FLUID MECHANICS

Dynamics of Viscous Fluid Flow in

Closed Pipe: Darcy-Weisbach equation for
flow in pipes. Major and minor losses in pipe
lines.

Dr. Mohsin Siddique

Assistant Professor

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Steady Flow Through Pipes

Laminar Flow:
flow in layers
Re<2000 (pipe flow)

Turbulent Flow:
flow layers mixing with each
other
Re >4000 (pipe flow)

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Steady Flow Through Pipes

Reynold’s Number(R or Re): It is ratio of inertial forces (Fi) to
viscous forces (Fv) of flowing fluid
Velocity Volume Where ;
Fi
Mass. ρ . Velocity
Re = = Time = Time V is avg. velocity of flow in pipe
Fv Shear Stress. Area Shear Stress. Area ν is kinematic viscosity
ρ Q .V ρ AV .V ρ AV .V ρVL VL L is characteristic/representative
= = = = =
τ .A du V µ υ linear dimension of pipe. It is
µ .A µ .A
dy L diameter of pipe (circular conduits)
ρVD VD or hydraulic radius (non-circular
Re = = conduits).
µ ν

For laminar flow: Re<=2000
Values of critical

For transitional flow: 2000<Re<4000 Reynolds no.

For Turbulent flow: Re>= 4000

Note: For non-circular section, we need to use hydraulic radius (Rh) instead
3 of diameter (D) for the linear dimension (L).
Steady Flow Through Pipes

Hydraulic Radius (Rh) or Hydraulic Area A
Diameter: It is the ratio of area of flow Rh = =
wetted perimeter P
to wetted perimeter of a channel or pipe

For Circular Pipe For Rectangular pipe

D
B
Rh = =
(
A (π / 4 )D 2
=
D ) A BD
P πD 4 Rh = =
P B + 2D
D = 4 Rh

VD 4VRh By replacing D with Rh, Reynolds’ number formulae

Rh = =
ν ν can be used for non-circular sections as well.

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Note: hydraulic Radius gives us indication for most economical section. More
the Rh more economical will be the section.
Head Loss in Pipes

Total Head Loss=Major Losses+ Minor Losses

Major Loss: Due to pipe friction

Minor Loss: Due to pipe fittings, bents and valves etc

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Head Loss in Pipes due to Friction
The head loss due to friction in a
given length of pipe is proportional
to mean velocity of flow (V) as long
as the flow in laminar. i.e.,
H f ∝V

But with increasing velocity, as the

flow become turbulent the head
loss also varies and become
proportion to Vn

H f ∝V n
Where n ranges from 1.75 to 2
Log-log plot for flow in uniform pipe
(n=2.0 for rough wall pipe; n=1.75 for
smooth wall pipe
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Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
Cross-Section

Consider stead flow in a conduit of uniform cross-section A. The pressure
at section 1 & 2 are P1 & P2 respectively. The distance between the section
is L. For equilibrium in stead flow,
∑ F = ma = 0
P= perimeter of conduit
τ o = Avg. shear stress
between pipe boundary
and liquid

 z 2 − z1 
  = sin α
 L 
Figure: Schematic diagram of conduit

P1 A − W sin α − τ o PL − P2 A = 0

z −z 
P1 A − P2 A − γAL 2 1  − τ o PL = 0
7  L 
 Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
cross-section

z −z  Remember !! For pipe flow

P1 A − P2 A − γAL 2 1  − τ o PL = 0
 L 
Dividing the equation by γA
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ z1 + = + z2 + + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
P1 P2 τ o PL
− − ( z 2 − z1 ) − =0
γ γ γA For stead flow in pipe of
uniform diameter v1=v2
 P1   P2  τ o PL
 z1 +  −  z 2 +  = = hL = h f
 γ   γ  γ A
 P1  P 
 + z1  −  2 + z 2  = hL
Therefore, head loss due to friction hf can γ  γ 
be written as
τ o PL τ o L A
hf = = Q Rh =
γA γRh P
This is general equation and can be applied to any shape conduit having
either Laminar or turbulent flow.
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Determining Shear Stress

For smooth-walled pipes/conduits, the average shear stress at the
wall is
τ o = f (Rh , µ , ρ ,V , )

Using Rayleigh's Theorem of dimensional analysis, the above relation
can be written as;
(
τ o = k Rh a .µ b .ρ c .V n )

Rewriting above equation in terms of dimension (FLT), we get
F
 a  FT  b  FT 2   L  n 
c τ o = force / area =
F L2
= K  (L )  2   4    
L2
  L   L   T   Rh = length = L

V = L /T
(
FL−2 = K (L ) FTL−2
a
( ) (FT
b 2 −4 c
L ) (L / T ) )
n
ρ = M / L3 = (F / a ) / L3 = FT 2 / L4
µ = N .s / m 2 = FTL− 2
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Determining Shear Stress
= K ((L ) (FTL )(
−2 b
FT L (L / T ) 2 −4 c
) )
−2 a n
FL

According to dimensional homogeneity, the dimension must be equal on
either side of the equation, i.e.,
F : 1 = b + c → (i ) Solving three equations, we get
L : − 2 = a − 2b − 4c + n → (ii )
a = n − 2; b = 2 − n; c = n − 1
T : 0 = b + 2c − n → (iii )

Substituting values back in above equation
n−2
 R Vρ 
( ) (
τ o = k Rh a .µ b .ρ c .V n = k Rh n − 2 .µ 2− n .ρ n −1.V n ) = k  h  ρV 2
 µ 
τ o = k (Re )n − 2 ρV 2

k (Re )
n−2

Setting = Cf / 2 we get

V2
τo = Cf ρ Where, Cf is coefficient of friction
2
10
Determining Shear Stress

Now substituting the equation of avg. shear stress in equation of head loss,
C f ρV 2 L C fV 2L
hf = =
2γRh 2 gRh τ o = C f ρV 2 / 2
τoL

For circular pipe flows, Rh=D/4 hf =
γRh
4C f V 2 L L V2 L V2
hf = = 4C f = f
2g 4D D 2g D 2g

Where, f is a friction factor. i.e., f = 4C f = f (Re )

The above equation is known as pipe friction equation and as Darcy-

Weisbach equation.

It is used for calculation of pipe-friction head loss for circular pipes
flowing full (laminar or turbulent)
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Friction Factor for Laminar and
Turbulent Flows in Circular Pipes

Smooth and Rough Pipe

Mathematically; e < δv
Smooth pipe

Smooth Pipe
e > δv
e < δv Rough pipe
Turbulent flow near boundary

Rough Pipe
e > 14δ v
e = Roughness height

Transitional mode δ v = Thickness of viscous sub-layer

δ v ≤ e ≤ 14δ v 14.14ν 14.14 D

δv = =
V f Re f

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 Friction Factor for Laminar and Turbulent Flows in
Circular Pipes
64

For laminar flow Re < 2000 f =
Re

For turbulent flow Re > 4000

Von-karman Eq. for fully rough flow
From Nikuradse experiments 1 3.7
for smooth = 2 log
1 Re f f e/ D
= 2 log
f 2.51 pipe flow
Colebrook Eq. for turbulent flow in all pipes
Colebrook Eq. for smooth pipe flow
1 Re
= 1.8 log e/ D 
1 2.51
f 6.9 = −2 log + 
f  3.7 Re f 
 
Blacius Eq. for smooth pipe flow
3000 ≤ Re ≤ 105
1/ 7
Halaand Eq. For turbulent flow in all pipes
0.316 u  y
f = 0.25 =  
u max   e / D 1.11 6.9 
Re  ro  1
= −1.8 log   + 
 
Seventh-root law f  3 .7  Re 

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Friction Factor for Laminar and Turbulent Flows
in Circular Pipes

The Moody chart or Moody diagram is a graph in non-
dimensional form that relates the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, Reynolds
number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe.

The Moody chart is universally valid for all steady, fully developed,
incompressible pipe flows.

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Friction Factor for Laminar and Turbulent Flows
in Circular Pipes

For laminar flow For non-laminar flow
1 e/ D 2.51 
64 = −2 log +  Colebrook eq.
f = f  3.7 Re f 
Re  

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Friction Factor for Laminar and
Turbulent Flows in Circular Pipes

The friction factor can be determined by its Reynolds number (Re) and the
Relative roughness (e/D) of the Pipe.( where: e = absolute roughness and D
= diameter of pipe)

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17
Problem Types

Type 1: Determine f and hf,

Type 2: Determine Q

Type 3: Determine D

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Problem

Find friction factor for the following pipe

e=0.002 ft

D=1ft

Kinematic Viscosity, ν=14.1x10-6ft2/s

Velocity of flow, V=0.141ft/s

Solution:

e/D=0.002/1=0.002

R=VD/ ν =1x0.141/(14.1x10-6)=10000
1  e/ D 2.51 
= −2 log + 
f  3.7 Re f 
 

From Moody’s Diagram; f=0.034
f = __________ _

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Problem-Type 1

Pipe dia= 3 inch & L=100m

Re=50,000 ʋ=1.059x10-5ft2/s

(a): Laminar flow:

f=64/Re=64/50,000=0.00128

VD V (3 / 12)
Re = ⇒ 50000 = −5
⇒ V = 2.12 ft / s
ν 1.059 × 10

fLV 2 0.00128(100)(2.12 2 )
H Lf = = = 0.0357 ft
2 gD 2(32.2)(3 / 12)

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Problem-Type 1

Pipe dia= 3 inch & L=100m

Re=50,000 ʋ=1.059x10-5ft2/s

(b): Turbulent flow in smooth pipe: i.e.: e=0

1  e/ D 2.51   
= −2 log +  = −2 log 0 + 2.51 
f  3.7 Re f   3.7 50000 f 
   
f = 0.0209

fLV 2 0.0209(100)( 2.12 2 )

H Lf = = = 0.582 ft
2 gD 2(32.2)(3 / 12)

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Problem-Type 1

Pipe dia= 3 inch & L=100m

Re=50,000 ʋ=1.059x10-5ft2/s

(c): Turbulent flow in rough pipe: i.e.: e/D=0.05

1  e/ D 2.51   
= −2 log +  = −2 log 0.05 + 2.51 
f  3.7 Re f   3.7 50000 f 
   
f = 0.0720

fLV 2 0.0720(100)( 2.12 2 )

H Lf = = = 2.01 ft
2 gD 2(32.2)(3 / 12)

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 Problem-Type 1

hL=?

L = 1000m; D = 0.25m; e = 0.0005m

Q = 0.051m 3 / s; ν = 1.306 × 10 −6 m 2 / s

( )
R = VD /ν = (1.039 × 0.25) / 1.306 ×10 −6 = 2 ×105
e / D = 0.0005 / 0.25 = 0.002
QV = Q / A = 1.039m / s
From Moody's Diagram
f = 0.0245
fLV 2
hL = = 5.39m
2 gD
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 Problem-Type 2

hL = fLV 2 / 2 gD

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Problem-Type 2

For laminar flow For non-laminar flow
1 e/ D 2.51 
64 = −2 log +  Colebrook eq.
f = f  3.7 Re f 
Re  

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Problem-Type 3

26
Problem

1  e/ D 2.51 
= −2 log + 
f  3.7 Re f 
 
flV 2
hLf =
2 gD

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Problem

28
Problem

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MINOR LOSSES

Each type of loss can be quantified using a loss coefficient (K).
Losses are proportional to velocity of flow and geometry of device.

V2
Hm = K
2g

Where, Hm is minor loss and K is minor loss coefficient. The value of

K is typically provided for various types/devices

NOTE: If L > 1000D minor losses become significantly less

than that of major losses and hence can be neglected.

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Minor Losses

These can be categorized as

1. Head loss due to contraction in pipe

1.1 Sudden Contraction

1.2 Gradual Contraction

2. Entrance loss

3. Head loss due to enlargement of pipe

3.1 Sudden Enlargement

3.2 Gradual Enlargement

4. Exit loss

5. Head loss due to pipe fittings

6. Head loss due to bends and elbows

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Minor Losses

Head loss due to contraction of pipe (Sudden contraction)

A sudden contraction (Figure) in pipe usually causes a marked drop
in pressure in the pipe because of both the increase in velocity and
the loss of energy of turbulence.
Head loss due to sudden contraction is

2
V
H m = Kc 2
2g

Where, kc is sudden contraction

coefficient and it value depends
up ratio of D2/D1 and velocity
(V2) in smaller pipe

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Minor Losses

Head loss due to enlargement of pipe (Gradual Contraction)

Head loss from pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor as shown
Figure.
Head loss due to gradual
contraction is
2
V2
H m = Kc '
2g

Where, kc’ is gradual contraction

coefficient and it value depends
up ratio of D2/D1 and velocity
(V2) in smaller pipe

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Minor Losses

Entrance loss

The general equation for an entrance head loss is also expressed in
terms of velocity head of the pipe: 2
V
H m = Ke
2g

The approximate values for the entrance loss coefficient (Ke)
for different entrance conditions are given below

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Minor Losses

head loss due to enlargement of pipe (Sudden Enlargement)

The behavior of the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line in
the vicinity of a sudden pipe expansion is shown in Figure

The magnitude of the head

loss may be expressed as

Hm =
(
V1 − V2 )
2

2g

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Minor Losses

head loss due to enlargement of pipe (Gradual Enlargement)

The head loss resulting from pipe expansions may be greatly
reduced by introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor

The magnitude of the head

loss may be expressed as

H m = Ke
(V1 − V2 )
2

2g

The values of Ke’ vary with the diffuser angle (α).

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Minor Losses

Exit Loss

A submerged pipe discharging into a large reservoir (Figure ) is a
special case of head loss from expansion.

Exit (discharge) head loss is

expressed as

H m = Kd
(V )
2

2g

where the exit (discharge) loss

coefficient Kd=1.0.
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Minor Losses

Head loss due to fittings valves

Fittings are installed in pipelines to control flow. As with other losses in
pipes, the head loss through fittings may also be expressed in terms of
velocity head in the pipe: 2
V
Hm = K f
2g

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Minor Losses

Head loss due to bends

The head loss produced at a bend was found to be dependent of the
ratio the radius of curvature of the bend (R) to the diameter of the
pipe (D). The loss of head due to a bend may be expressed in terms
of the velocity head as

V2
H m = Kb
2g

For smooth pipe bend of 900, the values of Kb for various values of
R/D are listed in following table.

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Minor Losses

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 Numerical Problems

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 Numerical Problems

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 Thank you

Questions….

Feel free to contact:

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