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1 or &B #
"!B = J +"!M ) ( $ ' !! = J
$ M
µ0 A cross section of a magnetized
%1µ4
0
243" material.
H
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
4.5 Magnetic field intensity and relative permeability
We define the fourth new fundamental field quantity, the magnetic field
intensity H, such that
B
H= !M
µ0
The use of the H enables us to write a curl equation relating the magnetic field and
the distribution of free currents in any medium.
" ! H = J ( A / m2 )
where J ( A / m 2 ) is the volume density of free current.
When the magnetic properties of the medium are linear and isotropic, the magnetization
is directly proportional to the magnetic field intensity
M = ! mH or B = µ0 (1 + ! m )H = µ0 µ r H
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
4.6 Boundary conditions for magnetostatic fields
or H1t ! H 2t = J sn ( A / m)
More concisely,
a n 2 " ( H1 ! H 2 ) = J s ( A / m )
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
4.6 Boundary conditions for magnetostatic fields
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
4.7 Inductances and inductors
Consider two neighboring closed loops, C1 and C2 bounding surfaces S1 and S2,
respectively. If a current I1 flows in C1, a magnetic field B1 will be created. Some of the
magnetic flux due to B1 will link with C2, that it will pass through the surfaces S2:
"12 = # B1 ! ds 2 (Wb)
From the Biot-Savart law, we see that B1 is directly proportional to I1; hence
!12 = L12 I1
In case C2 has N2 turns, the flux linkage !12 due to !12 is "12 = N 2 !12
!12
The mutual inductance between two circuits is L12 =
I1
Its physical meaning is the magnetic flux linkage with
One circuit per unit current in the other.
!11
The self inductance of loop C1 is defined as L11 =
I1
It measures the magnetic flux linkage per unit
current in the loop itself.
Two magnetically
coupled loops.
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
4.7 Inductances and inductors
µ 0 rI
a) Inside the inner conductor, 0 ! r ! a we can easily find that B1 = a" B" 1 = a"
2!a 2
µI
b) Between the inner and outer conductors, a ! r ! b we have B 2 = a" B" 2 = a" 0
2!r
Assume the current I is uniformly distributed over the cross section of the inner conductor.
2rdr
d" int = d! int
a2
r =a
" d$ int µ0 1 a µ0
Lint = r =0
= " (a 2 # r 2 )rdr =
I !a 2 2a 2 0 8!
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
Chapter 5 Steady Electric Currents
Electrolytic currents
are the result of migration of positive and negative ions
Convection currents
Result from motion of electrons and/or ions in a vacuum.
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
5.1 Equation of continuity and KCL
The current leaving the region is the total outward flux of the current density vector
through the surface S. We have
dQ d d% d!
I = ! J # ds = " = " ! $dv ! $ # Jdv = " ! dv $#J = "
S dt dt V V V dt dt
The last equation is called equation of continuity.
For steady currents, charge density does not vary with time, we have "!J = 0
which is !Ij
j =0 Kirchhoffʼs current law.
!%
Combining &$ # E = " and $ # E = " / ! we have
!t
# = # 0 e $ (" / ! ) t (C / m 3 )
It says that the charge density at a given location will decrease with time exponentially.
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
5.2 Boundary conditions for current density
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
5.3 Resistance calculations
We have discussed the procedure for finding the capacitance between two conductors
separated by a dielectric medium. These conductors may be of arbitrary shapes. In
terms of electric field quantities the basic formula for capacitance can be written as
Q ! D " ds ! $E " ds
C= = S
= S
V # ! E " dl # ! E " dl
L L
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16
5.3 Resistance calculations (cont.)
Basic Electromagnetics, Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prof. K.-L. Wu / Prof. Th. Blu Lesson 15&16