Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEL PERU
Y ENERGIA
CÁTEDRA: FISICOQUIMICA I
INTEGRANTES:
HUANCAYO-PERU
10/07/2017
RESUMEN
1. OBJETIVOS
1. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................. 7
PRESIÓN: .................................................................................................. 24
PRESÓSTATO:.......................................................................................... 25
33
41
5. CONCLUSIÓN...................................................................................... 69
NOMENCLATURA
ÁREA (m2) A
LA ACELERACIÓN GRAVITACIONAL (m s 2) g
MANIVELA (m) L
VOLUMEN (m3) V
VELOCIDAD (m s 1) v
DESPLAZAMIENTO (m) x
ALTURA (m) z
DENSIDAD (kg m 3) r
GNV (gas natural vehicular) se origina bajo condiciones parecidas a las del
Tal y como sucede con el petróleo y el carbón, el gas natural pertenece a los
hidrógeno. El gas natural se puede utilizar en motores térmicos, sin tenerse que
combustible para motores de combustión interna. Esto supone una clara ventaja
gasoil. Sin embargo, según la procedencia del gas natural, puede ser necesario
Dependiendo del yacimiento los proveedores pueden ofrecer una calidad de gas
del gas natural. Según su poder calorífico se diferencia entre: H-Gas (high = alto)
El peso del gas natural guarda una proporción directa con respecto al volumen,
EMISIONES
Una de las ventajas del uso del gas natural es la reducción de emisiones, si lo
europeo.
VENTAJAS:
gasolina y el gasoil
modificaciones importantes.
DESVENTAJAS:
plástico.
limitada
Según los países puede tener unas revisiones técnicas mas frecuentes
conocimientos en la especialidad.
comprimido)
Para contar con una capacidad de llenado suficiente para la operatividad con
gas natural se procede a comprimir con este método el gas natural hasta 200
ALMACENAMIENTO GNL
licúa a una temperatura de 161 °C bajo cero y se puede almacenar en ese estado.
Depósitos de acero
Depósitos de CFK para gas natural (depósitos de plástico reforzado con fibra de
carbono)
Un depósito de acero (figura inferior) pesa unos 80 kilogramos y tiene una
gas se diseñan y se situan de tal forma que ocupen el menor espacio posible en
anteriores para gas natural y el eje trasero. Los depósitos de gas natural se
sostienen con cintas tensoras bajo la plataforma del piso. Hay una cubierta de
Estos compresores son del tipo de desplazamiento positivo, son los más
Los compresores del tipo entroncado, no lubricados, son secos, con rodamientos
lubricados permanentemente. Los del tipo cruceta tienen una biela más larga, de
forma que la parte engrasada no tiene contacto con el aire que se comprime. En
IMAGEN 4
Como los pistones siguen su ascenso, el aire aspirado es comprimido hasta que
la presión vence la fuerza de las válvulas de escape VE-1, con lo que éstas se
abren, dejando pasar el aire comprimido al refrigerador R, que es enfriado por
medio de un ventilador.
se obtiene un mayor rendimiento y un aire más frío a la presión final. Según esto,
de baja presión, aunque , en este caso, las cámaras de compresión C-2 son más
pequeñas, pues, al estar comprimido en parte el aire que penetra en ellas, ocupa
menos volumen que cuando lo hizo en las cámaras C-1 igualmente sucede con
las válvulas, que pueden ser más pequeñas por necesitar menos superficie de
paso (en algunos tipos se colocan para aspiración de baja, dos válvulas, y lo
mismo para escape de baja; y para aspiración y escape de alta , una para cada
caso ) .
de cada uno de los cilindros que permiten el flujo del gas en una sola dirección,
bien sea hacia dentro del cilindro (aspiración), bien hacia fuera del mismo
IMAGEN 5
motor gira un número de rpm fijo por lo cual se hace necesario regular
2.2.1.3 MOTOR
IMAGEN 6
2.2.1.4 PISTÓN
tanque.
IMAGEN 8 IMAGEN 7
2.2.1.5 EL CILINDRO
entre el cilindro y el pistón, éste está provisto de dos o tres segmentos cilindro es
superior.
Dependiendo del tipo de compresor, éstos pueden ser de simple o doble Efecto,
según se comprima el gas por una o las dos caras del pistón. Pueden existir,
además, uno o varios cilindros por cada una de las etapas que tenga el
compresor.
La hermeticidad durante la compresión se mantiene gracias a la acción de los
2.2.1.6 CIGÜEÑAL
PRESIÓN:
También se distinguen dos conceptos:
Por eso, los datos de servicio de los elementos se refieren a esta presión.
Importante:
Fuerzas
IMAGEN 11
PRESÓSTATO:
IMAGEN 12
fluido o gas.
OPERACIÓN:
El fluido ejerce una presión sobre un pistón interno haciendo que se mueva hasta
que se unen dos contactos. Cuando la presión baja un resorte empuja el pistón
o menos fuerza sobre el pistón a través del resorte. Usualmente tienen dos
presión), mientras estos últimos entregan una señal variable en base al rango de
MANÓMETRO:
IMAGEN 14 IMAGEN 13
REFRIGERACIÓN
Por efecto de la compresión del aire se desarrolla calor que debe evacuarse. De
evacua el calor.
Figura
IMAGEN 15
Los
IMAGEN 16
que filtra únicamente partículas sólidas, y no fluidos (sin embargo, algunos fluidos
de los compresores que los filtros estén dentro de las condiciones de trabajo de
los mismos. Por ello es necesario vigilar que las pérdidas de carga en los filtros
estén dentro de las establecidas, pues de lo contrario implica que el filtro está
sucio con la consiguiente pérdida de eficiencia del mismo y del propio compresor
disminuyendo su aspiración.
IMAGEN 18
La práctica totalidad de los gases comerciales pueden tratarse con este tipo de
que puedan arrastrar gotas de líquido con ellos, aunque sí con vaporizado
asume como sistema abierto a tanto alzado. Se supone que no hay fugas se
𝑉𝑆2 𝑉𝑑2 𝑑 𝑉2
𝑄𝑐𝑣 + ∑ 𝑚𝑆 (ℎ𝑠 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑠 ) = ∑ 𝑚𝑑 (ℎ𝑑 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑑 ) + [𝑚 (𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑧) ] +
2 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑐𝑣
𝑊𝐶𝑉 (1)
necesario conocer las propiedades termodinámicas del gas natural. Uno de los
métodos más fiables para calcular las propiedades termodinámicas del gas
con el fin de calcular las propiedades termodinámicas del gas natural Farzaneh-
natural.
calculan sobre la base del ideal y real Gas. Para el modelo de gas real, las
modelos de gas ideal y real. Un valor óptimo para el área de succión a la válvula
Donde _Q; _metro; marido; Ve; gramo; Z y _W son transferencia de calor y flujo
como sigue:
𝑑𝑊𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣
= 𝑃𝑐𝑣 (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Dónde P y V son la presión y el volumen respectivamente. Con la combinación
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝜃 𝑑
= 𝑑𝜃 × = 𝜔 𝑑𝑡 (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
desde el punto muerto superior en términos del ángulo del cigüeñal puede ser
𝑆 𝐿 𝑎
𝑥 (𝜃 ) = [1 − cos 𝜃 + (1 − √(1 − ( sin 𝜃)2 ))] (7)
2 𝑎 𝐿
la siguiente manera:
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚𝑠 − 𝑚𝑑 (9)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 1
= (𝑚𝑠 − 𝑚𝑑 ) (10)
𝑑𝜃 𝜔
2(𝑃𝑠 −𝑃𝑐𝑣 )
𝐶𝑑𝑠 𝜌𝑠𝐴𝑠 (√ ) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑃𝑠 > 𝑃𝑐𝑣 ; 𝑥𝑠 > 0
𝑃𝑠
𝑚𝑠 = (11)
2(𝑃𝑐𝑣 −𝑃𝑠 )
−𝐶 𝜌𝑠𝐴𝑠 (√ ) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑃𝑐𝑣 > 𝑃𝑠 ; 𝑥𝑠 > 0
{ 𝑑𝑠 𝑃𝑠
2(𝑃𝑐𝑣 −𝑃𝑑 )
𝐶𝑑𝑠 𝜌𝑠𝐴𝑠 (√ ) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑃𝑐𝑣 > 𝑃𝑑 ; 𝑥𝑑 > 0
𝑃𝑠
𝑚𝑠 = (12)
2(𝑃𝑑 −𝑃𝑐𝑣 )
−𝐶 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑 (√ ) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑃𝑑 > 𝑃𝑐𝑣 ; 𝑥𝑑 > 0
{ 𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑑
obtienen por:
𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑥𝑠 𝑟𝑠 (13)
𝐴𝑑 = 2𝜋𝑥𝑑 𝑟𝑑 (13)
respectivamente.
𝑑 2 𝑋𝑑 1
𝑑𝜃2
=
𝑚𝑑 𝜔 2
{−𝑘𝑑 𝜔𝑑 + 𝐶𝑓𝑑 𝐴𝑑 (𝑃𝑐𝑣 − 𝑃𝑑 ) + 𝐹𝑝𝑑 } 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑋𝑑 >
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑋𝑑 (15)
Donde fps y Fpd son fuerzas de precarga, que estas fuerzas son
Boswirth (1980)
puede
𝑑𝑄 𝛼𝐴
= (𝑇𝑐𝑣 − 𝑇𝑤 ) (16)
𝑑𝜃 𝜔
(Richard, 1999):
𝑣 = 2.28𝑣𝑝 (18)
control podría ser mucho más simplificado. Teniendo en cuenta los siguientes
𝑢 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇, ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇, 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 (19)
Por consiguiente
𝑑𝑇𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝐶𝑣 + 𝑇𝑐𝑣 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑈(𝜃) 𝐴𝑐𝑣(𝜃) (𝑇𝑐𝑣(𝜃) − 𝑇𝑎𝑚 ) + 𝑚𝑠 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑠 −
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣
𝑚𝑑 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑑 − 𝑃𝑐𝑣 (21)
𝑑𝜃
2.4 EL CÁLCULO DE LA TERMODINÁMICA DE GAS NATURAL
termodinámica
𝑃 = 𝑍𝜌𝑚 𝑅𝑇 (22)
EoS, 1992):
𝑍 = 1 + 𝐵𝜌𝑚−𝜌𝑟 ∑18 ∗ 18 ∗ ∗
𝑛=13 𝐶𝑛 + ∑𝑛=13 𝐶𝑛 𝐷𝑛 (23)
𝜌𝑟 = 𝐾 3 𝜌𝑚 (24)
2
N 5
N1 N 5
K 5
xik i2 2 xi x j K ij5 1 K iK j 2 (25)
i1 i 1 j i 1
1992):
N1 N 3
B anT Un xi x jBniijEUij n K iK j 2
18
(26)
n1 i1 j11
1 1
Bnij (Gij 1gn )gn (QiQ j 1 qn )qn (Fi 2Fj2 1 fn )fn (SiS j 1 sn )sn (Wi Wj 1 w n )wn (27)
1
Eij Eij (EE
i j)
2 (28)
EoS, 1992):
Gij* (Gi Gj )
Gij (29)
2
En las ecuaciones (25) e (29), an, fn, gn, qn, sn, un, wn son la ecuación
De parámetros de estado, Ei, Fi, Gi, Ki, Qi, Si, Wi son los correspondientes
Parámetros de caracterización y E *
Ij, G *
Yo soy
En la ecuación (23), C *
norte; N ¼ 1; :::; 58 dependen de la temperatura
2
N 5
N1 N 5
U x iEi2 2 x i x j (Uij5 1) EiE j 2
5
i1 i 1 j 11
u
u m (31)
Mw
j 1
j 1
mcv( )
( ) j 1
Vcv( )
N1
1) Gi G j
N N
G xG
i 1
i i 2 x x (G
i 1 j 11
i j
ij (32)
N
Q xiQi (33)
i 1
N
F xi2Fi (34)
i1
ecuación:
Dn (bn cnknrkn )rkn exp(cnrkn ) (35)
Siguiente ecuación:
Mw m (36)
gas.
m
Z dm
um um,I RT 2 T m
(37)
0 m
Energía interna molar para el gas ideal. Energía interna molar para
N
hm,I x jhm,Ij (39)
j1
Además, la energía interna por unidad de masa se define como Siguiente:
um
u (40)
Mw
m
Z dm
hm hm,I RT T RT(Z 1)
2
(42)
0 m
m
N
hm,I x jhm,ij (43)
j1
Mezcla y hj
Componente j en mezcla.
cj ej
j
hm,I hm,I0
j
a jT b jc j coth dje j tanh (44)
T T
hm
h (45)
Mw
3. PROCEDIMIENTO NUMÉRICO O
EXPERIMENTAL
ji
ucv ucv
j
1
Qcv
j
j ms
j
V j md
j
mcv j j
hs Pcv j hd u (46)
mcv j
mcv ms md j1
m.sj mdj j 1
m.sj mdj
mcv mcv
j
mcv mcv
j
(47)
j 1
mcv( )
(j1) j 1
(48)
Vcv( )
de tiempo, se utiliza una tabla termodinámica que se forma a base de AGA8 EOS.
La tabla está dispuesta de acuerdo con la energía interna (u) y la densidad (r (q)).
siguiente: 0,2 <P (MPa) <25; 250 <T (K) <350. Basándose en estos intervalos de
N
W F PdV F * P jdV J PdV (49)
cycle( 0to 2 ) j i cycle( 0to 2 )
N
1 1
Windicated PdV * P jdV J (50)
mcv cycle( 0to 2 )
mcv j1
F 2 * (51)
4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
En primer lugar, para la validación del método matemático en este estudio, los
2011) Medido volumen variación en el control de condi- ciones en una sola etapa,
por el pistón es mayor que la cantidad de aire que entra en el cilindro durante
En general, hay una buena concordancia entre los valores medidos y numéricos.
4.33 cm, ms =¼ m=d ¼ =0.02 kg, ks ¼ =kd =¼ 16N/mm and Ts = 286 K.La
funcionamiento del compresor para modelos de gas real e ideal. Para cada
modelo las velocidades angulares investigadas son 500, 1000 y 1500 rads 1. La
ángulo del cigüeñal para los modelos de gas ideal y real se muestran en la Fig. 3
a) yb). Para estas figuras, el modelado comienza desde el punto muerto superior
Con el movimiento del pistón desde el TDC hacia el fondo (el movimiento hacia
el centro muerto inferior (BDC)), el volumen del cilindro se incrementa y
posteriormente
HIGO 2
HIGO 3 (a)
respectivamente.
HIGO 3 (b)
el control de gas ideal es más alta que la temperatura del gas real. Una
como tal que la fuerza producida por la presión ferencia dife- es más que
succión. Esto provoca que los flujos de gas natural a través de la válvula
de succión y entra en el cilindro. proceso de aspiración tinues con- hasta
descarga. Esto provoca que el gas natural fluye hacia fuera a través de la
completa un conjunto
ciclo.
Fig. 4 (a) y (b) mostrar los efectos de las velocidades angulares en las
reales e ideales. Las figuras ilustran que las válvulas de la vibración pasa
HIGO 2(b)
Higo. 6 (a) y (b) presentar la tasa de flujo de masa y trabajar para los
HIGO 6 (b)
es más alta para gas real en comparación con el modelo de gas ideal, el
descarga son casi coincidencia. Higo. 7 (b) ilustra que el efecto de valor
aspiración es de 2,5 K.
HIGO 7 (a)
HIGO 7 (b)
Higo. 7mi Variación de a) la presión de volumen en el control y b) en
según ángulo del cigüeñal en base a varios espacios libres para modelos
contra ángulo del cigüeñal en base a varios espacios libres para modelos
modelo de gas ideal es más que el trabajo indicado requerido para modelo
HIGO 8 (a)
HIGO 8(b)
(b) descargar vs. Ángulo del cigüeñal en base a varios espacios libres
de gas.
estudiados.
HIGO 10 (a)
HIGO 10 (b)
HIGO 12 (a)
HIGO 12 (b)
Higo.12 mi Variación de a) tasa de flujo de masa y b) trabajar para
HIGO 13
5. CONCLUSIÓN
rendimiento de este.
6. REFERENCIA BIBLIOGRAFICA
7. ANEXOS
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 5 6 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 8 6 e1 9 7
a
The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
a
b r t i c l e i n f o a b s tract
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Article history: The accurate modelling and investigating effects of various parameters of the reciprocating
Received 3 August 2014 compressors are important subjects. In this work, based on first law of thermodynamics,
conversation of mass and real and ideal gas assumptions, a theoretical analysis has been
Received in revised form constructed to simulate natural gas reciprocating compressors. For computing the ther-
modynamic properties of natural gas based on real gas model, the AGA8 equation of state
has been used. Numerical results validated with previous measured values and showed a
11 November 2014
good agreement. The effects of important parameters such as: angular speed, clearance
Keywords:
and pressure ratio have been studied on the performance of the compressors. The results
Accepted 12 November 2014
Reciprocating compressor reveal the in-control volume temperature for ideal gas is more than real gas model but the
Natural gas mass flow rate and work for real gas is higher than ideal gas model. On the other hand, the
Available online 24
Thermodynamic November 2014
modeling indicated work that required for compression is greater for ideal gas model.
AGA8 equation of state
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Gas stations (CNG stations) and etc. due to high pressure ratio
1. Introduction
achievement.
One of the most important equipment for producing high
As noted above, the CNG station is one of the most appli-
pressure gas is reciprocating compressors. These compressors
cations of reciprocating compressors. In CNG station, natural
are used widely in industries such as: refineries and power
gas from the distribution pipeline is compressed using a large
plants, refrigeration system (chillers), Compressed Natural
multi-stage compressor (three or four stages) to pressure
* Corresponding author.
2. Methodology
X Ve 2 X Ve2 d Ve2
Q_ cv þ m_s hs þ s
þ gzs ¼ m_d hd þ d
þ gzd þ m þ gz _ cv
þW (1)
2 2 dt 2
uþ cv
For analysing natural gas reciprocating compressors where Q_ ; m_; h; Ve; g; z and W
_ are heat transfer and mass flow
rates, enthalpy, velocity, acceleration of gravity, altitude and
accurately, it is necessary to know thermodynamic properties
work rate respectively. Also s, d and cv subscripts stand for
of natural gas. One of the most reliable methods for calcu-
suction, discharge and control volume condition respectively. If
lating natural gas thermodynamic properties is the AGA8
variation in kinetic and potential energies are neglected, then
Equation of State (AGA8eDC92 EoS, 1992; ISO-12213-2, 1997). this equation could be simplified as follow:
The AGA8 equation of state has been presented by American dQ cv dms dmd d dWcv
þ h ¼ h þ ðmuÞcv þ (2)
Gas Association specifically for computing compressibility dt dt s dt d dt dt
factor and density of natural gas. This equation of state has The work rate could be computed as follow:
been also subject to different studies in order to compute
dW cv dV
thermodynamics properties of natural gas (Marı́c et al., 2005; ¼ Pcv cv (3)
dt dt
Marı́c, 2005, 2007; Farzaneh-Gord et al., 2010; Farzaneh-Gord
and Rahbari, 2012). Farzaneh-Gord and Rahbari (2012) has where P and V are pressure and volume respectively. With
employed AGA8 EOS to calculate variety of natural gas ther- combining equations (2) and (3), the following equation can be
modynamic properties for various natural gas mixtures. obtained:
The improvement of design parameters of CNG recipro- dQ cv dms dmd d dVcv
þ h ¼ h þ ðmuÞ cv þ Pcv (4)
cating compressors leads to higher compressor performance. dt dt s dt d dt dt
By simulating these compressors, it is possible to investigate
effects of different parameters on their efficiency and to
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 5 6 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 8 6 e1 9 7 189
Also, differentiating respect to time could be converted to where xs and xd are the suction and discharge displacement
crank angle by considering the following equation: from the closed position, and, rs and rd are radius of suction
d d dq d and discharge valves respectively.
¼ ¼u (5)
dt dq dt dq
Due to non-ideality of the valve, it does not shut down
In which, u is the rotational speed of the crank shaft. instantaneously as soon as a negative pressure difference is
Finally the first law thermodynamic equation changed as cds
created from its reference motion, cddthe direction and shut
turn
below: the opening. Coefficient of and account these non-
ideality of valves.
dQcv dms dmd d dVcv
þ h ¼ h þ ðmuÞcv þ Pcv (6)
dq dq s dq d dq dq 2.4. Valve movement equation
2.2. Piston motion equation The valve dynamic equations are derived based on the
The exact expression for the instantaneous position of the following assumption;
piston displacement from top dead center in terms of the (i) The valve is considered as a single degree of freedom
crank angle may be given by Lee (1983): system.
" sffi
S L ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a
xðqÞ ¼ 1 cos q þ 1 ffi #1 2 sin q (7)
2 a L (ii) The valve plate is rigid.
0:2
where in equation (24), K is mixture size parameter and
a ¼ 3:26D P0:8 T 0:55 0:8
y (17)
calculated using following equation (AGA8eDC92 EoS, 1992):
characteristic velocity of gas and ! 2
diameter of the cylinder respectively. According to Woschni 5
XN N 1X N X 5
K ¼ xi5 i K2 þ 2 ij xi xj Ki Kj
2
(25)
where, y andthe
D are the
correlation, correlation characteristic velocity for a K5 1 i¼1 i¼1 j¼iþ1
compressor without swirl is given as (Richard, 1999): In equation (25), xi is mole fraction of component i in
y ¼ 2:28vp (18)
mixture, xj is mole fraction of component j in mixture, Ki is
size parameter of component i, Kj is size parameter of
where, vp is average velocity of piston. component j, Kij is binary interaction parameter for size and N
2.6. Ideal gas model is number of component in gas mixture.
For the case of assuming ideal gas behaviour, the governing In equation (23), B is second virial coefficient and given by
the following equation (AGA8eDC92 EoS, 1992):
equation could be much simplified. Considering the following X 18 NX N X 3
B¼ an T un un
nij Eij Ki K2 (26)
ideal gas assumptions: n¼1
* i¼1 j¼1
xi xj B j
u ¼ Cv T; h ¼ Cp T ; Cp Cv ¼ R; PV ¼ mRT (19) *
where, Bnij and Eij are defined by the following equations
(AGA8eDC92 EoS, 1992):
Consequently,
d ðmuÞcv dT dm gn qn
¼ mcv Cv þ Tcv Cv cv (20) B*nij ¼ Gij þ 1 gn Qi Qj þ 1 qn Fi1=2 Fj1=2 þ 1 fn
dq cvdq dq (27)
sn w
S i S j þ 1 sn Wi Wj þ 1 w n n fn
With replacing ideal gas assumptions and equation (16),
*
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 5 6 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 8 6 e1 9 7 191
Coefficients of equation (35) are introduced in reference Also, the internal energy per unit mass is defined as
Dmcvj
Total butanes 0 to 1 0 to 6 Dq
uj
(46)
Total pentanes 0 to 0.3 0 to 4
s j
Dmcv m_s m_d m_j m_ m
j
_ j
m_
mcvj ¼ Dq !
d !
¼ 0mjþ1
cv 0mjþ1 j
cv ¼ mcv þ Dq
s d
(47)
Dq u u u
And then specific internal energy and mcv are computed variation of in-control volume pressure between numerical
from equations (46) and (47) for each crank angle by employing values and experimental result (Farzaneh-Gord and Rahbari,
Rungeekotta method. Then density is calculated as below by
knowing in-cylinder volume at each crank angle: 2011) against crank angle. In the numerical study, the suc-
mjþ1
cv ðqÞ
tion and discharge pressure assumed constant. In the
rjþ1
ðqÞ ¼ jþ1
(48)
experimented case, the volume displaced by the piston is
VcvðqÞ
larger than the amount of air entering into the cylinder during
These two thermodynamic properties (density and specific suction period. As a result for the experimented case, a
internal energy) are enough to identify the other thermody- decrease in cylinder pressure is expected. This could be seen
namic properties (temperature, pressure …). For calculating in the figure. Similarly, the volume displaced by the piston is
pressure and temperature for each time step, thermodynamic greater than the volume of air discharged through discharge
table which formed based on AGA8 EOS, are used. The table is port for the experimented case during discharge period.
arranged according to internal energy (u) and density (r(q)). Therefore, an increase in cylinder pressure is expected. Also
Functions of pressure and temperature are prepared by Curve volume flow rate and peak pressure are compared in Table 2.
fitting method. This method is based on the study of Generally, there are a good agreement between the measured
Farzaneh-Gord and Rahbari (Farzaneh-Gord and Rahbari, and numerical values.
2011). They developed novel correlations for calculating nat- The rest of the results presented in this study is for a
ural gas thermodynamic properties. Their study shows that compressor with following characteristics: B ¼ 14.5 cm,
the correlations could predict natural gas properties with an S ¼ 10 cm, rs ¼ 2.96 cm, rd ¼ 4.33 cm, ms ¼ md ¼ 0.02 kg,
error that is acceptable for most engineering applications. The ks ¼ kd ¼ 16N/mm and Ts ¼ 286 K. The pressure of discharge
range of pressure and temperature which the correlations plenum and also pressure ratio are considered to be 15 MPa
have been developed for, are as follows: 0.2 < P(MPa) < 25; and 5 respectively. The effects of various parameters are also
investigated in separated sections.
5.1. Effect of angular speed on compressor operation for
250 < T(K) < 350. Based on these pressure and temperature
real and ideal gas models
range, the average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) for
calculating natural gas thermodynamic properties is less than
In this section the effect of angular speed on compressor
3%. Details of the calculation method and error for curve operation for real and ideal gas models are presented. For each
fitting method are presented in Farzaneh-Gord and Rahbari models the investigated angular speeds are 500, 1000, and
(2011).
Z N Z 1500 rad s 1. The variation of in-control volume pressure and
W¼ The
F values of work and indicatedX jwork per in-control PdVvol-
ume mass aretoq¼2pÞ
also calculated P dVj equations:
PdV ¼ F as following temperature against crank angle for ideal and real gas models
Cycleðq¼0 Cycleðq¼0 to q¼2pÞ
¼ are shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b). For these figures, the modeling
(49)
j¼1 begins from Top Dead Center (TDC) where cylinder volume is
Z the same as clearance volume. With motion of piston from
1 1 N TDC towards bottom (the move towards Bottom Dead Center
Windicated ¼ PdV ¼ X Pj dV j (50)
mcv m cv j¼1 (BDC)), cylinder volume is increased and subsequently
Cycleðq¼0 to q¼2pÞ
Fig. 3 e Variation of a) inecylinder pressure and b) Fig. 4 e Variation of a) displacement of suction valve and b)
inecylinder temperature vs. crank angle based on different discharge valve vs. crank angle based on different angular
angular speeds for ideal and real gas models. speeds for ideal and real gas models.
194 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 5 6 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 8 6 e1 9 7
the mass flow rate and work will be increased. As the density
of the gas is higher for real gas comparing to the ideal gas
model, the mass flow rate that entering control volume is
higher for real gas model, consequently, in-cylinder gas is
higher for real gas model. Higher in-cylinder mass needs more
compressing power which makes the consuming work to be
higher in real gas model comparing to ideal one.
Fig. 11 shows the indicated work that natural gas received indicated work is calculated by dividing work to one cycle
in various clearances for ideal and real gas models. Based on mass flow rate, The indicated work in real gas model is slightly
this figure, when clearance is increased, the work per mass is higher than the ideal gas model.
also increased. Also, the result illustrates that change in
clearance doesn't much effect on indicated work in both gas 5.3. Effect of pressure ratio on compressor operation for
models. Also, based on Fig. 11, the indicated work required for real and ideal gas models
compressing a given value of natural gas for ideal gas model is
more than indicated work required for real gas model. As the In this section the effects of pressure ratio on compressor
performance for real and ideal gas models have been studied.
for ideal and real gas models. Fig. 13 e Variation of indicated work for various pressure
Fig. 12 (a) and (b) show effects of pressure ratio on mass flow ratios for ideal and real gas models.
rate and work respectively. The effect of pressure ratio is done 6. Conclusion
for both real and ideal gas models. According to Fig. 12, as
pressure ratios increases, mass flow rate and subsequently Reciprocating compressors are used extensively in industry
work are reduced for both real and ideal gas models.
due to their ability to high pressure ratio achievement. One of
Fig. 13 shows the indicated work for various pressure ra- the most important applications of these compressors is in
tios. According to Fig. 13, as pressure ratio increases, the work CNG fueling station. Comprehension the demeanor of the
required for compressing unit mass increased for both real reciprocating compressors and investigating influences of
and ideal gas assumptions. Based on this figure, the indicated different parameters are fascinating topics. The numerical
work that required for compression in ideal gas model is more simulating is proved to be an effective tool to investigate
than real gas model. performance of these compressors based on ideal and real gas
models.
The results show that for ideal and real gas models, as
angular speed increases, the in-control volume temperature
increases too. The valves vibration occurs at low crank angle
and as the angular speed increases, the valves opening angle
increases. There is backward flow for suction valve during
each cycle. Clearance value doesn't much effect on indicated
work and so necessary work for compressing a given value of
gas in various clearances is almost fixed.
than ideal gas model. On the other hand, the indicated work Farzaneh-Gord, M., Khamforoush, A., Hashemi, Sh, Pourkhadem
that required for compression in ideal gas model is higher Namin, H., 2010. Computing thermal properties of natural gas
than real gas model. by utilizing AGA8 equation of state. Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl. 1
(1), 20e24.
for Natural Gas and Other Hydrocarbon Gases. Transmission ISO-12213-2, 1997. Natural Gas Calculation of Compression
Measurement Committee, Arlington, VA. Report No. 8, Factor-Part 2: Calculation Using Molar-composition Analysis.
AGACatalog No. XQ 1285. ISO, Ref. No. ISO- 12213-2:1997(E).
Adair, R.P., Qvale, E.B., Pearson, J.T., 1972. Instantaneous heat Lee, Sukhyung, 1983. First Law Analysis of Unsteady Processes
transfer to the cylinder wall in reciprocating compressors. In: with Application to a Charging Process and a Reciprocating
Purdue Compressor Technology Conference Proc, pp. 521e526. Compressor. A Thesis presented in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for Degree of master Science. The Ohaio state
Aprea, C., Mastrullo, R., Renno, C., 2009. Determination of the
University.
compressor optimal working conditions. Appl. Therm. Eng. 29,
Link, Rodrigo, Deschamps, Cesar J., 2011. Numerical modeling of
1991e1997.
startup and shutdown transients in reciprocating
compressors. Int. J. Refrigeration 34, 1398e1414.
Bin, Tang, Yuanyang, Zhao, Liansheng, Li, Guangbin, Liu,
Ma, Yuan, He, Zhilong, Peng, Xueyuan, Xing, Ziwen, 2012.
Brablik, J., 1972. Gas pulsations as a factor affecting operation of Marı́c, I., 2007. A procedure for the calculation of the natural gas
automatic valves in reciprocating compressors. In: Proceeding molar heat capacity, the isentropic exponent, and the
of Purdue Compressor Technology Conference, pp. 188e195. JouleeThomson coefficient. Flow. Meas. Instrum. 18 (1), 18e26.
Castaing-Lasvignottes, J., Gibout, S., 2010. Dynamic simulation of Marı́c, I., Galovic, A., Smuc, T., 2005. Calculation of natural gas
reciprocating refrigeration compressors and experimental isentropic exponent. Flow. Meas. Instrum. 16 (1), 13e20.
validation. Int. J. Refrigeration 33, 381e389.
McGovern, J.A., Harte, S., 1995. An exergy method for compressor
Cezar, O.R. Negrao, Erthal, Raul H., Andrade, Diogo E.V., da performance analysis. Int. J. Refrigeration 18 (6), 421e433.
Damle, R., Rigola, J., Perez-Segarra, Castro, J., Oliva, A., 2011.
Ndiaye, D., Bernier, M., 2010. Dynamic model of a hermetic
reciprocating compressor in on-off cycling operation
Object-oriented simulation of reciprocating compressors: (Abbreviation: compressor dynamic model). Appl. Therm. Eng.
numerical verification and experimental comparison. Int. J.
Refrigeration 34, 1989e1998. 30, 792e799.
Elhaji, M., Gu, F., Ball, A.D., Albarbar, A., 2008. Numerical
Perez-Segarra, C.D., Rigola, J., Soria, M., Oliva, A., 2005. Detailed
simulation and experimental study of a two-stage