CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Dry dock is a dock into which the ship floats. The dock gates are
closed behind it, the water is pumped out, and the ship rests on the docking blocks
ready for its hull to be repaired or cleaned. There are various types of dry docks as
follows,

 GRAVING DOCKS
 FLOATING DOCKS
 SHIPLIFTS
 SLIPWAYS
 TRANSFER SYSTEMS
 SMALL CRAFT LAUNCHING RAMPS

1.2 GRAVING DOCKS

Graving docks are large, fixed basins built into ground at water’s
edge, separated from the water by a dock gate.
Its basic structure consists of a floor, sidewalls, head(front) wall and a
dock gate. Alter may be incorporated into the side walls for structural stability.

1
 Fig 1.1

Fig 1.2

Fig 1.3

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF A BASIN DOCK

 Long life expectancy of the basic structure.
 Low maintenance costs. (Dock floor and walls can be built of granite
or concrete which last a very long time with little maintenance)
 There is no limit to the size of the basin dock.

2
  There is no need to worry about ship/dock stability, pumping plans or
longitudinal deflection of the dock while docking ships. (Ship stability
and block loading must still be addressed, however)
 The basin can be equipped with an intermediate gate that allows
flooding of the aft half of the dock while the forward half remains dry.

1.4 DISADVANTAGES OF A BASIN DOCK

 High initial construction cost.
 The basin is a fixed structure, which cannot be moved. Makes it
harder to re-sell thus harder to get financing.
 Routing of men and material is difficult since floor is below grade.
 Ventilation and lighting are not good because one has to work “in a
hole”.
 It is very difficult to enlarge a basin dock.
 Transfer is not possible from a basin dock.
 Usually slower to operate (Power is inversely proportional to size).

1.5 TYPES OF BASIN DOCKS

There are 3 basic types of basin docks:
1) Full Hydrostatic Dock - A full hydrostatic dock uses its weight or an anchorage
system to resist the full hydrostatic head at the maximum water table.
2) Fully Relieved Dock - A fully relieved dock uses a drainage system around the
entire dock to drain away the water before it can build hydrostatic pressure on the
walls and floor.
3) Partially Relieved Dock - A partially relieved dock uses a drainage system
under the dock floor to eliminate the hydrostatic pressure on the floor only. The
walls resist the full hydrostatic head.

1.6 ENTRANCE CLOSURES

All basin docks must, of course, have an entrance closure that keeps
water out of the dock once the ship is in and retracts out of the way for docking
and undocking operations.
The basic requirements of the entrance closure are:
 Ease & speed of installation and removal
 Water-tightness
 Low maintenance
 Feasibility of traffic movement across top
 Cost

3
1.7 SLIDING OR ROLLING CAISSONS
These are built up box sections with a sliding or rolling surface at the
base. The gate slides or rolls into a notch built into the side of the dock.

1.8 ADVANTAGES
Fast operating

1.9 DISADVANTAGES
 Cleaning and maintenance of rollers or slide paths is difficult.
 Operating mechanism is expensive
 Major repairs require removal of gate
 Recesses must be built into walls.

1.10 GRAVING DRY DOCK OPERATION

Most basin docks flood entirely by gravity. A few docks have a super
flooding feature, which allows pumping the water inside the dock to a greater
elevation than the outside water although this greatly complicates the gate design.
There are 3 basic methods of flooding basin docks,
 Through culverts built into the walls and connected to floor openings spaced
along the dock length.
 Through culverts passing transversely under the dock floor near the entrance
and with openings leading up to the floor.
 Through pipes in the entrance closures (gates).
Some common features that are usually incorporated into the basin
dock flooding systems are:
 Trash racks are placed over inlet openings to prevent the intake of solid
matter. The racks should be removable for maintenance and replacement.
 Vertical slots should be provided between the trash racks and the sluice gates
to accommodate stop logs to shut off water for sluice gate maintenance.
 Sluice gates (one for each intake tunnel) control the dock flooding.
Basin docks usually have 2 separate dewatering systems.
 The primary system, consisting of large high-capacity pumps, performs the
main portion of the dock’s deballasting.

4
  The secondary system, consisting of smaller pumps, collects the last few
inches of water in the basin as well as rain water, flushing water and water
from the under drain system.

Sand sumps (settling basins) should be located in accessible areas of

the water collector channels. These allow abrasive materials such as sand, grit, etc.,
to settle out of the water before reaching the pump impellers.
In general, operation of a basin dock is easier than that of a floating
dock.
The operator does not have to be concerned with dock deflections,
ability or differentially deballasting different ballast tanks under the vessel to
provide proper lift as in a floating dock.
Ship stability, block loadings and loading of floor slab must be
considered, however. Because trim of the keel block line can not be easily adjusted
care must be taken to properly trim the vessel to reasonable match the keel block
trim or sue loads could develop. This could overload the blocks and affect the
stability of the vessel as she lands.
On some types of pressure-relieved docks, care must be taken not to
dewater the basin too quickly, since the water table in the surrounding soils must
be allowed to drop as the basin level drops. This can greatly increase the time
required for a docking or undocking evolution.
Prior to docking a vessel in a basin dock, the following minimum
calculations should be performed:
 Stability of vessel afloat
 Stability of the vessel at landing on blocks
 Stability of the vessel at hauling of side blocks (if applicable)
 Block/slab loading calculations
 Hurricane/Earthquake overturning calculation.

1.11 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

Our project involves analysis and design of dry dock using popular
designing software STAAD Pro. In the initial phase of our project we have done
calculations regarding loadings on dry dock. We have chosen STAAD Pro because
of its various advantages.
STAAD Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization
tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and
dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to

5
visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro is the professional’s choice of
steel , concrete, timber, aluminums, and cold –formed steel design of low and
high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much
more.

It is used to generate the model, which can than be analyzed using the
STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be used
to view the results.

1.12 OBJECTIVES
 To design a dry dock for Chennai harbor using Indian Standard codal
provisions.
 To draw and draft the layout using AutoCad software package.
 To analyze the same using StaadPro software, to serve all types of ships.

1.13 NEED FOR STUDY

 There is a British era slipway only present in our Chennai port for
maintenance of small ships weighting up to 1000tonnes. So a dry dock is to
be constructed in order for maintenance of ships up to 10000tonnes.
 This will increase the standard of our Chennai port.
 It provides various repair and maintenance processes for all types of ships
under the weight and dimensions limits.

6
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS, FOURTEENTH NAVAL

DISTRICT(1940)

Design and construction as main contractor of dry dock, length 130m, width
27m, depth 10.80m

DESIGN
1. Organization
a. Bureau: The constructions of the dry dock were standard
construction, in accordance with plans supplied by the Bureau.
b. Station: Designs were not developed by the station.
c. Architect and Engineer: Assistance in design was given, as
consultants, by F.R. Harris, Inc., of New York, consulting engineers.

2. Criteria (General): Although the Robbins Dry Dock, at Erie Basin, New
York,has been designed and constructed using (in part) tremie concrete floor slab
(circa 1927), relatively few criteria existed, at the time that the work being
discussed was begun, for a structure of the magnitude of Dry Dock No. 2.
The conventional (circa 1910), braced, sheet-pile cofferdam method, employed in
the construction of Dry Dock No. 1, had failed, and thus necessitated
reconstruction, applying the costly laborious floating-caisson design which had
consumed some six years. A repetition of the experience was to be avoided.
Certain data as the "Robbins" and similar structures were available - and were
availed of. Briefly, the philosophy of the design assumed that, when the deck
was unwatered, the combined weights of (1) the floor slab and sidewalls; (2)
a small part of the frictional wedge of the backfill on the sidewalls; and (3)
U.S. NAVAL BASE, PEARL HARBOR, DRY DOCK No. 2 HAER HI-66 some
30% of the theoretical uplift value of the H-section steel piles; would resist the
hydrostatic upward pressure. The dock floor was designed as a beam to transmit

7
this upward pressure, or thrust, to the under sides of the walls. As will be elsewhere
noted in the text of this report, the construction methods stipulated in the plans and
specifications were supplemented, and to some extent modified, by the disclosures
reveled by experimental fieldwork. Several weeks before the Japanese attack of
December 7, 1941, (and less than twenty months after its construction was begun),
Dry Dock No. 2 had been brought to a stage of completion such that it could be -
and was - used to repair Navy craft affected by the "blitz." Criteria developed from
this dock's design and construction (and from those of Dry Dock No. 4,
Philadelphia Navy Yard, constructed concurrently) were of inestimable value in
facilitating (and thus expediting) "rush" completion of eight of the world's
largest dry docks, all built by the Navy under war-time pressure; one of them,
the recently completed Dry Dock No. 5, at Pearl Harbor.

DETAILS OF SITE
The dry docks' (Nos. 2 and 3) location is well suited to the function of
docking deep-drift ships, dry Dock No. 2 is on the northerly water frontage of the
Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, adjacent to the site of previously-constructed Dry Dock
No.1; repair and transportation facilities, power and water, were readily accessible,
and had been extensively developed for use by Dry Dock No. 1.
Core-boring tests had been made during 1938 and 1939. They showed
an overlay of adobe over (successively) volcanic tuff; volcanic sand (loose, strong,
hard);limestone, coral-reef formation (hard, coarse, and fine, silty); below the
elevation of the floor slab, compact clay (brown and gray); and, still lower, loose,
fragmentary limestone formations, extending indefinitely. Tests were run, too, to
determine the extent of the abrasive and corrosive effects of coral and salt water
on (structural) metal.
With the test results known, it was decided that the site was suitable for the
projects construction. Designs were developed and the work begun.

8
2.2 SOLETANCHE BACHY (2001) -CONCARNEAU DRY DOCK

Design and construction as main contractor of dry dock, length 130m, width
27m, depth 10.80m

DESIGN
The dry dock is 130m long, 27m wide and 10.80m deep, controlled on
the seaward side by trolley-mounted sliding gate. The remote end has a spiral
access ramp for more efficient operational use by the commercial companies
operating there.
A pump room is provided to control wash water and gate leakage.
Three pumps can discharge up to 4000 m3 per hour to dewater the dock in four
hours when a ship is being docked. There are all the usual fittings conventionally
found in harbors works such as bollards, capstans and winches.

WORKS
One of the challenges facing the consortium was how to deal with the
mud covering the lagoon bed to depths of up to 7 meters, considering that the
finished dock was to be surrounded by earth platforms for normal harbor
operations, with a specified bearing capacity of at least 3 tones per square meter.
Excavation of the mud would have been difficult and disposal even more
problematical, and it was decided to consolidate it in situ by preloading. Apart
from the excavation for the dock itself, therefore, all the mud has been left in place.
An interceptor channel was dug to divert the river around the lagoon, then the
lagoon was emptied to expose the mud. A geo-textile was laid over the whole area
and covered with the same thickness of free-draining gravel. Strip drains were sunk
from this platform down to bedrock in a 1-metre square array. The subsequent
weight of the fill gradually expelled the water from the mud through sumps
collecting the water in the free-draining layer. Settlement of approximately one
meter was observed before construction work proper could commence.
The dock sidewalls were built as diaphragm walls, tied back at the top
with passive anchors to sheet piling and fixed at the bottom by the concrete floor of
the dock.

9
 The floor is a drained raft to prevent the build-up of uplift. Works on
the dock entrance proceeded behind a watertight cofferdam built in the port: pump
room, floor under the gate, gate recess (rock excavation with concrete and nail
support). The contract required a turnkey graving facility, and ancillary works
included a perimeter road around the dock, drinking water, electricity and gas
supply, fire-fighting system, two-storey control building and all fittings for ship
docking (keel blocks, winched cradles, etc.). One of the last operations was
assembly of the dock gate, by assembling four caissons to form a single unit 28m
long, 11m high and 4m thick, weighing 170 tonnes. The gate was launched by a
nearby boat hoist, towed to station and sunk onto its trolleys, standing ready on
their rail tracks.

Fig 2.1

10
2.3 MURRAYLANDS DRY DOCK(2009)

INTRODUCTION
Dynamic Project Delivery (DPD) was engaged by the Murray lands
Regional Development Board (MRDB) on behalf of the Murray lands Dry Dock
Working Party to undertake an evaluation to determine the viability of building a
dry dock facility in the Mid Murray Council region. DPD were also asked to define
the optimum site for construction.
The four key stages for the evaluation of the potential to establish a
Murray lands Dry Dock facility identified were:
1. To identify an ideal site for the construction of a dry dock
2. To obtain costs, timelines and parameters for the construction of the dry
dock
3. To identify potential funding or investors for the construction of the dry
dock
4. To recommend the ownership and management structure for the dry dock.
The Murray lands Dry Dock Working Party determined that firm
concept designs must be obtained and endorsed prior to lodging a Pre-Lodgment
Agreement / Development Application, and prior to funding being sought. The
development of conceptual designs will therefore form an interim stage between
this report and the pre-lodgment process.

DRY DOCK DESIGN

The Murray lands Dry Dock Working Party determined that firm
concept designs must be obtained and endorsed prior to lodging a Pre-Lodgment
Agreement / Development Application, and prior to funding being sought. The
development of conceptual designs will therefore form an interim stage between
this report and the pre-lodgment process.

EXAMPLES OF EXISTING DRY DOCKS WERE INVESTIGATED AND

STUDIED
�Randell Dry Dock , Mannum, was installed in 1873 by William

11
Randell. The dry dock was actually built at Milang, by A.H. Landseer, and towed
across Lake Alexandrina by the steamer Nildesperandum. It was during the boom-
days that the dock and wharf were used to their capacity due to a huge trading
enterprise built by J.G. Arnold. The dry dock now has a heritage listing.

� South Brisbane Dry Dock was designed by William D Nesbit,

chief engineer for Harbours & Rivers, in 1875. It was constructed between 1876
and 1881 by J & A Overend. The busy Brisbane port required a substantial facility
for the maintenance, repair and refitting of commercial ships and Harbours &
Rivers dredges, barges and other vessels. The dock was originally 320 feet (97.54
metres) long, but was extended to 420 feet (12.81 metres). The width at the top is
24.08 metres and 16.15 metres at the bottom. The overall depth is 9.75 metres with
5.79 metres at the entrance sill. The caisson (dock gate) was manufactured by the
notable firm of RR Smellie & Co. of Brisbane. It is probably the largest locally
made wrought iron composition in Queensland. The dry dock site is incorporated
in the Queensland Maritime Museum which includes many moveable heritage
items, such as the HMAS Diamantina which resides in the dock.

� Sutherland Dry Dock, Sydney, NSW, was constructed as a dry

dock between 1882 and 1890 under the supervision of the engineer Louis Samuel
to supplement the capacity of the smaller Fitzroy dock. Its gate or caisson was
originally operated by a steam-driven engine, but later changed to an electric motor
in 1915. The dock has been modified several times since then – in 1913 to
accommodate the battle cruiser HMAS Australia and in 1927 for the docking of
the cruisers HMAS Australia and Canberra.

� Entec – Wallsend, Tyneside UK - The proposed dry dock replaces the existing
slipways, which are inclined and fall into the River Tyne. These are of reinforced
concrete construction, founded over significant areas on bearing piles of steel,
concrete and timber.

12
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

13
1CLRD i
.AmEe
PDDiPs t i
leDsOg
as
tRn
ni
dagTa
vnrtn
iaed
eowma
wf
ien
nta
ghl
soy
ds i
s
Fig 3.1 FLOW CHART OF DRY DOCK DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD

The design process of structural planning and design requires not only
imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of
structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent
design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and

14
judgement. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping
careful balance between economy and safety.
This design process includes the design of dry dock components
Manually. The components of dry dock designed in this process are as follows,
1. Staircase
2. Slab
3. Retaining wall
4. Steel section
5. pile
The analysis of the bending moment and deflection is done by the
STAAD Pro software.

3.1.1 STAIRCASE DESIGN

This design is based limit state method. Tread and rise is taken from
the book ‘design and consruction of dry docks’ by ‘b.k mazurkiewicz’. Then using
the indiam standard codes IS 456:2000 to calculate its other dimensions and to
check whether the design is safe manually.

3.1.2 SLAB DESIGN

This design is based limit state method. Depth is taken from the book
‘design and consruction of dry docks’ by ‘b.k mazurkiewicz’. Based on Ly / Lx
Value all the slabs are designed in two way method.Then using the indiam standard
codes IS 456:2000 to calculate its other dimensions and to check whether the
design is safe manually.
A two way slab having aspect ratio Ly / Lx < 2 is generally
economical compared to one way slab because steel along the spans acts as main
steel and transfers the load to all its four supports. The two way action is
advantageous essentially for large spans and for live loads greater than 3kN/m^2. for
short spans and light loads, steel required for two way slab does not differ
appreciably as compared to steel for one way slab because of the requirement of
minimum steel.

3.1.3 CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL DESIGN

Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural
slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas
of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be
shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or
15
roadway overpasses.
This design is based limit state method. Depth is taken from the book
‘design and consruction of dry docks’ by ‘b.k mazurkiewicz’. Based on L y / Lx
Value all the slabs are designed in two way method.Then using the indiam standard
codes IS 456:2000 to calculate its other dimensions and to check whether the
design is safe manually.

3.1.4 GATE DESIGN

It is designed under the conditions of limit state method. Its
dimensions are assumed considering heavy loads. The design is processed by
considering a I section of steel. Its properties are taken from steel tables and the
calculations are made manually to calculate the load of the gate.

3.1.5 PILE DESIGN

It is designed considering the load to act on the foundation. Based on
the load the depth is decided and pile is designed using the Indian standard codes
in IS 6403:1981.then the check of the pile design is done manually.

3.2 CADD DRAWING

Its is an software used for drawing the different views of the
structures and reinforcement details. It helps the presentation easy and also in
correction of dimensions to make the design safe.

Chapter 4

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 PILE DESIGN

16
4.1.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR PILE DESIGN

 Types of soil layers

 Thickness of various layers in soil
 Standard penetration values (N)
 Skin friction of soil

4.1.2 SOIL PROPERTIES

TABLE 4.1 SOIL PROPERTIES

DESCRIPTION OF THICKNESS OF SOIL SPT VALUE(N)

SOIL
Water 7 0

Silty clay (layer 1) 7 1

Clay sand 1 6

Silty clay (layer 2) 1 19

Silty sand 6 100

cemented sand(layer 1) 10 100

cemented sand(layer 2) 1 100

Hard rock - -

4.1.3 DESIGN OF PILE

GIVEN DATA

Diameter of pile (D) =1m

17
Length of pile (L) = 7m
Fcu = 35N/mm2

Cross sectional area of pile (Ac) = (π*D2)/ 4

= 0.785m2

Perimeter of pile = π*D

= 3.14m

Structural capacity = 0.25* Fcu * Ac

= 0.25*35*0.785KN
= 6872.23KN

END BEARING CAPACITY

SPT (N) =100
qb =14*N*(L/D)(KN/m2)
L = 7m
D =1m

qb =14*100*(7/1) KN/m2
qb = 9800 KN/m3

End bearing capacity = qb * Ac

= 9800*0.785
= 7693KN

Factor of safety = 2.5

Allowable end bearing capacity = End bearing capacity / Factor of safety

=3077.2KN

SKIN FRICTION FOR PILE (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)

QS = 9*N*π*D*L
Skin friction =5145.92KN
Factor of safety =2.5
Factored skin friction= 2058.368KN

Total axial load allowed = end bearing + skin friction

= 3077.2+2058.368KN
Load bearing of pile = 5135.56KN

18
SKIN FRICTION FOR THE PILE (TOTAL SKIN FRICTION)
Total skin friction = 24937.95KN
Factor of safety = 2.5
Allowable skin friction = 9975.18KN

Weight of pile = area of pile * unit weight of concrete

= 0.785*25
= 19.63KN

4.2 RETAINING WALL DESIGN

4.2.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR RETAINING WALL DESIGN

 Bulk density for each layer

 Surcharge pressure
 Hydraulic pressure
 Dry soil density pressure
 Soil pressure due each layer
 Wave pressure

19
4.2.2 BULK DENSITY

TABLE 4.2 BULK DENSITY

Soil texture Critical bulk density range (g/cc)

clay, silt loam 1.4-1.55

silty clay, silty clay loam, silt 1.4-1.45

clay loam 1.45-1.55

Loam 1.45-1.6

sandy clay 1.55-1.65

sandy clay loam 1.55-1.75

sandy loam 1.55-1.75

sandy loam >1.75

Based on Harris 1990 and Morris and Lowery 1988

20
4.2.3 SOIL PRESSURE

TABLE 4.3.1 SOIL PRESSURE

Soil layer Depth(z Bulk Cohesion(c Angle of Rankine’s Void Dry

) density(γunsat ) friction(φ coefficient(ka ratio(e density(γd
) ) ) ) )

Water 7 1 0 30 0.33 0.3 0.77

Silty 7 1.45 0 30 0.33 0.3 1.12
clay(layer 1)
Clayey sand 1 1.65 0 30 0.33 0.3 1.27
Silty 1 1.45 0 30 0.33 0.3 1.12
clay(later 2)
Silty sand 6 1.75 0 30 0.33 0.3 1.35
Concrete(laye 10 2.4 0 30 0.33 0.3 1.85
r 1)
Concrete(laye 1 2.4 0 30 0.33 0.3 1.85
r 2)

TABLE 4.3.2 SOIL PRESSURE

Soil layer γsat γsat K0 Q Surcharge Hydraulic Dry soil Total Cummalativ
-10 pressure head density pressure e pressure
(q* K0) pressure(γw*z) pressure(γsat
-10)( q* K0)
Water 2.31 -7.69 0.7 20 14 72.5 -39.03 47.47 47.47
Silty 3.35 -6.65 0.7 20 14 70 -32.59 51.41 98.88
clay(layer 1)
Clayey sand 3.81 -6.19 0.7 20 14 10 -4.33 19.67 118.55
Silty 3.35 -6.65 0.7 20 14 10 -4.66 19.34 137.89
clay(later 2)
Silty sand 4.04 -5.96 0.7 20 14 60 -25.03 48.97 186.86
Concrete(laye 5.54 -4.46 0.7 20 14 100 -31.22 82.78 269.64
r 1)
Concrete(laye 5.54 -4.46 0.7 20 14 10 -3.12 20.88 290.52
r 2)

21
4.2.4 WAVE PRESSURE

Fig 4.1

GIVEN DATA
High sighted wave (ds)= 2.5m
wave length L @ D = 2.5m is 48.7m
D = 11m
h= 11m
R = 5m
r =5m
Hb =3m

A1 = 0.6 + 0.5 { [(4*π*D)/ L ] * (1/ [sinh(4*π*D)/48.7])}

=0.6 + 0.5 { [(4*π*11) / 48.7 ] * (1/ [sinh(4*π*11)/48.7])}
A1 = 0.82 m2

A2 = {(h-ds) / 3h } * {Hb / ds}2

= {(11-6) / 3*11 } * {3 / 6}2
A2 =0.038 m2

A3 = {1-(ds/D)} * {1- (1/cosh[2*π*D / L])}

= {1-(6/11)} * {1- (1/cos11[2*π*11 / 48.7])}
A3 =0.282 m2

22
P1 = (A1+A2)*W*Hb
=(0.82+0.038)*10*3
P1 =25.74 KN/m2

P2 = A3*P1
=0.282*25.74
P2 =7.26KN/m2

P3 ={1-(r /R)} – P1
={1-(5/5)} – 25.74
P3 =5.148 KN/m2

F = {0.5*(p1+p2)*ds } + { 0.5 (p1+p3)* (ds+hc)}

= {0.5*(25.74+7.26)*6 } + { 0.5 (25.74+5.148)* (6+2)}
=34.65 + 123.552
F =158.202KN

M =F* hc
=158.202*2
M =316.404KN.m

4.2.5 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

GIVEN DATE
Assume the following,

23
Safe bearing capacity(p) = 2000KN/m3
Height of embankment above ground level = 10m
Density of soil (w) =18 KN/m3
Angle of repose = 300
Friction between soil and concrete (µ) = 0.5
Use M35 grade concerte and Fe500 steel bars

SOLUTION
Step 1
Dimensions of retaining wall
Minimum depth of foundation = ((p/w)*((1-sin�) / (1+sin�))0.5)
= ((2000/18)*(1/3)0.5)
= 12.35m

Overall depth (H) = 10+12.35 m

= 22.35m => 23m

Thickness of base slab = (H/12)

= (23/12)
= 1.92m => 2m

Thickness of stem at base = 2m

Height of stem(h) = H - 2
= 23- 2
= 21m

Width of base slab (b) = 0.5H to 0.6H

= 13m

Width of heel slab = (((2/3)*13) – 2)

= 8.67 – 2
= 6.67 m

Width of toe slab = 4.35m

Step 2
Design of stem
Height of stem (h) = 21m
24
Maximum working moment in stem (M) = (Cp *w*h3) / 6

Where Cp = (1-sin�) / (1+sin�)

= (1/3)

M = ((1/3)*18*213) / 6
= 9261 KN.m

Factored bending moment (Mu) = 1.5*M

= 1.5*9261 KN.m
= 13891.5 KN.m

Limiting thickness of stem at base:

Mu = 0.138*fck*b*d2
13891.5 *106 = 0.138*35*1000*d2
d = 1695.9mm

adopt effective depth of stem(=2m) and at top(=1m)

Mu / (b*d2) = 13891.5*106 / (1000*20002)
= 3.47

Step 3
Main reinforcement
FROM SP 16, (From table 4)
Pt = 0.951

Ast = (Pt*b*d) / 100

= (0.951*1000*2000) / 100
= 19020 mm2
Provide 10 bars of 50mm diameter

Astpro = 10*(π/4)*502 mm2

= 19634.9 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*502) / 19634.9 mm
= 100 mm
Provide 10 bars of 50mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

Distribution reinforcement

25
 Ast = 0.12%*b*d
= (0.12 / 100)*1000*2000 mm2
= 2400 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 30mm diameter

Astpro = 4* (π / 4)*302 mm2

= 2827.43 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*302) / 2827.43 mm
= 250 mm
Provide 4 bars of 30mm diameter at 250mm centre to centre spacing

Step 4
Stability calculations
Heel projection = ((2/3)*13) - 2
= 6.67 m

Load calculations

Load Magnitude of Distance from ‘a’ Moment (KN.m)

loads (KN) (m)
W1=8.67*2*25 440 (8.67 / 2) = 4.33 1905.2
W2 = (4.23*2*25) 675.5 8.67 + (4.33/2) 7319.04
+ 459 = 10.8
W3 = 6.67*21*18 2521.25 (6.67 /2) = 3.35 8408.36
W4 = 5*4.33*25 541.25 10.84 5864.44
ξW = 4178 ξM = 23496.72

Earth pressure
P0 = K0*γ*z
= 0.8*18*21
= 302.4 KN / m2

Z = ξM / ξW
= 5.67 m

26
Eccentricity (e) = ( z – (b/2))
= 5.67 – (13/2)
= -0.83

(b/6) = 13/6
= 2.17
Therefore , e < (b/6)

Maximum and minimum pressure at base

Pmin = (ξW / b)* ( 1 + (6e / b))
= (4178/13)* ( 1+(6(-0.83) / 13)
= 198.26 KN/m2

Pmax = (ξW / b)* ( 1 - (6e / b))

= (4178/13)* ( 1- (6(-0.83) / 13)
= 444.49KN/m

Fig 4.2
(318.15 / 6.23 ) = (x / 2)
x = 100.52 KN/m
(246.33 / 13) = (x / 6.67)
x = 126.33 KN/m2

Step 5
Design of heel slab

27
 Load Magnitude of Distance from Moment (KN.m)
load(KN) ‘a’(m)
W3 = 6.67*21*18 2521.261 6.67 / 2 = 3.33 8408.4
Self weight 333.5 6.67 / 2 = 3.33 1112.22
= 6.67*2*25
ξM = 9520.62
Deduction
Uplift pressure 1322.39 6.67 / 2 = 3.33 4410.17
= 198*6.67
(ghi) = 421.3 6.67 / 2 = 3.33 1405.03
0.5*6.67*126.33
ξM = 5815.2

Maximum bending moment in heel slab (M)= 9520.62 - 5815.2 KN.m

= 3705.42 KN.m
Ultimate moment (Mu) =1.5*M
= 1.5*3705.42 KN.m
= 5558.13 KN.m

Mu / (b*d2) = 5558.13 *106 / (1000*20002)

= 1.39

Step 6
Main reinforcement
FROM SP 16, (From table 4)
Pt = 0.34

Ast = (Pt*b*d) / 100

= (0.34*1000*2000) / 100
= 6800 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 50mm diameter

Astpro = 4*(π/4)*502 mm2

= 7853.9 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*502) / 7853.9 mm
= 250 mm
Provide 4 bars of 50mm diameter at 250 mm centre to centre spacing

28
Distribution reinforcement
Ast = 0.12%*b*d
= (0.12 / 100)*1000*2000 mm2
= 2400 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 30mm diameter

Astpro = 4* (π / 4)*302 mm2

= 2827.43

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*302) / 2827.43 mm
= 250 mm
Provide 4 bars of 30mm diameter at 250mm centre to centre spacing

Step 7
Check for safety against sliding
Total horizontal earth pressure (P) = (Ka*w*H2) / 2
= ((1/3)*18*233) / 2
= 1587 KN

Maximum possible friction force (W) = 0.5*4178 KN

= 2039KN

Hence factor of safety against sliding =(W/ P)

= 2039 / 1587
= 1.31 < 1.5
Hence a shear key has to be deigned.

Step 8
Design of shear key
Passive force (Pp ) = Kp*P

Kp = (1+sin�) / (1-sin�)
=3

P = 1323 KN/m

Pp = 3*1323 KN/m2
29
 = 3969 KN/m2
If ‘a’ is depth of shear key = 2 m.

Total passive force (Pp) = Pp*a

= 3969*2
= 7938 KN

Factor of safety against sliding = (W+ Pp) / P

= (2039 + 7938)/ 1587
= 6.3 > 1.5

Step 9
Check for shear stress at junction of stem and base slab
Net working shear force (V) = (1.5*P) – W
= (1.5*1587) – 2089
= 291.5 KN

Factored shear force (Vu) = 1.5* 291.5 KN

= 437.25 KN

Nominal shear stress (τv) = Vu / (b*d)

= (437.25*103 ) / (1000*200)
= 0.218 N/mm2

Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*19634.6) / (1000*2000)
= 0.98

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)

Using Pt = 0.98, we get,
τC = 0.84 N/mm2
τC > τv

Hence it is safe.

30
4.3 SLAB DESIGN
4.3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SLAB DESIGN:

 Hydraulic conductivity
 Hydraulic gradient
 Seepage flow
 Uplift pressure

4.3.2 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (By Marsily 1986)

TABLE 4.4

MEDIUM K (m/s)

Coarse gravel 10-1 - 10-2

Sand and gravel 10-1 - 10-5

Fine sand, silts, loess 10-5 - 10-9

Clay, shale, glacial till 10-9 - 10-13

4.3.3 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT

Water level (h1) = 12m

Water table level(h2) = 7m
Length of dry dock(L) = 160m

Hydraulic gradient(i) = (h1-h2)/l

31
 = (12-7) / 160
= 0.03

4.3.4 SEEPAGE FLOW

BY DARCY’S LAW,

Void ratio (e) = 0.3

Porosity (n) = 0.23
Hydraulic conductivity (k) = (1/109) (m/s)
Hydraulic gradient (i) = 0.03

Seepage flow = K*i*A

= (1/109) *0.03 * 160 * 50
= 0.25cm/s

4.3.5 UPLIFT PRESSURE

32
 Fig 4.3
4.3.6 DESIGN OF SLAB

4.3.6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD

GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 5m
(Depth is taken from the book ‘DESIGN AND CONSRUCTION OF DRY
DOCKS’ by ‘B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )

Assume the following

Ly =10m
Lx =10m
M35 grade concrete with Fe500 steel bars is used
Ly / Lx = 10 / 10 => 1 < 2(FROM IS 456:2000, PAGE NO:90)
Therefore design two way slab

SOLUTION

33
 Step 1
Effective span (lx) = (Lx + cover)
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Effective span (lx) = 10.15 m

Step 2
Load calculations

i. Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 5*1*25 KN/m
= 125 KN/m

ii. Dead load due to weight of staircase = 76.53 KN/m

Total dead load = 201.53 KN/m

iii. Live load due to water = 10*(area excluding staircase area)

= 10*(100 – 11.22) KN/m
= 887.8 KN/m
Live load = 887.8 KN/m

iv. Floor finished = 0.6 K N/m

Total load (W) = 1089.93 KN/m

Ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5*total load

=1.5*1089.93 KN/m
= 1634.89 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu) = 1634.89 KN/m

Step 3
Moment and shear calculations
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 26 , PAGE NO:91)
Assume the condition => ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINOUS
And using Ly / Lx =1.0, we get ,
 Negative moment at continuous span (αx = 0.037)
 Positive moment at mid-span (αx = 0.028)

34
Bending moment
From IS 456:2000 , (CLAUSE D-1.1 , PAGE NO:91)

Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.028*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 4716.06 KN.m

Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.037*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 6231.94 KN.

Long span direction

Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.028*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 4716.06 KN.m

Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.037*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 6231.94 KN.m

Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*1634.89*10.15
= 8297.07 KN.

Step 4
Reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)

a) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

4716.06*106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
4716.06*106 = 2175000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 2181.89 mm2
Provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter

Astpro = 8*(π / 4)*202 mm2

= 2513.27 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*202) / 2513.27 mm
= 125 mm.
35
 Provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter at 125mm centre to centre spacing

b ) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

6231.94*106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
6231.94*106 = 2175000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 2889.09 mm
Provide 10 bars of 20mm diameter

Astpro = 10*(π / 4)*202 mm2

= 3141.5 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*202) / 3141.5 mm
= 100 mm.
Provide 10 bars of 20mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

Step 5
a) Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.138*fck*b*d2
6231.94*106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.135 m < (depth (D) = 5 m)
hence it is safe.

b) Check for shear:

FROM IS 456:2000 (CLAUSE 31.6.2.1 , PAGE NO:57)
τv = Vu / (b*d)
= (8297.07 *103) / (1000*5000)
= 1.7

Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*3141.5) / (1000*5000)
= 0.1

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)

Using Pt = 0, we get
τC = 0.29
τC < τv

36
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 20, PAGE NO:73)
τC max= 3.7
τC max >τv
hence it is safe
4.3.6.2 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH CEMENT MORTAR LOAD

GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 4m
(depth is taken from the book ‘DESIGN AND CONSRUCTION OF DRY
DOCKS’ by ‘B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )

Assume the following

Ly =10m
Lx =10m
M35 grade concrete with Fe500 steel bars is used
Ly / Lx = 10 / 10 => 1 < 2(FROM IS 456:2000, PAGE NO:90)
Therefore design two way slab

SOLUTION
Step 1
Effective span (lx) = (Lx + cover)
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Effective span (lx) = 10.15 m

Step 2
Load calculations

i. Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 4*1*25 KN/m
= 100 KN/m

ii. Dead load due to weight of cement mortar = area of cement mortar* unit
Weight of concrete
= 0.5*10*1*25 KN/m
= 125 KN/m
Total dead load = 225 KN/m

iii. Live load due to water = 10*area of slab

= 10*100 KN/m

37
 = 1000 KN/m
Live load = 1000 KN/m

iv. Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m

Total load (W) = 1225.6 KN/m

Ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5*total load

=1.5*1225.6 KN/m
= 1838.4 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu) = 1838.4 KN/m

Step 3
Moment and shear calculations

From IS 456:200 , (TABLE 26 , PAGE NO:91)

Assume the condition => ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
And using Ly / Lx =1.0, we get ,
 Negative moment at continuous span (αx = 0.028)
 Positive moment at mid-span (αx = 0.037)

Bending moment
From IS 456:2000 , (CLAUSE D-1.1 , PAGE NO:91)

Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.028*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 5303.1 KN.m

Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.037*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 7007.67 KN.m

Long span direction

Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.028*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 5303.1 KN.m

Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.037*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 7007.67 KN.m
38
Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*1838.4*10.15
= 9329.88 KN.

Step 4
Reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)

a) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

5303.1*106 = 087*500*Ast*4000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*4000*35)))
5303.1*106 = 1740000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 3081.65 mm2
Provide 10 bars of 22mm diameter

Astpro = 10*(π / 4)*222 mm2

= 3801.32 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*222) / 3801.32 mm
= 100 mm.
Provide 10 bars of 22mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

b) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

7007.67*106 = 087*500*Ast*4000 (1 – ((500*Ast) /(1000*4000*35)))
7007.67*106 = 1740000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 4087 mm2
Provide 10 bars of 24mm diameter
Astpro = 10*(π / 4)*242 mm
= 4532.89 mm2
Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro
= (1000 * (π / 4)*242) / 4532.89 mm
= 100 mm.
Provide 10 bars of 24mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

Step 5

Check for depth

Mmax = 0.138*fck*b*d2
39
 7007.67*106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.204 m < (depth (D) = 4 m)
hence it is safe.

Check for shear

FROM IS 456:2000 (CLAUSE 31.6.2.1 , PAGE NO:57)

τv = Vu / (b*d)
= (9329.88 *103) / (1000*4000)
= 2.3

Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*4532.89) / (1000*4000)
= 0.11

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)

Using Pt = 0.11, we get <

τC = 0.29
τC < τv

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 20, PAGE NO:73)

τC max= 3.7
τC max >τv
hence it is safe.

4.3.6.3 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH SHIP AND KEEL BLOCK LOAD

GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 5m
Weight of Keel block = 200KN/m
(depth and weight of keel block is taken from the book ‘DESIGN AND
CONSRUCTION OF DRY DOCKS’ by ‘B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )

Assume the following

Weight of ship = 10000 tonnes
Ly =10m
Lx =10m

40
 M35 grade concrete with Fe500 steel bars is used
Ly / Lx = 10 / 10 => 1 < 2(FROM IS 456:2000, PAGE NO:90)
Therefore design two way slab

SOLUTION
Step 1
Effective span (lx) = (Lx + cover)
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Effective span (lx) = 10.15 m

Step 2
Load calculations

1. Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 5*1*25 KN/m
= 125 KN/m

2. Dead load due to weight of keel block = 200 KN/m

Total dead load = 325 KN/m

3. Live load due to water = 10*(area of slab)

= 10*(100) KN/m
= 1000 KN/m
4. Live load due to ship = 99640 / 140
= 711.7 KN/m
Live load = 1711.7 KN/m

5. Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m

Total load (W) = 2037.3 KN/m

Ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5*total load

=1.5*2037.3KN/m
= 3055.95 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu) = 3055.95 KN/m

Step 3
Moment and shear calculations
From IS 456:200 , (TABLE 26 , PAGE NO:91)

41
Assume the condition => ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
And using Ly / Lx =1.0, we get ,
 Negative moment at continuous span (αx = 0.028)
 Positive moment at mid-span (αx = 0.037)
Bending moment
From IS 456:2000 , (CLAUSE D-1.1 , PAGE NO:91)

Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.028*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 8815.28 KN.m

Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.037*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 11648.69 KN.m

Long span direction

Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.028*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 8815.28 KN.m
Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.037*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 11648.69 KN.m

Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*3055.95 *10.15
= 15508.94 KN.

Step 4
Reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)

a) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

8815.28 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
8815.28 *106 = 2175000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 4100.99 mm2
Provide 10 bars of 24mm diameter

Astpro = 10*(π / 4)*242 mm2

= 4523.19 mm2
42
 Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro
= (1000 * (π / 4)*202) / 2513.27 mm
= 100 mm.
Provide 10 bars of 24mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

b) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

11648.69 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
11648.69 *106 = 2175000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 5440.22 mm2
Provide 14 bars of 24mm diameter

Astpro = 14*(π / 4)*242 mm2

= 6333.45 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*242) / 6333.45 mm
= 100 mm.
Provide 14 bars of 24mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

Step 5

Check for depth

Mmax = 0.138*fck*b*d2
11648.69 *106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.552 m < (depth (D) = 5 m)
hence it is safe.

Check for shear

FROM IS 456:2000 (CLAUSE 31.6.2.1 , PAGE NO:57)

τv = Vu / (b*d)
= (15508.94 *103) / (1000*5000)
= 3.1

Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*6333.45) / (1000*5000)
= 0.12
43
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73
Using Pt = 0.12
τC = 0.29
τC < τv

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 20, PAGE NO:73)

τC max= 3.7
τC max >τv
hence it is safe.
4.3.6.4 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH GATE LOAD

GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 5m
(depth is taken from the book ‘DESIGN AND CONSRUCTION OF DRY
DOCKS’ by ‘B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )

Assume the following

Weight of gate = 5115.4 KN
Ly =10m
Lx =10m
M35 grade concrete with Fe500 steel bars is used
Ly / Lx = 10 / 10 => 1 < 2
Therefore design two way slab

SOLUTION
Step 1
Effective span (lx) = (Lx + cover)
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Effective span (lx) = 10.15 m

Step 2
Load calculations

a. Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 5*1*25 KN/m

44
 = 125 KN/m

b. Dead load due to weight of gate = 5115.4 / 30

= 170.5 KN/m
Total dead load = 295.51 KN/m

c. Live load due to water = 10*(area of slab)

= 10*(100) KN/m
= 1000 KN/m
Live load = 1000 KN/m

d. Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m

Total load (W) = 1296.11 KN/m

Ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5*total load

=1.5*1296.11 KN/m
= 1944.17 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu) = 1944.17 KN/m

Step 3
Moment and shear calculations:
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 26 , PAGE NO:91)
Assume the condition => ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
And using Ly / Lx =1.0, we get ,
 Negative moment at continuous span (αx = 0.028)
 Positive moment at mid-span (αx = 0.037)

Bending moment
From IS 456:2000 , (CLAUSE D-1.1 , PAGE NO:91)
Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.028*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 5608.2 KN.m

Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2

= 0.037*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 7410.8 KN.m

Long span direction

45
 Mux (+ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.028*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 5608.2 KN.m
Mux (-ve) = αx*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.037*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 7410.8 KN.m

Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*1944.17 *10.15
= 9866.66 KN.

Step 4
Reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)
a) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))
5608.2 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
5608.2 *106 = 2175000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 2597.66 mm2
Provide 8 bars of 22mm diameter

Astpro = 8*(π / 4)*222 mm2

= 3041.06 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*222) / 3041.06 mm
= 125 mm.
Provide 8 bars of 22mm diameter at 125mm centre to centre spacing

b) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

7410.8 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
7410.8 *106 = 2175000Ast – 6.21Ast2
Ast = 3440.7 mm2
Provide 10 bars of 22mm diameter

Astpro = 10*(π / 4)*222 mm2

= 3801.3 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

46
 = (1000 * (π / 4)*222) / 3801.3 mm
= 100 mm.
Provide 10 bars of 22mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing

Step 5
Check for depth
Mmax = 0.138*fck*b*d2
7410.8*106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.238 m < (depth (D) = 5 m)
hence it is safe.

Check for shear

FROM IS 456:2000 (CLAUSE 31.6.2.1 , PAGE NO:57)

τv = Vu / (b*d)
= (9866.66 *103) / (1000*5000)
= 1.97

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)

Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*3801.3) / (1000*5000)
= 0.11

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)

Using Pt = 0.11
τC = 0.29
τC < τv

From IS 456:2000, (TABLE 20, PAGE NO:73)

τC max= 3.7
τC max >τv

hence it is safe.

4.4 DESIGN OF GATE

Step 1
47
DETERMINATION OF FACTORED LOAD
Service load = 160 KN / m
Load factor =3

Factored load (w) = service load * load factor

= 160 * 3
Factored load (w) = 480 KN / m

Step 2
BENDING MOMENT
M = (W*L2) / 8
=(480*103*102) / 8
M = 6*106 N.m

SHEAR FORCE
V =(W*L) / 2
=(480*103*10) / 2
V =2.4 * 106 N

Step 3
PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS
ZP = MγM / FY
= (6*106 * 1.1 ) / 500
ZP = 13.2*103mm3

Step 4
Consider a section ISMB 450
A=92.27cm2
D= 450mm
bf=150mm
tf=174mm
tw=9.4mm
rz=18.15cm
Zez=1350.7 cm3
Zpz = 1533.36cm3
Zpz / Zez = 1.15 (shape factor)

48
Step 5
To check
B / tf = 125 /17.4
= 7.18 < 10.5€
From table 2, (IS 800 : 2007)
It is considered to be class 2 . Hence the section is compact.

Step 6
Check for shear
(i) Vd = {fy / (√3*γm)} * h*tw
={500 / (√3*1.1)} * 10*103*9.4
=24.6*106 N
Vd > V
Hence safe

(ii) check for high / low shear case

= 0.6Vd
=0.6*24.6*106
=14.76*106
V <0.6 Vd

From IS 800 : 2007 , clause 8.2.1.3 , pg 53 ,

When the design shear force (factored) , V exceeds 0.6 Vd is the design shear
strength of the cross section.

Deflection

49
 Fig 4.4.1

E =200*109N/mm2
I = 2*108mm4
1*∆ = ∫0l (Mm / EI) ds

Fig 4.4.2

Mx = -160*x*(x/2)
= - (160*x2) / 2

50
 Fig 4.5

Mx = -1x
∆ = (1/ EI) ∫0l (-160x2 / 2) * (-1x)dx
= (1/ EI) ∫0l0 (160*x3 / 2) dx
=(1/ EI) [ 80x4 / 4 ]010
=(20*104) /EI
= 5*10-3mm

Deflection check
L / 300 = (10*103) / 300
=33.33
∆ < L/300
Hence it is safe

4.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

51
Given data:
Tread (T) =0.27 m
Rise (R) =0.17m
Vertical height of staircase = 2m
(Tread and rise of the staircase is taken from the book ‘DESIGN AND
CONSRUCTION OF DRY DOCKS’ by ‘B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )

Assume the following ,

Width of landing beams =0.5m
M35 grade concrete with Fe500 steel bars is used

SOLUTION
Step 1
Number of steps = vertical height / rise of step
= 2 / 0.17
=11.76 => 12 steps.
Number of steps = 12 steps.

Step 2
a) Effective span (l) = ((number of steps) * (tread)) + width of landing beams
= ((12)*(0.27)) + 0.5 m
= 3.74m.
Effective span(l) = 3.74m.

b) Thickness (t) = span / 20

= 3.74 / 20
=0.18m => 0.2m
Thickness (t) = 0.2m.

c) Effective depth (d) = D - cover

= 0.2-0.02 m
= 0.18m
Effective depth (d) = 0.18m.
Step 3
Load calculations

i. Dead load on slab (slope) (ws ) = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 0.2*1*25 KN/m
= 5 KN/m.

52
 ii. Dead load of slab (horizontal) (w) = (ws(R2+T2)0.5) / T
= (5 (0.172+0.272) 0.5) / 0.27 KN/m
= 5.9 KN/m

iii. Dead load of one step = (1/2)*R*T*25

= 0.5*0.17*0.27*25 KN
= 0.57 KN

Dead load per metre length (w1 ) = dead load of one step / T
= 0.57 / 0.27 KN/m
= 2.12 KN/m

iv. Dead load due to finishes (w2 ) = 0.6 KN/m

Total dead load = (5+5.9+0.57+2.12+0.6) KN/m

= 13.63 KN/m.
Dead load = 13.63 KN/m

v. Live load = unit weight of water * area of staircase

= 10 KN/m3 * 3.74 m2
= 37.4 KN/m.
Live load = 37.4 KN/m

Total load (W) = dead load + live load

= (13.63+37.4) KN/m
= 51.03 KN/m

Ultimate load (Wu ) = 1.5 * total load

= (1.5 * 51.03 ) KN/m
= 76.54 KN/m.
Total ultimate load (Wu) = 76.54 KN/m.

Step 4
a) Bending moment (M) = (Wu * l2) / 8
= (76.54 * 3.742) / 8 KN.m
= 133.83 KN.m
Bending moment (M) = 133.83 KN.m

53
 b) Shear force (V) = (Wu* l) / 2
= (76.54 * 3.74) / 2 KN
= 143.1 KN
Shear force (V) =143.1 KN.

Step 5
a) Main reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)

M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 – ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck))

133.83*106 = 087*500*Ast*180 (1 – ((500*Ast) / (1000*180*35)))
133.83*106 = 78300Ast – 6.21 Ast2
Ast = 2038.7 mm2
Provide 16 bars of 16mm diameter

Astpro = 16*(π / 4)*162 mm2

= 3216.99 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000 * (π / 4)*162) / 3216.99 mm
= 62.5 mm => 100mm.
Provide 16 bars of 16mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing.

b) Distribution reinforcement details

Ast = (0.3%) * b* d
= (0.3 / 100)*1000*180
= 540 mm2
Provide 8 bars of 10mm diameter

Astpro = 8*( π / 4)*102

= 628.31 mm2

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

= (1000*( π / 4)*102 ) / 628.31
= 125 mm.
Provide 8 bars of 10mm diameter at 125mm centre to centre spacing.

Step 6
c) Check for depth

54
 M = 0.138*fck*b*d2
133.82*106 = 0.13*35*1000* d2
d = 0.171m < (Effective depth (d) = 0.18m)
hence it is safe

d) Check for shear:

FROM IS 456:2000 (CLAUSE 31.6.2.1 , PAGE NO:57)
τv = V / (b*d)
= (143*103) / (1000*180)
= 0.794
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)
Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*3216.99) / (1000*180)
= 1.78

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)

Using Pt = 1.78 and from interpolation of 0.82 and 0.86

τC = 0.84
τC > τv
Hence it is safe.

CADD DRAWINGS

55
Fig 4.6 PLAN

56
Fig 4.7 CROSS SECTION

57
Fig 4.8 RETAINING WALL

58
Fig 4.9 SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD

59
Fig 4.10 SLAB WITH CEMENT MORTAR LOAD

60
Fig 4.11 SLAB WITH SHIP AND KEEL BLOCK LOAD

61
Fig 4.12 SLAB WITH GATE LOAD

62
Fig 4.13 STAIRCASE

63
STAADPRO ANALYSIS

Fig 4.14 SIDE VIEW

Fig 4.15 FRONT VIEW

64
 Fig 4.16 BOTTOM VIEW

Fig 4.17 WHOLE STRUCTURE

65
 CHAPTER 5

ESTIMATION OF DRYDOCK

CONCRETE ESTIMATION

RATIO OF THE CONCRETE (1 : 2 : 3)

Cement = 15.2 / 1+2+3 = 2.53 per Cu.m
Sand = 2.53 x 2 = 5.067 per Cu.m
Ballast = 2.53 x 3 = 7.59 per Cu.m

RATES ASSUMED
Cement = 7650.00 per Cu.m
Sand = 700.00 per Cu.m
Ballast = 650.00 per Cu.m

ESTIMATION OF SLAB
DATAS
Lenght of Slab = 10 m
Breadth of Slab = 10 m
Depth of Slab = 5 m

ESTIMATION
Volume of Slab = lxbxh
= 10 x 10 x 5
= 500 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 500 = 1265 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 500 = 2533.5 Cu.m
Ballast = 7.59 x 500 = 3795 Cu.m

TOTAL COST FOR ONE SLAB

Cement = Rs. 96,77,250
Sand = Rs. 17,73,450
Ballast = Rs. 24,66,750

TOTAL COST FOR 80 SLABS

Cement = Rs. 77,41,80,000
Sand = Rs. 14,18,76,000
Ballast = Rs. 19,73,40,000

66
Total cost for slabs =Rs 111,33,96,000

ESTIMATION OF PILE
DATAS
No. Of Piles = 80
Height of Pile = 7m
Height of Cylinder = 5 m
Height of Cone = 2m

ESTIMATION
FOR CYLINDER
π r 2h
Volume of Cylinder =
= π x 0.5 x 2 x 5
= 3.925 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 3.925 = 9.93 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 3.925 = 19.88 Cu.m
Ballast = 7.59 x 3.925 = 29.79 Cu.m

COST ESTIMATE
Cement = Rs. 75,965
Sand = Rs. 13,916
Ballast = Rs. 19,364

FOR CONE
Volume of Cone = 1/3 π r2 h
= 1/3 x π x 0.5 x 2 x 2
= 0.523 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 0.523 = 1.323 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 0.523 = 2.65 Cu.m
Ballast = 7.59 x 0.523 = 3.969 Cu.m

COST ESTIMATE
Cement = Rs. 10,120
Sand = Rs. 1,855
Ballast = Rs. 2,580

TOTAL COST OF THE PILE (CYLINDER + CONE)

67
Cement = Rs. 86,085
Sand = Rs. 15,771
Ballast = Rs. 21,943

TOTAL COST FOR 80 PILES

Cement = Rs. 68,86,916
Sand = Rs. 12,61,680
Ballast = Rs. 17,55,468
Total cost for piles =Rs 99,04,064

ESTIMATION OF RETAINING WALL

THE WALL IS TAKEN AS DIFFERENT SHAPES
1 Triangle
2 Rectangle in Stem
3 Rectangle in Base Slab
4 Square in Shear Key

1.TRIANGLE
Volume of Triangle = ½ x l x b
= ½ x 1 x 21
= 10.5 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 10.5 = 26.565 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 10.5 = 53.20 Cu.m
Ballast = 7.59 x 10.5 = 79.69 Cu.m

COST ESTIMATE
Cement = Rs. 2,03,222
Sand = Rs. 37,240
Ballast = Rs. 51,798

2.RECTANGLE IN STEM
Volume of Rectangle = lxbxh
= 1 x 1 x 21
= 21 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 21 = 53.13 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 21 = 106.407 Cu.m

68
Ballast = 7.59 x 21 = 159.39 Cu.m

COST ESTIMATE
Cement = Rs. 4,06,444
Sand = Rs. 74,485
Ballast = Rs. 1,03,603

3.RECTANGLE IN BASE SLAB

Volume of Rectangle = lxbxh
= 13 x 1 x 2
= 26 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 26 = 65.78 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 26 = 131.742 Cu.m
Ballast = 7.59 x 26 = 197.3 Cum

COST ESTIMATE
Cement = Rs. 5,03,217
Sand = Rs. 92,220
Ballast = Rs. 1,28,271

4.SQUARE IN SHEAR KEY

Volume of square = l x b x h
= 2x2x1
= 4 Cu.m

Cement = 2.53 x 4 = 10.12 Cu.m

Sand = 5.067 x 4 = 20.26 Cu.m
Ballast = 7.59 x 4 = 30.36 Cu.m

COST ESTIMATE
Cement = Rs. 77,418
Sand = Rs. 14,182
Ballast = Rs. 19,734

TOTAL COST OF RETAINING WALL PER CU.M (STEM + BASE SLAB +

SHEAR KEY)
Cement = Rs. 11,90,301
69
Sand = Rs. 2,18,126
Ballast = Rs. 3,03,407

TOTAL COST FOR THE LENGTH OF 160 M (LEFT)

Cement = Rs. 19,04,48,280
Sand = Rs. 3,49,00,208
Ballast = Rs. 4,85,45,120

TOTAL COST FOR THE LENGTH OF 160 M (RIGHT)

Cement = Rs. 19,04,48,280
Sand = Rs. 3,49,00,208
Ballast = Rs. 4,85,45,120

TOTAL COST FOR THE LENGTH OF 50 M (REAR)

Cement = Rs. 5,95,15,087
Sand = Rs. 1,09,06,315
Ballast = Rs. 1,51,70,350

TOTAL COST FOR THE WHOLE RETAINING WALL

Cement = Rs. 44,04,11,647
Sand = Rs. 8,07,06,731
Ballast = Rs. 11,22,61,790
Total cost for retaining wall = Rs 63,33,80,168

TOTAL COST OF CONCRETE

Cement =Rs 122,14,78,563
Sand =Rs 22,38,44,411
Ballast =Rs 31,13,57,258

TOTAL COST OF CONCRETE FOR DRY DOCK= RS 175,66,80,232

STEEL ESTIMATION

SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD

Main reinforcement
20mm dia @ 2.47kg/m , straight bars @ 125mm c/c

No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars

70
Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.02) = 10.06m

Bent up bars @100mm c/c

= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars

Length = 10.06+0.03 = 10.09m

Total length = (98*10.06)+(97*10.09) =1964.61m

Weight = 1978.65*2.47 = 4852.59kg

Distribution reinforcement
20mm dia @ 2.47kg/m , 125mmc/c

No of bars =(10/0.125) + 1 = 81 bars

Length =10-0.3+(18*0.02) = 10.06m

Total length = 10.06*81 = 814.86m

Weight = 814.86*2.47kg= 2012.7 kg

Total weight = 6865.29kg

Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*6865.29 = Rs 4,11,917.4

Cost for 9 slabs =Rs 9*4,11,917.4 =Rs 37,07,256.6

SLAB WITH CEMENT MOTAR LOAD

Main reinforcement
24mm dia @ 3.33kg/m , straight bars @ 100mm c/c

No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars

Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.024) = 10.132m

Bent up bars @100mm c/c

71
 = {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars

Length = 10.132+0.03 = 10.162m

Total length = (98*10.132)+(97*10.162) =1978.65m

Weight = 1978.65*3.55= 7025 kg

Distribution reinforcement
20mm dia @ 2.99kg/m , 100mmc/c

No of bars =(10/0.1) + 1 = 101 bars

Length =10-0.3+(18*0.022) = 10.096m

Total length = 10.096*101 = 1019.696m

Weight = 1019.697*2.99 = 3048.89 kg

Total weight = 10073.89kg

Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*10073.89 = Rs 6,04,433.4

Cost for 26 slabs =Rs 26*6,04,433.4=Rs 157,15,368.4

SLAB WITH SHIP AND KEEL BLOCK LOAD

Main reinforcement
24mm dia @ 3.35kg/m , straight bars @ 100mm c/c

No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars

Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.024) = 10.132m

Bent up bars @100mm c/c

= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars

Length = 10.132+0.03 = 10.162m

72
Total length = (98*10.132)+(97*10.162) =1978.65m

Weight = 1978.65*3.55 = 7025 kg

Distribution reinforcement
24mm dia @ 3.55kg/m , 100mmc/c

No of bars =(10/0.1) + 1 = 101 bars

Length =10-0.3+(18*0.024) = 10.132m

Total length = 10.132*101=1023.33m

Weight = 1023.33*3.55= 3632.82 kg

Total weight = 10657.83 kg

Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*10073.89= Rs 6,39,469.8

Cost for 42 slabs =Rs 42*6,39,469.8 =Rs 268,57,731.6

SLAB WITH GATE LOAD

Main reinforcement
22mm dia @ 2.99kg/m , straight bars @ 100mm c/c

No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars

Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.022) = 10.096m

Bent up bars @100mm c/c

= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars

Length = 10.132+0.03 = 10.126m

Total length = (98*10.132)+(97*10.162)=1971.63m

Weight = 1971.63*2.99= 5895.514 kg

73
Distribution reinforcement
22mm dia @ 2.99kg/m , 125mmc/c

No of bars =(10/0.125) + 1 = 81 bars

Length =10-0.3+(18*0.022) = 10.096

Total length = 10.096*81=817.776m

Weight = 817.77*2.99= 2445.15 kg

Total weight = 8340.324 kg

Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*8340.324= Rs 5,00,419.44

Cost for 3 slabs =Rs 3*5,00,419.44 =Rs 15,01,258.32

Total cost for reinforcement of slabs=Rs 4,77,81,514.92

RETAINING WALL

STEM
Main reinforcement
50mm dia @ 15.432 kg/m @ 100mm c/c

No of bars = {(370-0.10) / 0.1} + 1 = 3700 bars

Length = 23-top cover-bottom cover+2 hooks

= 23-0.05-0.05+(18*0.05) = 23.8m
For both sides multiply by 2
=23.8*2+4m( shear key)=51.6m

Total lenght = 51.6*3700 = 190920m

Weight = 190920*15.432= 2946277.44kg

Distribution reinforcement
30mm dia @5.56kg/m @250 c/c

74
No of bars = {(25-0.05-0.05) / 0.250 } +1 = 101

Length = 370 – 2 covers + 6 hooks

= 370-0.1+(6*9*0.03)=371.52m

Total length = 371.52*101 = 37523.52m

Weight = 37523.52*5.56 = 208630.77kg

BASE SLAB

Main reinforcement
50mm dia @ 15.432 kg/m @ 250mm c/c (TOP AND BOTTOM)

No of bars = [{(370-0.10) / 0.25} + 1] * 2(TOP AND BOTTOM) = 2962 bars

Length = 13-0.05-0.05+(18*0.05)= 13.8m

Total length = 13.8*2962 = 40875.6 m

Weight = 40875.6 *15.432= 630792.26kg

Distribution reinforcement
30mm dia @5.56kg/m @250 c/c

No of bars = [{(13-0.05-0.05) / 0.250 } +1]*2 (TOP AND BOTTOM)= 106 bars

Length = 370-0.1+(18*0.03) =370.44m

Total length = 370.44*106 = 39266.64m

Weight = 39266.64m*5.56=218322.518kg

Total weight =4004023.348kg

Total cost for reinforcement of retaining wall= Rs 24,02,41,400.9

TOTAL COST FOR REINFORCEMENT OF DRY DOCK = Rs28,80,22,915

75
TOTAL COST OF DRY DOCK = RS204,47,03,148

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Dry dock components slab, retaining wall , staircase , and gate as

being designed and analysed by INIDAN STANDARD CODAL , ‘B.K
Mazurkiewicz’ (dec 1981)- ‘Design and consruction of dry docks’ AND STADD
PRO.

76
 Finally the project reveals that structure of dry dock is adopted in
Indian climatic conditions for economical way of ship and boat under the limits of
dry dock designed for repairing and maintaining works.

Refernces

1. Soletanche bachy (2001) - ‘CONCARNEAU DRY DOCK’ , Concarneau –

France, journal on design of dry dock.

77
2. Francis wentworth-shields, john mowlem company& edmund nuttall sons
& company (july 1933) – ‘KING GEORGE V GRAVING DOCK’-
Southampton's Western , journal on on design of dry dock.

3. ‘B.K Mazurkiewicz’(dec 1981)- ‘Design and consruction of dry docks’

- Book on dry docks.

4. Krishnaraju. N (2003, third edition) “Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures”
5. Dock master training manual

6. INDIAN STANDARD CODE BOOKS:

IS 456:2000
IS 456:2007
IS 456:1978
IS 456 (PART 2):1989
IS 6403:1981

78