Mini - Tab For STA

Minitab for STA Engineers
Jim Martin
6-Sigma Master Black Belt
Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Today’s Topics
• Getting Minitab • Basic Statistics
• Help / StatGuide • Means, variance &
• Project Manager proportions tests
• Session window • Power & Sample size
• Worksheets & data • Control charts*
• File types .mpj & .mtw • Quality Tools
• Window menu • Useful Graphs
*not “real time” when done in Minitab 2

Getting Minitab onto your PC
• Make a request at www.request.ford.com
to get Minitab installed.
• Current version in use at Ford Motor
Company is release 15.

Help / StatGuide
• overview
• how to
• examples
• data
• see also
4
Help, then drill down to a subject on the left

Help / StatGuide
173 worksheets of data are provided to
try out different Minitab analyses!!!
5
C:\Program Files(x86)\Minitab 15\English\Sample Data

Project Manager
Project Manager icon
6
Note: The Project Manager is minimized when Minitab is first opened.

Session window
The session window icon is a scroll
1. The session window keeps a running

chronology of all of the analyses that you
have performed. You must save as a Minitab
Project (filename.mpj) to retain this history.
2. It can be edited, i.e. text can be deleted
and/or added.
3. Analyses can be cut & pasted into emails,
presentations, etc.
4. It can also be printed, File → Print Session
Window. 7

Worksheets
Worksheet icon is a tiny worksheet
1. Worksheets hold all of your raw data.

2. This is not Excel – no formula can be placed in a cell
3. Columns, rows and cells can be inserted or deleted.
4. Columns should be given descriptive names since
Minitab thrives on columnar data.
5. Columns can be stacked together for analysis (or
unstacked based on subscripts in another column).
6. You can have multiple worksheets in a project file, so
give them descriptive names as well.
7. Three data types: Numeric, Date/time & Text
8. Missing data are shown with an asterisk, “*”
8

File types .mpj & .mtw
• Filename.mtw is used for storing worksheets
(data) only.
• Does not keep your analyses or graphs
• Graphs can be regenerated in Minitab from the
data at any time.
• Saves disk space.
• Filename.mpj is used to store the project,
including all analyses and graphs.
• Graphs take memory, so only a limited number
can be kept open during a session.
9

Window menu
Window → Cascade 10

Window menu
Note: minimized windows
will not “tile”
Window → Tile 11

Basic Statistics
• Display Descriptive Statistics…
• Graphical Summary…
• Tests for variances (variable data)
• Tests for means (variable data)
• Tests for proportions (attribute data)
• Correlation…
• Normality Test…
Stat → Basic Statistics 12

Display Descriptive Statistics
A new twist for you...
Stat → Basic Statistics → Display Descriptive Statistics… 13

Display Descriptive Statistics
From the Session Window (click on the scroll icon):
————— 9/18/2008 1:52:07 PM ————————————————————
Welcome to Minitab, press F1 for help.

Retrieving project from file: 'C:\Documents and Settings\jmartin6\My
Documents\EXAMPLE.MPJ'
Descriptive Statistics: Length
Variable Origin N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median

Length Length1 75 0 10.114 0.129 1.114 6.873 9.431 10.136
Length2 50 0 11.957 0.103 0.732 10.493 11.521 11.995
Variable Origin Q3 Maximum

Length Length1 10.843 12.749
Length2 12.519 13.948
Stat → Basic Statistics → Display Descriptive Statistics… 14

Graphical Summary
Stat → Basic Statistics → Graphical Summary…

15

Graphical Summary
Stat → Basic Statistics → Graphical Summary…

16

Tests for variances (variable data)
“Equal variances” is an assumption used by
many Hypothesis Tests and should be tested
beforehand.
• When comparing two variances, σ2, use the
2 Variances test.
Stat → Basic Statistics → 2 Variances...
• When comparing more than two variances, use

Test for Equal Variances.
Stat → ANOVA → Test for Equal Variances...
17

2-Variances, both samples in one column, but delineated by labels in “Origin” column
three
possible
data
formats
Stat → Basic Statistics → 2 Variances... 18

For
Normal
data
For Non-
normal
data
The difference in
variances is
significant at 99.8%
confidence
Stat → Basic Statistics → 2 Variances... 19

Tests for means (variable data)
• Comparing one mean to a standard when
σ is known, e.g. comparing the average
pH of a sample of bottles of wine with the
average pH of a 2001 vintage wine.
Use 1-Sample Z test.
• Comparing one mean to a standard when
σ is unknown, e.g. comparing average net
weight of a sample of cereal boxes to the
stated net weight of 16 oz.
Use 1-Sample t test.
Stat → Basic Statistics

20

• Comparing the means of two different samples
when σ is unknown, e.g. comparing the average
thickness of a machined part to its average
before the process was improved.
Use 2-Sample t test.
• Comparing the means of two samples that are
dependent or related in a “pair wise” way, e.g.
comparing the average wear of two samples of
different manufacturer’s brake shoes mounted
on the same vehicles, e.g. Manufacturer A on
Left Rear, Manufacturer B on Right Rear:
Use Paired t test.
Stat → Basic Statistics
21

2-Sample t test, samples in different columns, Length 1 and Length2
Do not check. Remember,

variances were not equal
when we tested them
(P-value < 0.05).
Stat → Basic Statistics → 2-Sample t...

22

Two-Sample T-Test and CI: Length2, Length1
Two-sample T for Length2 vs Length1
N Mean StDev SE Mean

Length2 50 11.957 0.732 0.10
Length1 75 10.11 1.11 0.13
Difference = mu (Length2) - mu (Length1)

Estimate for difference: 1.84263
95% CI for difference: (1.51578, 2.16947)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 11.16 P-Value = 0.000 DF = 122
The difference in means is significant with 99.9% confidence

23

• So far, we’ve tested for a “difference” in
means (a two-tailed test), but a mean can
also be greater than or less than another
mean (or a standard).
• If you want to test whether a mean is
“greater than” or “less than” another mean
(or a standard), use the Options button.
• One-tailed tests have a bit more statistical
Power. More on Power later.
24

Variable Origin N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median
Length Length1 75 0 10.114 0.129 1.114 6.873 9.431 10.136
Length2 50 0 11.957 0.103 0.732 10.493 11.521 11.995
QUESTION: The sample mean of Length2 is greater than the sample mean
of Length1 by 1.843, but can we say with 95% confidence that the Length2
sample comes from a population whose mean is at least 1.8 mm greater
than the population from which Length1 data was sampled?

25

Note the order listed

26

Two-Sample T-Test and CI: Length2, Length1
Two-sample T for Length2 vs Length1
N Mean StDev SE Mean

Length2 50 11.957 0.732 0.10
Length1 75 10.11 1.11 0.13
Difference = mu (Length2) - mu (Length1)

Estimate for difference: 1.84263
95% lower bound for difference: 1.56897
T-Test of difference = 1.8 (vs >): T-Value = 0.26 P-Value = 0.398 DF = 122
ANSWER: NO, WE CANNOT SAY THAT µ Length2 - µ Length1 > 1.8 !!!

27

Power and Sample Size
• When a Hypothesis Test indicates that a
difference is not statistically significant (p-value
> chosen α), is this really true or did you have a
sample size too small to detect the difference?
• Power (1 - β) is the chance of detecting a
difference (Ha) when that difference is real.
• Confidence (1- α) is the chance of correctly
concluding that there is no difference (Ho) when
the difference is not real.
Stat → Power and Sample Size 28

• A widget assembly line has been running well at
a supplier for three years. The supplier wishes
to move this line into a plant across town. The
move is approved and implemented. 30 pcs of
data are gathered on the sole Special
Characteristic, the mean is compared to the
historical value and the difference is found to be
insignificant. (StDev = 0.027, α = 0.05)
• What is the Power of this sample of 30 pieces?

First, how large of a difference in means can this sample of 30 detect?

From the Session Window:
1-Sample t Test
Testing mean = null (versus not = null)

Calculating power for mean = null + difference
Alpha = 0.05 Assumed standard deviation = 0.027
Sample Answer: Given a St Dev of 0.027 and a

Size Power Difference 95% confidence level, this sample of 30
30 0.95 0.0183919 can detect a difference in means as small
as 0.018.

Second, if we want to detect a mean shift of 0.01, does this sample of
30 have enough Power to detect a mean shift that small?

1-Sample t Test

Sample Answer: Given a St Dev of 0.027

and a 95% confidence level, this
Difference Size Power
sample of 30 has only a 50%
0.01 30 0.500554 chance (a coin flip) of detecting a
mean shift as small as 0.01.
We need a larger sample!

Lastly, if we want to detect a mean shift of 0.01 at a Power of 95% and
Confidence of 95%, what sample size do we need?

1-Sample t Test

Sample Target
Difference Size Power Actual Power
0.01 97 0.95 0.950634
Answer: We need a sample size of 97 pieces to detect a mean shift of 0.01!

(Obviously, it is best to do this test before you collect your data.)

Control Charts
• Variables Charts for Subgroups
– Xbar-R…
– Xbar-S… (similar to Xbar-R & will not be shown)
• Variables Charts for Individuals
– I-MR… (similar to Xbar-R & will not be shown)
• Attribute Charts (will not be shown)
– P…
– NP…
– C…
– U…
36
Stat → Control Charts

Control Charts
This column tells

Minitab where
subgroups start & end
37
Stat → Control Charts → Variables Charts for Subgroups → Xbar-R...

These numbers
Control Charts indicate the test
that failed.
(see slide 40)
38

Control Charts
Control chart data can also be
arranged as subgroups across
columns.
39

Control Charts: Out-of-Control tests
40

Attribute Control Charts
Here’s where to find the

Attribute control charts.
41
Stat → Control Charts → Attribute Charts

Quality Tools
• Pareto Chart…
• Cause & Effect…
• Capability Analysis
• Gage Study
Stat → Quality Tools 42

Pareto chart...
• Utilizes attribute data, not variable data.
• Allows you to look for “Big Hitter” warranty
issues or “Significant Few” defects (using
the 80/20 rule).
• Useful in scoping down a Black Belt or
Green Belt project.
• Very powerful in management
presentations!
Stat → Quality Tools → Pareto chart... 43

Pareto chart...
Defects noted in one long column, perhaps as they occurred.

Pareto chart...
Pareto Chart of Damage
9
8 100
7
80
6
Percent
Count
5 60
4
3 40
2
20
1
0 0
Damage Scratch Chip Bend Dent
Count 4 2 1 1
Percent 50.0 25.0 12.5 12.5
Cum % 50.0 75.0 87.5 100.0

Pareto chart...
Data organized as a table of

Defect Labels and Frequencies.

Pareto chart...
Pareto Chart of Defects
100
400
80
300
Percent
60
Count
200
40
100 20
0 0
Defects s s
ke
t si rt r
re
w lip s u Pa he
C
Ga Ho Ot
Sc in
g
y i ve et
e
in
g
iss ak ct pl
is
s M Le fe om
M De In
c
Count 274 59 43 19 10 18
Percent 64.8 13.9 10.2 4.5 2.4 4.3
Cum % 64.8 78.7 88.9 93.4 95.7 100.0

Cause-and-Effect...
• Allows you to create a C&E Diagram without having to
draw it yourself.
• Defaults to the usual categories:
– Personnel
– Machines
– Material
– Methods
– Measurement
– Environment
• Categories can be changed/customized.
Stat → Quality Tools → Cause-and-Effect... 48

Cause-and-Effect...

Cause-and-Effect...

Cause-and-Effect...
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Measurements Material Personnel
C ontamination
U ntrained operators
O ut of calibration
Inclusions
N ew v endor Relief operators

Lack resolution
H ardness S abotage
Lack precision (R&R) C hemistry

U ntrained appraisers
Wrong coolant
Machining
Problems
O ut of coolant
Dirty w orkstation Improper S P C
practices O ut of adjustment
Dull cutters
H igh temps 1st P iece approv al not
giv en
M aintenance ov erdue
Env ironment Methods Machines

Capability Analysis
• Determines whether a process is
producing parts within specification.
• Calculates Cp/Cpk & Pp/Ppk for use with
normal data.
• Estimates PPM<LSL, PPM>USL & Total
PPM for “within” and “overall” variation.
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis 52

Capability Analysis

Capability Analysis

Capability Analysis
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Box-Cox… 55

Capability Analysis
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Estimate… 56

Capability Analysis
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Options… 57

Capability Analysis
Process Capability of Length
LSL USL
P rocess D ata Within
LS L 6 Overall
Target *
USL 13 P otential (Within) C apability
S ample M ean 10.8515 Cp 1.19
S ample N 125 C P L 1.65
S tD ev (Within) 0.981878 C P U 0.73
S tD ev (O v erall) 1.33454 C pk 0.73
O v erall C apability
Pp 0.87
PPL 1.21
PPU 0.54
P pk 0.54
C pm *
6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5

O bserv ed P erformance E xp. Within P erformance E xp. O v erall P erformance
P P M < LS L 0.00 P P M < LS L 0.39 P P M < LS L 138.80
P P M > U S L 32000.00 P P M > U S L 14330.14 P P M > U S L 53710.06
P P M Total 32000.00 P P M Total 14330.52 P P M Total 53848.86

Capability Analysis
• Some processes are not normally distributed.
– Physical boundaries, e.g. flatness, hard stops, etc.
– One-sided tolerances, e.g. 20 Nm minimum.
• Capability Indices (Cp/Cpk, Pp/Ppk) were developed for
describing Normal data only.
• If the process is in-control & stable, you have three
transformation options...
– Box-Cox (available from Capability Analysis menu)
– Johnson
– Individual Distribution Identification
• Warning: The purpose of data transformation is to
achieve the best fit, not to find the highest Ppk!
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Nonnormal... 59

Capability Analysis
Process Capability of Flatness
Predicts flatness < 0 ?
LSL USL
P rocess Data W ithin
LS L 0 Ov erall
Target *
S ample M ean 1.68769 Cp 0.89
S ample N 1000 C P L 0.25
S tDev (Within) 2.23766 C P U 1.54
S tDev (O v erall) 2.21747 C pk 0.25
Pp 0.90
PPL 0.25
PPU 1.55
P pk 0.25 Too low?
C pm *
0 5 10 15 20 25
P P M < LS L 0.00 PPM < LS L 225358.52 P P M < LS L 223303.29
P P M > U S L 7000.00 PPM > U SL 2.03 P P M > U SL 1.66
P P M Total 7000.00 PPM Total 225360.55 P P M Total 223304.95
60

Capability Analysis
Zero is a Boundary
LB USL
P rocess Data Within
LB 0 Overall
Target *
S ample M ean 1.68769 Cp *
S ample N 1000 C PL *
S tDev (Within) 2.23766 C P U 1.54
S tDev (O v erall) 2.21747 C pk 1.54
Pp *
Median = 1.0307. PPL *
PPU 1.55
Better, but not the P pk 1.55 Too high?
correct answer. C pm *
0 5 10 15 20 25
O bserv ed P erformance E xp. Within P erformance Exp. O v erall P erformance
P P M < LB 0.00 P P M < LB * P P M < LB *
P P M > U S L 7000.00 P P M > U S L 2.03 P P M > U S L 1.66
61

Capability Analysis: Non-normal

Johnson Transformation with SL Distribution Type
0.001 + 1.006 * Log( X - 0.025 )
U S L*
P rocess Data transformed data O v erall C apability
LB 0 Pp *
Target * PPL *
USL 12 PPU 0.81
S ample M ean 1.68769 P pk 0.81
S ample N 1000
E xp. O v erall P erformance
S tDev 2.21692
P P M < LB *
S hape1 0.000645512
PPM > USL *
S hape2 1.00571
P P M Total *
Location 0.0248553
A fter Transformation
LB* *
Target* *
U S L* 2.49766
S ample M ean* -0.00694113
S tDev * 1.02443
O bserv ed P erformance
P P M < LB 0.00
P P M > U S L 7000.00
P P M Total 7000.00
-3.75 -2.50 -1.25 0.00 1.25 2.50
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Nonnormal... → Johnson 63

Using Box-Cox Transformation With Lambda = 0
LB* U S L*
P rocess Data transformed data Within
LB 1e-006 O v erall
Target *
S ample M ean 1.68769 Cp *
S ample N 1000 C PL *
S tD ev (Within) 2.23766 C P U 0.84
S tD ev (O v erall) 2.21747 C pk 0.84
A fter Transformation O v erall C apability
LB* -13.8155 Pp *
Target* * PPL *
U S L* 2.48491 P P U 0.84
S ample M ean* 0.032764 P pk 0.84
S tD ev (Within)* 0.970767 C pm *
S tD ev (O v erall)* 0.978339
-12.0 -9.6 -7.2 -4.8 -2.4 0.0 2.4

P P M < LB 0.00 P P M < LB* * P P M < LB* *
P P M > U S L 7000.00 P P M > U S L* 5768.73 P P M > U S L* 6097.79
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Normal... → Box-Cox... 64

Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Nonnormal... → Individual Dist. 65

Probability Plot for Flatness
G oodness of F it Test
N ormal - 95% C I Lognormal - 95% C I
99.99 99.99 N ormal
A D = 97.664
99 99
P -V alue < 0.005
90 90
P er cent
P er cent
Lognormal
50 50
A D = 0.410
10 10 P -V alue = 0.342
1 1
3-P arameter Lognormal
0.01 0.01 A D = 0.294
0 10 20 30 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 P -V alue = *
Flatness Flatness
E xponential
3-P arameter Lognormal - 95% C I E xponential - 95% C I A D = 13.461
99.99 99.99
P -V alue < 0.003
90
99 50
P er cent
P er cent
90
50
10 Highest P-Value
10
1
of the 14 tested
1
0.01 0.01
distributions!
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flatness - T hr eshold 0 00 001 0 10 1 00 000 0 00 000
0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 10
. 0.
10
Flatness
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Nonnormal... → Individual Dist. 66


Calculations Based on Lognormal Distribution Model
LB USL
P rocess Data O v erall C apability
LB 0 Pp *
Target * PPL *
USL 12 PPU 0.60
S ample M ean 1.68769 P pk 0.60
S ample N 1000
E xp. O v erall P erformance
Location 0.032764
P P M < LB *
S cale 0.978094
P P M > U S L 6086.98
O bserv ed P erformance P P M Total 6086.98
P P M < LB 0.00
P P M > U S L 7000.00
P P M Total 7000.00
Since these data were
created using the Lognormal
distribution, this is the correct
answer! See how easy it
would be to overstate or
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
understate
28
capability?
Stat → Quality Tools → Capability Analysis → Nonnormal... → Distribution 68

Gage Study
• Gage Linearity and Bias Study...
• Gage R&R Study (Crossed)...
• Gage R&R Study (Nested)...
• See the material in Share Point:
NAV B&E STA > Training > Gage R and R

Measurement Systems Analysis_10.3.ppt
Stat → Quality Tools → Gage Study 69

Graph
• Scatterplot…
• Histogram…
• Boxplot…
• Pie chart…
Stat → Graph 70

Scatterplot...
• Allows you to look for relationships
between two variable data sets.
• You may add a best-fit regression line.
• You may indicate that the points come
from different groups (identified by another
column in the worksheet).
Stat → Graph → Scatterplot... 71

Scatterplot...

Scatterplot...
weak or no
relationship

Histogram...
• Allows you to graphically assess a data
set for Normality.
• Allows you to add a Normal distribution
and visually assess for fit.
• Allows you to identify Mixtures (bi-modal
or tri-modal distributions).
• Allows you to compare two or more data
sets on the same histogram.
Stat → Graph → Histogram... 74

Histogram...

Histogram...

Boxplot...
• Allows you to see the min, max, 1st, 2nd &
3rd quartiles of a data set.
• Allows you to identify outliers in the data.
• Allows you to graphically compare two data
sets for differences in center & spread!
77
Stat → Graph → Boxplot...

Boxplot...
78

Boxplot...
Isn’t it easy to see the

difference in these two
data sets? Good for
Presentations/projects.
79

Pie chart...
80
Stat → Graph → Pie chart...

Pie chart...
Main Title
Subtitle 1
Subtitle 2
C ategory
A BC Tool
Dynatool
Footnote 1
Footnote 2
81
Stat → Graph → Pie chart...

QUESTIONS?
82

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NAV B&E STA > Training > Minitab

Minitab for STA Engineers.pdf
83

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Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

*not “real time” when done in Minitab 2

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Project Manager icon

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

The session window icon is a scroll

1. The session window keeps a running

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Worksheet icon is a tiny worksheet

1. Worksheets hold all of your raw data.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics 12

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

A new twist for you...

Stat → Basic Statistics → Display Descriptive Statistics… 13

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Welcome to Minitab, press F1 for help.

Descriptive Statistics: Length

Variable Origin N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median

Variable Origin Q3 Maximum

Stat → Basic Statistics → Display Descriptive Statistics… 14

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics → Graphical Summary…

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics → Graphical Summary…

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

• When comparing more than two variances, use

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2 Variances... 18

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2 Variances... 19

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Do not check. Remember,

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2-Sample t...

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Two-sample T for Length2 vs Length1

N Mean StDev SE Mean

Difference = mu (Length2) - mu (Length1)

The difference in means is significant with 99.9% confidence

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2-Sample t...

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2-Sample t...

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Note the order listed

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2-Sample t...

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Two-sample T for Length2 vs Length1

N Mean StDev SE Mean

Difference = mu (Length2) - mu (Length1)

Stat → Basic Statistics → 2-Sample t...

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.