Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dictado por:
Msc. Nahún Zárate
POTENCIA EN CA.
ELEMENTOS DE POTENCIA
TIPOS DE CARGA.
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NEWTON.- FUERZA REQUERIDA PARA ACELERAR UNA MASA
DE 1KG POR 1 MT POR SEG.
1N =1kgm s 2
1J = 1Nm
WATTS.- RAZON CON LA QUE SE EFECTUA TRABAJO O SE
CONSUME
1W = 1 J s
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DEFINICIONES
CARGA ELECTRICA
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DEFINICIONES
CORRIENTE ELECTRICA
dq
i =
dt
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DEFINICIONES
dw
v =
dq
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DEFINICIONES
POTENCIA
dw
p =
dt
dw dw dq
p = = = vi
dt dq dt
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DEFINICIONES
FUENTE ALTERNA
f(ωt)
Valor pico
π 2π ωt
T = Periodo
f(ωt) = Vm sen(ω t)
Frecuencia f=1/T
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DEFINICIONES
VOLTAJE RMS
1/ 2
POR DEFINICION: 1 T 2
V rms = ∫ f ( t ) dt
T
0
ARMONICO
3a Armónica = 180 Hz
5a Armónica = 300 Hz
7a Armónica = 420 Hz
1.50 0 0 1.50 0 0
1.0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0
0 .50 0 0 0 .50 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0
0 50 10 0 150 200 2 50 300 3 50 400 0 50 10 0 150 200 2 50 300 3 50 400
-0 .50 0 0 -0 .50 0 0
-1.0 0 0 0 -1.0 0 0 0
-1.50 0 0 -1.50 0 0
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DEFINICIONES
THDV =
[V 2
2
+ V 3 2 + V 4 2 + V 5 2 + ... ]
1 2
V1
THDI =
[I 2
2 + I 32 + I 42 + I 52 + ... ]
1 2
I1
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DEFINICIONES
T a b la 1 . L ím ite s d e d is to r s ió n a r m ó n ic a p e r m itid o s e n v a r io s p a ís e s
N iv e l r e c o m e n d a d o
P A IS R E F E R E N C IA d e D is to r s ió n A r m ó n ic a e n
V o lta je
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DEFINICIONES
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DEFINICIONES
ESPECTRO DE ARMONICAS
CARGA NO LINEAL
AQUELLA QUE GENERA UNA RELACIÓN NO LINEAL ENTRE VOLTAJE Y
CORRIENTE
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DEFINICIONES
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DISPOSITIVOS TERMINALES QUE ESTAN CARACTERIZADOS
POR LAS CORRIENTES A TRAVES DEL ELEMENTO Y/O EL
VOLTAJE A TRAVES DE ESTE.
ELEMENTOS PASIVOS:
ELEMENTO QUE NO GENERA ENERGIA
ELEMENTOS ACTIVOS:
ELEMENTOS CAPACES DE GENERAR ENERGIA
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
SON LINEALES.
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
RESISTOR
PASIVOS CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR
VARIANTES EN EL
TIEMPO
FUENTE DE VOLTAJE
FUENTES INDEPENDIENTE INVARIANTES EN
EL TIEMPO
INDEPENDIENTE
FUENTE DE CORRIENTE
ACTIVOS INDEPENDIENTE
FUENTE DE VOLTAJE
DEPENDIENTE DE VOLTAJE
FUENTE DE CORRIENTE
DEPENDIENTE DE CORRIENTE
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
RESISTOR
ELEMENTO DE DOS TERMINALES QUE ASOCIA A TRAVES DE ELLAS
UN VALOR R DENOMINADO RESISTENCIA
Voltaje
LA RESISTENCIA ES LA PROPIEDAD QUE
PRESENTA EL ELEMENTO PARA LIMITAR
LA CANTIDAD DE CORRIENTE QUE R
CIRCULA Y CONVERTIR LA ENERGIA
ELECTRICA EN CALORIFICA
v = iR
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
POR LA LVK :
V = V 1 + V 2 + ... + V n
SE OBSERVA QUE:
R T = R 1 + R 2 + ... + R n
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
POR LA LCK :
I T = i1 + i 2 + ... + i n
SE OBSERVA QUE:
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ + ... +
R1 R2 Rn
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
e jθ = cos θ + j sen θ
Vm cos(ωt + θ ) = R Im cos(ωt + φ )
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
Re Vme [ j (ω t +θ )
] = Re [R Im e j (ω t + φ )
]
CONSIDERANDO EL MANEJO DE LA PARTE REAL , TENEMOS:
j (ω t + θ ) j (ω t + φ ) jθ jφ
Vme = R Im e Vme = R Im e
V = RI
DONDE V e I TIENEN UNA REPRESENTACIÓN FASORIAL Y SON
DENOMINADOS FASORES( EXPRESAN MAGNITUD Y FASE) . ASÍ LA
REPRESENTACIÓN EN EL DOMINIO DE LA FRECUENCIA ES SIMILAR A
LA REPRESENTACIÓN EN EL DOMINIO DEL TIEMPO PARA EL
RESISTOR.
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
CAPACITOR
ELEMENTO DE DOS TERMINALES QUE CONSISTE EN DOS CUERPOS
CONDUCTORES SEPARADOS POR UN MATERIAL AISLANTE O DIELÉCTRICO.
Carga
POR LA LVK :
V = V 1 + V 2 + ... + V n
1
C T =
1 1 1
+ + ... +
C 1 C 2 C n
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
POR LA LCK :
I T = i1 + i 2 + ... + i n
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
ENTONCES TENEMOS dv
i=C
dt
d
SUSTITUYENDO V E I
Im cos(ωt + φ ) = C [Vm cos(ωt + θ )]
dt
LO CUAL ES SIMILAR A CONSIDERAR ÚNICAMENTE LA PARTE REAL DE LA
ECUACIÓN DE EULER, ES DECIR:
[
Re Im e j (ωt +φ ) = C ] d
dt
Re Vme [ j (ω t +θ )
]
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
[Im e ] = jωCVm [e ]
j (ω t + φ ) j (ω t +θ )
ES DECIR I = jwCV
j
V = − I
ωC
SI DENOMINAMOS 1
XC =
ωC
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
ENTONCES V = − jX C I
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
INDUCTOR O BOBINA
ELEMENTO DE DOS TERMINALES QUE ASOCIA A TRAVÉS DE ELLAS
UNA FUNCIÓN ψ LLAMADA FLUJO MAGNÉTICO
λ = Li
LA RELACIÓN CORRIENTE-VOLTAJE
Corriente EXISTENTE EN ESTE ELEMENTO
dλ di
v= v=L
dt dt
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
di di di di
V = L1 + L2 + ... + L n + i o = ( L 1 + L 2 + ... + L n ) + io
dt dt dt dt
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
1 1 1 1 1 1
IT = ∫ v ( t ) dt + ∫ v ( t ) dt + ... + ∫ v ( t ) dt + i o =
L + + ... + ∫ v ( t ) dt + i o
L1 L2 Ln 1 L 2 L n
1
SE OBSERVA QUE: LT =
1 1 1
+ + ... +
L1 L2 Ln
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
[
Re Vme j (ωt +θ ) = L ] d
dt
[
Re Im e j (ωt +φ ) ]
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
[Vme ] = jωL[Im e ]
j (ω t +θ ) j (ω t + φ )
[Vme ] = jωL[Im e ]
jθ jφ
ES DECIR
V = j ω LI
SI DENOMINAMOS X L = ωL
ENTONCES V = X L I
IMPEDANCIA
RESISTOR Z = R
CAPACITOR Z = − jX C
INDUCTOR Z = jX L
Z = R + j( X L − X C )
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
100
REACTANCIA CAPACITIVA : 80
60
Xc
40
1 1 20
XC = =
ωC 2π fC 0
0 20 40 60 80
Frecuencia
X L = ω L = 2π fL 0.3
XL
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80
Frecuencia
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
0.7
0.6
0.5
OHMS
0.4
RESISTENCIA : 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80
Frecuencia
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
V C
APLICANDO LA LVK:
V = VR + VC
SUSTITUYENDO LA RELACION VOLTAJE-CORRIENTE DEL RESISTOR Y CAPACITOR
1
V = iR + ∫ i ( t ) dt
C
APLICANDO LAPLACE:
V 1
= RI ( s ) + I (s)
s sC
1
I (s) = V sR +
sC
TRANSFORMANDO AL DOMINIO DEL TIEMPO
v −
1
t
i(t ) = e RC
R
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
500 0.05
450 0.045
400 0.04
350 0.035
300 0.03
250 0.025
200 0.02
150 0.015
100 0.01
50 0.005
0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
TIEMP O
TIEM P O
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ELEMENTOS DE CIRCUITO
RESISTOR
2
p = vi = Ri
INDUCTOR
DEBIDO A QUE NO EXISTE VARIACIÓN EN LA CORRIENTE, EL
VOLTAJE EN EL INDUCTOR ES CERO, POR LO CUAL:
p = 0
CAPACITOR
DEBIDO A QUE NO EXISTE VARIACIÓN EN EL VOLTAJE, LA
CORRIENTE EN EL INDUCTOR ES CERO, POR LO CUAL:
p = 0
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RESISTOR
P = Vm Im 2
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POTENCIA EN CA
RESISTOR
1.50
1.0 0
0 .50
Magnitud
0 .0 0
0 50 10 0 150 200 2 50 300 3 50 400
w
-0 .50
-1.0 0
-1.50
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POTENCIA EN CA
INDUCTOR
p = − (1 2 )V m I m sin 2ω t
EL VALOR MEDIO DE LA POTENCIA ES
π
P = (1 T )∫0 pdt = (V m I m 2 π )∫0
T
sin 2 ω td ω t = 0
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POTENCIA EN CA
INDUCTOR
2 .0 0
1.50
1.0 0
Magnitud
0 .50
0 .0 0 w
0 50 10 0 150 20 0 250 30 0 350 400
-0 .50
-1.0 0
-1.50
-2 .0 0
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POTENCIA EN CA
P = VI cos θ
EL PRODUCTO VI SE DENOMINA POTENCIA APARENTE Y
SE REPRESENTA POR:
S = VI
EL PRODUCTO VISENθ SE DENOMINA POTENCIA REACTIVA Y
SE REPRESENTA POR:
Q = VIsin θ
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POTENCIA EN CA
TRIANGULO DE POTENCIA
CARGA INDUCTIVA
V I cos θ P = VI cosθ
θ θ θ
Isin θ Q = VIsinθ
I S = VI
I
CARGA CAPACITIVA
I
I S = VI
Isin θ Q = VIsin θ
θ θ θ
V I cos θ P = VI cos θ
CARGA RESISTIVA
I V P = VI ...( k ω )
S = VI ...( kva )
P = VI
Q = 0
fp = 1
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DISPOSITIVOS DE POTENCIA
iT
VAK
Compuerta
Corriente de Corriente de
fuga inversa fuga directa
Anodo
Características V-I
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DISPOSITIVOS DE POTENCIA
Controlado por una señal de puerta de cierta polaridad, deja de funcionar cuando se anula
la corriente principal. Pero al contrario que el tiristor, es posible bloquearlo por inversión de
la tensión de puerta
350 A / 2400 V
Cátodo
Compuerta
Anodo
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DISPOSITIVOS DE POTENCIA
Ofrece la ventaja del empleo del manejo en corriente de los transistores bipolares y la
velocidad de conmutación de los transistores de efecto de campo.
1000 A / 1200 V
Colector
10000 A
10000 A
10000 A
Base
2000 A
Emisor
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TIPOS DE CARGA
TORQUE CONSTANTE
120
TORQUE (ft-lbs)
100
80
60 POTENCIA (HP)
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
VELOCIDAD (RPM)
EL TORQUE ES INDEPENDIENTE DE LAS RPM. UN CASO TIPICO ES UN BRAZO DE UNA GRUA, UNA VEZ EN
EL ESTADO ESTABLE, LA MAGNITUD DEL PESO LEVANTADO ESTABLECE LA FUERZA Y POR TANTO, EL
TORQUE DEL MOTOR. SOLAMENTE OCURREN DESVIACIONES INSIGNIFICANTES DEBIDO A LOS
CAMBIOS EN LA FRICCION A DIFERENTES VELOCIDADES. EN ESTE CASO, LA POTENCIA DEL EJE, EL
PRODUCTO DEL TORQUE Y LAS PRM, ES LINEAL CON LAS RPM.
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TIPOS DE CARGA
TORQUE LINEAL
120
100
80
TORQUE (ft-lbs)
60
40
POTENCIA (HP)
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
VELOCIDAD (RPM)
P
Tα
N
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TIPOS DE CARGA
TORQUE CUADRATICO
140
120
100
80
60 TORQUE (ft-lbs)
40 POTENCIA (HP)
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
VELOCIDAD (RPM)
LOS LIQUIDOS Y GASES (INCLUYENDO AL AGUA), CUANDO SE MUEVEN, REQUIEREN UNA PRESION
PROPORCIONAL AL CUADRADO DE LA VELOCIDAD. YA QUE LAS BOMBAS CENTRIFUGAS ENTREGAN
VOLUMENES PROPORCIONALES A LAS RPM, LA PRESION SERA PROPORCIONAL AL CUADRADO DE LAS
RPM. A MEDIDA QUE EL MOTOR DESARROLLA TORQUE PARA MANTENER LA PRESION DENTRO DE LA
BOMBA, EL TORQUE SERA TAMBIEN PROPORCIONAL AL CUADRADO DE LAS RPM. EN CONSECUENCIA,
LA POTENCIA SERA PROPORCIONAL AL CUBO DE LAS RPM.
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TIPOS DE CARGA
TORQUE VARIABLE
140
80
60
40 POTENCIA (HP)
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
VELOCIDAD(RPM)
ALGUNAS SUSTANCIAS ALTAMENTE VISCOSAS (POR EJEMPLO, LA MASA DE PAN) SE VUELVEN MENOS
VISCOSAS A MEDIDA QUE SE INCREMENTA LA VELOCIDAD DE MEZCLADO; TALES CARGAS TIENEN LAS
CARACTERISTICAS MOSTRADAS EN LA GRAFICA. UNA PROPIEDAD SIMILAR ES MOSTRADA POR
ALGUNAS HERRAMIENTAS DE MAQUINAS DE ALTA VELOCIDAD.
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2.1 FUNDAMENTOS
C-B1 C A1
C B C-B1
B1 B
A1 B-A1
B-A1
E A S A
S E
E E
B
B1 C1 S S
B S S
A
E E
E S A1
B1
E
C1
S
S E
S
C
C B
E
C
E S
B
S A1 E
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FUNDAMENTOS
N S S O O N N S
C B A C B A C B A C B
A
O1 S N O
N O S
B1 C1 A1 B1 C1 A1 B1 C1 A1
N O S N O S
O S S N N O
C B C B C B
S O N
A1 A1 A1
C
Corriente
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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FUNDAMENTOS
A
E S E B3
C1 S E E
S S
E S S S
A
B
S E E E
E E
B2 C2 B1 A1
S S
S S
B2 A2
E E
E S
B3 A3
E
S E
C3
A3 A1 S
S
E S
C2
S E E
E
C B
C1
E S
S
S E
S
B1 E S E S C3 C
E
A2
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FUNDAMENTOS
O S O
1
N
N1
2
N1 N S
O S
S 2 2
N 1 S
2 N1
O 2 O1
S S
1 2
N1
S N
2 S 2
1
N
N 2 S
2 1
B
Corriente
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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FUNDAMENTOS
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FUNDAMENTOS
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FUNDAMENTOS
DESLIZAMIENTO
N − N N VELOCIDAD SÍNCRONA
S = r
100 NR VELOCIDAD DEL ROTOR
N S DESLIZAMIENTO
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CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE POR FASE DE UN MI
RS LS A Rr Lr
I1
V1 Lm (R r /s)(1-s)
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MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
EQUIVALENTE DE THEVENIN:
SE REEMPLAZA EL CIRCUITO A-B POR UNA FUENTE DE TENSION EQUIVALENTE Y UNA
IMPEDANCIA EQUIVALENTE
R1 jX1 ( jX m )( R 1 + jX 1 ) − X m X 1 + jX m R 1
A Z th = =
jX m + R 1 + jX 1 R1 + j ( X m + X 1 )
I1
− ( X m X 1 − jX m R 1 ) [R 1 − j ( X m + X 1 ) ]
Z th =
V1=0 jX m R 1 + j ( X m + X 1 ) [R 1 − j ( X m + X 1 ) ]
X m2 R 1 X m R 12 + X m2 X 1 + X m X 12
B
Z th = 2
R1 + ( X m + X 1 ) 2
+ j
R 12 + ( X m + X 1 ) 2
…. (A)
Z th = R th + X th
R1 jX1 A
DE LA LEY DE OHM:
I1
V1
I1 =
R1 + j ( X 1 + X m )
V1 jX m
V th = V ab = I 1 ( jX m
)
B V 1 ( jX m )
V th =
R1 + j ( X 1 + X m )
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MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
X1 + X
(X1 + X m) r = R 12 + ( X 1 + X m ) 2 θ = tg −1 m
R1
→
Imaginario
Z1 →
X1 + X
Z 1 = r∠ θ = R 12 + ( X 1 + X m ) 2 ∠ tg −1 m
r R1
EN FORMA POLAR:
V TH
(R 2 /s)(1-s) V th X + X2
I re = ∠ − tg −1
( th
)
R2 2 R2
( R th + ) + (X + X 2 )2 R th +
s
th
s
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MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
V1 X π X1 + X X th + X 2
I re = m
∠ − tg −1 m
− tg −1 ( )
2 R1 R2
[R 1
2
+ ( X 1 + X m ) 2 ] ( R th + 2 ) 2 + ( X
R
th
+ X 2 )2 R th +
s
s
LA POTENCIA TOTAL EN EL ENTREHIERRO(POTENCIA QUE PASA DEL ESTATOR AL ROTOR A TRAVES DEL
ENTREHIERRO) PARA UN MI TRIFASICO ES:
R2
P = 3 i re2
s
LAS PERDIDAS EN EL COBRE DEL ROTOR ES:
PCU = 3 i re2 R r = sP
PD = P (1 − s )
EL PAR DESARROLLADO POR EL MOTOR ES LA POTENCIA MECANICA DESARROLLADA ENTRE LA
VELOCIDAD ANGULAR DEL ROTOR
P (1 − s )
T =
Nr
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MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
N − N
S =
r
N
SUSTITUYENDO EN LA ECUACION DEL PAR:
P (1 − s ) P (1 − s ) P
T = = =
N − sN N (1 − s ) N
3 i re2 R 2
T =
sN
3 R 2 V th2
T =
R
sN ( R th + 2 ) 2 + ( X th + X 2 ) 2 …. (D)
s
COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MI
X ls = 0 . 302 Ω
V = 460 v
X m = 13 . 08 Ω
frec = 60 hz
R s = 0 . 0870 Ω
P = 50 hp
R r = 0 . 228 Ω
1705 rpm
J = 1 . 662 kg .m 2
Y EMPLEANDO LAS ECUACIONES A,B,C Y D DESGLOSADAS ANTERIORMENTE, OBTENEMOS EL SIGUIENTE
COMPORTAMIENTO:
900
600
800
500
700
400 600
Torque (N.m)
500
I (Amps)
300
400
200 300
100 200
100
0
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
T(seg) T (seg)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 2-16
MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
TORQUE DE
RUPTURA
900
Zona de funcionamiento Zona de funcionamiento
inestable estable
800
700
Torque del
motor
600
I (amps), T (N.m)
TORQUE DE
ARRANQUE 500
Torque de
la carga
400
300
200
100
Deslizamiento
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Velocidad (rpm) ωr ωe
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 2-17
MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
200
180
160
140
I (Amp), Velo (RPM/10)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Hp
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 2-18
MODELO EN REGIMEN ESTATICO
0 .8
VOLTAJE
0 .6
IMOTOR
0 .4
0 .2
-0 . 2
-0 . 4
-0 . 6
-0 . 8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
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ROTOR
ESTATOR
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MODELO EN REGIMEN DINAMICO
1 1 2π 2π
Lls + Lms − Lms − Lms Lsr Cos ωt Lsr Cos ω t + Lsr Cos ω t −
2 2 3 3
1 1 2π 2π
φ as − Lms Lls + Lms − Lms L sr Cos ωt − Lsr Cos ω t L sr Cos ωt + ias
φ 2 2 3 3
ibs
bs 1 1 2π 2π
φ cs − Lms − Lms Lls + Lms Lsr Cos ωt + Lsr Cos ω t − L sr Cos ω t
2 2 3 3 ics
= i
φ ar 2π 2π 1 1
Lsr Cos ω t Lsr Cos ω t + Lsr Cos ω t − Llr + Lmr − Lmr − Lmr ar
φ br 3 3 2 2 ibr
2π 2π 1 1
φ cr L sr Cos ωt − Lsr Cos ωt L sr Cos ω t + − Lmr Llr + Lmr − Lmr icr
3 3 2 2
L Cos ωt + 2π
Lsr Cos ωt −
2π
L sr Cos ω t
1
− Lmr −
1
Llr + Lmr
sr Lmr
3 3 2 2
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MODELO EN REGIMEN DINAMICO
I [ amperes ]
T [ N.m ]
t [ seg ]
t [ seg ]
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LA VELOCIDAD Y EL PAR MOTOR DE LOS MI JAULA DE ARDILLA PUEDEN
VARIARSE MEDIANTE UNO DE LOS SIGUIENTES PROCEDIMIENTOS:
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
Motor
La energía adicional
requerida para
A
llevar al motor
TA de V1 a V2 es igual
a TA-TB.
B Repercute en el
TB
motor con mayor
consumo de
Carga potencia.
V2 V1 Velocidad
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
Motor
TA
A
TB B
Carga
V1 V1 Velocidad
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
VP VS
dλ d
Vp = np = np (λ max Sen ω t ) = n p λ max ω Cos ω t
dt dt
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
1/ 2 1/ 2
n 2p λ 2max ω 2 n 2p λ 2max ω 2 n p λ max ω
V rms == {π } = =
2π 2 2
CONSIDERANDO: ω = 2π f
OBTENEMOS: 2 π fn p λ max
V rms = = 4 . 44 fn p λ max
2
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
1 V rms
λ max =
4 . 44 n p f
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
600 1.00
500
0.80
400
0.60
Voltaje (V)
Flujo (Wb)
300
0.40
200
100 0.20
0 0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00
Frecue ncia (Hz) Frecuencia (Hz)
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
La energía requerida
para llevar al motor
de V1 a V2 es igual
a TB.
En el motor existe
TA A
una disminución en
corriente.
TB B
V2 V1 Velocidad
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VARIACION DE LA VELOCIDAD
A
La energía ahorrada
TA
por emplear el VDF
es TA - TB
B
TB
C
V2 V1 Velocidad
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ARRANCADOR A TENSION PLENA (SWICHTBOARD)
COMPONENTES:
• Contactor
• Fusibles
5
2
KM1 KM2
• Sobre voltaje
• Bajo voltaje
2
6
1
• Baja corriente
• Sobre corriente
U V W
• Desbalance en corriente
• IOT
MOTOR DE
• Delay
INDUCCION
• Pérdida de fase
• Desbalance de fase
• Fase inversa.
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
MOTOR EMPLEADO:
CONDICIONES DE SIMULACION:
1)
• ARRANQUE TRANSITORIO DEL M.I.
• EL MOTOR ARRANCA EN VACIO Y EL PAR RESISTENTE ES NULO
• LA TENSION SE APLICA BRUSCAMENTE
• LA INERCIA ES LA DEL MOTOR Y ES MUY PEQUEÑA
2)
• PAR DE LA CARGA: 198 N.m
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
CARACTERISTICAS
• Alto torque de arranque
• Sin control de velocidad
• Altas corrientes de arranque.
5 a 7 veces la corriente nominal del motor
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
T
1
TC
C R
L
1
COMPONENTES:
T
4
• Etapa de potencia
T
3
L MOTOR DE
2
T
INDUCCION
• Etapa de control
6
T
5
L
3
T
2
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
COMPONENTES
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
PROTECCIONES
OPERACION
Im Rampa de corriente
• Modo de arranque:
Rampa de corriente
Límite de corriente.
Máxima
corriente
• Para cargas de alta inercia o de alta fricción:
500 % de OL de 1 a 2 seg.
Corriente • Freno eléctrico.
inicial
Inyección de CD.
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TIPOS DE CONTROLADORES DE VELOCIDAD
VENTAJAS
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3.1 CONSTITUCIÓN
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- CONVERTIDOR ESTÁTICO DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA
CA - CA CA - CD
CD - CD CD - CA
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CONSTITUCION
ETAPA DE POTENCIA
GENERADOR DE SEÑALES
DE CONTROL DE
CONMUTACION
ETAPA DE CONTROL
FUENTE
CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CONVERTIDOR
ESTÁTICO DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA
CONVERTIDOR
- DE UN SOLO PASO ( DIRECTO )
ESTATICO
CONTROL DE ENERGIA * Conversión directa de CA a CA.
ELECTRICA
Equipo: Cicloconvertidor
MAQUINA
ACCIONADA
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CONSTITUCION
a)
1. Etapa de potencia
Etapas de potencias
2. Etapa de control
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♦ CONMUTACION NATURAL
♦ CONMUTACION FORZADA
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
D1 D3
R
Vmsen ωt Vcd
E
D4 D2
FUENTE DE
RECTIFICADOR CARGA
ALIMENTACION
L
OPERACIÓN EN EL SEMICICLO NEGATIVO
π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π
D1 D3
R
Vmsen ωt Vcd
E
D4 D2
FUENTE DE
RECTIFICADOR CARGA
ALIMENTACION
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
SECCION DE POTENCIA
T1 T3
R
Vmsen ωt Vcd
E
T4 T2
FUENTE DE RECTIFICADOR
ALIMENTACION CARGA
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-9
SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
[− ]
T π
1 1 V π
V cd =
T ∫
0
f ( t ) dt =
π ∫α V m sin ω td ω t =
π
m
cos ω t α
V
V = m
(1 + cos α )
cd
π
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ANGULO DE DISPARO
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
I D1
D1 D3 D5
IA
Van
R
Vbn Vcd
Vcn
E
D4 D6 D2
I D2
FUENTE DE
ALIMENTACION RECTIFICADOR CARGA
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-11
SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
1.0 0 0 I II III IV V VI I
Van Vbn Vcn
0 .8 0 0
0 .6 0 0
0 .4 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 30 60 90 12 0 150 18 0 2 10 240 2 70 300 330 360 390 420 4 50
- 0 .2 0 0
- 0 .4 0 0
- 0 .6 0 0
- 0 .8 0 0
- 1.0 0 0
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
I II III IV V VI I
t
Id1
t
Id2
t
Id3
t
Id4
t
Id5
t
Id6
ID
I A = I D1 − I D4 t
IA
ID
I B = I D3 − I D6 IB t
I C = I D5 − I D2 IC t
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-13
SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
ωt
α 1
π /2
La función de la figura anterior es una función impar con simetría de cuarto de onda, por
consiguiente solo consta de armónicos impares de términos del seno, es decir:
∞ T /4
ω = 2πf = 2π / T
f ( t ) = ∑ b n sen n ω t b n = ( 8 / T ) ∫ f ( t ) sen n ω tdt
n = impar
n α1
Desarrollando:
π / 2
/ π ) ∫ sen ntdt = ( 4 I D / π ) [− cos nt ] π /2
bn = (4 I D α1
α1
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
b1 = ( 4 I D / π )(cos α 1 )
b 3 = ( 4 I D / 3π )(cos 3α 1 )
b 5 = ( 4 I D / 5π )(cos 5α 1 )
b 7 = ( 4 I D / 7 π )(cos 7 α 1 )
1.40
1.20
1
1.00
0.80
bn
0.60
3
0.40
5
0.20 7
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
ANGULO
b1 b3 b5 b7
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
considerando α 1 = 30 0 ID = 1
4I π
b1 = cos
D
= 1 . 1026 ... → .. 100 %
π 6
4 I D 3π
b = cos = 0 ... → .. 0 %
3π
3
6
4ID 5π
b5 = cos = 0 . 2205 ... → .. 19 . 95 %
5π 6
4ID 7π
b7 = cos = 0 . 1575 ... → .. 14 . 28 %
7π 6
4ID 9π
b9 = cos = 0 ... → .. 0 %
9π 6
4ID 11 π
b 11 = cos = 0 . 1002 ... → .. 9 . 08 %
11 π 6
La TDHI es igual:
b 32 + b 52 + ....
THDI =
b1
0 . 2205 2
+ 0 . 1575 2
+ 0 . 1002 2
THDI = = 0 . 2620
1 . 1026
THDI = 26 . 20 %
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
SECCION DE POTENCIA
T1 T3 T5
R
Vcd
T4 T6 T2
FUENTE DE RECTIFICADOR
ALIMENTACION CARGA
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-17
SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
T π 2+α π 2+α
1 3 3V
V = ∫ f ( t ) dt = ∫ Vα dω t = p
∫ sin (ω t + π 6 )d ω t
cd
T 0
π π 6+
ab
π π 6+α
3 3V
V = p
cos α
cd
π
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-0.500
-1.000
-1.500
-2.000
ANGULO DE DISPARO
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
- RECTIFICADOR DE 12 PULSOS
L
T1 T3 T5
IR1
R
Vcd
T4 T6 T2
I1
T1 T3 T5
IR2
T4 T6 T2
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
I II III IV V VI I
IT1 t
IT2 t
IT3
t
IT4
t
IT5
t
IT6
t
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
I) L3 T5 II-III ) L1 T1
L
L
Id
Id L3 IL1= 0 Id R
L1 N
R T2
N Vcd N IL2= -Id N L3 Vcd
T6 L2 IL3= Id E L2 L3
L2 E
L2 T6
I-II) L1 T1 L1 T1
III ) L
L
L3 T5 Id IL1= Id
Id L1
Id L1 R IL2= 0
R L3 N Vcd N
N Vcd N T2 L3 IL3= -Id
T6 L3 E
L2 E L2
II) T1 T1
L1
L III-IV ) L1
L
Id L2 T3
Id L1 IL1= Id
R Id L1
N Vcd N IL2= -Id R L2
T6 L2 N Vcd
L2 E IL3= 0 T2
N
L3 E L3
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
L2 T3
IV ) L
Id V-VI ) L2 T3
Id R
L2 IL1= 0 L
N Vcd N IL2= Id L3 T5
T2 E L3
L3 IL3= -Id Id L2
R L3
N Vcd N
L1 T4 E L1
L2 T3
L
IV-V )
Id L2
R
N
N L3 T2 Vcd
E L1 L3
L1 T4
VI ) L3 T5
L
Id IL1= -Id
T3 L3
L2 L Id R IL2= 0
V) N Vcd N
Id T4
L1 IL3= Id
L2 IL1= -Id L1 E
Id R
N Vcd N IL2= Id
L1
L1 T4 E IL3= 0
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
I) T5 IV) T3
C L C L B
B
Id Id
Id R I1 Iab= - 1/3 Id Id Iab= 1/3 Id
R I1
Vcd A I2 Ibc= 2/3 Id Vcd A I2 Ibc= - 2/3 Id
T6 E T2
Ica= - 1/3 Id E Ica= 1/3 Id
A B A C
B C
II) T1 V) T3
A L A L B
B
Id Id
Id I1 Iab= - 2/3 Id Id I1 Iab= 2/3 Id
R R
Vcd C I2 Ibc= 1/3 Id Vcd C I2 Ibc= - 1/3 Id
T6 E Ica= 1/3 Id T4 E Ica= - 1/3 Id
C B C A
B A
III) T1 VI) T5
A L A C
C L
Id
Id
Id I1 Iab= - 1/3 Id Id Iab= 1/3 Id
R R I1
Vcd B I2 Ibc= - 1/3 Id Vcd B I2 Ibc= 1/3 Id
T2 E Ica= 2/3 Id T4 E Ica= - 2/3 Id
B C A
B
C A
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
Corriente a la entrada del rectificador de 6 pulsos ( Secundario Y )
I II III IV V VI I
ID
IA
ID
IB
IC
2/3 I D
1/3 I D
I ab
I bc
I ca
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
I II III IV V VI I
ID
IA
ID
2/3 I D
1/3 I D
IB
1 2/3 I D
1 1/3 I D
1/3 I D
I1
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
T / 4 ω = 2πf = 2π / T
b n = ( 8 / T ) ∫ f ( t ) sen n ω tdt
α1 n = impar
Desarrollando:
π /6 π /3 π /2
b n = ( 4 I D / 3 π ) ∫ senntdt + 4 ∫ senntdt +5 ∫ senntdt
0 π /6 π /3
1 0
nπ nπ nπ nπ nπ
bn = ( 4 I D / 3nπ ) − cos + cos 0 − 4 cos + 4 cos − 5 cos + 5 cos
6 3 6 2 3
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
- RECTIFICADOR DE 24 PULSOS
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
ARMONICOS EN RECTIFICADORES
h = orden del armónico
q = número de pulsos del rectificador
I1
h = kq ± 1 I h = k = número entero 1,2,3,..
h
Ih = corriente del armónico h
I1 = corriente de la fundamental
RECTIFICADOR DE 6 PULSOS
I1
h = k (6 ) ± 1 h = 5 , 7 ,11 ,13 ,17 ,19 ,.. I h =
h
RECTIFICADOR DE 12 PULSOS
h = k (12 ) ± 1 h = 11 ,13 , 23 , 25 , 35 , 37 ,..
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-30
SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-32
SECCION DE POTENCIA (RECTIFICADOR)
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♦ FUENTE DE VOLTAJE.
♦ FUENTE DE CORRIENTE.
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
SECCION DE POTENCIA
Q1 Q3
D1 D3
CARGA
E
Q4 Q2
D4 D2
SECCION DE CONTROL
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CARGA LC
I II III IV
VQ1 - VQ2
VQ2 - VQ4
Voltaje
VCARGA
Q1 - Q2 D3 - D4 Corriente
D1 - D2
Q3 - Q4
Este tipo de inversores con un control adecuado pueden comportarse como rectificadores
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-36
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
V1
Q1 D1 Q3 D3 Q5 D3
V2
C
E B
V3
A
Q4 D4 Q6 D2 Q2 D2
Pulsos de disparos
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-37
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
Generación del voltaje de salida en el inversor trifásico tipo puente (Primario del transformador)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-38
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
Generación del voltaje de salida en el inversor trifásico tipo puente (Primario del transformador)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-39
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
Generación del voltaje de salida en el inversor trifásico tipo puente (Secundario del transformador)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-40
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
Generación del voltaje de salida en el inversor trifásico tipo puente (Secundario del transformador)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-41
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
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SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
INVERSORES MONOFÁSICOS
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-43
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
Señal portadora
AC 1/fc
Ar
ωt
Señal de referencia
g1
ωt
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-44
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
MODULACIÓN TRAPEZOIDAL
Señal portadora
AC
Ar
π 2π
ωt
Señal de referencia
g1
ωt
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-45
SECCION DE POTENCIA (INVERSOR)
MODULACIÓN EN ESCALERA
Señal portadora
AC
Ar
π 2π
ωt
Señal de referencia
g1
ωt
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-46
♦ CONTROL EN REGIMEN DINAMICO
( SE EMPLEA EL MODELO DINÁMICO DEL MOTOR )
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-47
SECCION DE CONTROL
METODOS
♦ CONTROL DE VOLTAJE / FRECUENCIA (VOLTS/ HERTZ)
CONSTANTE
♦ CONTROL DE LA FRECUENCIA DE DESLIZAMIENTO Y CORRIENTE
DEL ESTATOR.
METODOS
♦ CONTROL POR CAMPO ORIENTADO
♦ CONTROL DIRECTO DEL PAR Y DEL VECTOR DE FLUJO DEL
ESTATOR.
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-48
SECCION DE CONTROL
METODOS
♦ PASIVIDAD
♦ LINEALIZACION POR RETROALIMENTACION
♦ BACKSTEPPING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-49
SECCION DE CONTROL
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-50
SECCION DE CONTROL
V0 V
V/Hz
ω *r ωe
- Is
ωr
SENSOR
DE
VELOCIDAD
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-51
SECCION DE CONTROL
PROCESO DE ARRANQUE
FRECUENCIA
Frecuencia
de arranque
TIEMPO
Tiempo de Tiempo de aceleración
sincronía
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-52
SECCION DE CONTROL
PROCESO DE ARRANQUE
CORRIENTE
I limite de
sincronia
I limite
TIEMPO
Tiempo de Tiempo de aceleración
sincronía
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-53
SECCION DE CONTROL
VOLTS
Voltaje
nominal
10 - 15 %
FRECUENCIA
Frecuencia
nominal
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-54
SECCION DE CONTROL
d
φ ref
dt
φ ref
θe
Rr ωs ωe
n pφ dref
2 ∫
ωr
SENSOR
DE
VELOCIDAD
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-55
SECCION DE CONTROL
t [ seg ]
t [ seg ]
t [ seg ]
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-56
SECCION DE CONTROL
T [ N.m ] (a)
TL [ torque de la carga ]
Te [ torque eléctrico ]
t [ seg ]
Simulación del comportamiento del seguimiento del torque
del MI con Kp = 2, TL = 198:
T [ N.m ]
(b) (a) KI = 9 , (b) KI = 2 , (c) KI = 0.5
TL [ torque de la carga ]
Te [ torque eléctrico ]
t [ seg ]
T [ N.m ]
(c)
TL [ torque de la carga ]
Te [ torque eléctrico ]
t [ seg ]
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 3-57
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-1
CONFIGURACIONES DE VDF
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-2
CONFIGURACIONES
GENER
VDF DE 6 PULSOS
B
A
27.00 KVAR
ELEMENTOS :
TF-6
C
A) FILTROS DE ARMONICAS
B) TRANSFORMADOR REDUCTOR
D
C) VARIADOR DE VELOCIDAD DE 6 PULSOS
D) TRANSFORMADOR ELEVADOR
E) MOTOR ELECTRICO
MOTOR
E
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-3
CONFIGURACIONES
GENER
CONEXIÓN DE VDF DE
6 PULSOS
A ELEMENTOS :
A) TRANSFORMADOR DEFASADOR
B) VDF’s DE 6 PULSOS
B C) TRANSFORMADOR ELEVADOR
D) MOTOR ELECTRICO
C
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-4
CONFIGURACIONES
CONFIGURACION DE
BUS DE CD COMUN
Rectificador
no controlado
FILTRO
LC
Inversor
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-5
CONFIGURACIONES
Servicios
auxiliares
M M M
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-6
CONFIGURACIONES
Servicios
auxiliares
M M M
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-7
CONFIGURACIONES
Servicios
auxiliares
M M M
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-8
CONFIGURACIONES
TD-GEN-A
4.16 KV
CCM-01
4.16 KV
Servicios
auxiliares
M M M
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-9
CONFIGURACIONES
Voltaje
50
40 VD F D E 6 P U LS OS N OR MA IEEE 5 19 - 19 9 2
% AMPLITUD
Corriente 30
20
10
0
3 5 7 9 11
ORDEN DEL ARMONICO
Voltaje
50
40 VD F DE 12 P U LS OS N ORMA IEEE 5 19 - 19 9 2
% AMPLITUD
30
Corriente 20
10
0
3 5 7 9 11
ORDEN DEL ARMONICO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-10
CONFIGURACIONES
Voltage
Frequency 60.0
RMS 464
Peak 611
DC Offset 0
Crest 1.32
THD Rms 28.0
THD Fund 29.1
HRMS 130
Current
Frequency 47.8
RMS 364
Peak 685
DC Offset -2
Crest 1.88
THD Rms 31.7
THD Fund 33.4
HRMS 115
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-11
CONFIGURACIONES
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-12
CONFIGURACIONES
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-13
DIAGRAMA UNIFILAR DEL VDF
TRANSFORMADOR
ELEVADOR
TRANSFORMADOR
DEFASADOR VDF
MOTOR
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-14
MODIFICACION ARTIFICIAL DEL PROCESO INCREMENTANDO LAS PERDIDAD DE CARGA POR
EXTRANGULACION DEL FLUIDO EN LA TURBOMAQUINARIA
60.00
60 Hz
50.00
CURVA DEL SISTEMA
40.00
CARGA (ft)
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
CAPACIDAD (BPD)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-15
ADAPTACION DE LA VELOCIDAD DEL MOTOR A DEMANDA DEL PROCESO
120.00
100.00
80.00
CARGA (ft) 85 Hz
CURVA DEL SISTEMA
60.00
40.00
60 Hz
20.00
0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
CAPACIDAD (BPD)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-16
VVI (INVERSOR CON FUENTE DE VOLTAJE)
EL CONTROL DEL VOLTAJE DE SALIDA ES REALIZADO POR EL
RECTIFICADOR (FUENTE DE VOLTAJE VARIABLE) Y EL CONTROL DE LA
FRECUENCIA DE SALIDA LA REALIZA EL INVERSOR.
CARACTERISTICAS
• ADAPTABLE A TECNOLOGÍA TRANSISTOR – GTO
• APLICABLE A MOTORES DE MAYOR POTENCIA QUE EL RANGO DEL VDF
• CAPACIDAD DE VARIOS MOTORES
• CONTROL SIMPLE
• BAJO FACTOR DE POTENCIAS A BAJAS VELOCIDADES
• PULSACIONES DEL MOTOR A BAJAS VELOCIDADES
• FILTRO DE LA SECCIÓN DE CD DE GRAN DIMENSIÓN.
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-17
PWM ( MODULATION WIDTH PULSE)
CARACTERISTICAS
Adaptable a tecnología transistor – GTO
Aplicable a motores de mayor potencia que el rango del VDF
Capacidad de varios motores
Alto factor de potencias a bajas velocidades
Filtro de la sección de CD de pequeña dimensión.
Sin pulsaciones del motor a bajas velocidades
Control muy complejo
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-18
CSI (INVERTER SOURCE CURRENT)
ESTE TIPO DE VDF CONTROLA LA VELOCIDAD DEL MOTOR EN FUNCIÓN DE LA
VARIACIÓN DE CORRIENTE.
CARACTERISTICAS
SUPRESIÓN DE CORTOS CIRCUITOS EN FORMA INHERENTE
CIRCUITO DE POTENCIA SIMPLE A BASE DE SCR’S
CONTROL SIMPLE
REQUIERE DE UN CONTROL EN LAZO CERRADO.
NO APLICABLE A MOTORES DE MAYOR POTENCIA QUE EL RANGO DEL VDF
PULSACIONES DEL MOTOR A BAJAS VELOCIDADES
FILTRO DE LA SECCIÓN DE CD DE GRAN DIMENSIÓN.
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-19
Esquema de control vectorial
60 HZ SUPPLY
Park T-1
PWM1
D,Q PWM2
S S
PI Space PWM3
PI
Vector
PWM4
PWM
S PWM5
PI d,q
PWM6
Field
controller D,Q D,Q
INDUCTION
d,q a,b,c
MOTOR
Park T
Rotor
Angle
Speed Calculator Estimator
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 4-20
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-1
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
TROUBLESHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-2
OBJETIVOS
PRESERVAR EL VALOR DE LOS BIENES FÍSICOS
MAXIMIZAR LA DISPONIBILIDAD DE LOS BIENES FÍSICOS
INCREMENTAR LA EFICIENCIA, EFICACIA Y FIABILIDAD DE LOS BIENES
FÍSICOS
MINIMIZAR LOS COSTOS DE OPERACIÓN
REDUCIR LOS COSTOS TOTALES A LO LARGO DE LA VIDA DEL BIEN FÍSICO
ASÍ COMO LOS GASTOS RELACIONADOS Y A CONSECUENCIA DE LAS
TAREAS Y ACTIVIDADES DESARROLLADAS SOBRE EL BIEN FÍSICO,
INCLUYENDO LOS CONCEPTOS DE RIESGO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-3
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
TIPOS DE MANTENIMIENTO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-4
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
NIVELES DE MANTENIMIENTO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-5
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
TAREAS DE MANTENIMIENTO
ACTIVIDADES FÍSICAS:
COMO EN EL CORRECTIVO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-6
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
TAREAS DE MANTENIMIENTO
ACTIVIDADES FÍSICAS:
• COMPARACIÓN
• REVISIÓN
• VERIFICACIÓN
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-7
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
TIPOS DE FALLAS
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-8
FILOSOFIA DEL MANTENIMIENTO
CLASES DE FALLAS
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-9
I
EFECTUAR PRUEBA
A TRANSFORMADORES
DEFASADORES Y ELEVADORES
OK
NO APLICAR PROCEDIMIENTO
DE MANTTO. PREVENTIVO
SI ♦ PROCEDIMIENTOS DE
EFECTUAR PRUEBA
MANTENIMIENTO
A VDF: SIN CARGA Y
CORTO CIRCUITO
PREVENTIVO A VDF
( APLICACIÓN BES )
OK
NO APLICAR PROCEDIMIENTO
DE MANTTO. PREVENTIVO
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A
MOTOR: RESISTENCIA ENTRE FASES
RESISTENCIA DE AISLAMIENTO
NO APLICAR PROCEDIMIENTO
OK DE MANTTO. PREVENTIVO
SI
(COMPROBACION DE ATERRIZAMIENTO
DE UNA SOLA FASE
FIN
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-10
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
♦ PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A VDF
( APLICACIÓN BES )
EFECTUAR PRUEBA
A ETAPA DE POTENCIA (PRUEBA ESTATICA)
DEL RECTIFICADOR
NO SUSTITUIR ELEMENTOS DE
OK POTENCIA DEFECTUOSOS
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A LA
SECCION DEL FILTRO DEL VDF
NO SUSTITUIR ELEMENTOS
OK DEFECTUOSOS
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA
A ETAPA DE POTENCIA (PRUEBA ESTATICA)
DEL INVERSOR
NO SUSTITUIR ELEMENTOS
OK
DEFECTUOSOS
SI
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-11
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
♦ PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A VDF
( APLICACIÓN BES )
EFECTUAR PRUEBA
A VENTILADORES
NO SUSTITUIR ELEMENTOS DE
OK DEFECTUOSOS
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A
BREAKER Y FUSIBLES
NO SUSTITUIR ELEMENTO
OK DEFECTUOSO
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A
INTERRUPTORES TERMICOS
NO SUSTITUIR ELEMENTOS
OK
DEFECTUOSOS
SI
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-12
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
♦ PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A VDF
( APLICACIÓN BES )
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A
TARJETA DE DISPAROS DEL (SNUBBER)
RECTIFICADOR
NO SUSTITUIR TARJETA
OK DEFECTUOSA
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A (VERIFICACION DE
TARJETA DE DISPAROS RESISTENCIAS FUSIBLES)
DEL INVERSOR
NO SUSTITUIR TARJETA
OK DEFECTUOSA
SI
EFECTUAR PRUEBA A
VDF SIN CARGA Y CORTO CIRCUITO
NO SUSTITUIR TARJETAS
OK
DE CONTROL
SI
FIN
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-13
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-15
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-16
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
PRUEBA EN CORTOCIRCUITO
VOLTS @ 60HZ = 35 v
FRE.START = 10 Hz
I LIMIT = 572 A
I LIMIT SYNC = 750 A
V BOOST = 0
SYNC DELAY = 5 SEG
V CLAMP = 480 VOLTS
FREC. MAX = 60 Hz
FREC. MIN = 5 Hz
V BOOST SYNC = 0
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-17
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
PRUEBA EN CORTOCIRCUITO
OBSERVE QUE CON ESTOS PARÁMETROS EL VARIADOR SE SOMETE A LA
OBTENCIÓN DE SU MÁXIMA POTENCIA, ASÍ COMO A SU MÁXIMO PICO EN
CORRIENTE EN EL ARRANQUE
PRUEBA EN CORTOCIRCUITO
VERIFICAR LAS CORRIENTES EN EL PRIMARIO Y SECUNDARIO DEL
TRANSFORMADOR ELEVADOR
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-19
MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO
PRUEBA EN CORTOCIRCUITO
AL OBSERVAR LA FORMA DE ONDA DE VOLTAJE COMPROBAMOS
QUE SE ESTÉ REALIZANDO CORRECTAMENTE EL FILTRADO DE LA
SEÑAL OBTENIDA POR EL RECTIFICADOR.
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-20
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-21
TROUBLE SHOOTING
IOT ( SOLUCION )
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-22
TROUBLE SHOOTING
SOBREVOLTAJE (FALLA)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-23
TROUBLE SHOOTING
SOBREVOLTAJE (SOLUCION)
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-24
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-25
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-26
TROUBLE SHOOTING
SOBRECARGA (FALLA)
MALA PROGRAMACIÓN
FALLA DE LA TARJETA DE CONTROL DEL OPERADOR
DAÑO EN EL MOTOR
ATASCAMIENTO DE LA BOMBA
DAÑO EN EL CABLE DE POTENCIA
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-27
TROUBLE SHOOTING
SOBRECARGA ( SOLUCION )
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-28
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-29
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-30
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-31
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-32
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-33
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ESP Oil_Copyright_01-P35/The document is property of ESP Oil Consultants, any reproduction is strictly forbidden and will be prosecuted 5-34