Unit 7

Vocabulary
Tempo Speed
Quota Allowed number
Prerogative Wasteful
Mind Be careful
Profligate Right
Laid-back Relaxed
Predation One animal eating another
Lethargy Extreme laziness
Slumber Sleep
Stalking Try to catch
Trip it in the bud Stop it before it grows too large
Halt Stop
Elusive Difficult to achieve
Transience Temporary existence

Built in obsolescence
Emulate
Accolade
Envisage
Explode Go on
Bell rings Went off
Unnoticed Unconscious
Quarry An animal or person being hunted
Faculty
Spiral
Escalation
Brooding Worrying
Ruminating
Flit
Minutiae Small or unimportant details

Grammar Article
1. The zero Plural,  To make a generalization
article uncountable  To mention something for the first time
2. The Singular  To make an abstract, formal generalization
 When a noun, or a characteristic or property of the
noun has already mentioned.
 To distinguish it from other nouns with a defining
relative clause or adverbial phrase.
 To refer to something seen as unique in our
experience.
  With superlatives and ordinal.
 When it is clear from the context what you are talking
about.
 Formal generalization about one member of a class.
 To make generalization about group with limited
group of adjective: rich, young, blind.
3. a/an Singular  To make a generalization
 To mention something for the first time
 To describe a person’s job or character with a noun.

Examples
1. Exercise is good for the body
2. Humans have built-in obsolescence
3. The whale lives for over 100 years.
4. An adult heart beats around 72 beats per minute.
5. I’ve joined a gym
6. Exercise is good for you
7. The gym is great but the monthly rate is expensive.
8. The gym I joined is very expensive
9. The life spam of a clam is very short.
10. The sun, the food chain, the quickest, the first, the tenth, the same, the maximum, the
main, the right, the government.
11. Love is more important than money
12. There is a swimming pool quite near here.
13. It is important to have a balanced diet.
14. She is an airline pilot
15. In the painting there is a tiger. The tiger is about to attack
16. Could you pass the salt, please?
17. The tiger is member of the cat family.
18. She was the girl he wanted to marry.
19. The discovery of penicillin was important to medical advance.
20. Every star in the night sky is a sun
21. This is the best way to keep fit.
22. This is the first time I’ve been there.
23. The two houses look exactly the same.
24. The rich should pay more taxes than the poor.

Proverbs
1. Two heads are better than one.
2. Beauty is in the eyes of beholder
3. Blood is thicker than water
4. Cold hands warm hearts.
 5. The best way to a man’s heart is through is stomach
6. Walls have ears.
7. Many hands make light work.
8. Don’t cut off your nose to spite your face.
9. In the eyes of the mouse the cat is a lion
10. Never tickle the nose of a sleeping bear
11. The dog that is going to bite does not show its teeth.
12. When the stomach is full, the heart is glad.
13. The tongue is more to be feared than the sword.

Collocation with heart

1. Broken hearted (sadness)
2. Cold hearted (warm,kind)
3. Whole hearted (enthusiasm)
4. Half hearted (lack of enthusiasm)
5. Light hearted (lack of seriousness)
6. Down hearted (sadness)
7. Up hearted (x)

Grammar Conditional
1. were  Possible condition
 Formal
 Giving advice
2. was  Imaginary, unreal condition
 Informal
3. Were to be  Unreal, impossible condition

Examples
4. If I owned a car I probably wouldn’t use it very much./ I could get to work more
easily.
5.

Grammar Infinitive or Gerund

1. The Gerund  If a verb is the subject of a sentence
 If a verb comes after a preposition: look forward to/ get used
to/ object to
 Form a past gerund. (formal)
 From a passive gerund: past participle present or past
 To refer to another person: my, your, his, me, you, him.
 To make a noun phrase ( the+gerund+of+noun)
2. Infinitive  To express purpose.
Exercise
1. Please forgive my writing /me for writing to you like this, but I am extremely
concerned about Amelia’s progress. I regret to tell you that as a result of missing/
having missed the first month of this term, she has fallen significantly behind her
peers in her coursework. She also appears not to have completed to not have
completed any of her homework. Clearly having missed/ missing such a huge chunk
of term will impact on her final grades at the end of this year. I have tried to
explain/explaining this to her, but she seem to object being told what to do. So as not
to/ in order not to fall behind any further, she needs to make a concerted effort to
catch up with her classmates by completing all her project work.
2. Acting has never interested me
3. I’m not interested in acting.
4. I can’t get used to living in a big city.
5. I hate not knowing the answer.
6. Being interrupted doesn’t bother me
7. She complained about having been interrupted.
8. I apologize for having arrived/arriving late.
9. I remember his having said that
10. I remember him saying that
11. The burning of the city lasted for three days.
12. He joined the gym to lose weight.
13. The cars need to be cleaned.
14. My bike seems to have been stolen.
15. Would you mind following me
16. He encouraged me to take up the piano.
17. He continued talking/ to talk
18. I regret telling him that ( It was the wrong thing to do)
19. I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam. (I’m sorry that I have to tell you)
20. He didn’t let me finish what I wanted to say.

Infinitive Gerund Infinitive, Gerund

Get used Appreciate Advise
Let Avoid Encourage
Make Enjoy
Would rather Suggest
Prefer

Language Focus
1. Make a request  I was wondering if you could do me a favor?
 I was wondering is there anyway

2. Turn down a request
3. Agree to a request
4. Make an apology
 Would it be possible to
 I don’t suppose you could possibly
 Would that be possible to
 Do you think it would be all right
 I would if I could
 That’s not going to be a problem.
 No worries at all
 I’m sure I’ll be fine
 Sorry
 I’m afraid
 I’m so sorry

Exercise
1. Could I change the appointment?
Would it be possible for me to change the appointment?

2. Could I have a second opinion?

I was wondering if I could have a second opinion.

3. Could you give me a lift to the hospital?

I don’t suppose you could give me a lift to the hospital.

4. Could you possibly pick up my prescription?

Is there anyway you could pick up my prescription?

5. Can I use your phone?

Would you mind If I use your phone?

6. Can I park outside?

Is it/ Would it be all right if I park outside?

7. I have got an apology to make

8. You know that book lent me?
9. Sorry to trouble you but…
10. I’m afraid there is a slight problem.
11. Could I ask you a favor?
12. Could you do me a big favor?
13. Right, about the holiday. The thing is…
14. I’ve got a request to make.
15. Could I have a word?

Linking Ideas Cause and Consequence

1. Cause  Result from

2. Consequences
 As a result of
 Are due to
 Thanks to/ for ( on account of)
 are the key to
 is a major cause of
 leading to
 result in
 have a role to play in
 the most important factor in
 the first step towards/to

Exercises
1. Given that/ Since/ In the view of the fact that a healthy diet is vital to health, children
should be educated to know what constitutes healthy eating.
2. Because of/ thanks to/ as a result of improved hygiene, many illnesses have been
eliminated.
3. Overwork and anxiety can lead to/ can result in/ can produce/ have a part to play in/
are the key to/ are the first steps towards high levels of stress.
4. Regular exercise and a healthy diet have a part to play in/ are the key to / are the first
steps towards staying fit.
5. Smoking is a key factor in/ is at the root of/ is a major cause of heart disease.
6. Many relationship difficulties are due to/ are related to/ can be attributed to stress.