Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
Molakalmuru is one of the most unindustrialized cause migration. The higher land man ratio, free-for-
free
talukas in Karnataka. Migration is increasingly all caste system, and exploitation at the native
nativ place to
becoming an important livelihood strategy for the speed up the breakdown of traditional socio-economic
socio
migrants. Although there is rise in this phenomenon, relations in the rural areas make people decide to
little is understood about the impact of migration on migrate to the relatively improved areas in search of
agriculture.
iculture. This study used primary data gathered better employment and income. Diversification of
through a household survey, also the paper attempts to economy and increased land productivity
productivit in certain
contribute towards a better understanding of the areas, rapid improvement in the means transport and
impact of migration on agricultural families in communication, improvement in education, increased
Molakalmurutaluka. The paper has been depended population pressure and zeal for improving living
both on primary
rimary and secondary sources of data in the added momentum to the mobility of population in
analysis. India, observes Roy. S (2011) in a research
researc paper.
Those who migrate to new areas experience certain
Keywords: Migration, Unindustrialized, Livelihood, socio-psychological
psychological problems of adjustments with the
Agriculture, Labour residents of the place of migration.
1. INTRODUCTION Molakalmurutaluka inChitradurga district of
Karnataka state, has experienced drought for 73 of the
Migration of human being in search of livelihood
last 100 0 years, unfortunately,there is no long-term
long
options is a common phenomenon. Migration is the
mitigation plan in place, drought often forces farm
movement of people from one place of residence to
labourers to migrate to other places in search of
another for some length of time or permanently
livelihood, and for a taluka like Molakalmuru, which
including different types of voluntary movements. It
has witnessed persistent drought for long years,
has great effects on social, economic, cultural and on
migration
on has become an annual event. A large
the psychological life of people, both at the place of
number of small and medium farmers in the taluka are
in-migration as well as of out-migration
migration (Kaur, 2003).
depended on agriculture for livelihood. Farmers here
In India the labour migration is mostly influenced by
experience agriculture a gamble with the monsoon; if
social structures and pattern of development in
it rains, they stay back, and if it doesn’t, they migrate.
general.
Here we find no government initiatives to create
Uneven development is the main reason behind employment opportunities, no big or medium
migration.Factors like: unemployment, low wages at industries, no serious attempt to attract them and no
the origin,
igin, agriculture failure, poor industrial support, committed elected representatives, and consequently
poverty, lackof employment opportunities in the the extent of migration in Molakalmurutaluka has
origin, large family-size
size and natural disasters also only worsened
sened with every passing year. Now, with the
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 762
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 763
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table 05: Main Activity and reasons for migration of the Respondents
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 764
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Note: Figures in brackets are percentage to the total, vertical.
Source: Data gathered through primary investigation, March 2018
From the study, as shown in the Table-05, it is found migration. About 15.55 per cent viewed that low
that, out of the 90 respondents, 53.35 per cent wages at the origin is the reason. Agriculture failure
depended on wage employment, 12.22 per cent on and poor industrial support are also the other reasons
Farm work, and 17.77 per cent on Non-farm work and for migration.
16.66 per cent constitute Casual Labour. It is also
further found that 53.33 per cent of the respondents Data on the wages earned and land holdings of the
assign unemployment as the main reason for respondents under study are presented in Table 06.
Table-06: Current wages and Land size of the Respondents
Current wages of the Number of Size of land of the Number of
Respondents (Rs/Day) Respondents Respondents Respondents
(in hectares)
350-400 26 (28.88) Nil 21 (23.33)
400-500 24 (26.66) 1-2 23 (25.55)
500-600 40 (44.46) 3-5 31 (34.46)
Total 90 (100.00) 6-8 10 (11.11)
More than 8 05 (05.55)
Total 90 (100.00)
Note: Figures in brackets are percentage to the total, vertical.
Source: Data gathered through primary investigation, March 2018
The information provided in Table-06 shows that, of the 90 respondents, 28.88 per cent earn Rs.350 to 400 per
day,26.66 per cent get a wage of Rs. 400 to 500 per day, about 44.46per cent earn between Rs. 500 and 600 per
day, 23.33 per cent is landless,25.55 per cent respondents own1 to 2 hectares of land34.46 per cent own 3 to 5
hectares of land, 11.11 per cent own between 6 and 8 hectares, and 05.55 per cent of the respondents own more
than 8 hectares of land.
A brief description of the land-type and of the crops grown by the sample respondents is worth providing here.
Table 07 provides the data.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 765
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 766
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Source: Data gathered through primary investigation, REFERENCES
March 2018
About 41.11 per cent of the respondents suggested for 1. Roy S. (2011), Consequences of migration in
effective implementation of MGNERGA in the rural India: Need and pragmatic solution, Economic
areas. Molakalmuru taluka being a drought hit one, Affairs, 56 (1): 41-48.
the respondentsplea for (about 20 per cent) evolving
2. Sidhu M.S. Rangi, P.S. and Singh K. (1997),A
special programmes for drought hit areas. The
Study on Migrant Agricultural Labour in
respondents also suggest for (about 30 per cent)
Punjab, Research Bulletin, Department of
promotion of small scale industries in Molakalmuru
Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural
taluka so that migration can be checked, at least to
University, Ludhiana pp: 1-62.
some extent. The other measures could be of
encouraging for reverse migration and as well 3. Gupta A.K. (1991), Migration of Agricultural
increasing wage rates at the origin. The figures Labour from Eastern to North Western region,
presented in Table 10 prove the above. Social Change, 21 (6): 85-90.
CONCLUSION 4. Zhang X. & Van der Sluis E. (2006),U.S.
Agricultural Labor Out-Migration Determinates,
The present study has been an elementary attempt at
1939-2004. Unpublished Thesis.
analysing the impact of migration on agriculture in
Molakalmuru taluka, Chitradurga District of 5. Barkley A. P. (1990), The Determinants of the
Karnataka. The authors found this a problem of Migration of Labor out of Agriculture in the
worry. Effective implementation of rural development United States, 1940-85. American Journal of
programmes, particularly of the MGNERGA, would Agricultural Economics, 567-573.
go a long way in mitigating the problem of rural-
urban migration. This would help reverse migration as 6. QuinnMicheal A. (2009), Estimating the Impact
well. Going by the respondents’ views, the authors of Migration and Remittances on Agricultural
also suggest for higher allocation of resources to the Technology, the Journal of Developing Areas
drought hit areas. Development of the small scale 43(1):199-216.
industrial sector would not only promote balanced
regional development but as well help mitigate the 7. Rozelle Scott J. Edward Taylor and Alan
problem of migration. Also, providing urban Debrauw. (1999), Migration, Remittances and
amenities in the rural areas would help reduce the Agricultural Productivity in China, the American
problem, so that the rural migrants may stay back, Economic Review 89(2):287-291.
make mind not to migrate. Let us hope for the best at 8. Registrar General of India, Census report 2011.
the earliest.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 767