EXAMINATION OF SPATIAL PLANNING

1. a Spatial planning is a regulation about the use of spaces. Man and his well-being as well
as his interaction with the environment are the central concern of regional/spatial
planning, its aims being to provide each individual with an environment and quality of
life conducive to the development of his personality in surroundings planned on a
human scale (CoE, 2017). Spatial planning addresses the environment where people
live and work, the location of social and economic activities, the way in which the
natural resources are exploited, etc. Spatial planning is strongly influence our society
on all levels. Spatial planning serves purpose for economic growth by establishing
industries and business, reducing social conflicts by regulation of housing and
improvement of infrastructures, preserving conservation areas for ecological function,
also protection of cultural sites and monuments.
b. Spatial planning is considered as interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach
because all the tasks and processes must be solved comprehensively with input from
various sources. According to Council of Europe (CoE) spatial planning should be
comprehensive which means it should ensure the co-ordination of the various sectoral
policies and integrate them in an overall approach. Many private and public agencies
contribute by their actions to developing and changing the organisation of space.
Regional/spatial planning reflects the desire for interdisciplinary integration and co-
ordination and for co-operation between the authorities involved:
 It seeks co-ordination between the various sectors
This effort for co-ordination concerns mainly the distribution of population, economic
activities, habitat, public facilities, and power supplies; transport; water supply and
purification; noise prevention and waste disposal; protection of the environment and of
natural, historical, cultural assets and resources.
 It facilitates co-ordination and co-operation between the various levels of
decision-making and the equalisation of financial resources
The various authorities involved in regional/spatial planning policy need to be given
the power to take and carry out decisions, as well as adequate financial means. In order
to ensure optimal co-ordination between local, regional, national and European levels,
also as regards transfrontier co-operation, their action must always take into account
 any measures introduced or planned at the level above or below their own and,
consequently, they must keep one another regularly informed.
 Public participation
Any regional/spatial planning policy, at whatever level, must be based on active citizen
participation. It is essential that the citizen be informed clearly and in a comprehensive
way at all stages of the planning process and in the framework of institutional structures
and procedures.
c. Balanced regional development doesn’t mean equal development of of all regions in a
country. It is a development of all regions based of its potentials and resources so that
the benefit of overall economic growth is shared by the inhabitants of all the different
regions of a country. Different regions can try to utilise its potential as an integral part
of the country. Balanced regional development can be achieved by improving the
networks between urban and rural areas by providing better infrastructure such as
transportation and communication. Development of a region could also be influenced
by physical organization of space. The design and layout of physical space have a
profound impact on people productivity to do their job. The quality of public spaces,
landscapes and architecture have an important role in the living conditions of the
populations. These factors are important for attracting businesses, industries,
workforce, and tourism. Therefore spatial organization is very essential in order to
achieve a high standard of the living environment. One of the example is Reszel, small
town located in Poland, represent how urban and rural space is integrated for the benefit
of both. Urban area act as tourism destination and business centre which can generate
economic growth while rural area serves as an agriculture land and produce natural
resources to meet the daily needs of its inhabitants.

(Rezsel urban-rural area, source: Google)

2. Space is area which human and their properties may be affected by hazard. Spatial
planning objective is to determine for society how spaces will be used. Three challenges
are now faced by planners: growing population, scarcity of suitable space and risks
from natural disasters. (Sutanta, et al, 2010)

(Source : Sutanta, et al, 2010)

In spatial planning it is necessary to integrate a policy to reduce the risks that natural
disaster can inflict. Disaster is basically the result of natural hazards exposing the
element at risk such as human, buildings, infrastructure, economic and social activities.
One of the main issues that should be considered in spatial planning is disaster risk
reduction. DRR is a strategy and policy to identify, assess, and mitigate the risk of
disaster by reducing the exposure to hazard, lessening vulnerability, wise management
of land and environment, improving preparedness and early warning system.
Sutanta, et al, (2010) explained that “Impacts of disaster can last for several years or
even tens of years which can hamper sustainable development. Brundland Commission
(1987) defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”. Disasters can destroy development accomplishment, and reducing capacity to
maintain and improving it in the long run. The long term impacts of disaster are on the
people, infrastructures, environment and socio-economic activities. These elements at
risk should be safeguarded against disaster risks to ensure sustainable development
objective will not be compromised.”

3. Spatial planning makes decisions on allocation and use of land for society; therefore,
in a way it influences the vulnerability in cases of spatially relevant natural hazards
(Greiving & Angignard, 2014). In spatial planning, reliable information hazard is
required. The hazard data is required to determine which areas are safe or prohibited
for future development. Hazard information should be considered at both national and
local levels of spatial planning. The scale and type of the hazard information should be
 appropriate for the specific level of planning. The information on future development
scenarios should therefore be evaluated against future hazard scenarios in order to have
insight into possible future risks. Spatial planning is a policy that regulate the use of
space therefore all relevant hazards in that particular area has to be considered. It is the
responsibility of spatial planning to combine all relevant hazards related information
and make appropriate planning decision for that particular area.

4.
 My group assignment describes the stages of spatial planning in the case related to
volcano hazards. There are three stages of planning, they are Spatial Planning in
Preparedness Phase of Disaster Management, Spatial Planning in Response Phase of
Disaster Management, and Spatial Planning in Recovery Phase of Disaster
Management. For preparedness stages, in the spatial planning, information on hazard
and risk assessment should be as detailed as possible. Therefore reliable and detailed
information is needed in mapping volcanic hazards on a national scale and local scale.
On national scale information about volcanic hazard are obtained from historical and
pre-historical extensions of volcanic effects (pyroclastic flows, ash-cloud surges,
lahars, lateral blasts), and on local scale, information about volcanic hazard are obtained
from hazard zones with frequency and intensity per volcanic hazard type, expected
losses and risk. For response stages, spatial planning becomes very important to be
implemented. One of spatial planning function is to determine evacuation route and
shelter. Evacuation network is important information in evacuation plan. The
evacuation process is an emergency activity that requires an efficient decision in its
implementation. Moving activities from one hazardous to a secure site requires
information on the road network under all conditions to plan the evacuation route.
Therefore, an efficient evacuation path analysis should also be contained in the spatial
document. Recovery stages describes the strategy about how to reconstruct and relocate
area which have affected by eruption. The spatial pattern map contained in the RTRW
Karangasem Regency document provides information about the spaces utilization
allowed. Post-disaster reconstruction events can be an entry point in adjusting the
existing utilization spaces with spatial plans. Some examples of successful land
consolidation post-disaster eruption of Merapi can be a reference to apply to post-
disaster reconstruction planning in Agung Volcano.
 The other group assignment describes about Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis For
Relocation Area Identifiaction. The study area is located at Juminahan Village, which
is one of most dense populated area in Yogyakarta. Cempaka cyclone that hit Special
Region of Yogyakarta caused several disaster such as typhoon and landslide. To reduce
the risks in the future, they suggest site selection for relocation site with GIS. In
determining new settlement area, the research used Spatial Multi-criteria Analysis
using GIS that considered several factors such as land use, topography, distance to road
and public facility, and hazard zone. There are three classifications of possible land to
be a new settlement area: Not Suitable area, Suitable area, and Most Suitable area. This
research recommends using the area which classified to Most Suitable area as the
possible area to relocate the residents from Juminahan Village that affected by the
landslide. This research recommends relocating the residents of Juminahan Village
along the river bank to Pandeyan Village or Giwangan Village to minimize the risk
from flood and landslide. Both of the recommendation areas has a quite large bare land
area to rebuild their houses. The area has an easy access to the main road, public facility,
and relatively safe of hazard potential.
 For group assignment, I write about problem of spatial planning in Indonesia. One of
the problem is about mapping of hazard area which isn’t done in detail. In RTRW of
Kabupaten Karangasem the disaster prone areas such as landslide, storm, flood,
drought, and forest fires have been listed but zoning about volcano prone areas hasn’t
been listed, whereas based on disaster prone area map produced by BNPB some villages
in Karangasem regency are located in KRB zone of volcanic eruption hazard, for
example is Desa Dukuh. But the mapping of volcano hazard-prone areas, indeed hasn’t
done in detail. Most volcanic hazard maps tend to be drawn in a regional scale rather
than a scale appropriate for land use planning (Saunders & Glassey, 2007). In Indonesia
the most detail disaster prone area maps are available only on a provincial scale. In the
spatial planning, information on hazard and risk assessment should be as detailed as
possible. Information on element at risk such as buildings and people must be reliable
and reflect the current situation. For hazard mapping, other than information about the
hazard zone it should also contain reccurence interval information from the disaster.
Detailed hazard information can help to pinpoint potential future development sites or
locations that are not suitable for development because of the great risk of loss in the
event of a disaster.
 References
Council of Europe. Of The Committee of Ministers to Member States on The European
Regional/ Spatial Planning Charter.
https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet
&InstranetImage=974473&SecMode=1&DocId=681646&Usage=2. Accessed on
23/12/2017.
Greiving, S., & Angignard, M. (2014). Disaster mitigation by spatial planning. In T. Van
Asch, J. Corominas, S. Greiving, J.-P. Malet, & S. Sterlacchini (Eds.), Mountain Risks:
From Prediction to Management and Governance, Advancesin Natural and
Technological Hazards Research 34 (Vol. 34, pp. 287–302).
Saunders, W.S.A. & Glassey, P. (2007). Guidelines for assessing planning policy and
consent requirements for landslide-prone land. GNS Science Miscellaneous Series 7.
GNS Science.
Sutanta, H., Bishop, IDB., Rajabifard, AR. 2010. Integrating Spatial Planning and Disaster
Risk Reduction at the Local Level in the Context of Spatially Enabled Government.
Spatially Enabling Society Research, Emerging Trends and Critical Assessment, 2010,
1, pp. 55 - 68