ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 1 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 2

• Effects of Shear Stresses: When deriving the formula for shear stress, we will consider the general case
of loading for beams such as following cases.
Boards slide relative Acting as a single beam
to each other

A simply supported beam with a

vertical plane of symmetry that supports
concentrated, distributed loads and
bending moments.
Shear stresses acting between
• Warping of cross section: boards and preventing their
relative sliding

Note:
1. Warping” violates the assumptions of V  Fxy
Fxy “plane section remains plane” in
flexure and torsion formulae.
2. However, we can ignore the cross- Ugural’s sign convention
section warping due to small shear
stress compared with normal stress.
This is true for most common case of A cantilever beam with a vertical plane of
slender beam, i.e. one that has a small symmetry that supports concentrated and
Fxy depth compared with its length. z distributed loads.

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 3 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 4

Consider the portion of the beam element above a vertical distance b

Fxy
y from the centroid of the cross-section; i.e. we have made an x A*  xx 2  xx1
imaginary horizontal cut at y and chosen the upper element which Fxy
M xz  xx 2
has a surface exposed by the cut. We follow the Ugural’s sign Fyx y
Fyx  xx1
convention for the free-body diagram. y y M xz  M xz M xz
Plane 2 M xz  M xz
b dA
Fxy N.A.
x A* Plane 1 Profile view
 xx 2 V  Fxy x
z
Fxy
Fyx  xx1 Force acting on differential element dA equals to  xx1 dA (plane 1)
M xz y y Ugural’s sign convention
Plane 2
N.A.  xx1 Force acting on area A* is  *  xx1dA and towards right.
Plane 1  xx 2 A

x
z M xz  M xz Fyx y
N.A. Similarly, force acting on area (plane 2) towards left side is Fyx   *  xx 2dA
A
M xz
M xz  M xz
x Profile view
Force equilibrium in the axial direction 
A*
 xx1dA  Fyx    xx 2dA  0
A*

x x
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 5 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 6

M xz y
Using  xx   , we obtain   xx1dA  Fyx    xx 2dA  0 Centroid of an Area
Iz A* A*

F x 0
( M  M ) y M y ( M  M ) y M y
A*  xz I z xz dA  Fyx  A*  Ixzz dA  0  A*  xz I z xz dA  Fyx  A* Ixzz dA  0
( M xz  M xz ) y M y
 Fyx    * dA   * xz dA b
Fxy
Iz Iz x
A A
A*
M xz Fxy
 Fyx  
Iz 
A*
ydA
M xz  xx 2
Fyx  xx1
Dividing byx and letting x  0 y y M xz  M xz
and taking the limit, we get Plane 2
*
dA N.A.
F  M xz  dFyx 1 dM Plane 1
lim yx  lim  
x 0 x x 0
 I zx
A* ydA   dx   I z dxxz A*
ydA
z x

Q   * ydA  A* y (first moment of area about the z-axis)

A

*
A : area of the cross-section isolated by the horizontal cut; i.e. above the
location of the shear stress being determined (i.e. above y) Q y   xdA  Ax Qx   ydA  Ay
A A
y : vertical distance between the centroidal axis and the CG of isolated section A*

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 7 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 8

M    Fdx  (area under shear force curve) Shear stress

b
Fxy

Since M xz   Fxy dx , we differentiate with respect to x
 yx 
shear force  xx 2
x A*

 F dx   F
dM xz dM xz d area Fxy
  Fxy or   Fxy note : xy xy dFxy Fyx  xx1
dx dx dx  M xz y y
b  dx
dFyx 1 dM xz
as
dx

I z dx A*
ydA Since  yx   xy
N.A.

z x
M xz  M xz
dFyx 1  dM xz  1 FxyQ 1 dFyx dFyx1
    A* ydA  ( Fxy ) A y    xy   ( Fxy ) A* y
*
as
dx I z  dx  Iz Iz b dx dx Iz
1 Fxy *
 Ay
Note : Q   * ydA  A y *
(first moment of area about the z-axis) b Iz Q  A* y
A

dF yx This term is known as the “shear force per unit length” or shear 1 Fxy * F Q
The Shear Formula  xy  A y  xy (3.1)
flow. The shear flow is useful in the study of connection in section b Iz I zb
dx
of a built-up beams formed by joining two or more materials.
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 9 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 10

Alternative method to derive Shear Formula:

Example 3.1
F x 0
y P y M xz y ( M xz  dM xz ) y
m n A* Iz
dA   *
A Iz
dA   yx bdx  0 Determine the shear stress distribution in a beam of rectangular cross-
m’ n’ y1
M xz y ( M xz  dM xz ) y section ( b  h ) subjected to the loading shown below.
x z   yx bdx   * dA   * dA
A Iz A Iz
1 dM xz
I z b A* dx
x dx   yx   ydA 2P
(a)
C y
y b h
 xx 2 m n y Centroid
A
 xx1 of A* a y a B
h1 y A*
m’ n’ y1
P P
M xz x z C N. A.
M xz  dM xz h2
dM xz Fxy
Fxy dx Fxy   Fxy ,  yx   xy P
(d) dx
(b) F
  xy  xy  * ydA  xy
F Q P x
( M xz  dM xz ) y  yx
y M xz y I zb A I zb
m n I
I
 xy Q   * ydA  A* y
 xy b
m’  yx n’  xy y1 h1 dx A

(c) x (e)

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 11 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 12

Solution. By using the shear formula, we have

Consider the cross-section at y-y.
h   1h 
P   y1 b  y1    y1 
 xy      
2 2 2 P
Fxy A* y
 xy   yx  1 3
bh b F A* y
I zb P 12  xy  xy
I zb
Fxy  P at section y - y h  1  h  2P
P   y1     y1  C y
h  2  2  2 
 h
A    y1 b
*
1 3 A a y a B
2  2P
y 12
bh
P
C P
1h  h
6 P  h 
2

y  y1    y1  A a y a B  3    y12 
Fxy
P
22  bh  2 
P P  P x
1 3
I z  bh Fxy
P
12 3P 3P
P x At y1  0,  xy   max   (3.2)
2bh 2 A
A: area of cross-section
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 13 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 14

6 P  h  
2

 xy  3     y12  Limitations on the Use of Shear Formula:

bh  2  
y FxyQ
 xy  where Q   ydA  yA
*
(compressive)
 xx (-ve) I zt A*
M M

P
x N. A. • For narrow beams ( b  0.5h ), the solutions are in reasonably good.
 avg 
A • For square beams ( b  h ), the maximum shear stress error is about 13%.
 xx (+ve)
(tensile)
• For beams with b  4h, the maximum shear stress error is about 100%.
 max 
3P • Clearly, shear formula developed is only applicable to narrow beams.
2A
Bending stress distribution • The shear formula is particularly useful, as beams of single or composite
narrow rectangular cross-sectional forms are often employed in practice.
Shear stress distribution

The shear stress distribution is parabolic; maximum at the centroidal

axis and zero at the top and bottom. (Contrast this with the normal
stress distribution caused by bending, where the maximum stresses
occur furthest from the centroidal axis).

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 15 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 16

Solution. From equilibrium RA  3 kN, RB  11 kN

Example 3.2

A box beam is loaded as shown in the Figure. The moment of

Pt E 40 mm
inertia I about neutral axis is 10.5  106 m 4. Draw shear force and from top
fibre
bending moment diagrams and calculate
(a) the shearing and bending stresses at point E,
(b) the maximum shear and bending stresses.
q( x )  3  x  1 10  x  2  1 11  x  4  1
Fxy (kN) 7  Fxy ( x )  3  x  0 10  x  2  0 11  x  4  0
M xz ( x )  3  x 1 10  x  2 1 11  x  4 1
Pt E 40 yt A C B D x
mm from
3 E
top fibre 4 The shear force and
M xz bending moment
(kNm) diagrams can be
4.5 6
constructed as shown.

( M xz ) E 6
A
1.5 m E C B D x 
2m
1.5 2
8  ( M xz ) E  4.5 kNm
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 17 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 18

(a) Stresses at Point E. Fxy (kN) 7

Shear stress at point E 1.5 m

A1 20 mm Fxy  3 kN A C B D
yt x
70 mm
A y  80  40  (56.7  20)  10 m
* 9 3
3 E
110 mm 4
A2 A3  117.4  106 m 3
Fxy A* y  3  103  117.4  106
A4  xy  
Ib 10.5  106  b
To determine yt A2 & A3  3  10  117.4  106
3 A1 20 mm
A1   0.839 MPa yt  56.7 mm
 60  10.5  106  ( 2  0.02)
(120  80  40  60) yt  (80  40  20)  2(20  60)   40  
A4
 2 Q: What should the value of b be? A2 A3
120  yt
 20  If aa is slightly above b  80 mm
 20  80  100   If aa is slightly below b  20  20 mm
A4
 2 
So 80 mm? or (20+20 mm)?
7200 yt  64  103  168  103  176  103 Answer: 20+20 mm

408  103 Note: Along section aa, b is taken as 40 mm (20+20 mm)

 yt   56.7 mm as this will result in a higher shear stress and is ‘safer’
7200 from a design view point.

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 19 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 20

M xz (b) Largest Stresses.

Bending stress at point E (kNm) Fxy (kN) 7
4.5 6
Maximum shear stress occurs at N.A.
M xz  4.5 kNm A E C B D x Fmax  7 kN, 2  x  4 (m) A C B D x
My 3 E
 xx   8
4
I
16.7
4.5  103  (56.7  40)  103 Qmax  A1* y1  2 A2* y2  80  40  (56.7  20)  2  20  16.7 
 2
10.5  106
 7.16 MPa
 (80  40  36.7  2  20  16.7  8.4)  109 m3
 123  106 m3
A1 20 mm yt  56.7 mm
 xx  7.16 MPa,  xy  0.839 MPa yt  56.7 mm
FmaxQmax
A2 A3
 max 
0.839 MPa 120  yt Ib
40 mm yt
7  103  123  106
E 7.16 MPa
A4

10.5  106  (2  0.02)
 2.05 MPa
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 21 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 22

For maximum bending stress,

Question:
M max  8 kNm at x  4 m
Is it okay if I calculate the value of Q
using the area below the neutral axis? M max y
A1 20 mm  max  
yt I
Answer: Yes 16.7 mm
 8  103  ( 63.3)  103

A2 A3 10.5  106
43.3 mm 120  yt
Calculate the value of Q below the N.A.  48.2 MPa (compression)
A4
120  yt  120  56.7  63.3  0.0633 m M xz (kNm) 4m
Maximum y values:
6
4.5
Qmax  0.08  (0.0633)  (0.0633 / 2)  0.04  (0.0433)  (0.0433 / 2)  56.7 mm or  63.3 mm

 123  106 m3 A E C B D x
Note:  xy (max) occurs at N.A.
FmaxQmax 7  103  123  106  xx (max) occurs at bottom fibre 8
 max    2.05 MPa
Ib 10.5  106  (2  0.02) (at support B).

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 23

Shear Stress Distribution in Circular Cross Section Beams

Consider a cantilever beam of circular cross section of radius c supporting a
concentrated load P at free end. The shear force is constant Fxy   P. The shear
stress distribution at line ab is not parallel to y axis as shown Fig. (b) and
cannot be determined by   FxyQ / I z b. However, the max. shear stresses occur
along N. A. and parallel to y axis.
c 4 c 2  4 c  2 c 3
Iz  , Q  A* y   
4 2  3  3
FxyQ 4 Fxy 4 Fxy
b  2c   max  I b  3c 2  3 A (3.3)
z
y

2r

r 4
Ix  I y 
4