Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Management in India
Pooja Shetty
(poojashetty.work@gmail.com)
(M.Sc. Urban Policy & Governance, B.Tech Mechanical Engineering)
Executive Summary
1I India generates about 52 MMT of Waste annually out of which 40 MMT of waste remains unprocessed. Only 25% of the waste gets
processed. There’s still a big piece of pie which is up for grabs.
2I Under the regulatory framework of waste management in India, the onus of implementation lies with urban local bodies
3I Segregation/ sorting is largely dependent on the informal sector. There is an opportunity to formalize them and also train new persons.
4I With the efficiency of 30%-60%, the collection and recovery of waste in India has tremendous scope for improvement
5I The waste transportation problem is a typical resource constraint & logistics efficiency problem. There is need for new efficient logistics
solutions to improve collection and transportation of waste.
6I The waste processing has a huge opportunity to invite investment and to create employment from the private sector as the
technologies have been proven and processing gap still exists.
7I Currently, 75% of the waste ends up at disposal sites, either landfills or open dumps creating huge environmental and health impacts.
8I Several investment, employment and self-employment opportunities exist for segregation, sorting, collection, transport and processing
of waste. Currently, there are 3 vocational training courses offered by the Skill Council for Green Jobs for sorting, collection and cleaning.
India generates about 52 MMT of Waste annually out of which 40 MMT of waste remains unprocessed.
Only 25% of the waste gets processed. There’s still a big piece of pie which is up for grabs.
Legislative body
Creates legislation, policies and acts
Ministry of Environment and Forests Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry of Drinking water and sanitation
Oversees implementation of legislation Responsible for several schemes in urban areas, Responsible for several schemes in rural areas,
including Swachh Bharat Mission including Swachh Bharat Mission
Activity in value
Current employment Opportunity areas Actions taken Challenges
chain
The sector is
traditionally dominated
by persons belonging
The Skill Council for
to lower castes in India.
Formalising the informal Green Jobs has already
Bringing in diversity is a
sector by vocational training identified the gap and has
Largely informal and involves challenge. Attracting
and certifications. developed a curriculum
Segregation and vulnerable communities like low people to the sector is
Recognizing them by for vocational training as
sorting castes, women and children. a challenge as job
providing social security/ waste picker and
seekers may prefer
employment cards Recyclable Waste
alternate jobs.
Collector & Segregator
Vocational training
does not guarantee job
placements.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is integrating Swachh Bharat Mission and National Urban
Livelihoods Mission to identify employment and business opportunities in sanitation sector.
Activity in value
Current employment Opportunity areas Actions taken Challenges
chain
1 | Source Segregation
Collection &
Source Segregation Transportation Processing Disposal
Recovery
The first part of the ‘Solid Waste Value Chain’ i.e. Segregation/ sorting is largely dependent on the
informal sector. There is an opportunity to formalize them and also train new persons.
The Source Segregation in India has multiple challenges which also creates an opportunity Waste Composition
1. As per the solid waste management rules 2016, people should segregate the household solid waste in Dry,
Wet and Hazardous Waste. However, the country is far from meeting this condition.
2. The common measures which taken to improve awareness are the education campaigns which are not
enough to address the scale of this problem.
3. Because of the inefficient collection systems, we do not have data available on the percentage of waste
that is segregated by households.
4. Goa, one of the smaller states in the country, has started charging fines to the households that do not Source: Planning Commission in India (2011)
segregate their waste. However, this is possible because of the door-to-door collection process they have
in place. Informal Sector Activities
5. After the imperfect segregation at the household level, the waste is further sorted by informal sector at the
large collection bins or the sorting centers. - Door step (household) waste
collectors
6. The informal sector is generally interested in sorting and collecting the ‘Recyclable’ and ‘e-waste’
- Itinerant waste buyers moving
because they can sell it and make money on this. However, there is no data available on the percentage of
around the street
waste that gets sorted by the informal waste management sector.
- Street waste picking
7. 2010 study by WIEGO (Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing) estimated that
- En route/ truck waste collectors
there are 1.5 million waste pickers (mostly women) in the informal sector in India.
(municipal collection crew or
8. Thus, the first part of the ‘Solid Waste Value Chain’ i.e. Segregation has multiple inefficiencies to solve for. informals)
This means there is an opportunity for different innovative business models. - Waste picking from dumpsites
Value Chain Analysis
With the efficiency if 30%-60%, the collection and recovery of waste in India has tremendous scope for
improvement
1. The municipal authority of the city is responsible for collection of waste and currently the
collection efficiency is between 30-60%.
2. The lower collection rates is a result of lack of human and financial resources at the
municipal level.
3. In cities which have a huge slum population, it often difficult for municipal collection service
to reach such areas given their density and complexities. There is huge possibility that
waste from such areas either enters water bodies or open dumpsites.
4. Municipal authorities sometimes outsource the activity to contractors, who are paid on
basis of the tonnage of waste collected. In such a scenario, the contractors do not give
access to the informal sector to sort the waste as this would lead to lowering the tonnage.
5. A large amount of waste recovery through the informal sector happens post the collection
of waste at community bins, sorting centres, during waste transportation and even at
landfills. This recovered waste finally reaches the recycling industry through small and large
recyclable collectors/ shops.
A recent study of six Indian cities found that waste pickers recovered approximately 20%
of waste, with 80 000 people involved in recycling approximately three million tonnes. It is
estimated that this saved the ULB approximately INR 73.5 billion per annum or and
avoided the emission of 721 kg CO2 per annum
Source:Improving the informal recycling sector through
segregation of waste in the household – The case of Dhaka
Bangladesh
Value Chain Analysis
3 | Transportation
Collection &
Source Segregation Transportation Processing Disposal
Recovery
The waste transportation problem is a typical logistics efficiency problem. There is need for new
efficient logistics solutions to improve collection and transportation of waste.
*Source: Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review -link
Value Chain Analysis
4 | Processing
Collection and
Source Segregation Transportation Processing Disposal
Recovery
The waste processing has a huge opportunity to invite investment and to create employment from
the private sector as the technologies have been proven and processing gap still exists.
5 | Disposal
Collection and
Source Segregation Transportation Processing Disposal
Recovery
Currently, 75% of the waste ends up at disposal sites, either landfills or open dumps creating huge
environmental and health impacts.
The Issue of Solid Waste Disposal Cumulative land required for disposal of MSW
landscape.
Thank you!