A},r,,r^d lbrahnrn P,e h, zcl 5

Section A For A2 Nickel is a transition element. lt is manufactured in a four-stage process, starting

Examineis from For
Use
nickel(ll) sulfide, NiS. Examiner's
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided. Use
The total mark for this section is 50.
. Stage 1 - nickel(ll) sulfide is heated in air to form nickel(ll) oxide and
A1 The circuit shown below is set up and an electric current is passed through the four sulfur dioxide.
n
cells in series.
2NiS+3Oz*2NiO+2SOz
tio
. Stage 2 - nickel(ll) oxide is heated with carbon to give impure nickel.
I Rlatinum eleolrode
4NiO+C-2Ni.NiO+COz
n copperelectrode . -
ca
Stage 3 impure nickel is reacted with carbon monoxide to make
nicket tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)r.
Ni.NiO + 4CO + Ni(CO)d + NiO
. Stage 4 - nickel tetracarbonyl is decomposed to give pure nickel, and
u
the carbon monoxide is recycled back to stage 3.
Ed
Z Ni(CO)r-Ni +469
(a) Nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)r, is a tiquid with a boiting point of 43oC.
aqueous copper(ll) sulfate Suggest, with a reason, the type of bonding in nickeitetracarbonyl.
(a) ln which cell(s) is/are the intensity of the blue colour of the solution unchanged?
al
t1I
(b) ln which experiment(s) wiil oxygen be produced?
t2t
(b) S.ugOest one possible environmental consequence of the manufacture of
t1I
nickel.
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(c) choose one of the negative erectrodes and describe, with the herp of a harf-
equation with state symbols, the observation on the chosen electrode.
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(ii)
Da
tzt Describe one possible way to reduce the impact of the environmental
conseguence suggested in (l).
(d) Cell Y is removed from the series attached with a bulb.
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(c) Explain why this four-stage process cannot be used to manufacture magnesium
Y t2t
Draw.an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the flow of electrons in [fotal: 6]
the
wire. Label the anode and cathode in the diagram. l2l
fotal: 6]
2
3
A3 Ammonia gas can be decomposed to nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. For (ii0 Calculate the maximum mass of nitric acid which can be produced from For
Examine/s
720 dm3 of ammonia measured at room temperature and pressure. Examine/s
2NHs(g)
- Nz (g) + 3Hz (O) AH = +92 kJ
Use
Use
(a) ls the above decomposition of ammonia an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
on
Explain yanr answer in terms of bond breaking and bond forming.
ati
t2t
(b) t2t
uc
Other than the reaction above, name two other sources of hydrogen gas for the
aerospace industry. (iv) Use the two equations to construct an overall equation for the conversion of
ammonia to nitric acid.
t2t
(c) one of the uses of ammonia is in the manufacture of nitsic acid. This is lone by a t11
Ed
two-stage process. (d) Ammonia and nitric acid can react to form ammonium nitra:e which can be used
as an explosive.
Stago l: anmonia ls converted to nitrogen(ll) oxide.
A terrorist was suspected of carrying a sample of ammonium nitrate up a plane.
4NH3 (g) + 50: (9) 4NO (g) + 6HzO (9)
- Suggest how the police can conduct simple laboratory tests to show if tire sample
indeed contains nitrate.
Stage 2: ritrogen(ll) oxide is converted to nitric acid.
al
4NO (g) + 2Hzo (t) + soz (9)
- 4HNog (aq)
(0 ln Btage l, ammonia and oxygen are passed through a honeycomb-
slaped catalyst A and a non-porous block-shaped catalyst B, ofthe same
ny
mass_
121
[fotal: 1 3l
Da
AB
Explain, in terms of ollision theory, which catalyst, A or B, is more
efidant.
l2t
(ii) Explain, in terms of oxidation states, why stage 2 is a redox reaction.
t2l
4 5
A4 Eronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Copper has smaller atoms than tin For (b) Three pieces of the composite metal are now immersed inlo three beakers of For
A piece of composite metal is made by riveting copper and tin together. EEmine/s
aqueous nitrates. Examine/s
Us6
Use
Bronze Copper Tin
n
Nitrate of Pb Nitrate of Y Nitrate of Z
Composite Metal Pb(NOr, Y(Nq), zNo3
tio
(a) Bronze is less malleable than the composite metal.
Corp.r Th Com6r llo Corp.t ?tn
(i) Draw labelled particle diagrams showing how the metal particles are
arranged in bronze and in the region marked by "X". Grey solid formed Shlny solld formod around
the comporito metal
a
(l) Rank the reactivity, in decreaelng order, for copper, tin, lead, y and Z.
uc
Explain how you derive your answer.
Ed
Bronze Composite Metal I2t
(ii) Hence, explain why bronze is less malleable than the composite metal
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I41
(ii) Suggest the identify of metallic elements Y and Z.
t21
t2l
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(iii) The diagram below shows another piece of composite metal.
Copper Tin
Da
Describe two ways in which tin prevents the oxidation of copper
l2l
lfotal:12]
h
7
A5 ln the manufacfure of ammonia in Haber process, the percentage yields at different
temperatures (T) and pressures (p) are as shown in the table.
For
Exsming/3
A6 Two bottles containing the foilowing chemicals were mixed up in the raboratory. For
Use Examineis
lJse
Rerie
OHHO HH H H
temperature and pressure
iltttl
H-O-C-C-C-C-O-H tltt
H-O-C-C:C-C-O-H
p--.- T- tt
n
100"c 200"c 300'c 400'c 500'c
HH
l0 atm 88.2 50.7 14.7 3.9 1.2
A B
o
(a)
ati
25 atm 91.7 63.6 27.4 8.7 To distinguish the chemicals, a student added sodium carbonate separately to
2.9 '-
50 atm 94.5
small portions of the aqueous sorution of A and B, and carried out ga" i;G.- '
74.0 39.5 15.3 5.6
(i) Explain the results that would be obtained in the test.
100 atm 96.7 81.7 52.5 25.2 10.6
200 atm 98.4 89.0 66.7 38.8 18.3
uc
't00 atm 99.4 94.6 79.7 55.4 31.9
1000 etm 99.9 98.3 92.6 79.8 57.5 tzt
(a) (ii) Explain why aqueous bromine cannot be used to distinguish A and B
Using tle bble, deduce how the percentage yield
Ed
is affected by
(i) increasingtemperature;
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t1l
(ii) (liD One of the products of the test is a sodium salt.
increasingpressure;
Draw the full structural formula of ffris salt in the space below
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t11
(b) The maxirrum yield of ammonia occurs at IOOoC and 10OO atm.
Why are these conditions not commercially used?
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(b) The two chemicars, A and B, under suitabre conditions for porymerisation
can form a polymer with the sequence
fr:8l,gjl: {
A - B )- witnour any roii ot
Da
t2l (D Name the type of polymerisation above.
(c) Using the ccnditions for Haber pro@ss, estmate its peroentage yield.
t11
11I (ii) Draw the structural formula of the polymer formed
(d) Explain tle effect of pressure on the speed of reaction in Haber process
tzt
I11
[fotal: 7] Fotal: 6l
I I
 Section B 87 (a) Explain one chemical property of aluminium that allows it to be considered as the
Answer all three questions in this section. The last question is in the form of an either/or and
choice material for food cans. pl
only one of the alternatives should be attempted.
(b) Two students made the following statements about recycling aluminium cans.
87
on
This question is about the acidic and/or basic nature of aluminium metal and its
compounds. Read to find out more information about aluminium metal. Statement 1: lt takes less energy to recycle aluminium cans than to
make new ones.
Pure aluminium can react with water and acids. However. aluminium is still a choice Statement 2: Recycling aluminium cans is entirely non-polluting.
ati
material often used to store commercial food products. Examples include sofi drink
cans and food cans. ldentify the wrong statement. Explain your reasoning. t1l
Production of Aluminium Cans (c) One of the stages in refining aluminium ore follows the equation:
There are three stages in the production of aluminium starting from bauxite which
contains aluminium oxide and other impurities. First, bauxite is mined from the earth. Al2o. + 2116911 + 3HzO * 2NaAt(OH)r
uc
Next, the aluminium ore is refined to obtain pure aluminium oxide. Finally, aluminium is
extracted from molten aluminium oxide in the primary smelting stage. State the nature of aluminium oxide in this reaction. Explain your reasoning. l2l
The extracted molten aluminium is then poured into moulds to produce aluminium (d) (l) Lead(ll) oxide and zinc oxide can also react with sodium hydroxide in
blocks known as'ingots'. These'ingots' are then forced through rollers to be flattened similar ways, according to the equations:
into sheets which are then cut to make drink and food cans.
Ed
2PbO + 4NaOH + 2HzO + 2Nazpb(OH)r
Recycling Aluminium Cans
The used aluminium food and drink cans are ofien recycled. Recycling 1 kg of 2ZnO + 4NaOH + 2HzO * 2NazZn(OH)r
aluminium saves 14 kwh (kilowatt-hours) of electricity. Aluminium recycling involves
the following three steps: Su^gges! chemical tests, including observations, to distinguish between
1. Collection of drink cans and food cans
Al3', pb2* and Zn2'. t31
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2. Remove the labels that were printed on the cans by soaking in acid. (li) Zinc is found between Groups ll and lll of the periodic Table.
3. Crush the cans and re-melt them in a coal-powered furnace to obtain molten
aluminium which can be casted into blocks of ,ingots, again. Some of the properties of Zinc are:
The figure below illustrates how aluminium can is made and recycled.
1. Zinc has isotopes $Zn anO !!Zn.
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product 2. Zinc can form two different oxides, Zn2O and ZnO.
manufacture
sheet
productlon 3. Zinc can form alloys with many other metals.
Da
'ingot consumer 4. Zinc forms a yellow compound with the formula Zn2[C5(CH3)5],
casting' purchase
ldentity two statements that suggest zinc is a transition metal. Explain your
@'ffi"w"
bauxite alumina primary b-
+
can collection

reasoning.
[foH:
?l
10]
mining rerining smelling
re-melting
@-_ shredding and
decoating
R*ycilng Atuftlnlm: A Way d Lfie ot a ul6ye hy Tm Husbad, ChenMat*, Aptil 2i12lw
S@rce:
hhpl w ocs ddcontenuadetudEabfiesourceffistuhhnwiedo;susehffiG2ot 1-2ottarudn;@tu.hw
10 11
B8 Electrical conJuctivity (or conductance) is a physical quantity which measures how
a syslem corduls electricity. since aqueous acids and alk-alis can conduct
well 88 (a) state and explain the different trends in conductance shown in Graphs 1B and
titration experiments can be monitored using a data logger attached to a px
electriciiv, 28. t3l
sensoi oi
an electrical corductivity sensor.
(bl (i) Explain why the pH of 0.1 mor/dm3 dirute hyJrochroric acid and
A sludent caried out a series of experiments using two different sensors. 0.1 mol/dm'dilute ethanoic acid are different.
on
tj1
ln the first experiment, 0.1 mol/dm3 calc^ium hydroxide solution was added (ii) Sugges^t how a solution of hydrochloric acid can have the same pH as
0.1
in excess mol/dm3 dilule ethanoic acid.
from a burette to 2s.0 cm3 o.r
of mor/dm3ditute nvoroinroric acio. eraprr rn ,ho*;6; t1l
grapl ol pH against vorume of carcium hvdroxid'e added whire
ati
Graph re sh;s ihe (c) (i) write an ionic equation for each of the products of the reaction between
graph of condrrance against volume of calcium hydroxide
adcled.
barium hydroxide solution and dilute sutfuric acid. l2l
11
50
(ii) Hence, state the two types of reactions that tooti prace in the third
1' 43
4 experiment. I2l
10
uc
t (d) Barium 11lleal is an element in the 6th period.
6
Two different erectronic configurations are suggested for Barium's
4 atoms:
t0
?
5
Ed
a q
10.a 200 3c 0 40.0 60.0 0.0 0_c b.o 3o.o {.( Configuration A Configuration B
1
s.o
Graph 1A Graph 1B 2,8,8,8,8,8,8,6 2,8,18,18,8,2
ln the second experiment,
from a burette ^0.1-mol/dm3 sod-ium hydroxide solution was added in excess
ro 25.0 cm3 of 0.i mor/dm3 airut6 eirrinoic acid. Graph ze snows ine Explain which erectronic configuration is most rikery the correct one for
graph of pH against vorume of_sodium hydroxide added. Barium. [1]
Graph ze iiio*. th; s;ph'of
al
conductance against volume of sodium hydroxide added.
lTotat: 101
14
a
12 a5 :Ii
€ *-"--f*---r*-l-r^*"-
10
ny
a
c
:::::
\
T,7_
{ i'.f,
4 l3
10
,,)g.ll :, -
..: -. I .:.. .l .:..i...t. i
2
ilii
Da
o
0
0.0 tqc s0 ro.0 aoo 60.0 0.0 ro.o 2c.o s.o 4o.o soc
2A Graph
ln the third experiment, 0.1 mor/dm3 barium hydroxide sorution was
added from a
burette to 2s.0 cmr of 0.i mor/dm3 dirute surfuric aiio. earium hvoruJ"
alkali.
i. .ironi ,
't2
13
EITHER OR
Bs (a) For many years, domestic rubbish has been disposed of in landfill sites. These B9 A student carried out two separate reaclions between 0.488 g of zinc and two acids,
sites produce a mixture of gases called landfill gas, which contains methane and hydrochloric acid qnd sulfuric acid. The volume and concentration of the acids used
carbon dioxide. Landfill gas is formed in many stages. were both 20.0 cm3 ancl 2.00 mol/dm3. The curves A and B shown in tne graph-Uelow
on
show the results of the reactions.
ln one of the stages, methanoic acid and ethanoic acid are produced.
ln the final stage, bacteria convert the organic acids into carbon dioxide and
ti
methane.
200
(i) Construct a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of ethanoic
acid to methane and carbon dioxide. t1I
ca
volume ot 150
(ii) Calculate, using the bond energies given in the tabte below, the enthalpy hydrcqen
/ cdJ
change (AF/) of the decomposition of ethanoic acid. til 100
Bond Energy Bond Energy
Bond Bond
u
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
C-H 410 c-o 360 50
Ed
o-H 460 C=O 740
o-o '150 c-c 350 0 20 40 60 80 100
O=O 496 C=C 610
time, 3
He carried out a third reaction c with 20.0 cm3 of a 2.00 mol/dm3 acid, but forgot to
(iii) Explain one environmental problem that can arise from the emission of
al
weigh the mass of zinc as well as take note of which acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric
methane to the atmosphere. l2l acid, was used.
(b) Dengue fever is a cause ofconcern forthe health authorities oftropical countries (a) Explain, with relevant calculations, why the same volume of gas was produced
due to the high levels of rainfall. Health officers can commonly be seen spraying for both curves A and B. t3l
a layer of kerosene onto the surface of stagnant pools of water to kill mosquito
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larvae. With time, the layer of kerosene will slowly evaporate from the surface of (b) Between curves A and B, identify the curve for the reaction that used sulfuric
water. Hence, re-spraying of kerosene is required. acid. Explain your choice. pl
(i) Suggest, with reference to two physical properties of kerosene, how (c) ln experiment c, identify the acid used and calculate the mass of zinc the student
spraying a layer of kerosene on stagnant water can kill mosquito larvae. [2] had used. pl
Da
(ii) Suggest why kerosene is more suitable than petrol for spraying onto the (d) The student repeated experiment c using the same mass of zinc and the same
water in the prevention ofdengue. t1l volume and concentration of the acid, but this time, he added in a small amount
of coppe(ll) sulfate crystals to the reaction mixture.
(iii) C,6H* found in kerosene can be converted to C12H2o, a component of
petrol. He noted that the effervescence was more vigorous and a brown deposit was
formed. The volume of hydrogen collected was ilighily less than in experiment C.
* CeH2a + A + (l)
C16H3a B Explain why tess hydrogen was collected. pl
Suggest the identity of A and B.
(iD The student conctuded that copper(ll) sulfate acted as a catalyst.
Comment, with a reason, whether the student's conclusion was righf or
Describe a chemical test, with observations, to distinguish A and B. l2l wrong. t1l
[fotal: 1 0]
ftotal: l0l
14
15
 2015 AISS Chemistry (SPA) Pretims P2
Question Answer
(c) 2: Stage 4
1 2 4 5 7 I I 10 Magnesium is more reactive than carbon Magnesium is a reactive metal and its
D B D D C B C D A and magnesium in magnesium oxide compounds are thermally stable and
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 cannot be displaced by carbon.
on
A A D do not decompose easily. (Not
D A B B A U Q1 Magnesium is more reactive than carbon accepted as this can be achieved with
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and magnesium oxide cannot be reduced a higher temperature.)
A U D ( D D
31 32 33 34 35
ati
37 38 39 40 (a) Endothermic [1]. The energy taken in to
D Positive AH indicates an oveiall
B B D B D D A break 6 N-H bonds is more than the energy endothermic reaction, in which more
given out when forming 1 N=N and 2 H-H energy is taken in than given out.
Question Answer Comments [onds. [11
Al (a) Y, Ztll Oxidation the positive copper (b) Cracking of petroleum [1] Fractional distillation of air does not
anode (Y, Z) and reduction of the
coppe(ll) ions on the negative
Electrolysis of water rl produce enough hydrogen gas, as
hydrogen gas has low density and
uc
cathode result in constant would have escaped from
concentration of coppe(ll) ions in almosphere. Reaction of metals and
solution and unchanged intensity of acids to give hydrogen gas would be
of a waste of the.reactive metals and
(b) w, x [1] discharge acids.
Ed
oxidation of hydroxide ions to oxygen (c) (i) A ['l], because the higher surface area Not accepted:
allows higher frequency of effective A has smaller particles.
(c) wlxrytz experiments show collisions [1], and higher rate of reaction. A has small pockets and are
Cu2-(aq) + Ze * Cu(s) [1] selective discharge involve reduction squeezed together.
lncrease in mass of negative electrodes of coppe(ll) ions on the negative (ii) state of N increases from +2 in Missing in students' answers:
due to pinkish brown copper deposits [11 NO to +5 in HNO:, as N is oxidised [.1].
(d) Lack of evidence, in terms of changes
Arrow [1] from copper anode to wire to Platinum and graphite are nert Oxidation state of O decreases from 0 in O.
platinum cathode [1] in oxidation states, for elements
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electrodes. Copper is unreactive only to -2 in HNO3, as O is reduced [1]. involved in redox reactions.
with dilute acids. Copper, being more
reactive than platinum, will oxidise (iii) 720 NH 3 mol N Common
l
and lose electrons more easily, thus N H3:NO: HNO3 4:4 :4 - wrong mole ratio
being ther anode that undergoes MrofHNO3= l+l{+!( =63 - wrong Mr of HNO3
ny
and
(a) Covalent bonding, rl
as simpte molecules Although nickel is a metal and carbon 2NH: + Ou *
2HzO + 2HNQs [1]
have lower boiling point [1] and oxygen are non-metals, and (d) Warm with sodium hydroxide and Common
students may predict that a compound aluminium [1]. Ammonia gas produced - incomplete test description
like N|(CO)4 may show ionic bonding, which turns moist red litmus paper blue [1], - incomplete observation and
students should still deduce that the indicating presence of nitrate.
Da
low boiling point is suggestive of A4 (i) Mixture of smaller Cu atoms and larger Sn Common mistake:
atoms, closely but not orderly packed - unlabelled
(b) (i) Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain, which nvironmental consequence has to together in bronze [1]. Smaller Cu atoms on - wrong relative size of atoms
I
damages metal and stone buildings [.1]. be suggested with a named air the left and larger Sn atoms on the right,
Or Carbon dioxide causes greenhouse oollutant.
I
closely and orderly packed together in
effect and global warming, which melts Carbon monoxide is not accepted as composite metal [1].
icecaps and results in floods [1].
I
I
the text mentions that carbon (ii) The orderly arrangement of atoms is Mlsconceptlon:
t- back disrupted in bronze due to the differenily
I
I

i
I
(ii) Bases or carbonates can be used to Flue gas desulfurisation r.rses bases- sized atoms [1], and hence atoms cannot - Smaller copper atoms fill up the gaps
between the larger tin atoms,
remove the acidic gases, sulfur dioxide and and carbonates to remove sulfur slide over one another easily [1].
I prevenling atoms from sliding over
I carbon dioxide, before releasing to the air dioxide, and this idea can be apptied
t.
one another.
I1 to other acidic gases in waste qas.
Question Answer Comments Question Answer Comments
(b) (i) (most reactive) Y, tin, lead, copper, Z
[1]
y Common mistake: (b) (i) Addition polymerisation [1 ] Addition polymerisation forms a
is the most reactive, as Y is not displaced - reactivity ranked, not in Cecreasing
by copper and tin [1]. Z is the least reactive, polymer without any loss of material,
order
as Z is disp aced by copper and tin ['l]. Tin whereas condensatlon polymerisation
- comparison between lead and
on
can displace ead, and lead is not displaced as a side
copper, based on evidence, not on (ii) Structure of polyalkene
by copper, hence tin is more reactive than just theory Common mistakes:
lead, anc lead more reactive than copper
HHH H - drawing polyester instead of
- misconception about displacement
llt polyalkene
tl 1.
-cltr- c - c - I
ati
U- - drawing dinrer instead of polymer
(ii) Y has a charge of2+ and Z has a I
COOH COOH CH,OH CH?OH
charge of +. 87 (a) Aluminium has a protective layer of
( iii) Sacrificial prdection: Tin is more reactive Some studen:s state pnysi&t
i/lisconcoptlon: aluminium oxide [1], which prevents the properties ins{ead such as
than copper and oxidises more readily than Galvanislng includes sacrificial aluminium from reacting with oxygen[1]. malleability, mpUbpt. Others retate to
copper [1]. trotective banier: Tin and tin protection and protective banier, but
uc
oxide form a protective layer around copper reactivity of metals.
to prevent cxHation of copper ['t].
-
is specific for zinc metal cver iron
Penalised students who wrote
metal.
A5 (a) (i) lncreasing lemperature decreases do3s not
(b) Recycling involves re-melting, which Stating the name of pollutants and not
nercentaEe yietd t1l. requires heat production using buming of
(ii) lncreasing pressure increases percentage stating the effect on the
fossil fuels [1]. environmenuhealth will not earn
vield [1].
Ed
(b)
/Excess CO2 is released which results in credit.
of atm IS too high, which mistakes: global warming/releases SO2 which
req strong equipment and hig h - Temperature of 100oC is too high, dissolves in acid rai! and kills plants
maintenanoe costs t11. The temperature of which causes more decomposition of (c) Acidic nature [1], as it reacts with alkali to Students interpret nature as states of
100oC is too bw, which slows down the ammonia. (not realising the optimum form salt [1]. matter (solid/liquid) rather than
reaction [11.
(c) Between 1E,.3% and 5S3% t1l relating to the properties.
Common mistakes: Not stating salt as the product will not
al
- Mistaken values for optimum
be accepted.
conditions of temperature and (d) (i) Add aqueous ammonia. AIt' ,nd pb2t form
pressure
lncomplete description of
(d)
white precipitate, insoluble in excess [1], observations -br aqueous ammonia
At higher pressures, the volume is rbOuceO Misconception: whereas Zn2. forms white precipitate, will not get full credit. Eg. White ppt
[1] and molecules are more concentrated. - Higher pressure leads to higher soluble in excess [1]. To AI3. and Pb2., add
The high3r frequency of effective collisions forms solutior when excess aq NH3 is
ny
temperature (only if volume is fixed) sodium sulfate/chloride/iodide, Pb2. forms
leads to higher speed of reaction [1]. added.
- Higher Fessure leads to molecules white precipitate whereas Al3* forms no Using 'ammonia'or ammonium ion
with higher speeds (only if volume is precipitate [1] instead of 'aq ammonia' and metal
fixed) instead of me:al ions will be
A6 (a) (i) Aisa acid, which reacts Common mistakes: penalised.
sodium carbonate to produce carbon - incomplete answer of orly Not stating the negative observation
Da
dioxide gas that forms white precipitate in describing presence or absence of
limewater [11. B is an alcohol, which does to compare.
effervescence
not react wlh sodium carbonate [1]. - missing out the results for gas tests (ii) Statement 2, as zinc shows variable Some merely stating the statements
- missing out explaining the presence oxidation states in its compounds [1] without explaixing. Others, wrote
of carborylic acid Statement 4, as zinc forms coloured transition metals are coloured instead
(i i) BothAandBare alkenes, and will Common mistakes: compound [11.
decolourise reddish brown aqueous of coloured ccmpounds.
- missing out explaining the presence
bromine rapidty [1]. ofalkene groups in both
- not recognising that both are
alkenes
(iii) OHH o Common mistakes:
- removing alkene H instead of
Na.o-[-l=l - c- o-Na'[1]
ll
carboxylic acid H
- drawing O-Na (no such covalent
bond)
Question Answer Comments
B8 (a)
Question Answer Comments
Conductance is higher for the strong acid, Most students are not com gin
hydrochloric acid, due to higher terms of conductance between the 2
( iii) A - CzHr, B - C2H6 [1], or Lighted splint test toift" exfinguished
concentration of hydrogen ions [1]. graphs. Mostly compare the values
A - CaH6, B - CHa [1], or with a 'pop'sound.
A-C4H8,B-H2[1]
Conductance decreases as the hydrogen without stating the trends and not Reddish brown aqueous bromine is Not giving initial colour is not given
n
ions are neutralised by hydroxide ions to explaning. decolourised rapidly by alkene in A [1]. mark. Students are strongly advised
form water molecules rl. Conductance There are some who explains the
to write rapidly for alkene in the
then increases when excess hydroxide ions strength of the alkali rather than acid
o
observation.
are added [1].
Zn+HzSOr*ZnSOr+Hz
ati
B9 (a) Common mistake is to calculate the
Zn + zHCl ZnClz+ Hz
Higher conductance in graph 1 B than in -
Mol of zinc = 0.488i65 = 0.00751 [1]
volume of H2 gas for both reactions
graph 28 at 0 cm3 of alkali due to high and conclude the volume is the same
Mol of acid = 2.0 x 20.0/1 000 = 0.04mol [1]
concentration of H+ ions in HCL , a strong
Zinc is the limiting reagent and will produce Others, wrote having constant
acid than in CH3COOH, a weak acid;
the same volume (180 cm3) of hydrogen. [.1] variables in both reactions except acid
The conductance decreases sharply in 1 B
used.
c
than in 28 as H+ ions are neutralised at a
faster rate than in 2B; (b)
Or A - sulfuric acid, due to twice the lncorrect: sulfuric acid is a stronger
The conductance increases after endpoint
concentration of H* and faster rate [1]
du
in both graphs as excess OH- ions are acid than hydrochloric acid/
B - hydrochloric acid, due to lower hydrochloric acid is a weaker acid
adUed.
concentration of H* and slower rate [1] than sulfuric acid.
(b) (i) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which Students not aware of sulfuric acid
students are able to g correcl
dissociates completely to give higher being dibasic acid produce 2mol of
answers.
concentration of hydrogen ions, whereas H+ ions.
l E
ethanoic acid is a weak acid which
(c) C - sulfuric acid, as same gradient as A Common mistake to use mole of acid
dissoc-iates pAltially. [1 j
Mol of hydrogen = 90/24000 = 0.00375 [j] to find the mass ofzinc.
( ii) When hydrochloric acid is diluted with Mostly do not understand the Mass of zinc = 0.00375 x 65 = 0.244 g [1]
waler, the concentration of hydrogen ions is meaning'suggest'. They gave low Or
lowered and the pH increases. ['ll acid i
- Half the volume of hydrogen, therefore half
(c) (i) Baz. + SOq2'* BaSOr [11 H2 is given. the mass of zinc [1],
t OH'-
a
H. H2O [11
(ii)
so0.4q8/2=0244g[1]
Precipitation [1] Condensation/reduction/ oxidation are (d) (i) zinc displaces copper from coppe(il) Stating hydrogen gas reacts with
Neutralisation [1] some of the answers oiven.
ny
sulfate to produce brown copper deposit [1], copper (ll)sulfate
(d) Configuration B is correct as it has 6 No mark given if students never give less zinc reacts with acid to produce less
eleclron shells with 2 valence electrons. [1] correct explanation. hydrogen ['ll.
Just either one of the reasons given (ii) Wrong, as coppe(ll) sulfate forms copper, Need to mention the evidence of
will get full mark . but a catalyst should remain chemically
RO (a) (i) * copper being produced to get full
CH3COOH CH4 + CO, [1] Mostly to give correct unchanged afier the reaction ['l] mark. Merely stating the function of
Da
equation.
catalyst will not get any mark.
to Common mistake is to state rate of
Ei (ii) Bonds broken: 3C-H, C-C, C=O, C-O, O-H ECF is given if equation is wrong reaction is fast due to effervescence
Bonds formed: 4C-H, 2C=O No'+'/unit not complete
Enthalpy change =
- penalised 1 being more vigorous
mark
3(41 0)+350+740+360+460
:4U 1 0)-2(7 40)=+2CkJ/mol
(ii i) Global warming [1], higher temperatures The environmental problem is missing
lead to ice berg meltinq [1.l. and is penalised
(b) (i) Kerosene is irnnriscible in water and less Students gave viscosity,flammability
dense than water [1], hence it floats or others wrote bonding which are not
forms a layer above water and exclude the acceptable
larvae from oxyqen [.11.
(i i) Kerosene as a hioner boiling point / lower Reverse argument is acceptable.
iiriis riv:yLci rate legs