Design and Performance of a Passive EM1 Filter for Use

with a Voltage-Source PWM Inverter Having Sinusoidal

Output Voltage and Zero Common-Mode Voltage

Hirofumi Akagi, Fellow, IEEE, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Takafumi Doumoto

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Tokyo Institute of Technology

Abstmct-This paper deals with integrating a small-sized cellation of common-modevoltage 1121. This solution effec-
passive EM1 Rlter with a voltagesource PWM inverter. tively eliminates the lineto-neutral common-mode voltage
The purpose of the fllter is t o eliminate both high-frequency
common-mode and normal-mode voltages f” the three-
and shaft voltage. Takahashi, et. al., developed an active
phase output voltages of the inverter. A laboratory system EM1 filter that bypasses the zero-sequence current from
consisting of a 5-kVA inverter, a 3.7-kW induction motor, the ground wire to reduce the ground leakage current [13].
and a specially-designed passive EM1 fllter was constructed However, this technique does not address shaft voltage.
t o v e r i e the viability and effectiveness of the fllter. As
a result, both lineto-line and line-tc-neutral output volt- The active circuits of [12] and 1131 have limitations be-
ages look purely sinusoidal as if the inverter were an ideal cause complimentary transistors rated at 600 V or higher
three-phase variablevoltage, variablefrequency power s u p are presently not available in the market.
ply, when the inverter is viewed f” the motor terminals.
This results in a complete Bolution t o serious EM1 issues This paper focuses on integration of a small-sized
related t o high-frequency common-mode and normal-mode specially-designed passive EM1 filter into a voltagesource
voltages produced by the PWM inverter. PWM inverter operated at a carrier or switching frequency
as high as 15 kHz. The motivation of this research is
I. INTRODUCTION based on the well-known fact that the higher the carrier or
switching frequency, the smaller and the more effective the
Remarkable progress of power semiconductor devises EM1 filter. The integration of the EM1 filter makes both
has enabled an increase in the carrier frequency of a linetwneutral and lineto-line voltages sinusoidal as if the
voltagesource PWM inverter using IGBTs rated at 600 V inverter were an ideal variablevoltage, variablefrequency
or 1,200 V to 10 kHz or higher. This significantly con- power supply, when the inverter is viewed from the motor
tributes to improved controllability of voltage, current, terminals. Hence, it is possible to solve all of the EM1 is-
and torque. It also helps in reduction of acoustic noise. sues caused by high-frequency common-mode and normal-
However, high-speed switching of IGBTs increases high- mode voltages. Experimental results obtained from a 5.
frequency leakage currents, bearing currents, and shaft kVA laboratory system confirm the viability and effective-
voltage. Researchers and engineers in the area of power ness of the specially-designed passive EM1 filter. This pa-
electronics and ac motor drives recognize this as electre per also includes a design procedure for the EM1 filter.
magnetic interference (EMI) issues 111.
Presently, passive filters are employed at the output of 11. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM
voltagesource PWM inverters to deal with EMI related Fig. 1 shows the circuit configuration of an experimen-
issues. Various types of filter configuration, based on in-
tal system connecting a small passive EM1 filter at the
ductors and capacitors, or diodes, have been proposed in
output of a voltagesource PWM inverter using IGBTs.
121-[ll]. For example, SUI, et. al., have proposed a normal-
The inverter has a digital PWM controller in which three-
mode filter referred to as a “clamping filter” in (91. Al-
phase sinusoidal balanced reference signals are compared
though this filter is effective in suppressing the high volt-
with a repetitive triangular carrier signal with a frequency
age gradient at its motor terminals when a cable feeder
of 15 kHs in order to generate the gate signals for the
between an inverter and motor is very long, it has little
IGBTs. The EM1 filter consists of three normal-mode’
capability of mitigating the secalled “shaft voltage.” So
inductors, a common-mode inductor, capacitors and resis-
far, no literature has been published on either a design pro-
tors. A set of three inductors L,three capacitors C and
cedure of a passive EM1 filter consisting of both common-
three resistors R forms a normal-mode filter that elim-
mode and normal-mode filters, or its installation effect on
inates high-frequency normal-mode voltages from three
three-phase line-teneutral and line-teliie voltages. Other
phase lineto-line voltages. Although its installation makes
solutions based on combination of passive components and
the lineto-line voltages sinusoidal, it produces no effect on
active devices such as complimentary transistors have been
each lineto-neutral voltage.
described in [121 and [13]. Ogaswara, et. al. have proposed
~~ ~

a circuit consisting mainly of complimentary transistors mode,. used sometimes

tThe teminalogV Lcdifferentid of
and a common-mode transformer for achieving active can- the terminology “normal mode.”

0-7803-7262-xxW%10.W 0 2002 ED. 1543

 a

PWM Inverter : 5kVA L=O.SmH(Z%), C=lOpF(2.5%),R = l n

Carrier Frequency : 15kHz Lc=28mH or lZmH

200v
34 ZOOV, 5 3.7kw
... ..,

Vahoft

Jic

Fig. 1. Experimantal system.

normal-mode filter to the dc bus mid point diverts the

common-mode current ic into the dc bus. As shown in
Fig. 1, the negative bus of the dc link capacitor can take
the place of the mid point when the mid point is inacces-
sible.
Fig. 2 shows an equivalent circuit for common-mode
voltage and current. Inductor L c , capacitor CC,and re-
sistor R c form the common-mode filter components in the
equivalent circuit of Fig. 2. These components attenuate
Fig.2. Equivalent circuit for common-mode components.
the high-frequency common-mode voltage produced by the
PWM inverter. Note that it is possible to achieve indepen-
dent operation of the normal-mode and common-mode fil-
terz by selecting LC such that LC >> L / 3 and Cc such
that CC << 3C.
Fig. 3 shows the measured common-mode impedance
of the 20@V, 3.7-kW induction motor used in this
5 0 ~ , , .,...., , , .,...., , ,
experiment2 . The measurement shows that the motor has
a capacitance of about 5.3 nF in the IO-ldIz to 20(FlcHz
range. This value is 1%of the value of CC proposed to be
used in the filter circuit, thereby allowing us to disregard
the motor capacitance from a common-mode circuit point
Fig.3. Measured impedance characteristics of the 3.7-kW induction of view.
motor far common-mode components.
From the previous discussions, it can thus be said that
c the common-mode circuit equivalent to Fig. 1 is simply
.. .L
. ... .
R
A
. .
,.. .~
. , a series combination of Lc, CC, and &. Further, it
. ..
.;
VYW should be noted that this arrangement results in all the
V"",."'
.. L . C R common-mode voltage to appear across L c and almost no
, : . . i ... .; , common-mode voltage across the motor terminals since at
15 kHz, the capacitive reactance of CC is only 1-2% of
that of the inductive reactance of L c . This implies that
no common-mode voltage appears at the motor terminals,
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit far normal-mode components. while a common-mode current ic flows in the common-
mode wire.

The common-mode inductor LC has all the three-phase

windings wound with the same polarity on a common
magnetic core structure. This construction provides high *A single-phase sinusoidal voltage varying from 10 kHz to 1 MHz
is applied acro8s the three phases of the motor (connected together)
common-mode impedance and almost zero norma.-mode and the ground terminal of the motor. A linear power amplifier rated
impedance. Generally, connecting the neutral point of the at 75 V and 5.6 A was used a6 the power supply.

1544

Fig. 5. Two kinds of common-mode inductors and one of thae
normal-mode inductors (upper: normal-mode inductor, lower
left: common-made inductor A, lower right common-mode in-
ductor B, scale wit: cm)
TABLE I
OF COMMON-MODE
SPECIFICATIONS INDUCTORS A AND B 15 kHz. The dc component is applied across the capacitor
111. DESIGNOF THE EM1 FILTER
PASSIVE
A . Design of the Normal-Mode Filter
It is important to make the inductance L as small as p o s
sible from volume, weight, and cost points of view. This
paper specifies that the switching ripple current flowing
through the inductor should be less than 10% or 1.5A
in this case. The total leakage inductance of the m e
tor, referred to the primary side, is 2.8 mH (11%). It
will be shown shortly that this value is much greater than
the normal-mode filter inductor L selected. Fig. 4 shows
the normal-mode equivalent circuit where the motor in-
ductance parameters are disregarded from high-frequency
normal-mode voltage and current points of view. This
means that the inductance and capacitance values in the
norma-mode circuit are 3 L / 2 and 2 C / 3 , respectively. Be-
cause a relation of %L/2 >> 3/%C exists at the carrier
frequency of 15 kHz, it is not the capacitor C but the in-
ductor L that determines the amplitude of the current.
When the normal-mode voltage in Fig. 4 is assumed to be
a sinusoidal waveform with an amplitude of E& = 140 V
and a carrier frequency of 15 kHz, the value of L is given
by
1 soft magnetic material having a crystalline structure in the
280
L>-x
2Jz 2~ x 15000x 1.5
x -23 4.7 x 10-4 H.
Hence, the inductance value was decided as 0.5 mH (= 2%
on a 34, ZOOV, 5&Hz, 5-kVA base).
1545
3
The resonant frequency of the normal-mode filter should
be in the 1-kHz to %kHz range, taking into account both
the maximum inverter output frequency of 60 Hz and the
carrier frequency of 15 kHz. The resonant frequency was
chosen to be 2.25 kHz so that the value of capacitor C
computes out to be 10 pF. The characteristic impedance
given by Z, = is nearly equal to 7 0.If the total
loss dissipated in the three damping resistors is allowed
to be 0.1% of the rated inverter capacity of 5 kVA, the
resistance value of R would be 1 R, thus resulting in a
quality factor of Q = 7.
B. Design of the Common-Mode Filter
When a reference potential in the inverter of Fig. 1 is
selected as the negative bus n, the inverter produces four
different common-mode voltages3 ; E d , 2Ed/3, Ed/& and
0. The common-mode voltage with dc and ac components
is characterized by a stepchanged voltage resulting from
PWM operation. Note that the fundamental frequency
of the ac components is equal to the carrier frequency of
CC,while the ac components are applied across the induc-
tor L c . Since the flux produced in the inductor is given
by the integration of the ac components with respect to
time, it is reasonable to take into account the effect of the
carrier-frequency component present in the common-mode
voltage on flux saturation, neglecting other high-frequency
components.
The carrier-frequency component included in the
common-mode voltage was actually measured by a spec-
trum analyzer under the following conditions: a carrier
frequency of 15 kHz, an output frequency of 40 Hz, and
the socalled “voltsper-hertz control,” or “scalar control.”
As a result, an amplitude of the component was 117 V.
When the component is approximated to be a sinusoidal
waveform with an amplitude of 117 V and a frequency of
15 kHz, the Faraday’s law leads us to the following relation
between the flux in the inductor, 4 and the common-mode
voltage, v,
4I= -J
1
vmndt (1)
where N is the turn number per phase of the inductor.
The flux density, B is given by
where S is the cross-section area of the core.
For a given value of carrier frequency, and a known value
of common-mode voltage, the product S N dictates the
value of B,. Alternatively, the product S N c m be de-
signed if the value of B,,,,,= is allowed not to exceed tbe
saturation flux density Bsat of the core material used. A
31n -e of selecting the dc bus mid point as another reference p*
tential, the inverter produces the following common-mode voltages;
Ed/2,E&, -E&, and -E,&. The waveforme of v c in Fig. 1
and Figs. 8 to 14 can he considered 88 those of the common-mode
voltage with re4ped to the dc bus mid point.
 4

nanc-scale range is selected as the core material. This ma-

terial often referred to as “FinemetTM”has a saturation
flux density as high as Bast = 1.2 T.
Generally, the inductance value of an inductor without
airgap is give by

l:m
pSN2
Lc=- (3)
1
where I is the mean core length, and p is the core per-
meability. A peak value of common-mode current, Icpen~
is inverseproportional to the inductance value of Lc, and -1 0 10 20 30 40 50
therefore it is proportional to a value of l / N as long as
5” is constant. The shorter the mean core length and the time[ms]
(a): Output frequency-basedtime scale
larger the number of turns N , the smaller will be the peak
value of the common-mode current. However, the num-
ber of turns cannot be increased beyond a certain limit
because that would need a larger core and would result in
a larger mean core length. This means that there exists
an optimal value of 1/N ratio, which is dependent on the
diameter of the copper windings used, or in other words, 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
on the current rating of the inductor. time[ms]
(h): Carrier frequency-based time d e
Based on the above discussions, the following two
common-mode inductors A and B were designed and con- Fig. 6. Experimental waveforms when no filter is connected.
structed: One is an inductor with a maximum flux density
of 0.6 T, which is a half of the flux density of magnetic
saturation, and the other with a maximum flux density
of 1.0 T. The former is called as “inductor A,” while the
latter is “inductor B” in this paper. Table I shows the
specifications and parameters of the two specially-designed
inductors.
Fig. 5 is a photo of the two common-mode inductors
and the normal-mode inductor used in the following exper-
iments. Note that a resonant frequency for the common-
mode circuit should be placed in a range of 1.5 to 2.5 kHz, i”[A1-10
O: ’1Lwl,
so that the capacitance value of Cc was designed as
0.47 pF. The characteristic impedance is 244 fl for induc-
tor A, and 160 C2 for inductor B. The resistance value of
Rc w a designed
~ as 30 fl, so that the quality factor ranges
from 5 to 8. The amplitude of the common-mode current
flowing into Cc reaches 45 mA for inductor A, while it is IL~IAI0
100 mA for inductor B. The loss dissipated in Rc is only 10
-10 10 20 ° 30 40 i
50
25 mW for inductor A, and 150 mW for inductor B, which time[ms]
are much smaller than a motor output rating of 3.7 kW. (a): Output frequency-based time scale
The iron loss in the core is several watts, according to the
data sheet that shows this d u e to be about 20 kW/m3
at 15 kHz.
1. . . . . . . ,

IV. EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
A . Elimination of High-hquency Nonal-Mode and
Common-Mode Voltages
Figs. 6 to 10 show experimental waveform under an
inverter output frequency of 40 Hz. Note that the time
scale is different between (a) and (b). The waveform in
(a) are based on the inverter output frequency, while those
in (b) are based on the carrier frequency.
Fig. 6 shows waveforms when no filter is connected be-
tween the inverter and the motor. Note that the phase
voltage includes a dc voltage as high as 140 V(= E&),
1
(b): Carrier frequency-based time scale
Fig. 7. Experimental waveforms when only the normal-mode filter
is connected.
because it is measured with respect to the negative bus
potential of the dc link voltage. Both the line-teline
voltage, U,, and the linetenegative potential, uun in-
clude a large amount of high-frequency normal-mode and

1546
 5

- m
U""

2?szrx23
[VI2
100

WmlVl 0

ivbl o
-::2- -10

idAI
'"E3LzXJ
o
-100 10 20 30 40
time[m]
50

im
(a): Output frequency-based time scale
i ~ " [ A l0
-10
lo= WIVl 0
0 10 20 3o 4&me[msj0 ' - o-10
l 1
(a): Output frequency-baed time scale
BclTl

'Jahaff[v

olEGzz3
iclA1-0.0

-0.

o'oIiEzzz3
idAI o
-0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
timelm]
(b): Carrier frequency-based time scale
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time[m] Fig. 9. Experimental waveforms when both common-mode filter
(h): Carrier frequency-based time scale
uisng inductor A and normal-mode filter are connected, and the
Fig. 8. Experimental waveforms when the normal-made filter and
switch is turned On'
inductor A are connected, and the switch remains turned off.

Fig. 8 shows experimental waveform when the passive

common-mode voltages caused by PWM operation. As a
result, the peak value of iG reaches 1A, and the peak value
of the so-called "shaft voltage," 21.hoft, which appears b e
tween the rotor shaft and the stator frame, reaches more
than 5 V. Note that the waveform of i~ looks like a dif-
ferential waveform of Ushaft with respect to time, because
i~ may flow through the 5.3-nF stray capacitor existing
between the stator windings and the motor frame.
Fig. 7 shows experimental waveforms when only the
normal-mode filter consisting of L , C and R is connected.
The fineto-line voltage U, is h o s t sinusoidal whereas
the phase voltage U,, includes a large amount of carrier-
frequency common-mode voltage. Although the peak
value of the filter current iFv is fluctuating, its rms value is
about 1.5 A, which is nearly equal to its design due. The
O.&& nomal-mode inductor and the 5.3-& stray ca-
pacitor obtained from Fig. 3 form a series resonant circuit,
so that the resonant frequency is around 120 kHz, and the
peak d u e of i~ is a half of that in Fig. 6. However, the
norma.-mode filter makes no contribution to reducing its
rms due[5].
EM1 filter using inductor A is installed under the condition
that the switch in Fig. 1 remains opened. The waveforms
of wvw, w,, and ipV are the same as those in Fig. 7 because
Figs. 7 and 8 are the same in their normal-mode circuit.
The equivalent circuit for the common-mode circuit can
be considered as a series circuit of the common-mode in-
ductor L c plus L/3 and the 5.3-nF stray capacitor. The
resonant frequency is much lower than that in Fig. 7, be-
cause Lc is much larger than L. Since the switching p e
riod (= 1/(6 X 15 Hz)) is shorter than a resonant period
of about 67 ps, the ground current i~ results in a contin-
uous waveform. Note that i~ leads %haft by go", because
the waveform of %haft corresponds to the common-mode
voltage produced by the PWM inverter. The peak value
of i~ is onetwentieth as small as that in Fig. 6. However,
disconnecting the neutral point of the three normal-mode
capacitors from the negative dc bus is seen to be not so
. waveform of
effective in reducing the rms value of i ~ The
is sinusoidal, and its peak value is 2.5 V, which is a
half of that in Fig. 6.
Fig. 9 shows experimental waveform under the same

1547
 6

experiment
theory
20 40 60
Inverter output frequency[Hz]

Fig. 11. Peak value of the 1 6 a component included in the

common-mode voltage.

~~

time[m] ~

(a): Output frequency-based time scale

WlVI 0
-oo
-100
l

BcITI 0 Inverter output frequency[Hz]

-1
0.2
Fig. 12. Calculated maximum flux density of the two common-mode
'J8haft[V]0 inductors.
-0.2

iclA1 0
--0.1
lO'

0'05EzE3
icIA1 0
-0.050 -": 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

time[ms]
0.1
WIVI 0
-10
0.1
-20

(b): Carrier frequency-based time sede

Fig. 10. Experimental waveforms when both common-mode filter

uisng inductor B and normal-mode filter are connected, and the
switch is turned on. BCITl-: -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
conditions as Fig. 8 except with the switch closed. Clos- (a): Output frequency 50Hz
ing the switch forms a low-impedance loop for common-
mode voltage and current, so that no common-mode volt-
age appears at the motor terminals because the common-
mode voltage produced by the inverter is applied across
the common-mode inductor. This means that each phase
voltage at the motor terminals becomes a sinusoidal wave
form without any high-frequency component, as shown in
vu,,. As a result, the peak values of v.hoft and ic are
only 100 mV and 10 mA while their rxm values can be
considered zero. Such an extremely small shaft voltage Bc[i:=
does not cause any bearing current damage[l]. The wave- -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
form of v c in Fig. 9 is a voltage applied across the 2 8 m H time[m]
common-mode inductor, which is equal to the common- (b): Output frequency 1Hz
mode voltage produced by the inverter. The waveform of
Fig. 13. Flux density when inductor A is used
Bc is a flux density of the inductor, which is obtained
from integration of vc with respect to time by an integral
circuit using an operational amplifier. The peak values of
BC and ic are 0.6 T and 50 mA, which are equal to their common-mode inductor, that is, inductor B. Although
design values. these waveforms are almost the same as those in Fig. 9,
Fig. 10 shows experimental waveforms under the same the peak values of BC and ic in Fig. 10 are 1.0 T and
conditions as Fig. 9, except for the use of the 12-mH 100 mA, which are two times as large as those in Fig. 9.

1548

I . I ,
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time[m]
(a): Output frequency 50Hz
BcFl 0
l0
-1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 m0.1
timeim]
(b): Output frequency 1Hz
Fig. 14. Flux density when inductor B is used
B. Magnetic Saturation of the Common-Mode Inductor
The common-mode voltage waveform depends strongly
on the PWM pattern of a threephase voltagesource in-
verter. The higher the fundamental output voltage, the
shorter the zero-volt period in the line-to-line voltage
waveform. This typically happens at higher output fre
quency. In other words, the rms value of the common-
mode voltage is larger at lower output frequency in typical
voltsper-hertz controlled inverters. Thus, the rms value
is the largest when a motor is started, or the inverter is
operated at 0 Hz. The reason is that all of the three u p
per IGBTs or diodes are turned on, or all of the three
lower devices are turned on at that frequency, and there
fore three-phase instantaneous line-to-line output voltages
are always zero in either case. The theoretical common-
mode voltage at the inverter frequency of 0 Hz and the
fundamental output voltage of 0 V results in a repetitive
rectangular waveform with the fundamental frequency of
15 kHz, which is equal to the carrier frequency, and an
amplitude of E&, but without pulse-width modulation.
Therefore, it is easy to draw and analyze the waveform.
Fig. 11 plots each peak value of the carrier-frequency (=
15 kHz) component present in the common-mode voltage
when the inverter output frequency ranges from 0 to 60 Hz
every 5 Hz. Note that all of the values in a frequency
range of 5 to 60 Hz are obtained by experiment, while the
value at 0 Hz can be easily obtained from the waveform
by theoretical analysis, as mentioned above.
Fig. 12 shows the maximum flux density calculated from
7
Fig. 11 with the help of Table I. The amplitude of the
carrier-frequency component at 10 Hz is more than twice
as high as that of 60 Hz. The maximum flux density of
inductor A is less than 1.2 T all over the inverter output
frequencies, whereas that of inductor B reaches more than
1.2 T when the inverter frequency is lower than 20 Hz,
so that inductor B falls into magnetic saturation in the
frequency range.
Fig. 13 shows experimental waveform when inductor A
l is used for the common-mode filter. Note that the inverter
frequency is 50 Hz in (a), while it is 1 Hz in (b). The
common-mode voltage in (a) looks like a six-step wave
form including both i & / 6 and *E&, while that in
(b) looks like a rectangular waveform consisting of only
iEd/2. Therefore, the rms value of uc in (b) is much
larger than that in (a), thus resulting in increasing the
peak values of ic and Bc. Although the maximum value
of the flux density reaches 1.0 T, no magnetic saturation
occurs in inductor A.
Fig. 14 shows experimental waveforms under the same
conditions as Fig. 13 except for the use of inductor B. From
Table I, it is easy to understand that the peak values of
ic and Bc in Fig. 14(a) are much larger than those in
Fig. 13(a). Magnetic saturation occurs in inductor B b&
cause the maximum value of Bc reaches 1.2 T, as shown
in Fig. 14(b). During the time interval of magnetic sat-
uration, the inductance value of inductor B is reduced to
be nearly equal to zero, so that the total inductance value
for common-mode components is one-third as low as the
0.5-mH normal-mode inductor. Since this total inductance
value in the saturated region is much smaller than the in-
ductance d u e of L c in the unsaturated region, the peak
d u e of ic reaches more than 2 A. Note that inductor B is
designed so that the flux density at an inverter output fre-
quency of 40 Hz is 80% of its saturation fluxdensity. This
means that magnetic saturation occurs at starting and in
a low-speed range, as shown in Fig. 14(b).
These observations provide important information in
understanding saturation effects in common-mode induc-
tors, and help to establish correct design criterion to avoid
such phenomenon. It is clearly seen that no magnetic sat-
uration occurs if the common-mode inductor is designed
taking into account the worst operating condition of 0 V
at 0 Hz. Fortunately, the flux density at this operating
point is easy to calculate since the common-mode voltage
waveform is rectangular, and has an amplitude of half the
dc bus voltage.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has described the design and implementa-
tion of a small-sized passive EMI filter intended for inte-
gration with a voltagesource PWM inverter. The pur-
pose of the EM1 filter is to eliminate both high-frequency
common-mode and normal-mode voltages from the ac out-
put voltage of the inverter. The viability and effectiveness
of the EM1 filter has been verified by a 5kVA laboratory
system. Integration of the filter into the inverter makes
both line-tc-line and lineto-neutral output voltages look
1549
 8

purely sinusoidal as if the inverter were an ideal three-
phase variable-voltage, variablefrequency power supply.
Further, a design example has been given, and a design
criterion to avoid saturation of the common-mode induc-
tor has been established.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors like to thank Dr. Tsuneo J‘ Kume
and Dr. Mahesh M. Swamy at Yaskawa Electric America
for their valuable discussions and English language editing.
[5] S . Ogasawara, and H. Alragi, “Modeling and damping of high-
frequency l e a h e currents in PWM inverter-fed ac motor drive
systems,” IEEE ’Itnw. h d . Appf., vol. 32,no. 5, pp. 1105-1114,
1996.
161 S . Chen, T. A. Lip0 and D. Fitzgerald, “Modeling of motor hear-
ing currents in PWM inverter drives,” IEEE %m. Ind. Appl.,
vol. 32,no. 6, pp. 1365-1370,1996.
[7]A. von Jouanne, P. Enjeti, and W. Gray, I‘ Application issues for
PWM adjustable speed ac motor drives,” IEEE I A S Magazine,
vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1W18, 1996.
[8]S. OgaMwara, H.Ayano, and H. Akagi, “Measurement and re-
;z:m,”
dudion of EM1 radiated by a PWM inverter-fed ac motor drive
IEEE ‘Itnw. Ind. Appf., vol. 33, no. 4, PP. 101%1026,

[9]S. J. Kim, and S . K. SUI, “A novel filter design for suppression of

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