Harry S.

Truman:
The Politician and the Man
Heesoo Kim
Family and Early Life
Family history and Birth

John Anderson Truman Martha Ellen Truman

(farmer & livestock dealer) (nee Young)

Harry S. Truman
(May 8, 1884 - Dec 26, 1972)

● Ancestry: Primarily English, some Scottish, German, and French

● Born in Lamar, Missouri
● Moved to various places in Missouri (Harrisonville, Belton, Grandview,
Independence) during his childhood
Family

Harry S. Truman Elizabeth Virginia Wallace

(May 8, 1884 - Dec 26, 1972) (Feb 13, 1885 - Oct 18, 1982)

Mary Margaret Truman

(Feb 17, 1924 - Jan 29, 2008)

● Married Bess Wallace from Independence, Missouri, in 1919, and lived in

Wallace House in Independence with Bess’ mother
● Only daughter, Mary Margaret, became a classical soprano singer
Early Adulthood
● In 1901, Truman briefly
attended Spalding’s
Commercial College for a
year where he studied
bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing, but could not afford to attend a college
○ Last president to have never obtained a college degree
● Took on a series of clerical jobs from 1902-1906 before returning to
Grandview farm
● Joined the army in 1917 to fight in the World War 1.
Military career (1905-1919)
● Joined Missouri Army National Guard in 1905
● Obtained the rank of corporal in Battery B, 2nd
Missouri Field Artillery Regiment by 1911
● Obtained captainship in 1918, and became the
commander of Battery D, 129th Field Artillery,
60th Artillery Brigade, 35th Division
● Honorably discharged as the rank of a major in
May 1919
● Continued to serve in the Reserve Officer Corps,
advancing to becoming a commander of a
regiment
Political Rise
Jackson County Civil Servantship (1922-1934)
● Elected as County Court judge of Jackson County to
serve in an administrative position, thanks to the
Tom Pendergast’s Democratic machine in Kansas
City
● Lost re-election bid in 1924 in the Republican
landslide election wave spearheaded by the election
of Calvin Coolidge to the office of presidency
● Elected and re-elected as the presiding judge in
1926 and 1930 with the support of Pendergast, and
coordinated various public works projects in the
Jackson County and the Kansas City
New Deal
● Appointed the
director of Missouri’s
Federal
Re-Employment
program piloted by
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt and
cemented Truman’s
support for the New
Deal and FDR’s
policies
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U.S. Senator (D-Missouri) (1934-1945)
● Truman was elected to
senatorship only after
securing Pendergast support
● Won in general election as
part of the wave of New Deal
Democrats being elected in
the throes of the Great
Depression

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U.S. Senator (D-Missouri) (1934-1945) (cont.)
● Was nicknamed “the Senator from Pendergast” because patronage decisions
were all made by Pendergast
○ Ironic considering how Truman opposed politicians being controlled by corporations but is
okay with working for a political machine
○ Truman struggled to get his calls returned from the White House because of his image as
Pendergast pawn
● During re-election bid in 1940, Truman won because of two bids splitting the
anti-Pendergast votes when Pendergast was imprisoned on tax-evasion
charges
Rise to Presidency
First Presidency
● Truman was not elected
president--rather, when President
Franklin D. Roosevelt died just 82
days into his fourth term of
presidency, as then-vice president,
he assumed the role of the
president.

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 Vice Presidency Selection of 1944
● Due to FDR’s declining health, the
Democratic Party leaders were well-aware
of the possibility of FDR dying in office,
which made the vice presidency selection
very important.
● Even though the incumbent vice president,
Henry Wallace, was very popular with the
Democratic convention delegates, the party
leaders disliked his liberal politics, so they
worked to secure nomination for Truman,
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who was much less popular.
Vice Presidency Selection of 1944 (cont.)
● Truman’s selection as the vice
president was the result of the
boss system in Kansas City.
● Dubbed the ‘Second Missouri
Compromise’ because of
Truman’s moderate politics
compared to liberal Wallace and
conservative Byrnes, and
because of his status as a border
state senator (D-Missouri)

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Vice Presidency Selection of 1944 (cont.)

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Vice Presidency Selection of 1944 (cont.)

Image credit: http://mcimaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/1944-VP-2nd-Ballot-After-Shifts.png

Vice Presidency Selection of 1944 (cont.)

 Roosevelt-Truman Campaign
● “We are going to win this war and the peace that follows.” - FDR
● “Don’t swap horses in midstream.” - FDR

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Election of 1944

Image credit: https://www.270towin.com/1944_Election/

Vice Presidency (1945)
● Truman was often set aside by Roosevelt,
and was uninformed of major decisions
involving both domestic and international
affairs
● Truman was ignorant of the top-secret
Manhattan Project, and received mostly
negative publicity when he caught the
attention of the media
○ E.g. Truman attended the funeral of the highly
unpopular and disgraced Pendergast

Truman conversing with Pendergast

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1st Presidency (1945-1948)
● President Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office from massive cerebral
hemorrhaging on April 12th, 1945, only 82 days after Truman began his term
as the Vice President
● Truman was not informed of the atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project until
April 25th
○ Truman was kept ignorant of policies and decisions, even ones as major as the Manhattan
Project, during his tenure as the Vice President for President Franklin D. Roosevelt
● Truman kept the group of advisors for FDR, but made clear that he would be
the one making decisions and the advisors were there to support him
1st Presidency (1945-1948) cont.
The Atomic Bomb (1945)
● U.S. conducted a successful Trinity Test of
the first atomic bomb on July 16th, 1945
● Truman approved the dropping of the nuclear
bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August
6th and August 9th, respectively
● For the rest of his life, Truman continued to
defend his decision to drop the nuclear bomb,
stating that the world would have seen a lot
more casualty had the bombs not been
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1st Presidency (1945-1948) cont.
Economic Instabilities and Strikes (1946)
● Difficult transition from wartime economy
to a peacetime economy
● Unstable prices and economy due to
demobilization and the costs of war effort
● When the railroad workers organized a
massive strike, Truman initially sought to
mobilize veterans against the unionists,
and upon admonishments from his
advisors, sought to force the strikers into
joining the military Image source:
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1st Presidency (1945-1948) cont.
Truman Doctrine (1947-1948)
● A doctrine put into action via the Marshall plan on containing the expansion of
the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union
● Truman declared in his speech on March 12th, 1947, “to support free peoples
who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
pressures” by giving
massive economic
aids to rebuild
war-torn countries
in Europe
 1st Presidency (1945-1948) cont.
Creation of Intelligence Agencies
● In 1947, Truman signed the National
Security Act, which restructured the
military and intelligence federal offices
○ Created Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and
the National Security Council
○ In 1952, Truman further consolidated the
cryptographic aspects of intelligence gathering
into the National Security Agency
● Truman soon found CIA to have too great
of a purview and sought to significantly
curtail the scope of the agency

Image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/1200px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png

1st Presidency (1945-1953)
Recognition of Israel (1948)
● Recognized Israel as a state just 11 minutes after the people declared
themselves a nation
● Supported zionism, the idea that the Jewish people are entitled to return and
establish an independent government in their ancient homeland, despite
oppositions in the Congress who feared angering their Arab allies
○ The region was heavily populated and culturally dominated by the Arabs
○ This is interesting, considering that Truman refused to invite Jewish people to his Wallace
home in which he lived his wife because of his wife’s antisemitism
Return to Presidency: 1948
● Incumbent: Harry S. Truman (D)
● Challenger: Thomas E. Dewey (R)
● Virtually every poll suggested that
Dewey would defeat Truman--Truman
was the underdog and this election is
considered to be among the greatest
election upsets in American history.
● Chicago Tribune even published a
paper with headline, “Dewey Defeats
Truman” in anticipation for Dewey’s Image credit:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Deweytruman12.jpg

victory.
Return to Presidency 1948 (cont.)

● Despite low approval ratings near the end of his first term, Truman won the
presidency over both Thomas Dewey (Republican) and other Democratic
candidates in an upset victory
○ The Chicago Tribune even had an erroneous headline pre-printed proclaiming “Dewey
Defeats Truman”
● A large part of inaccurate polling data was due to the polling being done
primarily over the phone, and much of Truman’s populist base did not own a
phone
Truman-Barkley Campaign
● Running mate: Alben W. Barkley (Senator, R-Kentucky)
Truman-Barkley Campaign (cont.)
● “I’m just wild about Harry.”
● “Pour it on ‘em, Harry!”
● “Give Em Hell, Harry!”

Image credit: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/59-679.jpg

Party Issues
● Democratic Party (Truman-Barkley)
○ Strong civil rights platform
○ Racially integrate the South
● Republican Party (Dewey-Warren)
○ Reduce public debt, tax, government regulations of businesses
● Progressive Party (Wallace-Taylor)
○ Wanted stronger government regulation and control of big businesses
○ Sought to end discrimination against blacks and women, supported minimum wage, and
sought to shut down the House Un-American Activities Committee
● States’ Rights Democratic Party (Thurmond-Wright)
○ Opposed Truman’s support of civil rights (opposed racially integrating U.S. armed forces)
○ Sought to protect racial segregation in the South and the Jim Crow laws
Election of 1948

Image credit: https://www.270towin.com/1948_Election/index.html

2nd Presidency (1948-1953)
Korean War
● Truman called the American military
action in Korea as a ‘police action’ and did
not seek the approval of the Congress,
assuming that the Congress supported
military action in Korea
● One of the bloodiest war in history (2.5+
million civilians killed or injured, 30,000+
American soldiers killed), with no change
in the division of the Korean peninsula
● Dubbed as “Mr. Truman’s War”
2nd Presidency (1945-1953) cont.
Assassination Attempt (1950)
● Two Puerto Rican nationalists sought to
assassinate President Truman because of
the colonization of the Puerto Rican islands
by the United States and the uncertain
territory status of the islands
● As a result, Puerto Rico was allowed to
hold a referendum on a new constitution in
1952 to determine the relationship that the
islands will continue to have with the United
States
2nd Presidency (1945-1953) cont.
Civil Rights Reforms
● Proposed creating federal offices dedicated to ensuring that voting rights and
fair employment are indeed being practiced
● This was a result of the abuse and persecution that was faced by black
veterans after returning from fighting in the World War II
○ “My forebears were Confederates… but my very stomach turned over when I had learned that
Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi
and beaten”
● Resulted in the Executive Order 9981 that require equal opportunity in the
armed forces, and lead to the formation of the Committee on Equality of
Treatment and Opportunity
Retirement and Death
Post-Presidency Years
● Lived for 19 years in his hometown, Independence, Missouri, with his wife,
Bess, after stepping down from the presidency in 1953.
● Remained politically involved for his last years.

1964
1953 1956 Exercised “privilege of
Stepped down Published Vol 2 the floor” to address
from Presidency of Memoir the Senate

1955 1958 1972

Published Vol 1 Former Presidents Act Died of old age
of Memoir
Financial Troubles
● Refused to enter any commercial
endorsement contracts in fear of harming
the reputation of the Office of the
Presidency.
● Had to survive on a small army pension
($112.56/month).
● No personal savings due to previous
unsuccessful business ventures.
Financial Troubles cont.
● Took out a personal loan to fund his
memoir writing, but though the
memoirs were successful, he only got
a lump sum of $670,000 for both
volumes, and after paying his
assistants, only took away ~$37,000.
● Truman and his financial troubles was
the main impetus for the passing of
Former Presidents Act in 1958, which
gives $25,000/year pension to each
former living presidents.
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Death
● On Dec. 5, 1972, admitted to
Research Hospital and Medical
Center in Kansas City,
Missouri, for
pneumonia-related lung
complications.
● Developed multiple organ
failures and fell into a coma.
● Died the morning of Dec. 26,
1972 (aged 88).
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Image credits:
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https://trumanlibrary.org/photographs/73-366.jpg

Funeral
● His wife, Bess, opted out of
having an elaborate state
funeral.
● Episcopalian service in the
Truman Library, and was buried
in the courtyard of the library.
● Small private ceremony
attended by Bess (widow),
Margaret Daniels (daughter),
family friends, and few political
friends.
Truman the Man through Quotes
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On
the Office
of
the Presidency
 THE ELECTION
“A President needs political
understanding to run the
government, but he may be
elected without it.”
<Memoirs Vol. 2> Harry S. Truman
KEY POINTS:
● Belief that luck plays an important part of election (including his own!)
● Abruptly became the president while serving as a vice president under President Franklin D. Roosevelt
after Roosevelt died from cerebral hemorrhage
● Ex. Henry Clay, who passed up the offer of vice presidency twice in his certainty of being elected
president and thus missed the chance of assuming the highest office when the sitting president died.
Truman giving inaugural speech
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 THE OFFICE VS. THE MAN
“When you get to be
President, there are all those
things, the honors, the
twenty-one gun salutes, all
those things. You have to
remember it isn’t for you. It’s
for the Presidency.”
<Truman> David McCullough Truman’s Oval Office
Image credit: http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/oval-office/oval-office-truman-recreation.jpg

KEY POINTS:
● The importance of separating the president--the man--from the Office of the Presidency
● The need for recognition that the honors and compliments received as a president is not given to the
man, but rather is given to the Office of the Presidency
 THE JOB OF A PRESIDENT
“All the president is, is a
glorified public relations man
who spends his time
flattering, kissing, and kicking
people to get them to do what
they are supposed to do
anyway.”
<Letter to His Sister> Harry S. Truman
KEY POINTS:
● Public relations is a major part of the job of a president
● Constantly cajoling politicians to do their jobs
Truman addresses the Congress in 1947
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“I sit here all day trying THE SCOPE OF THE
to persuade people to do PRESIDENCY
the things they ought to
have the sense to do
without my persuading
them. That’s all the
powers of the President
amount to.”
Harry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● Limited power of a president Image credit:
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● Presidency, not dictatorship
● Truman was a Democratic president in a heavily Republican controlled congress and was often
frustrated by Republicans in his endeavors.
 THE PAST
AND
THE PRESENT
“Most of the problems
a President has to face
Image credit:
https://oneclassblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1123676.jpg have their roots in the
past.”
KEY POINTS: Harry S. Truman
● During his tenure as the Vice President, Truman was
often excluded by FDR from foreign policy matters and was not informed of important matters
● Truman studied history to be more informed about the present and how he should handle matters of
international relations
Source: Avi Shlaim, “The United States and the Berlin Blockade”
 On
Government
and
Politics
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2014/03/09/10-religious-surprises-in-the-us-congress/140308-religion-congress-tease_o7pszd
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Long hand note of President Harry S. Truman
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SENIORITY &
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HIERARCHY
IN THE GOVERNMENT
“Term limits would cure both
senility and seniority--both
terrible legislative diseases.”
<President’s Secretary’s Files>
Harry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● Opposed hierarchy in the government (which arises when
accounting for seniority)
 THE (UN)PRODUCTIVITY
OF
THE CONGRESS
“If you tell Congress everything
about the world situation, they get
hysterical. If you tell them nothing,
Cartoon of gridlock in the US Congress
Image credit:
they go fishing.”
https://harris.uchicago.edu/files/styles/hero/public/Gridlock.jpeg?itok=HwSkopfJ
Harry S. Truman
KEY POINTS:
● Lack of productivity in Congress without an immediate threat or sensationalism
● Derisive of the Congress and of the politicians (despite being a politician himself!)
● Again, note that the Congress was gridlocked during Truman’s tenure, with Republican Congress
opposing Democratic Truman on many issues
 THE EFFICIENCY OF
THE GOVERNMENT

KEY POINTS:
● The time overhead in
Image credit:
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bureaucracy for making
decisions and implementing
decisions is a natural part of
“When you have an efficient a democracy
government, you have a ● Decisions are made quickly
only in dictatorships where
dictatorship.” no one gets to question the
Harry S. Truman decisions of the dictator
 On
the Past
and
the Future
Presidents
 Monroe as a
“I consider Monroe a pretty
minor president. In spite of President
the Monroe Doctrine. That’s
the only important thing he
ever did more or less on his
own, when you really get
down to it.”
Henry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● Truman exhibits the tendency to look down on the past presidents
● Superiority complex?
● Still, recognizes the contributions of other presidents and shares
admiration for these contributions
 The Marshall Plan
and Peace
“The Marshall Plan will go
down in history as one of
America’s greatest
contributions to the peace of
the world.”
Harry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● Supports the aiding of rebuilding the
Image credit:
war-torn countries in Europe
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-Marsh
allPlanAid-Logo.svg/2000px-US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg.png
 Derision
“He’ll sit here, and he’ll say, ‘Do this!
Do that!’ And nothing will happen. Towards
Poor Ike, it won’t be a bit like the Others
Army. He’ll find it very frustrating.”
Harry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● For all of the derision that Truman has for the politicians,
he also exhibits similar derision towards Eisenhower, who
is not a politician but instead is a military general
● Truman recognizes that the office of presidency does not
grant the power to force people to act against their will;
rather, the president needs to cajole people to act in
desired manner
Image credit:
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 Convictions
“Nixon is one of the few in the
history of this country to run Part 1
for high office talking out of
both sides of his mouth at the
same time and lying out of
both sides.”
Harry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● Truman does not like Nixon
● Disliked trait: playing for both sides and not
sticking to a single message or morals
● Truman admires people who stick to their
convictions and who don’t try to game the
Image credit:
system https://timedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/nixon.jpeg
Image credit:
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Convictions
Part 2
“One of the presidents we could
have done without… The reason I
have a certain amount of grudging
respect for John Tyler is that he
knew his own mind and stuck to his
decisions.”
Harry S. Truman
KEY POINTS:
● Similar to the quote about Nixon, Truman once again expresses admiration for people who stick to
their convictions and not play the masses
“Andrew Johnson wasn’t too Hostility towards
bad, but he was overwhelmed the Congress
by a hostile Congress.”
Harry S. Truman

KEY POINTS:
● Truman exhibits hostility towards the
Congress. This is likely due to him having
served as a Democrat president in a
Republican controlled Congress
● Feels empathy for Andrew Johnson's’ plight

Image credit:
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Legacy of Truman
Presidential Self-Conceptions:
Likes, Dislikes, and Traits of Truman
- Traits admired by Truman:
- Conviction and sticking to one’s own morals and beliefs
- Traits disliked by Truman:
- Only saying things to score political points and walking back on one’s words (i.e. lying to the
public)
- Traits exhibited by Truman:
- Patronizes everyone (e.g. the Congress, past presidents, presidential candidates)
- Ability to recognize the need for certain institutions and practices despite how much he is
frustrated by them and how much he finds them tedious
Presidential Self-Conception:
Truman’s Thoughts on the Presidency
- Decision making process in a democracy
is tedious, but it is necessary for the
survival of democracy, since efficiency in
making decisions can only occur with a
single person (or a select group of people)
making all of the decisions
- The president exists to serve the majority
Image credit:
of people who do not have people in the
https://2k8r3p1401as2e1q7k14dguu-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-cont
ent/uploads/2016/07/Truman-Speech-1-1024x651.jpg Washington D.C. to lobby for them
Truman in the National Memory:
A Controversial President
● Left office with an approval rating of 22% (matched by the lowest approval
rating gotten by Nixon)
● Journalist, Samuel Lubell, said in 1952,
○ “After seven years of Truman’s hectic, even furious, activity the nation seemed to be about on
the same general spot as when he first came to office… Nowhere in the whole Truman record
can one point to a single decisive break-through… All his skills and energies---and he was
among our hardest working Presidents--were directed to standing still.”
● Received much disapproval from the public for the unsuccessful and costly
military campaigns in Korean peninsula, and for several boom and bust cycles
through which the economy went during his administration.
Truman in the National Memory:
A Political Folk Hero
● Truman died during the Vietnam War crisis and the Watergate Scandals,
which resulted in reinvigoration of fond public sentiments towards Truman.
● The years following his death (1972), Truman recaptured the public sentiment
with his image of steadfastness, honesty, and incorruptible integrity, much in
contrast to the Nixon and his scandals.
● Critics of Truman’s cold war policies also decreased with the fall of the Soviet
Union in 1991.
Truman Scholarship
● Recognizes U.S. college juniors who
have demonstrated great leadership
and dedication to public service with
$30,000 towards their graduate studies.
● Established via a bill sponsored by
Senator Symington of Missouri on May
30, 1974, which was then signed by
President Ford into Public Law 93-642
on Jan. 4, 1975.
Bibliography
● McCullough, David. Truman 1992
● Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
https://www.trumanlibrary.org/
● Harry S. Truman, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman
● Hamby, Alonso. “Harry S. Truman: Life After the Presidency,”
https://millercenter.org/president/truman/life-after-the-presidency
● Ayers, B. “Truman Buried in Presidential Library Courtyard,” New York Times,
https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/29/archives/truman-buried-in-presidential-li
brary-courtyard-truman-is-buried-in.html
● Harry S. Truman Scholarship, Wikipedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship
Bibliography (cont.)
● Presidential Election of 1944. 270toWin.
https://www.270towin.com/1944_Election/
● Presidential Election of 1948. 270toWin.
https://www.270towin.com/1948_Election/index.html
● Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1944. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_s
election,_1944
● Franklin D. Roosevelt. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt
● Dewey Defeats Truman. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman