c

   

 Nukarin la ring libro? c

     

  

  c

  "Where are the books?"
   
The word Kapampangan is derived from the
rootword pampang which means river bank. Very
little is known about the language prior to the
arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. In the
18th century, two books were written by Fr.
Diego Bergaño. He authored Vocabulario de la
lengua Pampanga and Arte de la lengua
Pampanga. Two 19th-century Kapampangan
writers are hailed as being the equivalent of
William Shakespeare in Kapampangan literature.
Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his work ...
The order and forms in which Kapampangan
pronouns appear in sentences are outlined in the
Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen.
following chart.
"I will give Carmen the keys."
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order
c

     following verbs or particles like negation words.
The enclitic pronoun is always first followed by
Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: another pronoun or discourse marker.
absolutive, ergative, and oblique.
Ikit da ka.
Examples: "I saw you."
Sinulat ku. Silatanan na ku.
"I wrote." "He wrote to me."

c

  
  c

  Silatanan na ku. However, the following constructions are

    "(He) wrote me." incorrect: *ikit ka da and *silatanan ku na
Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 Dinatang ya. Also, pronouns combine to form one
consonants and five vowels. Some western "He has arrived." portmanteau pronoun.
dialects of Kapampangan have six vowels. Syllable
structure is relatively simple. Each syllable Sabyan me kaku. Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya)
contains at least a consonant and a vowel. "Tell me it." "I saw her."
Kapampangan language - Vowels. Before the Ninu ing minaus keka? Dinan kong pera. (instead of Dinan ku lang pera.)
arrival of the Spanish, Kapampangan had three "Who called you? "I gave them money."
vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/; some ...
Mamasa la. Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in
Kapampangan language - Nouns. While "They are reading." questions and while using the word naman.
Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, they are Furthermore,
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify.
usually preceded by case markers. There are
Oblique pronouns can take the place of the Akakit mya? (instead of akakit me?)
three types of case markers: absolutive genitive pronoun but they precede the word they Do you see him?
(nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique. modify.
Unlike English and Spanish which are nominative- Buri nya naman yan. (instead of buri ne naman
Ing bale ku. yan)
accusative languages, Kapampangan is an Ing kakung bale. He likes this one, on the other hand.
ergative-absolutive language. It's a common "My house."
misconception that Kapampangan is frequently The chart below outlines the permitted
The dual pronounce ikata refers to only the first combinations of pronouns. There are blank
spoken in the passive voice. Absolutive or and second persons. entries to denote combinations which are
nominative markers mark the actor of an intran
The inclusive pronoun ikatamu refers to the first deemed impossible.
...
and second persons. It may also refer to a third The column headings (i.e., yaku, ika, etc.) in bold
c

   

  
c

    
  
c

    
  
c

    
While Kapampangan nouns are not inflected,
they are usually preceded by case markers. There
are three types of case markers: absolutive
(nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.
Unlike English and Spanish which are nominative-
accusative languages, Kapampangan is an
ergative-absolutive language. It's a common
misconception that Kapampangan is frequently
spoken in the passive voice.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor
of an intransitive verb and the object of a
transitive verb.
Ergative or genitive markers mark the object
(usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the
actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession.
Oblique markers are similar to prepositions in
English. It marks things such as location and
direction.
Furthermore, noun markers are divided into
two classes: one for names of people (personal)
and the second for everything else (common).
Below is a chart of case markers.
Examples:
Dinatang ya ing lalaki.
"The man arrived."
Ikit neng Juan i Maria.
"John saw Maria."
Munta la ri Elena at Robertu king bale nang
Miguel.
"Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."
person(s).
The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first
and third persons but excludes the second.
Ala tang nasi.
"We (you and I) do not have rice."
Ala tamung nasi.
"We (you and I and someone else) do not have
rice."
Ala keng nasi.
"We (someone else and I, but not you) do not
have rice."
Furthermore, Kapampangan stands out among
many Philippine languages in requiring the
presence of the pronoun even if the noun it
represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is
present.
Dinatang ya i Erning. (not *dinatang i Erning)
"Ernie arrived."
Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan. (not *mamasa ri
Maria at Juan)
"Maria and Juan are reading."
Silatanan na kang José. (not *silatanan kang José)
"José wrote you."
As a comparison, it would be akin to sayinbg
*dumating siya si Erning, *bumabasa sila sina
Maria at Juan and *sinulatan ka niya ni José in
Tagalog.
The pronouns ya and la have special forms when
they are used in conjunction with the
words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not).
Ati yu king Pampanga. (not *Ati ya king
Pampanga)
"He is in Pampanga."
Ala lu ring doktor keni. (not *ala la ring tau keni)
The doctors are no longer here.
denote pronouns in the absolutive case while the
row headings (i.e., ku, mu, etc.) denote pronouns
in the ergative case.
c

     


Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns are
outlined in the chart below.
This particular system of demonstrative pronouns
differs with other Philippine languages by having
having separate forms for the singular and plural.
The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (as well as
their respective forms) both mean "this" but each
have distinct uses.
Iti usually refers to something abstract but may
also refer to concrete nouns. For example, iting
musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi(this is
what we do).
Ini is always concrete and never abstract. For
example ining libru(this book), ini ing asu na ni
Juan (this is Juan's dog).
Furthermore, in their locative forms, keni is used
when the person spoken to is not near the
subject spoken of. Keti, on the other hand, when
the person spoken is near the subject spoken of.
For example, two people in the same country will
refer to their country as ketihowever, they will
refer to their respective towns as keni. Both
meanhere.
Nanu ini?
"What's this?"
Mangabanglu la rening sampaga.
"These flowers are fragrant."
Ninu ing lalaking ita?
"Who is that man?"
Me keni.
"Come here."
Ati ku keti.
"I am here."
Mangan la keta.
"They will eat there."
Ninu ing anak niyan?
"Who is the child of that?"
Oyta ya pala ing salamin mo!
"So that's where your glasses are!"
E ku pa menakit karen.
"I haven't seen these yet."
Oreni adwang regalo para keka.
"Here are two gift for you."
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Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex
and take on a variety of affixes reflecting focus,
aspect, mode, and others
Speakers of other Philippine languages find
Kapampangan verbs to be more difficult than
their own languages' verbs due to some verbs
belonging to unpredictable verb classes as well as
ambiguity with certain verb forms.
To illustrate this, let's take the
rootword sulat (write) which exists in both
Tagalog and Kapampangan.
For example:
verbs having the vowel /u/ in the first syllable.
For example, the verblucas (to take off) is In nominative-absolutive languages, also
conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking
off), and likas (took off) (rather than *linukas).
called marked-nominative languages, the
This chance of vowel also applies to certain
object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In nominative has a case inflection, while the
addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in
certain cases. For example, dela (brought
accusative and citation form do not. The
something) and not *dinala, semal (worked on
something) and not *sinamal, and seli(bought)
unmarked accusative/citation form may be called
and not *sinali.
Furthermore, there is no written distinction
absolutive to clarify that there citation form is
between the two mag-affixes in
writing. Magsalita can either mean is
used for the accusative case role rather than for
speaking or will speak. There is an audible
difference, however. [m gsali ta ] means "will
the nominative, which it is in most nominative-
speak" while [ ma gsali ta ] means "is
speaking".
accusative languages.
In grammar,  or   is the

  
modification of a word to express
different grammatical categories such
as tense,mood, voice, aspect, person, number, ge In tripartite languages, both the agent and object
nder and case. Conjugation is the inflection
of verbs; declension is the inflection of a transitive clause have case forms, ergative
ofnouns, adjectives and pronouns.
and accusative, whereas the agent of an
intransitive clause is the unmarked citation form.
The   (abbreviated !") is
This is occasionally called the intransitive case,
the unmarked grammatical case of a core

ÔY susulat means "is writing" in
Kapampangan but "will write" in
Tagalog.
ÔY sumulat means "will write" in
Kapampangan but "wrote" in
Tagalog. This form is also the
infinitive in both languages.
ÔY sinulat means "wrote" in both
languages. However in
Kapampangan it's in the actor focus
but object focus in Tagalog
The object-focus suffix -an represents two types
of focuses. However, the only difference between
the two is that one of the conjugations
preserves -an in the completed aspect while it is
dropped in the other conjugation. Take the two
verbs below:
but absolutive is also used and is perhaps more
argument of a verb (generally other than
accurate, since it is not limited to core agents of
the nominative) which is used as thecitation
intransitive verbs.
form of a noun.
    
   
In nominative-accusative languages, both core
In ergative-absolutive languages, the absolutive is
cases may be marked, but not infrequently only
the case used to mark both the subject of
the accusative is. In such situations the term
an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive
'absolutive' would aptly describe the nominative,
verb, in addition to being used for the citation

bayaran (to pay someone): bayaran (will pay
someone), babayaran(is paying
someone), j
 (paid someone) bayaran (to
pay for something): bayaran (will pay for
something), babayaran (is paying for
something), j
 (paid for something)
Note that other Philippine languages have
separate forms. For example, there is -in and -
an in Tagalog, -on and -an in Bikol and in most of
the Visayan languages, and -en and -an in Ilokano.
This is due to historical sound changes concerning
Proto-Philippine /*e/ mentioned above.
There are a number of actor-focus verbs which do
&
) is
not use the infix -um- but are usually conjugated
like other verbs that do. For example,gawa (to
do), bulus (to immerse), terak (to
dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to
smoke), saklu (to fetch), takbang (to
step), tuki (to accompany), etc. are used instead
of *gumawa, *bumulus, *tumerak, *lumukas,
*sumindi, *sumaklu, *tumakbang, *tumuki,
Many of the verbs mentioned in the previous
paragraph undergo a change of their vowel rather
than use the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the
actor focus (i.e., -um- verbs), this happens only to
form of a noun. It contrasts with the
marked ergative case, which marks the subject of
a transitive verb.
For example, in Basque the noun mutil ("boy")
takes the bare singular article -a both as subject
of the intransitive clause mutila etorri da ("the
boy came") and as object of the transitive
clause Irakasleak mutila ikusi du ("the teacher has
seen the boy"), in which the subject bears the
ergative ending -a-k.
 #    
but the term is seldom used that way.
The    (abbreviated $%) is one of
the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of
speech, which generally marks the subject of
a verb or the predicate noun or predicate
adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb
arguments. (Generally, it is a noun that is doing
something.)
The    (abbreviated
the grammatical case that identifies
the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-
absolutive languages.
In such languages, the ergative case is
typically marked (most salient), while
the absolutive case is unmarked. New work
in case theory has vigorously supported the idea
that the ergative case identifies the agent (the
intentful performer of an action) of a verb
(Woolford 2004).
In Kalaallisut (Greenlandic) for example, the
ergative case is used to mark subjects of
transitive verbs and possessors of nouns.
Nez Perce has a three-way nominal case system
with both ergative (-nim) and accusative (-ne)
plus an absolute (unmarked) case for intransitive
subjects: hipáayna qíiwn ͚the old man
arrived͛; hipáayna wewúkiye ͚the elk
arrived͛; wewúkiyene péexne qíiwnim ͚the old
man saw an elk͛.
Sahaptin has an ergative noun case (with suffix -
n m) that is limited to transitive constructions
only when the direct object is 1st or 2nd
person: iwapáatayaaš łmáman m ͚the old
woman helped me͛; paanáy iwapáataya
łmáma ͚the old woman helped him/her͛
(direct); páwapaataya łmámayin ͚the old woman
helped him/her͛ (inverse).
In grammar, the   (abbreviated
;
also called the
  or  ) is
the case that marks a noun as modifying another
noun. It often marks a noun as being the
possessor of another noun but it can also indicate
various relationships other than possession;
certain verbs may take argumentsin the genitive
case; and it may have adverbial uses
(see Adverbial genitive). Modern English does not
typically mark nouns for a genitive
case morphologically ʹ rather, it uses
the ͛s clitic or a preposition (usually of) ʹ but the öY description ("man of honour", "day of
personal pronouns do have distinct possessive reckoning")
forms. öY compounds ("doomsday" ("doom's
day"), Scottish Gaelic "ball coise" =
Depending on the language, specific varieties of
"football", where "coise" = gen. of "cas",
genitive-nounʹmain-noun relationships may
"foot")
include:
Depending on the language, some of the
öY possession (see Possessive case):
relationships mentioned above have their own
öY inalienable distinct cases different from the genitive.
possession ("Janet͛s height",
Possessive pronouns are distinct pronouns, found
"Janet͛s existence", "Janet͛s long
in Indo-European languages such as English, that
fingers")
function like pronouns inflected in the genitive.
öY alienable
They are considered separate pronouns if
possession ("Janet͛s jacket",
contrasting to languages where pronouns are
"Janet͛s drink")
regularly inflected in the genitive. For example,
öY relationship indicated by the noun
English my is either a separate possessive
being modified ("Janet͛s husband")
adjective or an irregular genitive of I, while in
öY composition (see Partitive case):
Finnish, for example, minun is
öY substance ("a wheel of cheese")
regularly agglutinated from minu- "I" and -
öY elements ("a group of men") n (genitive).
öY source ("a portion of the food")
In some languages, nouns in the genitive case
öY participation in an action:
also agree in case with the nouns they modify
öY as an agent ("She benefited
(that is, it is marked for two cases). This
from her father's love") ʹ this is
phenomenon is calledsuffixaufnahme.
called the subjective
In some languages, nouns in the genitive case
genitive (Compare "Her father loved
may be found in inclusio ʹ that is, between the
her", where Her father is
main noun͛s article and the noun itself.
the subject.)
öY as a patient ("the love of music") ʹ Many languages have a genitive case,
this is called the objective including Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Basque, Cz
genitive (Compare "She loves ech, Slovak, Estonian, Finnish, Gaelic, Georgian, G
music", where music is the object.) erman, Greek,Icelandic, Irish, Latin, Latvian, Polis
öY origin ("men of Rome") h, Romanian, Russian, Sanskrit, Bosnian, Serbian,
Croatian, Slovene, Turkish and Ukrainian. English
öY reference ("the capital of the
does not have a proper genitive case, but a
Republic"  "the Republic's capital")
possessive ending, -͛s (see below), although öY "Give me that ball": ̜̔̌ ̛̥ ̯a̛̚ ̨̡̯̪̌ The

pronouns do have a genitive case. (day mi tazi topka) pronoun me i

öY "Give that ball to me" ̜̔̌ ̯a̛̚ ̨̡̯̪̌ ̦̌ s

An '  (abbreviated $"; Latin: casus

̥̖̦ (day tazi topka na men) not inflected

generalis) in linguistics is a noun case of synthetic
differently in
languages that is used generally when a noun is There is also one for masculine nouns with
any of these
the object of averb or a preposition. An oblique the article:
uses; it is
case can appear in any case relationship except

öY "The wind is blowing": ʦ̯̻̬̻̯́ ̖̖̏ used for all

the nominative case of a sentence subject or

(vyat r t vee) grammatical

the vocative case of direct address.

öY "I despise the wind": M̬̌́̚ ̯̻̬̏́̌ relationships

Languages with a nominative or an oblique case
(mrazya vyat ra) except
system also contrast with those that have
the genitive
In analytic Indo-European languages, the oblique
an absolutive or ergative case system. In ergative-
case of
case is a relic of the original, more complex
absolutive languages, the absolutive case is used
possession
system of noun cases from the common Proto-
for a direct object (the subject will then be in the
and a non-
Indo-European language. Oblique cases appear in
ergative case); but the absolutive case is also
disjunctive n
the English pronoun set; these pronouns are
used for the subject of an intransitive verb, where
ominative
often called objective pronouns. One can observe
the subject is being passively described, rather
case as the
how the first person pronoun meserves a variety
than performing an action. Nevertheless, there
subject.
of grammatical functions:
are ergative-absolutive languages that
A  (    , or simply
demonstrate oblique cases; in the Northwest
öY as an accusative case for a direct object: an    , is a language that marks
Caucasian
rhe bit me! the direct object of transitive verbsdistinguishing
languages Adyghe, Kabardian and Ubykh, the
them from the subject of both transitive
oblique case marker serves to mark the ergative
öY as a dative case for an indirect
and intransitive verbs.[1]
case, the dative case, and the object of a
object:
verbal applicative. If the language has morphological case, then the
„ive me the rubber hose!
direct object is marked with a case conventionally
Bulgarian, an analytic Slavic language, also has an
known as "accusative", while the subject is
oblique caseͶor, rather, two of them öY as the object of a

marked with another case called "nominative". If

for pronouns: preposition:

there's no case marking, the language can resort

rtop spitting on me!
Accusative:
to word order (for example, the subject comes

öY and as before the verb and the object comes after it, as
öY "Kiss me!": ̶̖̣̱̜̏̌ ̥̖! (tseluvay me!)
a disjunctive to in English).
öY "Kiss me! (not him)" ̶̖̣̱̜̏̌ ̥̖̦!
An  (  language (or simply
pic marker:
an   language) is a language that treats
(tseluvay men!)
the argument ("subject") of an intransitive
Me, I like French. verb like the object of a transitive verb, but
Dative: distinctly from the agent ("subject") of
a transitive verb.