Fluid Flow in Pipes

PE Exam Review – Hydraulics & Hydrology
Practice Problem Solutions
I. Practice Problem Solutions................................................................. 2

1. Module 1 - Hydrostatics ............................................................. 2
2. Module 2 - Closed Conduit ........................................................ 6
3. Module 3 - Friction Loss ............................................................ 9
4. Module 4 - Minor (form) Losses............................................... 15
5. Module 5 - Momentum............................................................. 23
6. Module 6 - Rainfall Runoff ....................................................... 27
7. Module 7 - Specific Energy...................................................... 31
8. Module 8 - Manning Equation.................................................. 35
Practice Problem Solutions - Hydraulics and Hydrology 2
Practice Problem Solutions

Module 1 - Hydrostatics
Situation
A rectangular panel, 3 feet wide and 6 feet long is held in a tank at a depth of 7 feet, parallel to
the surface. An open-air U-shaped manometer is tapped at the bottom of the tank.
Requirements
1A) What is the gage pressure at the centroid of the panel (lb/ft2)?
1. Gage pressure: Pg = ρgh
2. Pg = 1.94 • 32.2 • 7
3. Pg = 437.3 lb/ft 2
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1B) What is the absolute pressure at the center of the panel (lb/ft2)?
1. Absolute pressure: Pabs = Pg + Patm (atmospheric pressure @ sea level)
2. Pabs = 437.3 + 2,116.8
3. Pabs = 2,554.1 lb/ft 2
1C) What is the absolute force on the panel (lb)?
1. Absolute force: Fabs = Pabs A
2. Fabs = 2,554.1 (6 • 3)
3. Fabs = 45,974 lb
1D) What is the atmospheric pressure in terms of “head” of water (ft.)?
Patm
1. Head of water: hH2O =
ρg
2116.8
2. hH2O =
1.94 • 32.2
3. hH2O = 33.89 ft

1E) Assuming the tank is 20 ft deep, what is the measuring (cross-hatched) fluid in the
manometer?
Specific Gravities of
Common Liquids
Glycerin 1.26
Mercury 13.55
Mineral oil 0.88
Water 1.00
1. To identify the liquid, you need its specific gravity:

ρx
• SG x =
ρ H2 O
• The pressures in the two manometers are equal

¾ PH 2 O = 1.94 • 32.2 • 21 (depth of tank + 1 ft of water in manometer)
¾ Px = ρ x • 32.2 • 24.5
¾ PH2O = Px
¾ 1.94 • 32.2 • 21 = ρ x • 32.2 • 24.5
¾ ρ x = 1.7 slugs/ft 3
1.7
• SGx =
1.94
• SGx = 0.88
2. Look up SG = 0.88 on the chart to find that the liquid is oil.

1F) What is the force on the inclined plane? Assume the tank is 12 ft wide. (Answer in lb).
1. To find the force on the plane, you need the average of the pressures at the top and
bottom of the plane.
• Ptop = ρgh
¾ Ptop = 1.94 • 32.2 • 12
¾ Ptop = 750 lb/ft 2
• Pbottom = ρgh
¾ Pbottom = 1.94 • 32.2 • 16.93
¾ Pbottom = 1058 lb/ft 2
• Pavg = 904 lb/ft 2
2. Force
• F = PA
¾ F = 904 (6 • 12) width of tank
length of plane
¾ F = 65,088 lb

Module 2 - Closed Conduit

Situation
A pump delivers 3.0 cfs of 70° F H2O from the reservoir at elevation 45 to the reservoir at
elevation 165. There are two pipes that discharge into the lower reservoir--an 18-inch pipe and
a 24-inch pipe.
EL 165
discharge P
pipes
EL 45
Requirements
2A) 12 cfs flows through a pipe that discharges into the lower reservoir. What is the water’s
velocity at point C (ft/sec)?
A C
B
24” 12” 18”
1. Flow: Q = AV
πD 2
• A=
4
3.14 • 1.5 2
¾ A=
4
¾ A = 1.766 V
2. 12 = 1.766 V
3. V = 6.8 ft/sec

B
A
] 0.49’
2B) A 24-inch pipe that discharges into the lower reservoir has 2 manometers. The elevation in
tube B would be the:
1. Tube B measures the pressure head for the water in the pipe. The elevation in this
tube is the hydraulic grade line. The elevation in tube A would be the energy grade
line of the water in the pipe.
2C) What is the velocity for the pipe as it discharges into the reservoir (ft/sec)?
1. The difference in height between tubes A and B (0.53 ft) is velocity head.
V2
• hv =
2g
V2
¾ 0.53 =
2 • 32.2
¾ V = 5.8 ft/sec
2D) What is the flow (Q) for the pipe into the reservoir (cfs)?
1. Flow: Q = AV
πD 2
• A=
4
3.14 • 2 2
• A=
4
• A = 3.14 ft 2
2. Q = 3.14 • 5.8
3. Q = 18.2 cfs

2E) What is the horsepower of the pump? Neglect friction and form losses. Assume pump
efficiency = 85%
ρghpQ
1. Horsepower: HP =
550e
• Use Bernoulli’s equation, applied at the surface of the reservoirs.
P1 V12 P2 V22
¾ z1 + + = z2 + + + h f + h t − hp
ρg 2g ρg 2g
♦ The difference is atmospheric pressure from elevation 1 to
elevation 2 is negligible
♦ Velocity of water in a large reservoir is negligible
♦ Friction and form losses are ignored
¾ So, the equation reduces to: z 1 = z 2 + h p pump head
• hp = z 2 − z 1 = 120 ft
1.94 • 32.2 • 120 • 3

2. HP =
550 • 0.85
3. HP = 48.1

Module 3 - Friction Loss

Situation
A pump delivers 4.0 cfs of 70° water from the reservoir at elevation 50 to the reservoir at
elevation 150. There are 1,700 ft of 12-in plastic suction pipe from the first reservoir to the
pump. There is 950 ft of 10-in plastic discharge pipe from the pump to the second reservoir.
Assume a roughness (ε) of 0.000005 ft.
Physical Properties of water

Temperature Kinematic Viscosity
(F) (ν • 10-5 ft/sec)
60 1.217
70 1.059
80 0.930
3A) Find the Reynolds number for the 10-inch pipe.
VD
1. Reynolds number: R = kinematic viscosity
ν
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A=
4
¾ A = 0.5454 ft2
• V = 7.33 ft/sec
• Use the chart to find kinematic viscosity for water at 70°
7.33 • 0.833
2. R =
1.059 × 10 −5
3. R = 576,571 = 5.8 × 105

3B) Use the Darcy equation to find friction head loss (hf) for the 10-inch pipe (Answer in ft).
fLV 2
1. Darcy Equation: h f =
2Dg
• Use relative roughness (rr), Reynolds number, and a Moody charta to find the
friction factor
ε
¾ rr =
D
0.000005
¾ rr =
0.833
ε
¾ = 0.0006
D
• f = 0.013
0.013 • 950 • 7.33 2
2. h f =
2 • 0.833 • 32.2
3. h f = 12.37 ft

3C) Use the Darcy equation to find friction head loss for the 12-inch pipe (Answer in ft).
1. Find the Reynolds number for the 12-inch pipe

VD
• R= kinematic viscosity
ν
Q
¾ V=
A
πD 2
♦ A=
4
♦ A = 0.7854 ft2
¾ V = 5.09 ft/sec
• Use chart to find kinematic viscosity for water at 70°
5.09 • 1
• R=
1.059 × 10 −5
• R = 4.8 × 10 5
2. Use the Darcy equation to find friction head loss (hf).
fLV 2
• hf =
2Dg
¾ Use relative roughness (rr), the Reynolds number, and a Moody
charta to find the friction factor
ε
♦ rr =
D
0.000005
♦ rr =
1
ε
♦ = 0.000005
D
¾ f = 0.0135
0.0135 • 1700 • 5.09 2
• hf =
2 • 1 • 32.2
• h f = 9.23 ft

3D) Taking friction losses into account, what is the pump horsepower? Assume a pump
efficiency of 80%, therefore e = 0.8.
ρghp Q
1. Horsepower: HP =
550e
• h p = z 2 − z 1 + h f (from Bernoulli’s equation)
pump head friction head
• hp = 150 − 50 + 12.37 + 9.23
• hp = 121.6 ft
1.94 • 32.2 • 121.6 • 4

2. HP =
550 • 0.8
3. HP = 69

3E) What would the horsepower of the pump be if you use the Hazen-Williams equation to
calculate the head loss due to friction. Use a Hazen-Williams coefficient (C) of 130.
ρghp Q
1. Horsepower: HP =
550e
• Use Bernoulli’s equation to find pump head: hp = z2 − z1 + hf
¾ Use Hazen-Williams equation to find hf for both 12-inch and 10-inch

3.012V 1.85 L
pipes: h f = 1.85 1.165
C D
3.012 • (5.09)1.85 • 950
♦ h f 12 =
1301.85 0.8331.165
♦ hf 12 = 12.76 ft
3.012 • (7.33)1.85 • 950

♦ hf 10 =
1301.850.8331.165
♦ h f 10 = 17.33 ft
¾ h fTOT = 30.1 ft
• hp = 150 − 50 + 30.1
• hp = 130.1 ft
1.94 • 32.2 • 130.1 • 4

2. HP =
550 • 0.8
3. HP = 73.9

3F) What would the horsepower of the pump be if you use the Manning equation to calculate
the head loss due to friction. Use a Manning n of 0.010.
ρghp Q
1. Horsepower: HP =
550e
• Use Bernoulli’s equation to find pump head: h p = z 2 − z 1 + h f
¾ Use Manning equation to find hf for both pipes:

V 2n 2L
hf = 4
2.22rh 3
hydraulic radius
D
♦ rh =
4
5.09 2 • 0.012 • 1700
♦ h f 12 = 4
 1 3
2.22 •  
4
♦ h f 12 = 12.60 ft
7.33 2 • 0.012 • 950

♦ h f 10 = 4
 0.833  3
2.22 •  
 4 
♦ h f 10 = 18.63 ft
¾ h fTOT = 31.23 ft
• hp = 150 − 50 + 31.23
• hp = 131.2 ft
1.94 • 32.2 • 131.2 • 4

2. HP =
550 • 0.8
3. HP = 74.5

Module 4 - Minor (form) Losses

Situation
Water flows at 2.5 cubic feet per second through a pipe system with a large tank at the inlet
and a free discharge pipe at the outlet. The system has several expansions and contractions,
with a square elbow and a gate valve as show.
Head Loss Coefficients (K)

Item Ratio of diameters K
Square elbow, single-mitre bend 1.00
Sudden enlarge (use upstream velocity for V) d1/d2 = ¾ 0.19
d1/d2 = ½ 0.56
d1/d2 = ¼ 0.92
Ordinary outlet d1/d2 = 0 1.00
Sudden contraction (use downstream d2/d1 = ¾ 0.25
velocity for v) d2/d1 = ½ 0.43
d2/d1 = ¼ 0.49
Ordinary inlet d2/d1 = 0 0.50
Gate valve, fully open 0.25

Requirements
4A) What is the form head loss at point 1, where water enters the pipe network.
 V2 
1. Form loss: hm = K  
 2g 
form loss coefficient
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A= use diameter of inlet pipe
4
¾ A = 0.5454
2.5
• V=
0.5454
• V = 4.58 ft/sec
• K inlet = 0.5 from form loss coefficient table
 4.58 2 
2. hm = 0.50 
 2 • 32.2 
3. hm = 0.1629 ft

4B) What is the form head loss at point 2, where the pipe diameter narrows from 10 inches to
7.5 inches.
 V2 
 2g 
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A= use diameter of downstream pipe
4
¾ A = 0.3068
2.5
• V=
0.3068
• V = 8.15 ft/sec
• K = 0.25 from form loss coefficient table
 8.15 2 
2. hm = 0.25 
 2 • 32.2 
3. hm = 0.2579 ft

4C) What is the form head loss for point 3, where the pipe diameter expands from 7.5 inches
to 12.5 inches.
 V2 
 2g 
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A= use diameter of upstream pipe
4
¾ A = 0.3068
2.5
• V=
0.3068
• V = 8.15 ft/sec
• K = 0.412 interpolated (1/4 of the way between 0.56 and 0.19) from form loss coefficient
table
 8.15 2 
2. hm = 0.41 
 2 • 32.2 
3. hm = 0.4229 ft

4D) What is the form head loss at point 4, where the pipe has a square elbow.
 V2 
 2g 
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A=
4
¾ A = 0.8522
2.5
• V=
0.8522
• V = 2.93 ft/sec
 2.93 2 
2. hm = 1.0 
 2 • 32.2 
3. hm = 0.1336 ft

4E) What is the form head loss at point 5, where there is an open gate valve.
 V2 
 2g 
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A=
4
¾ A = 0.8522
2.5
• V=
0.8522
• V = 2.93 ft/sec
 2.93 2 
2. hm = 0.25 
 2 • 32.2 
3. hm = 0.0333 ft

4F) What is the form head loss at point 6, where the water is a free discharge.
 V2 
 2g 
Q
• V=
A
πD 2
¾ A=
4
¾ A = 0.8522
2.5
• V=
0.8522
• V = 2.93 ft/sec
 2.93 2 
2. hm = 1.0 
 2 • 32.2 
3. hm = 0.1336 ft

4G) What is the total head loss between points 1 and 6. Assume a friction factor of 0.02 for the
Darcy equation.
1. Head loss: htot = hm + hf
• hm = 0.1629 + 0.2579 + 0.4229 + 0.1336 + 0.0333 + 0.1336

• hm = 1.1442 ft
fLV 2
• hf =
2Dg
0.02 • 75 • 4.58 2
¾ hf 10 =
2 • 0.833 • 32.2
¾ hf 10 = 0.5865 ft
0.02 • 75 • 8.15 2
¾ hf 7.5 =
2 • 0.625 • 32.2
¾ hf 7.5 = 2.4754 ft
0.02 • 225 • 2.93 2

¾ hf 12.5 =
2 • 1.042 • 32.2
¾ hf 12.5 = 0.5757 ft
• hfTOT = 0.5865 + 2.4754 + 0.5757 = 3.6376 ft
2. htot = 1.1442 + 3.6376
3. htot = 4.78 ft

Module 5 - Momentum
Situation
8 cfs of water passes through two parallel pipes, then through a square elbow as shown.
2
150’
12” 10’
8”
8 cfs
12” 12”
Fx
Fy
1 6”
100’

Requirements
5A) Find the flow in the 6-inch pipe. Use f = 0.02. Ignore minor losses. (Answer in cubic feet
per second).
1. Flow: Q 6 = V6 A 6
πD 2
• A=
4
¾ A 6 = 0.1963
¾ A 12 = 0.7850
• In parallel pipes, hL6 = hL12 head loss in the 6- and 12-inch pipes.
2 2
fL 6 V6 fL V
¾ = 12 12
2D 6 g 2D12 g
2 2
0.02 • 100 • V6 0.02 • 150 • V12
¾ =
2 • 0.5 • 32.2 2 • 1 • 32.2
¾ V12 = 1.15 V6
• Q6 + Q12 = 8 cfs
¾ V6 A 6 + V12 A12 = 8
¾ V6 A 6 + 1.15 V6 A12 = 8
¾ V6 • 0.1963 + 1.15 V6 • 0.7850 = 8
¾ V6 = 7.279 ft/sec
2. Q 6 = 0.1963 • 7.279
3. Q 6 = 1.43 cfs

5B) Find the pressure at point 2. Ignore hL. Assume a pressure of 30 psi for point 1. (Answer
in pounds per square foot).
1. According to Bernoulli’s equation, energy is equal across the two points.

P1 V12 P2 V22
• z1 + + = z2 + +
ρg 2g ρg 2g
¾ A 12 = 0.7850
¾ A 8 = 0.3489
¾ V1 = 10.19 from Q = VA
¾ V2 = 22.93
¾ z1 = 0
¾ z 2 = 10
¾ P1 = 30 psi = 4320 psf
4320 10.19 2 P2 22.93 2

• 0+ + = 10 + +
1.94 • 32.2 2 • 32.2 1.94 • 32.2 2 • 32.2
2. P2 = 4496 psf
5C) What is the total force at Fx? P1 = 40 psi.
1. Force at X: Fx = P1A1 + ρQ( V1x − V2x )
• V2x = 0 at the vertical portion of pipe
• V1x = 10.19 from Q = VA
2. Fx = 4320 • 0.7850 + 1.94 • 8(10.19 − 0)

3. Fx = 3549 lbs

5D) What is the total force at Fy?
1. Force at Y: Fy = P2 A 2 + ρQ( V1y − V2y ) + ρgH weight of water
pressure force
momentum
• V1y = 0 in the horizontal portion of pipe
• V2y = 22.93 from Q = VA
2. Fy = 3286 • 0.3489 + 1.94 • 8(0 − 22.93) + 1.94 • 32.2 • 10
3. Fy = 1415 lbs

Module 6 - Rainfall Runoff

Situation
An undeveloped site occupies a lot that is 950 by 300 feet. The top of the lot is 13 feet higher
than the bottom. The town is considering the development of either a playground or a
neighborhood business district. The proposal includes drainage studies for 10-year storms and
100-year storms for both the playground and the neighborhood business district.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve Excerpts
7
Recurrence Interval
Rainfall Intensity (in/hr)
6 100-yr
50-yr
5 20-yr
10-yr
1-yr
3
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time of Concentration (Min)

Rational Method Runoff Coefficients

Categorized by Surface Categorized by Use
Forested .05 - .20 Farmland .05 - .30
Asphalt .70 - .95 Pasture .05 - .30
Brick .70 - .85 Unimproved .10 - .30
Concrete .80 - .95 Parks .10 - .25
Lawn, well drained Cemeteries .10 - .25
Up to 2% slope .05 - .10 Railroad yard .20 - .40
Playgrounds (except asphalt or .20 - .35
2-7% slope .10 - .25
concrete
7%+ slope .15 - .20 Business Districts
Lawn, poor drainage Neighborhood .50 - .70
Up to 2% slope .13 - .17 City (downtown) .70 - .95
2-7% slope .18 - .22 Residential
7%+ slope .25 - .35 Single family .30 - .50
Requirements
6A) What is the maximum distance that the runoff would travel from the top of the slope to the
bottom?
1. The diagonal is the maximum distance, and is given by the Pythagorean theorem.
• c 2 = a2 + b2
• c 2 = 950 2 + 300 2
• c = 996 ft
6B) What is the Time of Concentration (Tc) for this piece of land?
0.0078L0.77
1. Time of Concentration: Tc =
Slope 0.385
13
• Slope = = 0.0131
996
0.0078 • 9960.77
2. Tc =
0.01310.385
3. Tc ≈ 8.4 min

6C) Find the design 10-yr flow for a playground.
1. Flow: Q = CIA
rainfall intensity
runoff coefficient area (acres)
• C = 0.275 from runoff coefficient table

• I = 5.1 from Intensity-Duration-Frequency curve
950 • 300
• A= ≈ 6.54 acres
43,560
2. Q = 0.25 • 5.1• 6.54
3. Q = 9.2 cfs
6D) Find the design 100-yr flow for a playground.
1. Flow: Q = CIA
rainfall intensity

950 • 300
• A= ≈ 6.54 acres
43,560
2. Q = 0.275 • 6.4 • 6.54
3. Q = 11.5 cfs

6E) Find the design 10-yr flow for the neighborhood business district.
1. Flow: Q = CIA
rainfall intensity

950 • 300
• A= ≈ 6.54 acres
43,560
2. Q = 0.6 • 5.1 • 6.54
3. Q = 20 cfs
6F) Find the design 100-yr flow for the neighborhood business district.
1. Flow: Q = CIA
rainfall intensity

950 • 300
• A= ≈ 6.54 acres
43,560
2. Q = 0.6 • 6.4 • 6.54
3. Q = 25 cfs

Module 7 - Specific Energy

Situation
In a 1.75-foot wide channel approaching a sill, the floor elevation is zero. The sill elevation is
five feet. The 1.75-foot wide channel downstream of the sill also has a floor elevation of zero.
Flow passing over the sill has a critical depth of 1 foot. Neglect friction losses other than
energy loss in the hydraulic jump.
critical depth Hydraulic jump
4’
0’ sill 0’
1 2 3 4
7A) What is the flow rate?
1. Flow: Q = byV
width depth velocity
• b = 1.75
• y = 1 at point 2
Vc
• F= critical velocity (at point 2)
gy
Froude Number
¾ For critical flow, F = 1

¾ gy • 1 = Vc
2. Q = 1.75 • 1• 32.2 • 1
3. Q = 9.93 cfs

7B) What is the water depth at point 1?
1. Find specific Energy at point 2 (because we have the most information about pt 2)
2
V2
• E2 = y 2 +
2g
(9.93 / 1.75) 2
• E2 = 1 + from V = Q / A
2 • 32.2
• E 2 = 1.5 ft
2. The energy grade line is equal at points 1, 2, and 3
• EGL 2 = E2 + z 2
• EGL 2 = 1.5 + 4 = 5.5 ft = EGL1
3. Substitute Q/by for V in EGL equation
2
V
• EGL1 = y1 + 1 + z
2g
2
 5.675 
 y • 1
• EGL1 = y1 +  1  + 0 = 6.5
64.4
4. Use trial and error to find y1
y1 EGL
5.4 5.417
5.483 5.50
7C) What is the water depth in supercritical flow at point 3?
2
 9.93 
 y • 1.75 
1. Energy Grade Line: EGL 3 = y 3 +  3  + 0 = 5.5
64.4
• The equation is the same as for depth at point 1, but this time we want the
solution that corresponds to supercritical flow (i.e., small depth).
y3 EGL
0.4 3.5248
0.3 5.8551
0.31 5.59

7D) What is the water depth at point 4, downstream of the stationary hydraulic jump?
 y2 y2 
1. ΣF = 0 = ρgb 4 − 3  + ρQ( V4 − V3 )
 2 2
y 24 y2
2. ρgb + ρQV4 = ρgb 3 + ρQV3
2 2
y 24 9.93
3. 1.94 • 32.2 + 1.75 + 1.94 • 9.93 • =
2 1.75y 4
0.312 9.93
4. 1.94 • 32.2 + 1.75 + 1.94 • 9.93 • =
2 1.75 • 0.31
109.31
5. 54.66y 24 + = 352.61
y4
6. Solve by trial and error
y4 Result
3 528.3767
2 273.295
2.392 358.449

7E) How much energy is lost in the jump? Ignore friction losses.
1. Energy Loss: EL = EGL 3 − EGL 4
• EGL 3 = 5.5
• EGL 4 = E 4 + z
V42
¾ E4 = y 4 +
2g
9.93
♦ V4 = = 2.372
1.75 • 2.392
2.3722
¾ E 4 = 2.392 +
2 • 32.2
¾ E 4 = 2.479
• EGL 4 = 2.479 + 0
2. EL = 5.5 − 2.479
3. EL = 3.021 ft

Module 8 - Manning Equation

Situation
A 50 foot culvert that is submerged on both sides runs under a highway. The elevation of the
top of the road is 118 feet. The elevation of the bottom of the channel downstream of the
culvert is 99 feet. The slope of the downstream channel is 1/1000. The 8-foot-wide channel
downstream is a natural stream with good alignment. Provide a minimum freeboard of 0.5 foot
on the upstream side of the highway. Use a form-loss coefficient (K) of 0.75 for the inlet and a
K of 1.00 for the culvert exit.
Freeboard = 0.5’
EL = 110
Length = 50
EL = 99
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve Excerpts
7
Recurrence Interval
Rainfall Intensity (in/hr)
6 100-yr
50-yr
5 20-yr
10-yr
1-yr
3
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time of Concentration (Min)

Rational Method Runoff Coefficients

Categorized by Surface Categorized by Use
Forested .05 - .20 Farmland .05 - .30
Asphalt .70 - .95 Pasture .05 - .30
Brick .70 - .85 Unimproved .10 - .30
Concrete .80 - .95 Parks .10 - .25
Lawn, well drained Cemeteries .10 - .25
Up to 2% slope .05 - .10 Railroad yard .20 - .40
2-7% slope .10 - .25 Playgrounds (except asphalt or .20 - .35
concrete
7%+ slope .15 - .20 Business Districts
Lawn, poor drainage Neighborhood .50 - .70
Up to 2% slope .13 - .17 City (downtown) .70 - .95
2-7% slope .18 - .22 Residential
7%+ slope .25 - .35 Single family .30 - .50

Requirements
8A) A 1000-ft X 650-ft park upstream discharges runoff into the culvert. The top of the park is
15 ft higher than the bottom of the park. What is the flow for a 100-year storm?
1. Flow: Q = CIA
• Use the Runoff coefficient table to find C for a typical park: C = 0.15
• Find Time of Concentration
0.0078L0.77
¾ Tc =
Slope 0.385
♦ c 2 = a2 + b2
♦ c = 1000 2 + 650 2 = 1193 ft (c is L in the Tc equation)

15
♦ Slope = = 0.0126
1193
0.0078 • 11930.77
¾ Tc =
0.0120.385
¾ Tc ≈ 9.8 min
• Use Time of Concentration and the IDF chart to find I = 6.2 in/hr
1000 • 650
• Find Area in acres: A = ≈ 14.92 acres
43,560
2. Q = 0.15 • 6.2 • 14.92
3. Q = 13.88 cfs

8B) What is the depth of flow in the downstream channel?
1.49 2
1. Manning Equation: Q = Arh 3 Slope
n
• n = 0.03 (from Manning N table)
8y
• rh =
8 + 2y
• Slope = 0.001
2
1.49  8y  3
2. 14 = • 8y  0.001
0.03  8 + 2y 
2
 8y  3
3. 8.91 = 8y 
 8 + 2y 
4. Solve by trial and error
y Result
2 19.38
1 6.89
1.2 9.19

8C) Given a smooth concrete pipe size of 12 inches for the culvert, what would the head loss
be? Assume n = 0.013 for concrete pipe.
1. Head loss: hTOT = hminlet + hf + hmexit
 V2 
• hm = K  
 2g 
¾ K inlet = 0.75
¾ K exit = 1.0
Q
¾ V=
A
♦ A = 0.3491
14
¾ V= = 40.1
0.3491
 40.12 
¾ hminlet = 0.75  = 18.73
 2 • 32.2 
 40.12 
¾ hmexit = 1.0  = 24.97
 2 • 32.2 
V 2n2L
• hf = 4
2.22rh 3
D
¾ rh = = 0.1667
4
40.12 • 0.013 2 • 50
• hf = 4
= 66.71
2.22 • 0.1667 3
2. hTOT = 18.73 + 24.97 + 66.71
3. hTOT = 110.41 ft

8D) What is the minimum pipe size that should be used for the culvert?
1. hL = ELU − ELD
head loss downstream

through elevation
culvert
upstream
elevation
2. hL = 117.5 − 100.2 = 17.3 ft

3. hL = hminlet + hf + hmexit = 17.3 ft
 V2  V 2n2L  V2 
• 17.3 = K inlet   + 4
+ K exit 
 2g 
 2g  2.22rh 3  
Q
¾ V=
A
πD 2
♦ A=
4
14 56
¾ V= =
πD 4 πD 2
2
  56  2   56  2   56  2 
     0.013 • 50
2   
  πD 2    πD 2    πD 2  
• 17.3 = 0.75 + + 1.0
2 • 32.2   D 
4
3 2 • 32.2 
  2.22 •    
   
  4
   
85.22 75.79
• 17.3 = +
π 2D 4 π 2D16 3
4. Use trial and error to find the smallest pipe diameter that results in a head loss less
than 17.3 feet
D hL
1 16.3
0.6667 74.4

Fluid Flow in Pipes

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PE Exam Review – Hydraulics & Hydrology

Practice Problem Solutions

I. Practice Problem Solutions................................................................. 2

Practice Problem Solutions

1. Gage pressure: Pg = ρgh

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

1. Absolute pressure: Pabs = Pg + Patm (atmospheric pressure @ sea level)

2. Pabs = 437.3 + 2,116.8

3. Pabs = 2,554.1 lb/ft 2

1C) What is the absolute force on the panel (lb)?

1. Absolute force: Fabs = Pabs A

1D) What is the atmospheric pressure in terms of “head” of water (ft.)?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

1. To identify the liquid, you need its specific gravity:

• The pressures in the two manometers are equal

¾ 1.94 • 32.2 • 21 = ρ x • 32.2 • 24.5

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

Module 2 - Closed Conduit

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

1.94 • 32.2 • 120 • 3

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

Module 3 - Friction Loss

Physical Properties of water

3A) Find the Reynolds number for the 10-inch pipe.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

1. Find the Reynolds number for the 12-inch pipe

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

pump head friction head

• hp = 150 − 50 + 12.37 + 9.23

1.94 • 32.2 • 121.6 • 4

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

¾ Use Hazen-Williams equation to find hf for both 12-inch and 10-inch

3.012 • (7.33)1.85 • 950

1.94 • 32.2 • 130.1 • 4

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

¾ Use Manning equation to find hf for both pipes:

7.33 2 • 0.012 • 950

1.94 • 32.2 • 131.2 • 4

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

Module 4 - Minor (form) Losses

Head Loss Coefficients (K)

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form loss coefficient

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

form loss coefficient

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

form loss coefficient

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

1. Head loss: htot = hm + hf

• hm = 0.1629 + 0.2579 + 0.4229 + 0.1336 + 0.0333 + 0.1336

0.02 • 225 • 2.93 2

• hfTOT = 0.5865 + 2.4754 + 0.5757 = 3.6376 ft

2. htot = 1.1442 + 3.6376

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

¾ V6 • 0.1963 + 1.15 V6 • 0.7850 = 8

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

1. According to Bernoulli’s equation, energy is equal across the two points.