THE SUPERPOSITION APPROACH TO LOCAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

IN HIGH DENSITY RATIO FILM COOLING FLOWS

Michael Gritsch t, Stefan Baldauf, Moritz Martiny", Achmed Schulz, and Sigmar Wittig

Lehrstuhl und Institut fur Thermische Strornungsmaschinen

Universitat Karlsruhe (T.R.)
76128 Karlsruhe
Germany

ABSTRACT
The present paper reports on the use of the superposition ap-
proach in high density ratio film cooling flows. It arises from the
linearity and homogeneity of the simplified boundary layer differential
equations. However, it is widely assumed that the linearity does not
hold for variable property flows. Therefore, theoretical considerations
and numerical calculations will demonstrate the linearity of the heat
transfer coefficient with the dimensionless coolant temperature eas
long as identical flow conditions are applied. This makes it necessary
to perform at least two experiments at different e
but with the coolant
to main flow temperature ratio kept unchanged.
A comprehensive set of experiments is presented to demonstrate
the capability of the superposition approach for determining heat
transfer coefficients for different film cooling geometries. These com-
prise coolant injection from two dimensional tangential slots, single
holes, and rows of cylindrical holes. Particularly, two dimensional
local distributions of the heat transfer coefficient will be addressed.
INTRODUCTION
Film cooling is widely used to protect gas turbine blades from hot
gases by injecting relatively cold compressor bleed air through discrete
holes in the blade surface. Minimizing blade temperatures and tem-
perature gradients without spending large amounts of coolant is the
primary goal of efficient cooling design. Therefore, accurate knowl-
edge of the heat flux from the hot gas to the blade is crucial to predict
the temperature field inside the blade.
The most common approach of describing the heat transfer to a
film cooled blade is
(I)
t Present address: ABB Corporate Research Ltd.,
5405 Baden-Dattwil, Switzerland
t Present address: Porsche AG Entwicklungszentrum,
71287 Weissach, Germany
where the adiabatic wall temperature Taw is typically presented as the
non-dimensionalized film cooling effectiveness (Goldstein 1971)
~=~w-~ m
r, -Tm
Both the film cooling effectiveness ~ and the heat transfer coefficient
h, have to be known to calculate the heat flux to the blade. Most of the
research with respect to film cooling dealt with the determination of
the film cooling effectiveness, while the heat transfer coefficient has
received much less attention. It was widely assumed that the heat
transfer coefficient without film cooling, 110, remains virtually un-
changed by the coolant injection and can, therefore, be used in Eq. (I)
resulting in
q"=ho (Taw-Tw) (3)
However, immediately downstream of the coolant injection loca-
tion the flow field is altered by the coolant jet penetrating into the
main flow boundary layer (e.g., Crawford et al. 1980). Therefore, the
heat transfer of the flow without coolant injection, ho, cannot be used
to predict the heat transfer to the blade. Subsequently, an alternate
approach was developed where the heat transfer to the blade is now
based on the temperature difference of main flow and wall
q"= h (Tm-Tw) (4)
All effects of coolant injection are described by the value of the heat
transfer coefficient h (Choe et al. 1974), which depends on the dimen-
sionless temperature ratio
(5)
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Experimental investigations first performed by Metzger et al.
(1968, 1971, 1973) showed that h varies linearly with e for film cool-
ing applications like slots, holes or multi hole arrangements in incom-

Presented at the International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress & Exhibttion
Indianapolis, Indiana - June 7-June 10, 1999 .

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 -.
The wall temperatures for the measurements can be chosen arbi-
h trarily. Therefore, as detailed in a discussion of the work of Metzger et
al. (1968) by Eckert, the above procedure is equivalent to measure-
ments at wall temperatures of zero heat flux and quasi-isothermal
f'~···..-.----------------------
ejection, respectively. According to Eckert (1984) both methods,
based on the two forms of heat transfer definition given in the intro-
duction, can be combined which leads to the description of the heat
transfer phenomenon in form of
h(9) = hf (1-119) (8)
e
This documents the applicability of both approaches to the heat trans-
fer (Fig. I). Both of them need at least two measurements (11and h, or,
Fig. 1: Linear dependence of heat transfer coefficient on dimensionless tem- more general, h at two different 9, respectively). However, these
perature measurements have to be performed at identical flow conditions, as
will be discussed in the following.
pressible flows. The linearity of h with 9 for a given flow field arises Typically, the temperature of the injected coolant is considerably
from the form of the differential energy equation within the boundary lower than the main flow temperature resulting in large density gradi-
layer ents and variable properties in the flow field downstream of the injec-

aT
pCp ( uax-+v
aT
ay
J: a ( ar J +Jl
ay kay-
(au
ay
)2 (6)
tion location. There has been some debate whether the superposition
scheme can be transferred to these types of flow. Ligrani and Camci
(1985) presented their efforts to combine data of the heat transfer
with effective k and Jl of the turbulent flow. Equation (6) shows the coefficient h, from iso-energetic measurements at DR:l and adiabatic
equivalence of convective energy transport and thermal conduction effectiveness measurements at high density ratio with their own meas-
and dissipation with respect to a differential volume. In incompressible urements of h(e). They varied the coolant temperature at constant main
flows, the energy and momentum transport equations of the boundary flow temperature (i.e. the density ratio) to realize a variation of the
layer are not coupled. Assuming constant properties, a linear differen- dimensionless temperature ratio 9 and came up with nonlinear rela-
tial equation in T is given which can be solved by superposing two tions of h(9). Subsequently they presented a variable property correc-
particular solutions of the same flow field. Therefore, at least two tion of these nonlinear effects for high density ratio flows, not taking
different sets of data taken at different 9 are needed to describe h as a into account the altered flow field by the different density ratios within
function of 9. The local heat flux can be determined, for instance. as their data sets to produce one line.
q"(x,Z): ql"(x,z) (Tw-Tm) + q2"(X,Z) (Tc-Tw) (7) It was shown by Forth et al. (1985, 1986) and Teekaram et al.
(1989) that the linearity of h with 9 holds for compressible
where q," is the local heat flux resulting for a unit temperature differ-
(Mam=0.55) and variable property (DR=0.8 ...2) flows if the flow field
ence between wall and main flow and Tc=Tw, and q," is the local heat
is not altered. This is due to the fact that a variation of the wall tem-
flux resulting for a unit temperature difference between wall and cool-
perature within the limits of coolant and main flow temperatures does
ant flow and Tm=Tw(Loftus and Jones 1983).
not have a first order effect on the flow field (Jones 1991).

NOMENCLATURE T Temperature, K
Symbols Tu Turbulence intensity
cp Thermal capacity, W/kgK St Stanton number
Ec Eckert number u Streamwise velocity component, rnIs
D Film cooling hole diameter, m v Vertical velocity component, rnIs
DR Coolant to main flow density ratio VR Coolant to main flow velocity ratio
h Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K, Eq. (4) x Streamwise coordinate, m
h, Heat transfer coefficient at 9: 0, W/m2K, Eq. (I) Z Span wise coordinate, m
I Coolant to main flow momentum ratio
k Thermal conductivity, W/mK a Partial differential
M Blowing ratio 11 Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, Eq. (2)
Ma Mach number Jl Dynamic viscosity, N/sm2
q" Local heat flux, W/m2 p Density, kg/rrr'
q' Laterally averaged heat flux, W/m2 9 Dimensionless temperature ratio, Eq. (5)
s Film cooling slot height, m Subscripts
Re Reynolds number aw Adiabatic wall conditions (q"= 0)
T Temperature, K c Coolant conditions
Tu Turbulence intensity d Based on cooling hole diameter
St Stanton number m Main flow conditions
u Streamwise velocity component, rnIs w Diabatic wall conditions (q":;>,;0)
v Vertical velocity component, rnIs o No injection case (M = 0)

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 Baldauf and Scheurlen (1996) have shown that the film cooling
effectiveness under realistic engine conditions depends on a set of
characteristic aerodynamic parameters including Reynolds and Eckert
numbers, turbulence intensities and magnitude of the oncoming
boundary layer as well as momentum and blowing ratio. When dia-
batic wall boundary conditions are considered it is obvious that the
same set of parameters also govern the heat transfer to the blade sur-
face.
However, in this case the wall temperature T w appears as an ad-
ditional independent variable. Therefore, the dimensionless tempera-
ture ratio 9 has to be included in the set of parameters governing the
heat transfer coefficient, resulting in a functional dependence for the
dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, for instance as Stanton number
St = f (9, M, I, Tu, Red, Ecrn, Geometry) (9)
This set is suitable for situations without foreign gas ejection and all
these parameters are to be held constant to get compatible sets of
measurements.
This implies that the linearity only holds if the coolant to main
flow temperature ratio remains unchanged to keep the flow field con-
stant. Therefore, the only correct way of varying 6 is to alter either the
wall temperature only or main flow and coolant temperatures simulta-
neously to keep all similarity numbers of the heat transfer situation
(Eq, 9) unchanged. Otherwise the linearity will be lost because injec-
tion parameters (VR, M, or I) are affected if the coolant to main flow
temperature ratio is varied (Jones 1991).
Furthermore, it becomes obvious that in real temperature ratio
flows it is impossible to perform a direct measurement of the heat
transfer coefficient hr at 6=0. At a realistic and unchanged coolant to
main flow temperature ratio 9 is different from zero and the determi-
nation of h, requires the employment of the superposition approach.
The general validity of the linear approach has been documented by
the studies of the authors referenced. In their investigations they al-
ways regarded spacially or laterally averaged values of the heat trans-
fer coefficients. However, to understand the fluid mechanics and heat
transfer behavior of actual film cooling applications the examination
of the local heat transfer coefficient in every point of the cooled sur-
face is necessary. Therefore, it is the intention of this study to demon-
strate the validity of the linear superposition approach for the local
heat transfer coefficients in high density ratio flows and the possibili-
ties of the application of this concept.
NUMERICAL RESULTS
Numerical calculations have been performed to obtain informa-
tion on whether variable properties resulting from high temperature
ratio flows do influence the linearity of h(6) significantly. The inten-
tion was to conduct the numerical experiment to create data sets with a
granted reproducibility of flow and boundary conditions that are well
defined and easy to control. The computational prediction of the heat
transfer is very sensitive to the numerical models used, i.e. turbulence
modeling. Various authors, e.g. Leylek and Zerkle (1994) and Walters
and Leylek (1997), showed that a very careful computational method-
ology is necessary to predict the flow field and resulting surface effects
of the actual discrete hole film cooling flow situation. Therefore, it
was decided to examine a simplified flow situation that still features
the effects of a pronounced local heat transfer distribution. In this way
a typical situation of high density gradient flows could be examined in
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detail and a substantial parameter variation was possible without un-
certainties of measurements or from the flow field prediction. If the
flow physics dictate a deviation from the linear behavior of the heat
transfer coefficient, such deviations should become significant using a
carefully built computational grid even if the magnitude of the heat
transfer coefficient is not predicted precisely.
The flow situation chosen is close to typical film cooling appli-
cations and experimental set-ups for heat transfer investigations. The
flow over a cooled wall was modeled and conjugate heat transfer
computations of the compressible variable property flow and the three-
dimensional heat flux within the wall were carried out. The heat
transfer coefficient at every location of the flow exposed surface as
well as the local surface temperature were result of these computa-
tions.
By setting symmetrical conditions at the lateral boundaries of the
computational domain a situation of film cooling from a row of holes,
spaced about 2.5 diameters apart, with wall attached cooling jets was
approximated (Fig. 2). The streamwise extension and width of the
domain were 20D and 1.25D, respectively, the solid below the flow
volume had a thickness of 1.67D. The thermal conductance across the
solid wall was about the same as the heat transfer coefficient on the
surface. Heat flux through the wall was induced by imposing a con-
stant temperature backside boundary. The flow inlet condition was a
constant velocity profile of u=60mls with a turbulence intensity and
length scale of 4% and 1/3 of the inlet width, respectively.
Local temperature gradients on the surface and density gradients
in the flow field were induced by defining a low temperature section in
the inlet profile. A hot gas temperature of 600K and a coolant tem-
perature of 300K resulted in a ratio of coolant to main flow density of
2. The wall treatment of the flow calculation was a two-layer scheme,
where the k-s-turbulence model is combined with a one equation
model in the sublayer. The grid spacing normal to the wall was ad-
T[K]
xID=14.S 600
xlD=1.2S
xlD=7.9
,: ~~~
525
500
495
490
485
480
390
300
symmetry --t--+--
main flow
coolant ---.b:::::t:::=:::-
solid
canst T b.da';d. -t:;;;::::t::::::==--
Fig. 2: Boundary conditions for numerical calculation and temperature field
results within the flow and solid volumes
 justed to values of y+$l. The code used for the computations was
CFX-TASCflow (Raw et al. 1989, CFX-TASCflow 1998).
Calculations of the heat transfer coefficient ho at the described
conditions but with a uniform inlet temperature showed good agree-
ment with common correlations for flat plate flows (Kays and Craw
ford 1980). A typical result of temperature distributions in the flow
and the solid volume in the presence of coolant flow is displayed in
Fig. 2. It can be seen that starting from the right angled inlet cross
section the coolant soon attains typical wall jet contours. Because of
the uniform inlet velocity, shear effects and spreading are weak and
the jet remains compact over the downstream length considered. The
·3 .
·2 o 2 4 6
8
3 •• .---~-----------------------,
2
temperature contours in the solid wall show significant gradients in
lateral direction. An intense heat flux from the hot towards the cold
part of the surface takes place.
Starting from these conditions, the level of the local surface tem-
peratures Twand, therefore, dimensionless 9 was altered by the varia-
tion of the wall backside temperature from OKto 1200K. One further
computation with zero heat transfer at an adiabatic surface was ap-
pended. In this way, a set of congruent surface heat transfer coefficient
data was produced, leaving the flow conditions untouched.
The prediction of heat transfer distribution even in this simplified
case is quite complicated. In the centerline under the coolant jet a
variation of the flow properties is caused by the lower near wall fluid
temperature. At the same velocity as the main flow, the heat transfer
coefficients under the coolant jet are higher than in the midspan be-
tween adjacent jets, where the hot main flow reaches the surface.
Figure 3 presents the resulting variation of h(9) for several lateral
positions on the surface and three downstream distances. The aug-
mentation of the heat transfer within the cooled area depending on the
local flow temperature and related properties is displayed in the varia-
tion of h, at 9=0. As expected, lines of the uncooled part of the surface
in the midspan intersect the ordinate at h/ho=l, the value of the flat
plate under main flow conditions.
As can be seen from the diagrams, the local heat transfer coeffi-
cients show an almost perfectly linear relation. The linearity is not
influenced by the wall temperature variation. The lines of h(9) fit the
8
adiabatic effectiveness data and confirm the equivalence of the ap-
proaches of hf based on the adiabatic wall temperature and h(9) refer-
ring to the main flow temperature. These relations hold for all down-
stream distances and within the cooled area as well as in the region of
steep gradients at the border of the coolant footprint. The computation
confirms, that any two points in any quadrant of the diagram are ap-
propriate for the determination of h(9).

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

·1
Validation of the supemosition scheme
In the following, experimental results of different film cooling
·2
studies conducted at Karlsruhe University are used to reveal the valid-
ity of the superposition scheme. These studies include investigations
of local heat transfer coefficients associated with film cooling from
2 4 6 tangential slots and discrete holes. The average uncertainty of all
8
experimental heat transfer data presented is in the range of 3% to 7%.
3r-----~----------------------_,
xlO=14.8
Depending on the extrapolation procedure, the error of the determined
heat transfer data
(single computation) hf is within 4% to 9%. Further particulars of the experimental condi-
2 ____ adiabatic wall data tions can be found in the referenced publications.
Two studies were conducted to confirm the superposition ap-
proach at low density ratio levels. Bittlinger et al. (1994) performed
heat transfer coefficient measurements for tangential slot injection at
J:;'
0
:2 high blowing ratios at a density ratio DR=1.2. In this investigation 9
was varied by altering the temperature levels of coolant and main flow
·1
at constant flow conditions and virtually constant wall temperature. In
Fig. 4 a series of heat transfer coefficient measurements at different
·2 blowing rates is shown. Laterally constant heat transfer coefficients are
given at several downstream locations. Unfortunately, 9 of the two
·3
·2 0 8 upper temperature levels became very close. Hence, the almost identi-
8 cal values of the heat transfer coefficient document quality and repro-
Fig. 3: Local heat transfer coefficients for a set of seven computations with a ducibility of the measurements. Beside a slight statistical data scatter a
variation of the wall temperature condition good linearity of the local h(9) at this density ratio is given.

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 __ xls=10, zJs=2.5
- Ir - xls=15.8, zJs=2
<,
0.8
<,
-, .... • <,
2 "-

~.
0.6
<,
-,•
, -,
<,
<,
<,
-, ~.
-, -, <,

"-
:c 0

~
0.4
'" -,
".t. -, ~
<,
<,
<,
-, ~ <,
<,
<, <,
0.2 -, <, -, -2
<,

-, -, <,

M=O.56 -,
DO 0.5 1 1.5 2
-3
-2 -, 0 2 3 4 5
e e
1.4...-...----.-------------....., Fig. 5: Heat transfer coefficients associated with the interaction of cooling film
ejected from a tangential slot and a mixing jet

configuration. Heat transfer coefficient hf and adiabatic cooling effec-

tiveness Tl could be found at the intersections with the axes. Despite
the very complex flow situation linearity of h(6) could be confirmed
~.0.8
for discrete locations on the surface.
The results of further experiments were used to validate the su-
0.6
perposition approach for local heat transfer coefficients from film
0.4 cooling flows with high density ratios. Baldauf et al. (1999) examined
the heat transfer on a flat plate surface in the presence of film cooling
0.2
by a row of holes. This set-up represents a complex flow situation as
well, which is typical for technical applications. The boundary layer is
disturbed severely and the heat transfer situation is governed by the
e
vortex patterns induced by the coolant ejection from discrete holes.
2.5...--.--....-------------.....,
__ xl5=3.0
The flow conditions for this example are characterized by a hole
- Ir - xl5=6.16
spacing of 3 diameters, a blowing angle of 30°, and a blowing ratio of
- -'I"- - - xl5=14.26 M=l at low turbulence levels. The density ratio was fixed at DR=1.8
.......•.... xl5=25.66 simulating engine like situations and 6 was varied by the temperature
_ .•.. - xl5=58.33
of the cooling liquid on the backside of the testplate. An additional
1.5
measurement at adiabatic wall conditions was included to provide a
further data point at zero heat transfer. In this way a set of six meas-
urements at constant flow conditions could be used to determine the
functional dependence of h(6) as a linear regression.
In Fig. 6 the resulting h(6) are shown for several lateral positions
0.5
across one half pitch from centerline to midspan between two holes.
Obviously, linearity of h(6) is given at every surface location as pre-
dicted by the computation. Consistency of the data sets confirm that
e the lateral variation of the 6 independent heat transfer coefficient hf is
Fig. 4: Heat transfer coefficients for cooling film ejection from a tangential slot significant near the ejection location. Compared to the situation of the
at different blowing ratios undisturbed velocity field of the computation presented in Fig. 3, low
values of h, in the centerline result from small velocity gradients on the
Martiny et al. (1997) studied the heat transfer coefficient distri- surface under the jet ejected at lower velocity than the main flow. High
bution associated with the interaction of a cooling film ejected from a values of h, can be found near the turbulent jet boundaries at zlD=O.5.
tangential slot and a mixing jet. Density ratio of film and jet to main Laterally averaged heat transfer coefficients are plotted in Fig. 7
flow was DR=l.03. This set-up represents a very complex flow and, with a variation of the downstream distance x1D. The trend of the
therefore, heat transfer situation. Different values of 6 were achieved displayed data of h, is not quite obvious, since the heat transfer pat-
by a variation of the wall temperature through adjusting the power terns at these ejection conditions are complex. High values close to the
input of electrical heater foils that created a constant heat flux from the ejection (x1D=4.5) are followed by a value near unity at x1D=9, caused
test surface into the flow. h(6) was calculated from a linear regression by lift off effects of the coolant jet and subsequent less intense surface
of five data points. contact of the flow. When the coolant jet reattaches (x1D=18 to 36),the
Figure 5 shows an example of the heat transfer coefficient de- heat transfer is intensified again, before it drops back to the unblown
pending on 6 at two different locations of the test plate for a fixed flow level far from the ejection (x1D=54). Evidently, linearity can be also

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 1.25r----------------..., 1.25..-----------------...,
xID=4.S

1 \::: ••
•
~JI--. ...•..
- ..- ..- ..- ..- ..- .._..
______ zlO=4.5

\ •.....
, -..-. -
-
.•... -"'0=9
• 'P"" • - xID=18

\ ~'-.<, ......•..... "'0=36

0.75 - ..•.. - xID=54
<,
?o <, I?O
<,
0.25 <,
<,
0.5
<,
0
<,

~ <, 0.25
·0.25
\
\
.0.5
0 4 6 8 10 12
e
1.25 Fig. 7: Laterally averaged heat transfer coefficients for a set of six measure-
xlD=9 ments with a variation of the wall temperature condition

-.....•
-,
'\ ...",. backside by water or oil. The wall temperature level, and thus e, could
\ '" . be controlled by the temperature level of the coolant fluid. The wall
\ ~ temperature on the test surface was measured by an infrared camera
~ -,
=0
:2 '-'" .•. -,
system providing a two-dimensional distribution of the temperature on
0.25 -, <,
the plate surface. Thermocouples on the test plate surface were used
for an in situ calibration of the camera system. Details of the calibra-
0 "t \
"'. -,
-,
tion procedure are given by Martiny et al. (1996).
The three-dimensional temperature distribution inside the test
-0.25 -, plate was calculated by a finite element analysis to determine the heat
\
\
-, flux distribution perpendicular to the test plate surface, q"(x,z). The
.0.5
0 4 6 8 10 12 surface temperature distribution measured by the infrared camera
e
system and the temperature on the coolant side of the test plate served
1.25
as thermal boundary conditions for the finite element analysis. The
xID=18 ______ zlD=O
heat transfer coefficient distribution h(x,z) was then calculated as the
1
- .•... - zlD=0.5

0.75
"-\''f.~... _.

_ ..•..
'P""' - zlD=1
- zlD=1.5
ratio of surface heat flux q"(x,z) and main flow to wall temperature
difference, T m" Tw(x,z).This calculation procedure has to be performed
\o. •••~ -,
for at least two different e values at every surface location to receive a
=0
:2
0.5
"
-,.• ..•..•.•...•<,
•••....... ",
-, <,
linear regression curve from which ht(x,z) is determined.
Gritsch et al. (1998) measured highly resolved distributions of lo-
0.25
\
-, <,
cal heat transfer coefficient in the near field of single film cooling
" \
<,
<,
<,
holes with various hole geometries at high main flow Mach numbers,
-, <, Mam=O.6, and high density ratios, DR=1.85. The experiments were
\ -, <,
-0.25 -, <, performed with an adiabatic surface test plate and a water cooled test
\
\
-, <,
<,
plate to gain two points, i.e. particular solutions of the heat transfer
.0.5
0
.
2 4 6 10 12 problem, for every location on the surface. As can be seen from Fig. 8,
e the characteristic patterns of heat transfer augmentation in the vicinity
of the ejection from a single inclined cylindrical film cooling hole
Fig. 6: Local heat transfer coefficients for a set of six measurements with a could be detected.
variation of the wall temperature condition
zlD
assured for the design relevant lateral averaged data derived from the 1
surface distributions. 1.7
Local heat transfer coefficient distributions o 1.5
In most cases documented in the literature, the superposition ap- ejection 1.3
hole
proach is used to derive laterally or spatially averaged heat transfer -1 1.1
coefficients. As shown before, the superposition approach is an excel- 0.9
lent means to receive accurate local heat transfer coefficient distribu- 0.7
2 3 4 5 6 7 xlD
tions. In the experimental studies presented in the following, the test-
plate used for acquiring heat transfer coefficients was cooled from the Fig.S: Local heat transfer coefficient distribution in the near field downstream
of a cylindrical film cooling hole

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zlD
o 1.1
-1
o 5 10
Fig. 9: Local heat transfer coefficient distribution
Baldauf et al. (1999) investigated the local heat transfer distribu-
tions downstream of a row of cylindrical holes at high density ratios.
They used thermostatic oil as wall backside coolant enabling a wall
temperature variation in a very wide range. Beside the confirmation of
the linearity of h(9) in high density ratio film cooling (see above),
multiple data points of h(9) enabled a very precise determination of hf.
Figure 9 displays the typical heat transfer variation patterns following
the ejection from a row of holes at a moderate blowing ratio. The
ejected coolant and induced vortex patterns are fully attached to the
surface. Since the turbulence level of the flow was low, the vortices
from the ejection are very stable and significant traces indicate their
positions as contours of h,
CONCLUSIONS
Detailed numerical as well as experimental studies were per-
formed to demonstrate the applicability of the superposition scheme
for variable property flows, in particular flows with high coolant to
main flow density ratios. Theoretical and numerical considerations
confirmed that linearity is given for idealized boundary conditions.
The experimental evidence revealed that the linear superposition ap-
proach can be applied without any restrictions to any film cooling flow
situation of engine typical conditions. The linearity of h with 9 holds
as long as identical flow conditions were applied to the measurements
of one data set to derive h(9). This means a variation of 9 has to be
performed without changing any flow describing parameter, e.g. tem-
perature ratio T/T m-
Furthermore, the superposition scheme was found to be an ex-
cellent means to determine global heat transfer coefficients as well as
highly resolved local heat transfer coefficient distributions in film
cooling applications. It enables the examination of the heat transfer
patterns of specific configurations and to trace the according flow
behavior. In high temperature ratio flows typical for technical applica-
tions, the superposition approach is the only possibility to determine
the 9 independent heat transfer coefficient hf. In experimental set-ups
where adiabatic wall conditions are difficult to establish, it allows for
determining adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. The superposition
approach is the interconnection of the film cooling quantifying entities
1), hf, and h(9).
REFERENCES
Baldauf S., and Scheurlen M. (1996). CFD Based Sensitivity
Study of Flow Parameters for Engine Like Film Cooling Conditions.
ASME Paper 96-GT-310.
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h,lho
1
1.2
1.15
t(JW ~ .05
15 20 25 30 WUW 0.95
xlD 0.9
downstream a row of cylindrical film cooling holes
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