difference in the civil status of inmates as the

greater number have their own families to help maintain and support and committing crimes by

robbing or stealing someone’s property, the only means to support the basic household needs

of their children.
Number of children

As shown in Pie Graph 7, the inmates of the said jail have only 1 child as reported by 6

or 54.54 percent, and 1 or 9.09 percent has 5, 4, 3 and 2 children in the family, and of the same

percentage is childless.

An analysis of the chi-square value of 57.165 which is found greater than the critical

Pie Graph 7: Number of Children of Inmates

1 or 9.09%
1 or 9.09%

1 or 9.09% zero
one

1 or 9.09% two
three
1 or 9.09% four
five
6 or 54.54%

value of 11.070 with the degree of freedom 5, confirmed a significant difference in the number

of children of inmates of Majayjay district jail in Laguna.

From the said findings, it is inferred that inmates of the said jail have only one child in

the family and being in jail could be attributed to the wards they presently support.
Educational Attainment

As shown in Pie Graph 8, the inmate’s educational attainment ranged from kindergarten

to college graduates.

Majority of inmates are dominantly graduates of elementary grades as claimed by 8 or

72.73 percent; and only one (1) or 9.09 percent finished kindergarten; high school and of the

same percentage has a self-imposed professional growth as he finished college degree.

No significant difference in the distribution of the level of educational attainment of the

Pie Graph 8: Educational Attainment of Inmates

1 or 9.09%

1 or 9.09%

elementary graduates

1 or 9.09% high school graduate

college graduate
kindergarten garduate
8 or 72.73%

inmates can be observed as evidenced by the chi-square value of 13.3635 which is greater than

the critical value of 7.815 with the degree of freedom of 3. The said findings tend to show a big
gap difference in the educational attainment among inmates of the said jail in Majayjay,

Laguna.

It is therefore inferred that through the greatest number finished elementary grades.

This cannot serve as a passport for better future in life; hence they landed up in jail upon

reaching their early adulthood.

Employment

The employment of inmates prior to their incarceration is registered in Pie Graph 9.

Dominantly, 6 or 54.54 percent were farmers; whereas 2 or 18.18 percent were laundry

woman; farmer and the remaining percentage of 9.09 percent as claimed by one (1) disclosed

that they were former barber, carpenter, and fisherman.

Pie Graph 9: Employment of Inmates

1 or 9.09%

1 or 9.09%
farmers
laundrywoman
1 or 9.09%
fisherman
carpenter
2 or 18.18% 6 or 54.54% barber

However, they were practically unanimous in their employment as they were deployed

as blue collar workers in their own line of occupation before they were incarcerated in jail as
their second have away from home as attested by the chi-square value of 8.5453 which is lesser

than the critical value of 9.488 with the degree of freedom of 4.

Monthly Income

As shown in Pie Graph 10, the monthly income of inmates prior to their incarceration

ranged from ₱900 and below to ₱6,000.

Of the total of 11 who were asked of this matter, 8 or 72.73 percent claimed that their

income bracket ranged from ₱1,000 to ₱3,000; whereas 2 or 18.18 percent disclosed of having

a monthly income ₱900 and below; while only 1 or 9.09 percent declared that this monthly

earning bracket was ₱4,000-₱6,000 before he was jailed leaving behind their average monthly

income of ₱1,996.67 in their rank and file.

Pie Graph 10: Monthly Income Of Inmates

2 or 18.18%

P1000-P3000
1 or 9.09%
P4000-P6000
P900 & Below

8 or 72.73%

A cursory analysis of the chi-square value of 7.8111 which is lower than the critical value

of 7.815 with the degree of freedom of 2 reveals no significant difference in the monthly
income of inmates before they were arrested and jailed at the municipal district jail in

Majayjay, Laguna.

The foregoing findings tend to point out that the said inmates had a subsistent or a

hand-to-mouth monthly income, the reason why they were motivated to rob or steal for the

sustenance of the household needs of the family.

DSWD Officers and Personnel

Gender

Pie Graph 11 presents the personal profile of DSWD officers and personnel in Majayjay,

Laguna in terms of gender.

Of the total of 11 DSWD officers and personnel, 8 or 72.73 percent were females as

against their male counterpart of only 3 or 27.27 percent in their rank and file.

Pie Graph 11: Gender of DSWD Officers and Personnel

3 or 27.27% Female
Male

8 or 72.73%
 No greater discrimination in the rank and file of DSWD officers and personnel as

reported by the chi-square value of 2.2728 which is lesser than the critical value of 3.841 with

the degree of freedom one (1).

The foregoing findings tend to point out of equal representation between female and

male officers and personnel at the local office of the DSWD in Majayjay, Laguna.

Age

The age of the DSWD officers and personnel ranged from 20 to 59 years old as

presented in Pie Graph 12.

Of the total of 11 who were asked of this matter, 7 or 63.64 percent declared that their

age bracket was 20-39 years old; and only 4 or 36.36 percent belonged to the age range of 40-

59 years old.

Pie Graph 12: Age of DSWD officers and Personnel

4 or 36.36%
20-39 years old
7 or 63.63% 40-59 years old
 The said officers and personnel at the DSWD were the same in their age distribution as

evidenced by the chi-square value of .8182 which is lesser than the critical value of 3.841 within

the parameter of the degree of freedom of one (1). The foregoing findings tend to point out of

no generation gap taking shape at the local DSWD in Majayjay, Laguna as both the early

adulthood and middle adulthood worked hand-in-hand in the delivery of social services to the

citizens of the municipality most particularly minor inmates at the municipal district jail.

Present Position

With respect to the present position of the DSWD officers and personnel, Pie Graph 13,

present the data.

Of the 11 DSWD officers and personnel 5 or 45.45 percent are social worker volunteers,

2 or 18.18 percent are administrative officers and of the same percentage disclosed that they

are Public Relations officers; whereas only 1 or 9.09 percent revealed of their position as

secretary and treasurer at the said local office.

Pie Graph 13: Present Position of DSWD officers and Personnel

social worker
adm. Officers
5 or 45.45%
PRO
Secretary
treasurer
 Looking deeper into the chi-square value of 4.909 which is lesser than the degree of

freedom of 4, registers no significant difference in the number of present positions occupied by

the said officers and personnel at the DSWD local office in Majayjay, Laguna.

In other words, no dominance of superiority over subordinates at the said local office of

DSWD as they discharged their respective functions based on their job description.

Local Government Officials

As reported in Pie Graph 14, majority of municipal officials in Majayjay, Laguna who

were consulted of this query were females as declared by 7 or 70 percent as against their male

counterpart of 3 or 30 percent.

Pie Graph 14: Gender of Municipal Officials

3 or 30%
Female
Male

7 or 70%

No significant difference in the gender representation between the rank and file of

female and male officials in the municipality of Majayjay as attested by the chi-square value of
1.6 which is lesser than the critical value of 3.84 within the parameter of the degree of freedom

of one (1).

With the above value, both male and female municipal officials in Majayjay were equally

represented during the actual gathering of data by the researches.

The Dominance of Crimes Prevalent In Majayjay, Laguna

The degree of crimes committed in terms of crimes against property, person and public

order is presented in the following tables.

Crimes against Property

As reported in Table I, when crimes against property were asked among PNP officers

and personnel, the claimed that theft was sometimes committed in their areas of jurisdiction as

evidenced by the weighted mean of 3.18 verbally interpreted as “sometimes”.

TABLE 1
Crimes Against Property
Crimes
against PNP Inmates DSWD Municipal Officials
Property
WM Verbal WM Verbal WM Verbal WM Verbal
Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation
Theft 3.18 Sometimes 1.73 never 2.91 sometimes 3.1 sometimes

Malicious 2.45 Seldom 1.18 Never 1.91 Seldom 2.5 Seldom

Mischief
Arson & 1 Never 1 Never 1.09 Never 1.4 Never
Destruction

Average 2.21 Seldom 1.30 Never 1.97 Seldom 2.33 Seldom

X 2 43.2897 6.9695 22.622 23.7624
Cv 12.592 12.592 12.592 15.507
Df 6 6 6 8
Ho1 rejected accepted rejected rejected
Legend:
Range Verbal Interpretation
4.21-5.00 always
3.41-4.20 often
2.61-3.40 sometimes
1.81-2.60 seldom
1.00-1.80 never

Seldom as they disclosed that malicious mischief was made by law violators as revealed

by the weighted mean of 2.45 verbally described as “seldom”.

 Apparently, as reported by PNP officers and personnel, arson and destruction to

property were never made by the criminal elements in Majayjay as evidenced by the weighted

mean of I with verbal interpretation of “never”.

On the average crimes against property as stipulated above were seldom committed in

the said municipality as indicated by the overall weighted mean of 2.21 with verbal description

of “seldom”.

A cursory analysis of the chi-square (x2) of 43.2897 which is greater than the critical

value (cv) of 12.592 with the degree of freedom of 6, registers a significant difference in the

assessment of the PNP officers and personnel regarding the degree of crimes against property

as prevalent in Majayjay, Laguna. With this value, null hypothesis which states that “there is no

significant difference in the degree of crimes against property” is rejected at five percent (5%)

level of significance; whereas its working hypothesis which stipulates that the lower is the

educational attainment of the inmates and no work opportunities given on their behalf, the

more they commit crimes against property is supported at the said level of significance.

When this matter was asked among the inmates themselves, the same table registers

the data.

The weighted means of 1.73, 1.18 and 1 claimed that they never committed crimes

against property as to theft, malicious mischief, arson and destruction respectively as sustained

further by the average weighted mean of 1.30 verbally interpreted as “never”.

The chi-square value of 6.9695 which is lower than the critical value (cv) of 15.592 with

the degree of freedom (df) of 6 revealed that the inmates at the municipal jail in Majayjay were
the same in their disclosure that they never committed crimes against property. With said chi-

square value, null hypothesis is therefore accepted at five percent level of significance.

When similar questions was propounded among the DSWD officers and personnel,

Table I reports the data. The weighted mean of 2.91 reveals that theft was sometimes reported

to their office as the occasional crime made by minors. However, seldom crime on malicious

mischief was made by minors as evidenced by the weighted mean of 1.91 and sustained further

the average weighted mean of 1.97 verbally interpreted as “seldom”.

The said officers and personnel of the local, the DSWD claimed that arson and

destruction of private or public property was never committed by minors as shown by the

weighted mean of 1.09 with verbal description of “never”.

When the same query was consulted among municipal officials of Majayjay, theft was

sometimes made as indicated by the weighted mean of 3.1 malicious mischief was seldom done

at the time this study was conducted as strengthened further by the average weighted mean of

2.33 with verbal interpretation of “seldom”; whereas arson and destruction of private and

public property was never done by offenders as attested by the weighted mean of 1.4 verbally

interested as “never”.

Analyzing the chi-square value of 23.7624 which is greater than the critical value of

15.507 with the degree of freedom (df) of 8, confirmed that the municipal officials were

significantly different from one another in their assessment regarding the dominance of crimes

against property as prevalent in the said municipality. With the foregoing findings, null

hypothesis is rejected while its alternative working hypothesis is supported or proven true at

five percent (5%) level of significance.

 It is therefore inferred that the lower is the educational attainment of inmates as they

have no employment opportunities, the more they are prone to commit crimes involving

property such as theft to speak.

Crimes against Person

When this matter was asked among PNP officers and personnel in Majayjay Police

Station on crimes against person, their responses are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2
Crimes Against Person
Crimes
against PNP Inmates DSWD Municipal Officials
Person
WM Verbal WM Verbal WM Verbal WM Verbal
Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation
Physical 4.27 always 1.64 sometimes 3.27 sometimes 2.5 sometimes
Injury
Destruction 2.64 Sometimes 1.09 Never 1.27 never 1.8 never
Of Life
Average 3.46 Often 1.36 Never 2.27 Seldom 2.15 Seldom
X 2 18.4444 4.2222 13.0 3.2190
Cv 9.488 7.815 9.488 5.991
Df 4 3 4 2
Ho1 rejected accepted rejected accepted
Legend:
Range Verbal Interpretation
4.21-5.00 always
3.41-4.20 often
2.61-3.40 sometimes
1.81-2.60 seldom
1.00-1.80 never

Apparently, physical injury was always the common scenario as reported by the PNP as

divulged by the weighted mean of 4.27 verbally interpreted as “always”. However, destruction
of life which as murder was done occasionally as reported by the weighted mean of 2. 64

verbally interpreted as “sometimes”.

On the overall, as assessed by the PNP in Majayjay Police Station, crimes against person

were often committed by criminal elements as evidenced by the average weighted mean of

3.46 verbally interpreted as “often”.

An analysis of the chi-square value of 18.4444 which is greater when compared to the

critical value (cv) of 9.488 with the degree of 4, rejects the null hypothesis advanced in this

study which states that “there is no significant difference in the crimes against person” at five

percent (5%) level of significance while the working hypothesis is proven true signifying among

others that “the lower is the educational attainment of the inmates as they have no access to

work opportunities, the more they are prone to commit crimes against person”.

When this aspect was counterchecked among inmates, the same table registers the

data. Of the eleven (11) inmates who were issued one set of structured interview questionnaire

physical injury was sometimes committed by them as indicated by the weighted mean of 1.64;

while they claimed that they had never committed destruction to life or murder as presented

by the weighted mean of 1.09 and sustained further by the average weighted mean of 1.36

with verbal interpretation of “never”.

The chi-square value of 4.2222 which is lesser than the critical value (cv) of 7.815 with

degree of freedom 3 reveals that the inmates were unanimous in their answers to the crimes

against person. With the said value, null hypothesis is accepted at five percent (5%) level of

significance.
 The findings tend to show that the inmates were one thing in common that they

sometimes committed physical injury, the reason behind why they are in jail but somehow

never they had committed murder so to speak.

The DSWD officers and personnel were also consulted of the crimes against person as

committed by minors under their custody, and the data are presented in Table 2.

The weighted means of 1.64 and 1.09 confirmed that minors sometimes committed

physical injury but never destruction of life such as murder respectively, as sustained by the

average weighted of 1.36 with verbal interpretation of “never”.

A cursory analysis of the chi-square of 4.2222 which is indeed lesser than the critical

value (cv) of 7.815 with the degree of freedom (df) 3 reveals that the DSWD officers and

personnel were the same in their pronouncement that minors under their custody occasionally

committed physical injury but never murder so to speak. With the said pronouncement, null

hypothesis is accepted at five percent (5%) level of significance.

When the same question was asked among the municipal officials of Majayjay, physical

injury was seldom committed by the residents in their respective areas of jurisdiction, and

never the destruction of life much as murder as evidenced by the weighted means of 2.5 and

1.8 verbally interpreted as “seldom” and “never” respectively and sustained further by the

average weighted mean of 2.15 with verbal interpretation of “seldom”.

The chi-square value of 3.2190 which is lesser when compared to the critical value of

5.991 within the parameter of the degree of freedom of 2 registers that the municipal officials

of Majayjay were practically the same in their disclosure regarding the prevalence of crimes

against person in their respective areas jurisdiction.

 Thus, with the above findings, null hypothesis which states that “there is no significant

difference in the degree of crimes against person” is accepted at five percent (5%) significant

level.

From the above disclosure, municipal officials of Majayjay in Laguna were practically

common or the same in their awareness of crimes against person which they confirmed seldom

or never at the time they assumed public office.

Other Crimes that is usually committed

Table 3 reports the data on other crimes that is usually committed.

Of the 11 PNP officers and personnel who were consulted of this matter, estafa was

often committed in Majayjay as evidenced by the weighted mean of 3.64 verbally interpreted

as “often”; opium and prohibited drugs were occasionally prevalent as evidenced by the

weighted mean of 2.64 with verbal interpretation of “sometimes” and gambling a crime against

public order was seldom committed in the said municipality as indicated by the weighted mean

of 2 with an overall weighted mean of 2.76 verbally interpreted as “average”.

The chi-square value of 30.6188 which is greater than the critical value of 15.507 with

the degree of freedom of 8 registers that there was significant difference in the assessment

made by PNP officers and personnel regarding the degree of crimes against public order

prevalent in Majayjay, Laguna.

 TABLE 3
Other Crimes that is Usually Committed
Other
Crimes that PNP Inmates DSWD Municipal Officials
is usually
committed
WM Verbal WM Verbal WM Verbal WM Verbal
Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation
Estafa 3.64 often 1.18 never 1 Never 2.8 sometimes

Opium and 2.64 Sometimes 1.27 Never 2.36 Sometimes 2.5 Seldom
prohibited
drugs
Gambling 2 Seldom 1 Never 3.09 sometimes 2.2 seldom

Average 2.76 Sometimes 1.15 Never 2.15 Seldom 2.5 Seldom

X2 30.6188 3.2153 30.2123 10.8905
Cv 15.507 9.488 15.507 15.507
Df 8 4 8 8
Ho1 rejected accepted rejected rejected
Legend:
Range Verbal Interpretation
4.21-5.00 always
3.41-4.20 often
2.61-3.40 sometimes
1.81-2.60 seldom
1.00-1.80 never

With the above findings, null hypothesis is rejected while its alternative working

hypothesis is supported or proven true at five (5) percent level of significance.

Within the above context, it is therefore implied that the lower is the educational

attainment of inmates, the more they are deprived of employment opportunities which

dragged them to commit crimes involving public order as assessed by PNP in Majayjay Police

Station.
 When the same line of questioning was propounded among inmates, their responses

are reported in table 3. Accordingly, as these inmates revealed, they never committed estafa,

which taken optimum or prohibited drugs and never involved in gambling as evidenced by the

weighted means of 1.18, 1.27 and 1 as sustained further by the average weighted means of

1.15 verbally interpreted as “never”.

The said inmates were practically the same in their assessments relative to the crimes

against public order as shown by the chi-square value of 3.2153 which is lesser than the critical

value of 9.488 around the degree of freedom of 4. Thus, with the said findings, null hypothesis

which states that “there is no significant difference in the prevalence of crimes against public

order in the said municipality” is accepted at five (5) percent level of significance.

When the same question was asked among the DSWD Officers and personnel in their

local office in Majayjay, gambling as well the use of opium and prohibited drugs was

occasionally dominant among minors as evidenced by the weighted means of 3.09 and 2.36

verbally interpreted as “sometimes”. However, estafa was never committed by minors prior to

their custody at DSWD as attested by the weighted mean of one (1) with the verbal

interpretation of “never”.

The chi-square (x2) value of 30.2123 which is greater than the critical value (cv) of

15.507 with the degree of freedom (df) of 8, registers the significant difference in the crimes

against public order committed by minors prior to their custody at the center so provided by

the DSWD in Majayjay, Laguna.

Anchored on the above findings, it is inferred that the lower is the educational

qualification of the percents of minors as no employment opportunities accorded on their

behalf the more susceptible their children to gambling and the more prone to take opium or

prohibited drugs.

At this juncture, null hypothesis is rejected, whereas the working hypothesis posited in

advance is supported or proven true at five (5) percent level of significance.

Municipal officials in Majayjay were also consulted about the numeracy of crimes

against public order, and the same table reveals their responses. Of the ten (10) who were

issued questionnaire, the weighted mean of 2.8 confirms that estafa was sometimes prevalent.

However, taking opium and prohibited drugs as well as gambling was seldom committed as

proven by weighted means of 2.5 and 2.2 respectively and sustained further by the average

weighted mean of 2.5 verbally interpreted as “seldom”.

Public Officials from Majayjay were practically the same in their assessment regarding

the lesser than the critical value of 15.507 within the parameter of the degree of freedom of 8.
 UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY AS CONTRIBUTORY
FACTORS TO THE INCREASE OF CRIME IN MAJAYJAY, LAGUNA

As gleamed from Table 4, the IR value of 27 shows that unemployment and illiteracy

have low correlation to crimes against property person and public order as perceived by the

PNP officers and personnel in Majayjay Police Station as attested further by the t-value of .4857

TABLE 4
UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY AS CORRELATES
TO CRIMES IN MAJAYJAY, LAGUNA
Contributory
Factors UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY
R Analysis T CV df Decision H03 at 5%
PNP
Perceptions of .27 low .4857 2.353 3 not accepted
Crimes correlation significant
Inmates
Perceptions of .04 negligible .0693 2.353 3 not accepted
Crimes correlation significant
DSWD negatively
Perceptions of -.37 low .6898 2.353 3 not accepted
Crimes correlation significant
Public Officials
Perceptions of .07 negligible .1215 2.353 3 not accepted
Crimes correlation significant

Legends:
Range Analysis
.81-1.00 very high correlation
.51- .80 high correlation
.41- .40 substantial correlation
.81- .20 low correlation
.81- .20 negligible correlation

Which is lesser than the critical value (cv) 2.353 with the degree of freedom (df) of 3

which redound to the acceptance of null hypothesis at five percent (5%) level of significance.
The findings tend to point out that unemployment and illiteracy could not be an excuse for

person to commit crimes involving property, person and other crimes that is usually committed.

A negligible correlation can also be observed an unemployment and illiteracy as

correlates to crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually committed as

evidenced by the value of .04 as attested by the T-value of .0693 which is lesser than the critical

value of 2.353 with the degree of freedom of 3 which ultimately accepted the null hypothesis at

five percent significant level from the viewpoints of the inmates.

As assessed by the DSWD officers and personnel were seemed to have a negatively low

correlation between unemployment as well as illiteracy and numeracy of crimes against

property, person and other crimes that is usually committed as indicated by the R-value of. 37

and attested further by the T-value of .6898 which is lesser than the critical value of 3, which by

all means accepted the null hypothesis at five percent level of significance.

Among public officials of Majayjay, the R-value of .07 shows negligible correlation

between unemployment and illiteracy, and crimes against property, person and other crimes

that is usually committed as sustained further by the T-value of .1215 which is found lesser than

the critical value of 2.353 with the degree of freedom 3 which in all possibilities accepted the

null hypothesis at five percent level of significance.

From the above findings, it is therefore inferred that crimes committed against

property, person and other crimes that is usually committed cannot be pounded an person for

reason of unemployment and illiteracy.

 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study an unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to crime increases in

Majayjay, Laguna is descriptive method in design. It involved 43 respondents representing PNP

officers and personnel, and public officials in the said municipality from whom the data shared

by them resolved the two (2) problem areas investigated namely: the degree of crimes

committed against property person and public; and unemployment and illiteracy as correlates

to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna. Three (3) sets of questionnaire were issued and

retrieved from the above respondents for resolution of the basic problems raised with finality.

Centrality and relation of data were computed by means of weighted mean and r-

correlation formulas and subjected to statistical testing by means of nonparametric and

parametric formulas through chi-square and T-test respectively, as basis for empirical testing of

null hypothesis at five percent level of significance.

From the procedure summarized above, the basic problem areas were answered.

Findings

The following are the salient findings of the study:

1. The PNP officers and personnel were dominantly males as declared by 72.73% as

against their female counterpart of only 3 or 27.27% in their rank and file, in their

age bracket of 20-39 old as disclosed by 22 or 100% dominantly assigned in WCPD

and operation; whereas inmates were dominantly males of 18-39 years old as
 disclosed by 8 or 72.73% predominantly married with 5 or 45.45% with only one

child in the family, finished elementary grades with 8 or 72.72% responses, 6 or

54.54% were farmers prior to their incarceration, with monthly income bracket of

P1000-P3000; the DSWD officers and personnel were dominantly females with 8 or

72.73% responses as against their male counterpart of only 3 or 27.27% in their early

adulthood with 7 or 63.64% responses and dominantly social workers in their own

right; whereas municipal officials were dominantly females of around 7 or 70%

against their male counterpart of only 3 or 30% in their rank and file.

2. The dominance of crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually

committed in Majayjay, Laguna were theft, physical injury and estafa as attested by

the weighted means of 3.18, 4.27 3.64 as sustained further by the chi-square values

of 43.2897, 18.4444 and 30.6188 which rejected the null hypothesis at 5% level of

significance respectively.

3. Unemployment and illiteracy and illiteracy have low and negligible correlations

with crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually committed in

Majayjay as evidenced by the R-values of .27, .04, -.37, .07 as attested further by the

T-value of .4857, .0693, .6898 and .1215 which accepted the null hypothesis at 5%

level of significance.
Conclusions

Based on the above findings, the following conclusions are representing are hereby

drawn.

1. The respondents representing the PNP personnel, inmates, DSWD and public officials in

Majayjay Laguna were credible in their assessment of crimes against property, person

and other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay.

2. The dominance of crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually

committed in Majayjay, Laguna were theft, physical injury and estafa which were often

and always committed when situation always committed when situation so warranted.

3. Unemployment and illiteracy have slight bearing in the increase of crimes involving

property, person and other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay, Laguna.

Recommendations

In the light of the above findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are

hereby offered:

1. Twenty-four hours round the clock should be made by the PNP officers and personnel in

coordination with DSWD and public officials in order to minimize if not totally eradicate

crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay,

Laguna.

2. Controlling situations should be made possible by law enforcers involving barangay and

municipal officials in order not to warrant the commission of crimes against person,

property and other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay, Laguna.

3. A study of similar nature should be conducted in the other municipality in order to

establish a positive and high relation between unemployment and illiteracy and crime

increases so as to strengthen further the findings of this research undertaking.

 APPENDIX A

Letter of Request

October 17, 2014

PSInsp. Marcelito M. Marcial

COP, Majayjay Police Station

Sir:

Good Day! We are 4th year B.S. Criminology students of Union College, Sta. Cruz Laguna. As part
of the completion of our course the conduct of research is required, wherein we are working on
the thesis entitled “Unemployment and Illiteracy as Contributory Factors to the Increase of
Crime in Majayjay Laguna.”

In lieu with said requirements, we are requesting that a set of questionnaires be given and to
be answered by your personnel as well as by inmates/detainees in your custody.

It is assured that the information and data to be shared by them will be treated with utmost
confidentiality and be used only for the study under consideration.

With gratitude, respect, and appreciation for the courtesy of your approval relative to this
request, without which, this study will not be made possible.

Very respectfully,

CHARLENE A. VILLARMIL
JERIK JEZZER A. PANCHOCOLA
KENNETH L. FABULA
Researchers
 APPENDIX B

Questionnaire for PNP Officers and Personnel

Directions: Please check the blank (_) which reflects the item for your answer.

A. Personal Profile

1.Gender:

___Male

___Female

2.Age:

___57 yrs. old (nearing retirement)

___40-56yrs. old (middle adulthood)

___20-39 yrs. old (early adulthood)

_______________Please, specify.

3. Present Position:

___Intelligence

___investigation

___WCPD

___Traffic

_________________Please, specify.

B. What degree of crimes did inmates in your jurisdiction commit as to the following?
Please check the blank (_) which reflects one (1) of the five (5) options for your answer.
 Options:

5-always

4-often

3-sometimes

2-seldom

1-never

1. Crimes against property

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Theft
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Arson and other crimes involving destruction

2. Crimes against person

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Physical Injury
__ __ __ __ __2. Destruction of Life

3. Other crimes that usually committed

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Estafa
__ __ __ __ __2. Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs
__ __ __ __ __3. Gambling

Thank you very much…

God Bless!!
 Structured Interview Questionnaire for Inmates
(Palatanungan Para sa Mga Bilanggo)

Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek (_) ang puwang na tugma sa inaakala mo ay tama.

A.Personal na Salik

1.Kasarian:

__Lalaki

__Babae

2.Edad:

__60 taong gulang pataas (katandaang gulang)

__40-59 taong gulang (kagitnaang gulang)

__18-39 taong gulang (kabataang gulang)

3.Katayuang Sibil:

__Walang asawa

__May asawa

__Hiwalay

__Balo

______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

4.Bilang ng Mga Anak:

__5

__4

__3
__2

__1

______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

5.Antas ng Pinag-aralan:
 __Tapos ng doktorado

__Tapos ng master

__Tapos ng kolehiyo

__Tapos ng high school

__Tapos ng elementarya

__Tapos ng kinder

_______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

6.Trabaho:

__Barbero

__Basurero(ra)

__Janitor

__Karpentero

__Labandera

__Magsasaka

__Mangingisda

_______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

7.Buwanang Kita:

__P10,000 pataas

__7,000-9,000

__4,000-6,000

__1,000-3,000

__P900 pababa

___________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

 B.Anong antas ng krimen ang iyong nagawa batay sa mga sumusunod? Paki tsek ang
puwang na tugma sa isang (1) tamang kasagutan sa limang (5) pagpipilian.

Pagpipilian:

5-pinakamadalas

4-madalas

3-katamtaman

2-madalang

1-wala

1. Krimen laban sa ari-aian (Crimes against property)

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Pagnanakaw (Theft)
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Pagsunog ng ari-arian (Arson and other crimes involving
destruction)

2. Krimen laban sa tao (Crimes against person)

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Pangkatawang pinsala (Physical Injury)
__ __ __ __ __2. pagpatay ( Destruction of Life)

3. Iba pang mga krimen na karaniwang nagagawa (Other crimes that usually committed)
1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Hindi pagbabayad ng utang (Estafa)
__ __ __ __ __2. Krimeng kaugnay sa droga at mga ipinagbabawal na gamot
(Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs)
__ __ __ __ __3.pagsusugal (Gambling)

Maraming salamat po…

 Questionnaire for DSWD Officers and Personnel

Directions: Please check the blank (_) which reflects the item for your answer.

A.Personal Profile

1. Gender:

__Male

__Female

2.Age:

__60-65yrs. old (late adulthood)

__40-59yrs. old (middle adulthood)
__20-39yrs. old (early adulthood)
_____________Please, specify.

3.Present Position:

__Administrative Officer
__Secretary
__Treasurer
__PRO
______________Please, specify.

B.What degree of offenses do minors under your care commit as to the following?
Please check the blank__which reflects one (1) of the five (5) options for your answer.
Options:
5-always
4-often
3-sometimes
2-seldome
1-never
1. Crimes against property
1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Theft
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Arson and other crimes involving destruction

2. Crimes against person

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Physical Injury
__ __ __ __ __2. Destruction of Life

3. Other crimes that usually committed

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Estafa
__ __ __ __ __2. Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs
__ __ __ __ __3. Gambling

Thank you very much…

God Bless!!
 Questionnaire for Local Government Officials and Citizens

Directions: Please check the blank (_) which reflects the item for your answer.

A.Personal Profile

1. Gender:

__Male

__Female

2. Sector:

__Municipal Official

__Barangay Official

__Private Citizen

B.What degree of crimes is dominant or prevalent in your area as to the following? Please
check the blank (_) which reflects one (1) of the five (5) options for your answer.

Options:

5-always

4-often

3-sometimes

2-seldom

1-never
1. Crimes against property
1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Theft
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Arson and other crimes involving destruction

2. Crimes against person

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Physical Injury
__ __ __ __ __2. Destruction of Life

3. Other crimes that usually committed

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Estafa
__ __ __ __ __2. Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs
__ __ __ __ __3. Gambling

Thank you very much…

God Bless!!
 APPENDIX C

A. PNP officers and Personnel

A. Personal Profile
1. Gender O E
Male 8 5.5
Female 3 5.5
11

X2= Σ (O-E)2

X2= (8-5.5)2 + (3-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= 1.1364+1.1364

X2= 2.2728 <cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

2-1

Df= 1

H01= accepted

2. Age O E
40-56 0 5.5
20-39 11 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (0-5.5)2 + (11-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= 5.5+5.5

X2= 11 <cv= 3.841

Df= N-1
 2-1

Df= 1

H01= accepted

3. Present Position O E
Intelligence 1 2.2
Investigation 2 2.2
WCPD 3 2.2
Traffic 2 2.2
Operation 3 2.2
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-2.2)2 + (2-2.2)2 +(3-2.2)2 + (2-2.2)2+(3-2.2)2

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

X2= .6545+.0812+.2909+.0182+.2909

X2= 1.2727 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

5-1

Df= 4

H01= accepted
 B. Degree of Crimes

1.1 Crimes against property

1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0
4 3 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 7 21 3 5 15 3 0 0
2 1 2 2 6 12 2 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 11
11 35 11 27 11 11
Wta= 35 Wta= 27 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 3.18 Wta= 2.45 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
3 1 0 1 0 1 3
7 4 5 4 0 4 12
1 2.3 6 2.3 0 2.3 7
0 3.7 0 3.7 11 3.7 11
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (3-1)2 + (7-4)2 +(1-2.3)2 + (0-3.7)2 +(3-1)2 + (5-4)2 +(6-2.3)2 + (0-3.7)2

1 4 2.3 3.7 1 4 2.3 3.7
2 2 2
+ (0-1) + (0-4) +(0-2.3) + (11-3.7) 2

1 4 2.3 3.7

X2= 4+2.25+.7348+3.7= 10.6848

1+.25+5.9522+3.4= 10.9022
1+4+2.3+14.4027= 21.7027
43.2897

X2= 43.2897 <cv= 12.592

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= rejected

1.2 Crimes against person

2. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 4 20 5 0 0
4 6 24 4 0 0
3 1 3 3 8 15
2 0 0 2 2 12
1 0 0 1 1 0
11 47 11 29
Wta= 47 Wta= 29
11 11
Wta= 4.27 Wta= 2.64

O E O E total
4 2 0 2 4
6 3 0 3 6
1 4.5 8 4.5 9
0 1 2 1 2
0 .5 1 .5 1
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-2)2 + (6-3)2 +(1-4.5)2 + (0-1)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-2)2 + (0-3)2 +(8-4.5)2 + (2-1)2 + (1-.5)2
1 4 2.3 3.7 2 2 3 4.5 1 .5

X2= 2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222

2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222
18.4444

X2= 18.4444 <cv= 9.488 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (5-1)

Df= (1) (4)

Df= 4

H01= rejected

1.3 Other crimes

3. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 1 0 5 0 0 5 1 5
4 5 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 5 21 3 8 24 3 0 0
2 0 2 2 2 4 2 7 14
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3
11 35 11 29 11 22
Wta= 40 Wta= 29 Wta= 22
11 11 11
Wta= 3.64 Wta= 2.64 Wta= 2

O E O E O E total
1 .7 0 .7 1 .7 2
5 1.7 0 1.7 0 1.7 5
5 4.3 8 4.3 0 4.3 13
0 3 2 3 7 3 9
0 31.3 1 1.3 3 1.3 4
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.7)2 + (5-1.7)2 +(5-4.3)2 + (0-3)2 +(0-1.3)2 + (0-.7)2 +(0-21.7)2 + (8-4.3)2

.7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3 .7 1.7 4.3
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ (2-3) + (1-1.3) +(1-.7) + (0-1.7) + (0-4.3) +(7-3) +(3-1.3) 2

3 1.3 .7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3

X2= .1286+6.4059+.1140+3+1.3 = 10.9476

.7+1.7+3.1837+.3333+.0692 = 5.9862
.1286+1.7+4.3+5.3333+2.2231= 21.7027
30.6188

X2= 30.6188 <cv= 15.507 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (5-1)
 Df= (2) (4)

Df= 8

H01= rejected

B.Inmates

A. Personal Profile

1. Gender: O E
Male 9 5.5
Female 2 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2

X2= (9-5.5)2 + (2-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= 2.2273+2.2273

X2= 4.4546<cv= 3.841 – significant at 5%

Df= N-1

2-1

Df= 1

H01= rejected

2. Age O E
40-59 3 5.5
18-39 8 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (3-5.5)2 + (8-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= 1.1364+1.1364
 X2=2.2728 <cv= 3.841not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

2-1

Df= 1

H01= accepted

3. Civil status O E
Single 4 2.75
Married 5 2.75
Separated 1 2.75
widower 1 2.75
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-2.75)2 + (5-2.75)2 +(1-2.75)2 + (1-2.75)2

2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75

X2= .5682+1.8409+1.1136+1.1136

X2=4.6363 <cv= 9.488 - not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

4-1

Df= 3

H01= accepted

4. Number of Child O E
5 1 .54
4 1 .54
3 1 .54
2 1 .54
1 6 .54
No child 1 .54
11
 X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.54)2 + (1-.54)2 +(1-.54)2 + (1-.54)2+(6-.54)2 (1-.54)2

.54 .54 .54 .54 .54 .54

X2= .3918+.3918+.3918+.3918+55.2067+.3918

X2= 57.165 <cv= 11.070 – significant at 5%

Df= N-1

6-1

Df= 5

H01= rejected

5. Educational Attainment
College graduate
High school graduate
Elementary graduate
Kindergarten graduate
O E
1 2.75
1 2.75
8 2.75
1 2.75
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-2.75)2 + (1-2.75)2 +(8-2.75)2 + (1-2.75)2

2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75

X2= 1.1136+1.1136+10.0227+1.1136

X2= 13.3635 <cv= 7.815

Df= N-1

4-1

Df= 3

H01= accepted
6. employment O E
barber 1 2.2
carpenter 2 2.2
laundrywoma 2 2.2
farmer 6 2.2
fisherman 1 2.2
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-2.2)2 + (1-2.2)2 +(2-2.2)2 + (6-2.2)2+(1-2.2)2

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

X2= .6545+.6545+.0182+6.5636+.6545

X2= 8.5453 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

5-1

Df= 4

H01= accepted

7. monthly income O E
P4,000-P6,000 1 3.67
P1,000-P3,000 8 3.67
P900 and below 2 3.67
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-3.67)2 + (8-3.67)2+(2-3.67)2

3.67 3.67 3.67

X2= 1.9425+5.1087+.7599

X2=7.8111<cv= 7.815 - not significant at 5%

Df= N-1
 3-1

Df= 2

H01= accepted

B. Degree of Crimes

1. Crimes against property

4. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0
4 1 4 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 2 6 3 1 3 3 0 0
2 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 0
1 7 7 1 10 10 1 11 11
11 19 11 13 11 11
Wta= 19 Wta= 13 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 1.73 Wta= 1.18 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
1 .33 0 .33 0 .33 1
2 1 1 1 0 1 3
1 .33 0 .33 0 .33 1
7 9.33 10 9.33 11 9.33 28
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.33)2 + (2-1)2 +(1-.33)2 + (7-3.9.33)2 +(0-.33)2 + (1-1)2 +(0-.33)2 + (10-9.33)2

.33 1 .33 9.33 .33 1 .33 9.33
2 2 2
+ (0-.33) + (0-1) +(0-.33) + (11-9.33) 2

.33 1 .33 .33

X2= 1.3603+1+1.3603+.5819 = 4.3025

.33+0+.33+.0481 = .7081
.33+1+.33+.2989 = 1.9589
6.9695

X2= 6.9695 <cv= 12.592 – not significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= accepted

2. Crimes against person

1. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 0 0 5 0 0
4 1 4 4 0 0
3 2 6 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 1 2
1 8 8 1 10 10
11 18 11 12
Wta= 18 Wta= 12
11 11
Wta= 1.64 Wta= 1.09

O E O E total
1 .5 0 .5 1
2 1 0 1 2
0 .5 1 .5 1
8 9 10 9 18
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.5)2 + (2-1)2 +(0-.5)2 + (8-9)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-1)2 + (1-.5)2 +(10-9)2

.5 1 .5 9 .5 1 .5 9

X2=.5+1+.5+.1111 = 2.1111
.5+1+.5+.1111 = 2.1111
4.2222

X2 = 4.2222 <cv= 7.815 – not significant at 5%

 Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (4-1)

Df= (1) (3)

Df= 3

H01= raccepted

c. Other crimes

1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0
4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 1 3 3 1 3 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0
2 10 10 1 9 9 1 11 11
11 13 11 14 11 11
Wta= 13 Wta= 14 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 1.18 Wta= 1.27 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
1 .67 1 .67 0 .67 2
0 .33 1 .33 0 .33 9
10 10 9 10 11 10 30
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.67)2 + (0-.33)2 +(10-10)2 + (1-.67)2 +(1-.33)2 + (9-10)2 +(0-.67)2 + (0-.33)2 + (11-10)2
.67 .33 10 .67 .33 10 .67 .33 10

X2= .1625+.33+0 = .4925

.1625+1.3603+.1= 1.6228
.67+.33+.1 = 1.1
3.2153

X2= 3.2153 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

 (3-1) (3-1)

Df= (2) (2)

Df= 4

H01= accepted

C. DSWD officers and personnel

1. Personal Profile
A. Gender O E
Male 3 5.5
Female 8 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2

X2= (3-5.5)2 + (8-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= 1.1364+1.1364

X2= 2.2728 <cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

2-1

Df= 1

H01= accepted

4. Age O E
40-56 4 5.5
20-39 7 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-5.5)2 + (7-5.5)2

5.5 5.5
 X2= .4091+.4091

X2= .8182<cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

2-1

Df= 1

H01= accepted

5. Present Position O E
Adm. officers 2 2.2
secretary 1 2.2
treasurer 1 2.2
PRO 2 2.2
Social worker 5 2.2
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (2-2.2)2 + (1-2.2)2 +(1-2.2)2 + (2-2.2)2+(5-2.2)2

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

X2= .0182+.6545+.6545+.0182+3.5656

X2= 4.909 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

5-1

Df= 4

H01= accepted
 B. Degree of Crimes

1.4 Crimes against property

1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0
4 5 20 4 1 4 4 0 0
3 3 9 3 1 3 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 5 10 2 1 2
1 3 3 1 4 4 1 10 10
11 32 11 21 11 12
Wta= 32 Wta= 21 Wta= 12
11 11 11
Wta= 2.91 Wta= 1.91 Wta= 1.09

O E O E O E total
5 2 1 2 0 2 6
3 1.3 1 1.3 0 1.3 4
0 2 5 2 1 2 6
3 5.7 4 5.7 10 5.7 17
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (5-2)2 + (3-1.3)2 +(0-2)2 + (3-5.7)2 +(1-2)2 + (1-1.3)2 +(5-2)2 + (4-5.7)2

2 1.3 2 5.7 2 1.3 2 5.7
2 2 2
+ (0-2) + (0-1.3) +(1-2) + (10-5.7) 2

2 1.3 2 5.7

X2= 4.5+2.2231+2+1.2789 = 10.002

.5+.0692+4.5+.5070 = 5.5762
2+1.3+.5+3.2438 = 7.0438
22.622

X2= 22.622 <cv= 12.592 – SIGNIFICANT AT 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= rejected

1.5 Crimes against person

1. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 1 5 5 0 0
4 7 28 4 0 0
3 0 0 3 1 3
2 0 0 2 1 2
2 3 3 1 9 9
11 36 11 14
Wta= 36 Wta= 14
11 11
Wta= 3.27 Wta= 1.27

O E O E total
1 .5 0 .5 1
7 3.5 0 3.5 7
0 .5 1 .5 1
0 .5 1 .5 1
3 6 9 6 12
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.5)2 + (7-3.5)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-.5)2 +(3-6)2 + (0-.5)2 + (0-3.5)2 +(1-.5)2 + (1-.5)2 + (9-6)2
.5 3.5 .5 .5 6 .5 3.5 .5 .5 6

X2= .5+3.5+.5+.5+1.5 = 6.5

.5+3.5+.5+.5+1.5= 6.5
13

X2= 13.0 <cv= 9.488 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (5-1)

Df= (1) (4)

Df= 4

H01= rejected

a. Other crimes

Sf sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
50 0 5 0 0 5 1 5
40 0 4 0 0 4 5 20
30 0 3 7 21 3 2 6
20 0 2 1 2 2 0 0
1
11 11 1 3 3 1 3 3
11 11 11 26 11 34
Wta= 11 Wta= 26 Wta= 34
11 11 11
Wta= 1 Wta= 2.36 Wta= 3.09

O E O E O E total
0 .33 0 .33 1 .33 1
0 1.67 0 1.67 5 1.67 5
0 3 7 3 2 43 9
0 .33 1 .33 0 .33 1
11 5.67 3 5.67 3 5.67 17
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (0-.33)2 + (0-1.67)2 +(0-3)2 + (0-.33)2 +(11-5.67)2 + (0-.33)2 +(0-1.67)2 + (7-3)2

.33 1.67 3 .33 5.67 .33 1.67 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ (1-.33) + (3-5.67) +(1-.33) + (5-1.67) + (2-3) +(0-33) +(3-5.67) 2

.33 5.67 .33 1.67 3 .33 5.67

X2= .33+1.67+3+.33+5.0104 = 10.3404

.33+1.67+5.3333+1.3603+1.2573 = 9.9509
1.3603+6.6401+.3333+.33+1.2973= 9.921
30.6188

X2= 30.2123 <cv= 15.507 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (5-1)
 Df= (2) (4)

Df= 8

H01= rejected

D. Local Government officials

1. Gender O E
Male 3 5
Female 7 5
10

X2= Σ(O-E)2

X2= (3-5)2 + (7-5)2

5 5

X2= .8+.8

X2= 1.6 <cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%

Df= N-1

2-1

Df= 1

H01= accepted

2. Sector O E
Municipal officials 10 3.3
Brgy. officials 0 3.3
Private citizen 0 3.3
10

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (10-3.3)2 + (0-3.3)2+(0-3.3)2

3.3 3.3 3.3

X2= 13.6030+3.3+3.3
 X2=20.203<cv= 5.991 - significant at 5%

Df= N-1

3-1

Df= 2

H01= accepted

B.Degree of Crimes

1.1 Crimes against property

1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0
4 3 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 7 21 3 5 15 3 0 0
2 1 2 2 6 12 2 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 11
12 35 11 27 11 11
Wta= 35 Wta= 27 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 3.18 Wta= 2.45 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
3 1 0 1 0 1 3
7 4 5 4 0 4 12
1 2.3 6 2.3 0 2.3 7
0 3.7 0 3.7 11 3.7 11
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (3-1)2 + (7-4)2 +(1-2.3)2 + (0-3.7)2 +(3-1)2 + (5-4)2 +(6-2.3)2 + (0-3.7)2

1 4 2.3 3.7 1 4 2.3 3.7
2 2 2
+ (0-1) + (0-4) +(0-2.3) + (11-3.7) 2

1 4 2.3 3.7

X2= 4+2.25+.7348+3.7= 10.6848

1+.25+5.9522+3.4= 10.9022
1+4+2.3+14.4027= 21.7027
 43.2897

X2= 43.2897 <cv= 12.592

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= rejected

1.2 Crimes against person

5. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 4 20 5 0 0
4 6 24 4 0 0
3 1 3 3 8 15
2 0 0 2 2 12
3 0 0 1 1 0
11 47 11 29
Wta= 47 Wta= 29
11 11
Wta= 4.27 Wta= 2.64

O E O E total
4 2 0 2 4
6 3 0 3 6
1 4.5 8 4.5 9
0 1 2 1 2
0 .5 1 .5 1
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-2)2 + (6-3)2 +(1-4.5)2 + (0-1)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-2)2 + (0-3)2 +(8-4.5)2 + (2-1)2 + (1-.5)2
1 4 2.3 3.7 2 2 3 4.5 1 .5

X2= 2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222

 2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222
18.4444

X2= 18.4444 <cv= 9.488 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (5-1)

Df= (1) (4)

Df= 4

H01= rejected

1.5 Other crimes

6. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 1 0 5 0 0 5 1 5
4 5 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 5 21 3 8 24 3 0 0
2 0 2 2 2 4 2 7 14
3 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3
11 35 11 29 11 22
Wta= 40 Wta= 29 Wta= 22
11 11 11
Wta= 3.64 Wta= 2.64 Wta= 2

O E O E O E total
1 .7 0 .7 1 .7 2
5 1.7 0 1.7 0 1.7 5
5 4.3 8 4.3 0 4.3 13
0 3 2 3 7 3 9
0 31.3 1 1.3 3 1.3 4
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.7)2 + (5-1.7)2 +(5-4.3)2 + (0-3)2 +(0-1.3)2 + (0-.7)2 +(0-21.7)2 + (8-4.3)2

.7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3 .7 1.7 4.3
+ (2-3)2 + (1-1.3)2 +(1-.7)2 + (0-1.7)2 + (0-4.3)2+(7-3)2+(3-1.3)2
3 1.3 .7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3
 X2= .1286+6.4059+.1140+3+1.3 = 10.9476
.7+1.7+3.1837+.3333+.0692 = 5.9862
.1286+1.7+4.3+5.3333+2.2231= 21.7027
30.6188

X2= 30.6188 <cv= 15.507 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (5-1)

Df= (2) (4)

Df= 8

H01= rejected

Educational Attainment and r = .27

Unemployment
Police Perceptors of Degree of Crimes
x x-x x²
y y-y y² xy
5 16 2.56
2.21 - .81 .6561 -1.296
3 -.4 .16
4.27 1.25 1.5625 .5
2 -1.4 1.96
2.64 - .38 .1444 .532
6 2.6 6.76
3.64 .62 .3844 1.612
1 -2.4 5.76
2.32 - . 7 .49 1.68
17/5 εx² = 17.2
15.08/5 εx² = 3.2374 εxy = 2.028
x=3.4 SD = √17.2
SD = √3.2374
5
5
SD = √3.44
SD = 1.85 y = 3.02 SD = √.64748
SD = .80
r = εxy
T = r √N - 2
√(εx²)(εy²) √1 - r²
r = 2.028 T = .27 √5 – 2
√(17.2)(3.2374) √1 – (.27)²
T = .27x √3
r = 2.028
√1 - .0729
√55.68328
T = .27x1.7320508
r = 2.028 √
7.46212302
T = .467653716 Inmates Perceptors of Degree of Crimes
√.9271
y y – y y² xy
T = .467653716
.962860322 1.73 .39 .1521 .624
T = .4857 < CV = 2.353 – not equivalent at 5% 1.09 - .25 .0625 .1
df = N – 2 1.64 .3 .09 -.42
5–2 1.09 - .25 .0625 -.65
df = 3 1.15 - .19 .0361 .456
Ho = accepted 6.7/5 εy² = .4032
y = 1.34 SD = √.4032 εxy = .11
Educational Attainment and
5
Unemployment
T=r√N-2 SD = √.0806
x √1-r² SD = .28
1.6
T= .04√5-2
- .4
√1-(.04)²
-1.4
2.6 T= .04√3
-2.4 √1-.0016
εx² = 17.2
T = .04x1.7320508
SD = 1.85
√.9984

r = εxy
√(εx²)(εy²) T = .069282032
.999199679
r = .11
√(17.2)(.4032) T = .0693< CV = 2.353 not significant
df = N – 2
r = .11
df = 5 – 2
√6.93504
df = 3
r = .11

r = .11
2.63344641

r = .04
Educational Attainment and DSWD Perceptors of Degree of Crimes
Unemployment

x y y – y y² xy
1.6 2.91 .62 .3844 .992
- .4 1.5 - .79 .6241 .316
-1.4 2.27 - .02 .0004 .028
2.6 1.68 - .61 .3721 -1.586
-2.4 3.09 .8 .64 -1.92
ԑx² = 17.2 11.45/5 ԑy² = 2.021 ԑxy = - 2.17
SD = 1.85 y² = 2.29 SD = √2.021
5
SD = √.4042
r = ԑxy SD = .64
√(ԑx²)(ԑy²)
T = r √N – 2
r = -2.17 √1 - r²
√(17.2)(2.021)
T = -.37 √5 – 2
r = -2.17 √1- (- . 37)²
√34.7612
T = .37 √3
r = -2.17 √1 - .1369
5.89586295
T = .37x1.7320508
r = - .37 √1

T = - .640858796
√.8631

T = - .640858796
.929031754

T = .6898 < CV = 2.353

df = N – 2
5–2
df = 3
Ho 3 = accepted
Educational Attainment and Public Officials Perceptors of Degree of
Unemployment Crimes

x y y – y y² xy
1.6 3.1 .66 .4356 1.056
- .4 1.95 -.49 .2401 .196
-1.4 2.5 .06 .0003 -.084
2.6 2.15 -.29 .0841 -.754
-2.4 2.5 .06 .0036 -.144
ԑx² = 17.2 12.2/5 ԑy² = .7637 ԑxy = .27
SD = 1.85 2.44 SD = √.7637
5
r = ԑxy
SD = √.15274
√(ԑx²)(ԑy²)
SD = .39
r = .27
T = r √N – 2
√(17.2)(.7637)
√1 - r²
r = .27
T = .07 √5 – 2
√13.13564
√1 – (.07)²
r = .27
T = .07 √3
3.62431234
√1 - .0049
r = .07
T = .07x1.7320508
√.9951

T = .121243556
.997546991

T = .1215 < CV = 2.353

df = N – 2
df = 3
Ho = accepted
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Angara, Edgardo (2011). Making Education At Work. Quezon City: Agenda for Reform

Constantino, Renato (2013). Problems of Global Competitiveness: Social Science and

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Journal.

Lemert, Edwin M. (2013). Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. New
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Magsaysay, Ramon Jr. (2010). Talking Points on Trends, Issues and Challenges of the
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Mueller, Gerhard O. (2013). The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes. New Jersey:
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Catapang, Bing Carla (2013). “Factors Affecting the Increase of Female Inmates in
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Criminology, LSPU San Pablo City Campus.
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Perez, Robert T. (2011). “Illiteracy and Unemployment as Correlates to Incidence of

Crimes in the Selected Urban Areas.” Manila: An Institutional Research for
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https://www.google.com.ph/causes of crimes

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www.info.com/unemployment

www.poverties.org/poverty_and_crime.

www.umnemployment_assist.com/