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Abstract : Bagasse Ñy ash, a waste generated in local sugar industries, has been
converted into a low cost adsorbent. The product so obtained has been charac-
terized and used for the removal of phenol and p-nitrophenol. Investigations
include the e†ect of pH, sorbent dosage, phenol concentration and the e†ect of
surfactants on the uptake of phenol and p-nitrophenol. The adsorption data
follow both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Isotherms have also been used to
obtain the thermodynamic parameters of the process. Some experiments have
also been performed with a view to recover phenols and have in-situ chemical
regeneration of the spent carbon column. ( 1998 SCI.
Kinetic studies
intensity of adsorption presents the same trend. The higher temperature. The negative values of enthalpy
Langmuir constant “Q0Ï decreases with increase in tem- change (*H) for the process suggest the exothermic
perature, thereby indicating the process to be exother- nature and the possibility of strong bonding between
mic in nature. The value of Q0 appears to be adsorbates and the adsorbent. A positive entropy of
signiÐcantly higher for the p-nitrophenolÈbagasse Ñy adsorption (*S) also reÑects the affinity of the adsorbent
ash system in comparison to phenol on the same material towards phenol and p-nitrophenol.
adsorbent (Table 1). Although wastewater may contain many contami-
The dimensionless separation factor,20 R as calcu- nants besides phenols, the presence of anionic detergent
lated from the Langmuir isotherm using the equation, is most likely to be encountered in various situations.
R \ 1/1 ] bC was found to be 0É73 and 0É79 respec- As such the uptake of phenol and p-nitrophenol in the
0
tively for phenol and p-nitrophenol. This indicates a presence of an anionic detergent Manoxol-IB (conc.
highly favourable sorption (R > 1). 1 ] 10~5 M) has also been studied. A decrease in the
The thermodynamic parameters obtained for the scavenging efficiency of adsorbent, in the presence of the
systems under investigation, using eqns (3), (4) and (5), detergent, is evident from Fig. 4. A similar decrease in
are given in Table 2. the uptake of phenols has been reported earlier.21
For practical application and designing of sorption
*G \ [RT ln K (3) reactors it is necessary to determine the steps involved
*H \ [R
C T T D
K
2 1 ln 2 (4)
in the process of adsorption which govern the overall
rate of removal. The same was done using the ingenious
T [T K treatment of Boyd et al.22 and Reichenberg.23
2 1 1
A quantitative understanding of the sorption
*G [ *H dynamics and other mechanistic aspects is possible with
*S \ (5)
T the help of the following expressions eqns (6)È(9)
TABLE 1
Freundlich and Langmuir Constants for Phenol and p-Nitrophenol
Phenol 2É55 2É65 2É87 1É00 0É95 0É70 7É11 5É88 5É00 2É64 3É63 3É50
p-Nitrophenol 2É50 2É57 2É70 1É21 1É02 0É78 8É33 6É60 5É50 2É14 2É60 3É11
TABLE 2
Thermodynamic Parameters For Phenol and p-Nitrophenol
Adsorbates [*G (kJ mol~1) [*H (kJ mol~1) *S(J K~1 mol~1)
D \ D exp
C D
[E
a (10)
i 0 RT
D \ 2É72d2
kT C D C D
exp
*Sj
(11)
0 h R
Phenol 7É9 ] 10~20 6É66 ] 10~20 5É54 ] 10~20 3É31 ] 10~19 3É61 2É68
p-Nitrophenol 3É07 ] 10~16 2É92 ] 10~16 2É47 ] 10~16 1É28 ] 10~15 3É60 3É44
Removal of phenols from wastewater 185
faster component of D decreases. It is because of the ment. In order to achieve this and to assess the practical
i
decreasing mobility of ingoing species at higher tem- utility of the adsorbent, column studies were performed.
perature which to some extent overcomes the inÑuence A glass column (40 ] 0É5 cm) was Ðlled with 0É500 g
of retarding forces. (size, 200È250 mesh) of bagasse Ñy ash. The column was
The log D versus 1/T plots for both the phenols are loaded with phenol as well as p-nitrophenol and the
i
linear in nature. This permits the use of the Arrhenius solutions percolated downwards at a Ñow rate of
equation for the determination of D and E from the 0É4 cm3 min~1. Desorption was tried with a number of
0 a
intercepts and slopes of the linear plots (Fig. 5). D eluting agents, viz. acids, NaOH, ethanol, methanol.
0
values are further used to calculate the entropy of acti- With acids the elution of phenol and p-nitrophenol was
vation for the sorption of phenol and p-nitrophenol quite small while the recovery with methanol and
(Table 3). It is found that the value of E is higher for ethanol was only 70È72% of the amount loaded.
a
the phenolÈbagasse Ñy ash system than for the p- Almost complete ( B 98%) desorption of phenols could
nitrophenolÈbaggase Ñy ash system. The negative *Sj be achieved with only 8% NaOH. This may be due to
values reÑect that no signiÐcant change occurs in the the formation of sodium salt of phenols which could be
internal structure of bagasse Ñy ash during the adsorp- readily removed.
tion of phenol and p-nitrophenol. It is further observed that the column loses about
2È8% of its adsorption efficiency, after the Ðrst run. A
Recovery of adsorbates and regeneration of adsorbent good deal of experimentation with various reagents
have shown that a treatment with 1 M HNO solution
3
Regeneration of the adsorbent and recovery of the at a Ñow rate of 0É4 cm3 min~1 restores the lost sorp-
adsorbate is an important process in wastewater treat- tion capacity to almost the original value. No loss is
however observed in subsequent runs and a column can
be used for 8È10 cycles without further regeneration.
Treatment of effluent
CONCLUSIONS
columns can be chemically regenerated by treating with 10. Chaney, R. L. & Hundemann, P. T., Use of peat moss
1 M HNO without dismantling. The adsorbent has also columns to remove cadmium from wastewater. J. W ater
3 Pollut. Control. Fed., 51 (1979) 17È21.
been used successfully for the removal of phenol from 11. Srivastava, S. K., Tyagi, R., & Pant, N., Adsorption of
wastewaters. heavy metal ions on carbonaceous material developed
from the waste slurry generated in local fertilizer plants.
W ater Res., 23 (1989) 1161È5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 12. Srivastava, S. K., Pant, N. & Pal, N., Studies on the effi-
ciency of a local fertilizer waste as a low cost adsorbent.
W ater Res., 21 (1987) 1389È94.
The authors are very much thankful to CSIR (Council 13. Srivastava, S. K., Bhattacharjee, G., Tyagi, R., Pant, N. &
of ScientiÐc and Industrial Research), New Delhi, India Pal, N., Studies on the removal of some toxic metal ions
for providing Ðnancial assistance. from aqueous solutions and industrial waste. Part I :
Removal of lead and cadmium by hydrous iron and alu-
minium oxide. Environ. T echnol. L etters, 9 (1988) 1173È85.
14. Srivastava, S. K., Gupta, V. K., Mohan, D. & Pant, N.,
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