Abs. No.

Mineral Profile of Soil, Feeds, Fodders and Blood Plasma in Southern Transition
Zone of Karnataka

J.V. Ramana, C.S. Prasad and S.K. Gowda

S: Indian J. Anim. Nutri., 17 (3), 179 – 183, 2000

Minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc and Iron) content of

soil, feeds/fodders and blood samples of dairy animals from Southern Transition zone of
Karnataka was studied. Calcium content of soil (0.15%) was just above the critical level
(0.1%) and phosphorus content (31 ppm) was below the critical level of 45-130 ppm.
The straws contained low levels of calcium (0.31-0.72%) and phosphorus (0.08-0.25%).
Top feeds were found to be very good sources of calcium zinc and iron. Oil cakes and
brans contained low levels of calcium (0.36-0.41%) and high levels of phosphorus
(1.15-2.25%). Some of the unconventional feeds like groundnut haulms, horsegram
pods used for livestock feeding in this zone contained good quantity of Ca (1.1%) but
low level of other minerals. Copper, zinc and iron were present in appreciable
quantities in cultivated fodders, leguminous fodders, local grasses and top feeds.
Levels of phosphorus (3.6mg%), copper (0.31 ppm) and zinc (0.66 ppm) were low in the
blood plasma of animal in this zone. More than 50% of the animal screened showed
low copper and zinc in blood plasma.

Abs. No.2

Mineral Status of Soils, Feeds, Fodders and Animals in Coastal Agri-Eco Zone of
Karnataka

N.K.S. Gowda*, C.S. Prasad, J.V. Ramana and M.T. Shivaramaiah

S: Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2001) 1: 97-104

Mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron) status of soil,
feeds/fodders and blood samples of animals from coastal zone of Karnataka was
studied. Extractable ca (0.15%) and Mg (0.02%) level in soil was slightly higher than
the critical level but the levels of P, Cu, Zn and Fe in soil was much higher than the
critical levels. Paddy straw which is the major roughage source in this zone contained
high silica (10.92-11.15%) and was low in most of the minerals estimated. Cultivated
green fodders and local grasses were moderate to good sources of Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and
Fe. Tree leaves and top feeds contained higher amount of Ca (0.8-1.70%), Zn (82-110
ppm) and Fe (1480-2710 ppm). Wheat bran and rice polish contained high P (1.5-
2.05%) and Fe (457-668 ppm). Copper (0.57 ppm) and zinc (0.91 ppm ) were low in the
blood plasma of the animals in this zone. About 40% of the animals screened showed
lower plasma Cu and Zn values. However, the blood levels of Ca, P, Mg and Fe were
within the normal limits. Supplementing green fodders, top feeds which are good
sources of Cu and Zn could be a practical approach to overcome the deficiency and /or
providing region specific mineral mixture could be an alternative approach.
Abs. No.3

In situ protein degradability of certain feedstuffs in the rumen of cattle

M. Chandrasekharaiah1, K.T. Sampath2, A. Thulasi3 and S. Anandan4

S: Indian journal of Animal Sciences 71 (3) 261-264. March 2001

In situ crude protein (CP) disappearance of soybean extraction, sunflower

extraction, rapeseed extraction, maize gluten meal-60 (60%CP), maize gluten meal-40
(40%CP), copra-cake extraction, safflower-cake, broken rice, jowar grain, ragi grain,
rice polish and maize bran in the rumen at different incubation periods were determined
by nylon bag technique using 3 adult fistulated steers. The residual CP values were
transformed to natural logarithms and then subjected to linear regression to arrive at
degradation constants. The effective degradability was calculated for an assumed out
flow rate of 5%hr. The effective CP degradability of soybean extraction, sunflower
extraction, rapeseed extraction, maize gluten meal-60, maize gluten meal-40, copra-
cake extraction safflower-cake, broken rice, jowar grain, ragi grain, rice polish and
maize bran was 54,54,69,21,37,33,63,32,15,32,47 and 37% respectively. Maize gluten
meal-60, maize gluten meal-40, soybean extraction and copra-cake extractions
provided high amounts of UDP (490,252,210 and 150g) per kg dry matter as compared
to other protein supplements. The energy supplements (rage grain, jowar grain, broken
rice, maize bran and rice polish), although in small quantities, contribute more
undegradable protein than rumen degradable protein at an outflow rate of 5%hr.
Abs. No.4

Mineral Status of Soil, Feed Fodder and Blood Plasma of Animals in Northern dry
and Northern Transition Zones of Karnataka

J.V. RAMANA* C.S. PRASAD, N.K.S. GOWDA, K.S. RAMACHANDRA

S : Indian Journal of Dairy Sciences 54(1) : 40-46

A study was conducted to estimate the micronutrient content, viz. Calcium (Ca),
Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) content in soil,
water, feed, fodder and blood plasma of animals in northern dry and northern transition
zones of Karnataka. The phosphorus content in soil in Northern dry zone (30.30 ppm)
and Northern transition zone (34.33 ppm) were found to be well below the critical level
(45 to 130 ppm). The calcium (0.47%), copper (4.17 ppm) and zinc (11.27ppm) content
in soil in northern transition zone were found to be higher than in the northern dry zone
and were well above the critical levels in both the zones. Paddy straw (12.59%) in
northern dry zone and local grasses (8 to 9%) in both the zones showed high silica
content. Top feed like subabul leaves in northern transition zone was found to be good
source of calcium (1.54%), copper (79.32mg/kg), zinc (361 mg/kg) and iron (1373
mg/kg). Concentrate supplements like brans and cakes had high content of
phosphorus (0.77 to1.10%), zinc (54 to 66 mg/kg) and iron (1362 to 2267mg/kg) in both
the zones. The average blood plasma levels of calcium (5.67 mg%), phosphorus (3.86
mg%), copper (0.59 ppm) and zinc (0.54 ppm) were found to be lower than the normal
values in northern dry zone. In the northern transition zone calcium (6.26 mg%) and
zinc (0.56 ppm) were found to be deficient in blood plasma. Supplementing the
deficient micronutrients with locally available feed resources like green fodders, tree
leaves, cakes and brans which are good sources of these minerals or providing region
specific mineral supplements would alleviate the deficiency in these zones.
Abs. No.5

Micronutrient Profile in soil, feed, fodders and blood samples of animals in

eastern and southern dry zones of Karnataka

S.K. Gowda1, C.S. Prasad2, J.V. Ramana3 and K.S. Ramachandra4

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 71 (2): 150-154. February 2001

The micronutrient (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron)

status of soil. Water, feeds, fodder and blood samples of animals was studied in
eastern and southern dry zones of Karnataka. Micronutrient content of soil in both the
zones was above the critical level except for phosphorus (15.7 ppm), which was well
below the critical level of 45-130 ppm in southern dry zone. Ca and Mg were present in
higher amounts (19-23 ppm) in water in both the zones, as compared to other
micronutrients, which were present in trace amounts. Straw the major source of
roughage in these zones was low in most of the micronutrients screened but contained
high levels of silica. Legumes contained higher levels of Ca (1.44-2.73%). Zn (25-165
ppm), cu (8-25 ppm) and Fe (334-5664 ppm) compared to cultivated green fodders.
Local grasses and weeds showed higher values of zinc and iron. Tree leaves/top
feeds were good sources of Ca (1.38-2.02%).Zn (35-226 ppm) and Fe (792-981 ppm).
Amongst the concentrate supplements oil-cakes, brans and rice polish were rich in
phosphorus (0.84-3.95%). Most of the feed ingredients were good sources of
magnesium. Majority of animals screened in eastern dry zone showed lower blood
plasma Ca values as compared to other micronutrients. In southern dry zone about 65-
70% of the animals screened showed low phosphorus and zinc content in blood
plasma. It was evident that calcium in eastern dry zone and phosphorus and zinc in
southern dry zone were the most limiting micronutrients. Strategies supplementation
through legumes, tree leaves, oil cakes and brans would alleviate the deficiency of
micronutrients in these zones.
Abs. No.6
Levels of Micro-Nutrients in Soil, Feed, Fodder and Animals of North East
Transition and Dry Zones of Karnataka

J.V. Ramana, C.S. Prasad, N.K.S. Gowda and K.S. Ramachandra

S: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 18(3), 235 – 242, 2001

The calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesiun (Mg), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and
Iron (Fe) content in soil (n = 10) were above the critical levels in north east transition
zone and north east dry zone. Ca (63.44 ppm), P (0.35 ppm) and Mg (40.77 ppm)
content in water in north east dry zone were higher than in north east transition zone.
Paddy straw and jowar kadbi, the main dry roughage sources in these zones, were low
in most of the minerals screened. Cultivated green fodders (maize, jowar and green
gram) and grasses were good sources of Ca, Cu, Zn and Fe. Green gram fodder
showed high content of Ca (2-2.6%) and Mg (0.85%). Tree leaves like glyricidia, neem
and subabul (n=12) were good sources of Ca (0.8-3.1%). Amongst the concentrate
feeds, grains were low in most of the micro-nutrients except iron. Groundnut cake and
rice bran contained high levels of P(>1.0%). Some of the unconventional feeds like
groundnut haulms, gram husks had high levels of Ca(1.75%) and iron (1600 -3000
ppm). About 49% of the crossbred cattle (n=40) showed low blood plasma Ca (7.07
mg%) and P (3.51 mg%)values in north east transition zone and 75% of the animals in
north east dry zone showed low Zn values (0.72 ppm). Most of the animals were found
to have reproductive problems which could be attributed to micro-nutrient deficiency.
Providing region specific mineral salts or supplementing top feeds, green fodder, oil
cakes and brans which are good sources of these minerals would help in overcoming
the mineral deficiency.
Abs. No.7

Assessment of mineral status in hilly and central dry zones of Karnataka and
ways to supplement them

N.K.S. Gowda1, C.S. Prasad2, J.V. Ramana3 and M.T. Shivaramaiah4

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72 (2): 165-170, February 2002

A study was undertaken to assess the mineral status of calcium (Ca),

Phosphorus(p), Magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) of soil,
feeds/fodders and blood samples of animals in hilly and central dry zone of Karnataka.
The extractable minerals from soil were within the critical range in central dry zone,
whereas, in hilly zone soil Ca (0.03%) and P (9 ppm) levels were below the critical
levels. Paddy and ragi straw contained higher silica and were also lower in Ca, P, Cu,
and Zn than the critical levels. Cultivated green fodders and mixed local grasses in
both the zones were moderate to good sources of Ca, Mg, and Cu and were rich in Fe
(206-2090 ppm). Legume fodders available in these zones contained good amount of
Ca (1.8-2.4%), Cu(35-63 ppm), Zn(44-284 ppm) and Fe (652-2752 ppm). Fodder tree
leaves like Erythrina, glyricidia, mulberry, and subabul contained higher levels of Ca
(0.8-2.5%) followed by Cu Zn and Fe. Cereal grains had lower ash content and were
low in Mg (0.18%). Oilcakes and brans were good surces of P (1-2.96%). Certain
unconventional feeds like gram husk, horse gram and groundnut haulms being fed to
animalism in these zones contained moderate to high levels of Zn(31-213 ppm), fe
(702-2901ppm) and Ca(1.1-1.9%)but their boiavailability to the animals is yet to be
seen. There existed some variation in the mineral content of feeds / fodders between
the zones. Animals in hilly zone had significantly (p<0.01) lower P, cu and Zn values in
blood plasma and animals in central dry zone showed significantly (p<0.01) low Ca, Cu
and Zn. Iron levels in animals of both the zones were within the normal range.
Supplementation of green fodders, legumes, tree leaves along with concentrate
ingredients like cakes and brans or alternatively providing region specific mineral
supplements could overcome the deficiency of minerals and could be a cost effective
approach.
Abs. No.8

Scope for Utilization of Sunflower Heads as Animal Feed in Karnataka State

Sanandan1, G.K. Anil Kumar2, M.S. Rudraswamy3, J.V. Ramana4 and K.S.
Ramachandra5

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72(3): 469-471, June 2002

A survey was carried out to assess the utilization pattern of sunflower heads
(SFH) in the districts of Bellary, Raichur and Chitradurga, which are the major sunflower
growing areas of the Karnataka state. The survey revealed that currently sunflower
heads are not being fed to any class of livestock, and are mainly used for composting or
burnt or dumped on way side. Even though sunflower heads are not being fed, the
survey revealed that animals consumed SFH in a limited way. Small ruminants have
greater liking for SFH than the large ruminants. The major reason ascribed for not
feeding SFH is lack of tradition and availability of other feeds in sufficient quantities.
The chemical composition and in vitro studies revealed that SFH is nutritionally better
than many of the commonly used roughages. Proper extension and demonstration of
utilization of SFH is required for popularizing the use of SFH as livestock feed.

Abs. No.9

Assessment of animal feed resource availability in Southern Karnataka Region

S.S. RAJU1, S. ANANDAN2, U.B. ANGADI3, K. ANANTHRAM4, C.S. PRASAD5 amd

K.S. RAMACHANDRA6

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72 (12): 1137-1140, December 2002

Animal feed resource availability was assessed bases on secondary data in

Southern Karnataka region comprising 7 districts. Distribution and composition of
livestock revealed that the region accounted for 49 and 48% of total state sheep and
poultry population, respectively. High percentage of crossbred cattle(26.10%) among
adult females with high crossbred population in the districts of Bangalore urban
(64.69%) Kolar (45.71%) and Bangalore rural (30.30%) indicated that the animal
husbandry activities are practiced more on commercial lines in the region. The region
had a total DM availability of 10.31 m tones from different feed resources. Crop
residues contributed for more than 70% of total DM available in the region. Major
portion (58%) of the green DM forage availability is contributed from the gross cropped
area in all the districts of the region. The contribution from the forest area was minimal
within the region as a whole. The DM availability/ RLU/ day for the region is 8.05 kg
with the values ranging from 3.92 kg in Bangalore urgan district to 12.33 kg in
Chitradurga district. The study indicated that the existing situation ranges from low
feed resources availability-high productivity to high feed resource availability-low
productivity. Developing suitable strategies of r efficient utilization of existing feed
resources would help in further increasing the animal productivity in the region.
Abs. No.10

Rumen Protein Degradability of Certain feedstuffs in Cattle Determined by Nylon

Bag Technique

M. Chandrasekhraiah, K.T. Sampath and A. Thulasi

S: Indian Journal of Dairy & Biosciences 13 (2): 18-21

In situ dry matter(DM) and crude protein (CP) disappearance of silk worm
pupae,silk worm pupae (deoiled), chilliseed cake (expeller), chilliseed cake (deoiled,)
bajra and navane (fox millet or Setaria italica) grains in the rumen at different
incubation periods were determined by nylon bag technique using 3 adult fistulated
steers. The residual CP values were transformed to natural logarithms and then
subjected to linear regression to arrive at degradation constants. The effective
degradability was calculated for an assumed out flow rate of 5%h. the effective CP
degradability of silk worm pupae, silk worm pupae (deoliled), chilliseed cake (expellr),
chilliseed cake (deoiled) bajra and navane grains was 29.42, 19.97, 39.88, 24.63, 49.79
and 44.71% respectively. The feedstuffs such as silk worm pupae and silk worm pupae
(deoiled) provide high amounts of UDP (388.82 and 560 g) per kg dry matter. However
the other feedstuffs such as chilliseed cake (expeller), chilliseed cake (deoiled), bajra
and navane grains although in small quantities, contribute more undegradable protein
than rumen degradable protein at an outflow rate of 5%/h.
Abs. No.11

Evaluation of Chemical Composition and in Vitro Digestibility of Certain

Commonly Used Concentrate Ingredients and Fodder / top Feeds in Ruminant
Rations

M. Chandrasekharaiah, K.T. Sampath, U.S. Praveen and Umalatha

S: Indian Journal of Dairy & Biosciences 13 (2): 28-35

Studies were conducted to determine the chemical composition, in vitro dry

matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVDMD, IVOMD and
IVNDFD) of commonly used concentrate ingredients such as soybean exteraction,
sunflower extraction, safflower extraction, copra cake, maize gluten meal (40% CP)
(MGM-40). Sesame cake, full fat soya, rice polish broken rice, bajra grain, tur chuni and
moong chuni and tree leaves/fodder such as Sesbania grandiflora, Erythrina indica,
ingadulcis, Peepal leaves, para grass, napier grass, luceme fodder, maize fodder, jowar
fodder, subabul fodder, anjana tree leaves and sugar cane tops. Higher IVDMD (>
70%) IVOMD (>75%) and IVNDFD (>50%) values were observed in broken rice, MGM-
40, sesame cake, bajra grain, tur chuni, full fat soya and moong chuni. Lowest amount
of in vitro digestibility values were observed in safflower and sunflower extraction.
Highest IVDMD and IVOMD were observed in Sesbania grandiflora leaves followed by
Erythrina indica leaves lngadulcis leaves and Peepal leaves. Lower IVDMD and
IVOMD values were observed in the case of sugar cane tops. IVNDFD of para grass,
napier grass and maize fodderwas higher (P<0.01) while the same is lower in the case
of anjana tree leaves, subabul fodder, sugar cane tops and ingadulcis leaves.
Abs. No.12

Influence of Storage Condition, Bag Material and Duration of Feed Storage on

Aflatoxin Production

N.K.S. GOWDA*, V. MALATHI AND R.U. SUGANTHI

S: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 19(14) 340-345, 2002

Studies on influence of different storage conditions and type of bag material on

aflatoxin production in animal feeds were conducted. Storage of groundnut cake
(GNC) and maize with 12 per cent moisture level in open plastic containers under
godown conditions for 28days period showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in aflatoxin
(B1) content from 10±0.50 to 70±3.5 ppb in GNC and 8±0.76 to 34±3.3 ppb in maize.
Storage studies with jute/gunny and HDPE bags showed higher fungal spore count (31-
58 x 104 CFU/g) and significantly (P<0.05) higher aflatoxin production (385±15 to
393±2ppb) in feeds stored in gunny (jute) bags as compared to HDPE bags (27-43 x
104 CFU/gm & 343±4 to 360±21 ppb) at 12.5-15 per cent moisture level. The spore
count and the aflatoxin production (6-9 x 104 CFU/g & 20-25 ppb) were minimum in both
the type of bags at 7.5 per cent moisture level and was uniformly increased in both the
bags at 10 percent moisture level (33-76 ppb & 35-68 ppb). It is suggested that below
10 per centmoisture level is safe for feed storage provided further entry of moisture is
not there. At above 12.5 percent moisture level, storing feeds in HDPE bags could
considerably reduce fungal growth and aflatoxin production, but drying and storing
would be more appropriate and safe.

Abs. No.13

Availability of Limiting Amino Acids in the Rumen Undegradable Protein (udp)

Fraction of Commonly used Protein Sources

K.T. Sampath,* M. Chandrasekharaiah and A. Thulasi

S: Indian Journal of Dairy Science 55 (2): 93-96

Studies were conducted to determine the availability of limiting amino acids

(lysine and methionine) in the UDP fraction of commonly used protein sources. The
feedstuffs, Soyabean extraction (SBE), Rapeseed extraction (RSE), Sunflower
extraction (SNFE), Maize gluten meal (MGM), Safflower cake (SFC) and Copra cake
(CC) contained 2.59 and 1.00; 0.80 and 0.35; 1.11 and 0.19; 1.01 and 1.25; 1.17 and
0.44 and 0.21 and 0.21 per cent lysine and methionine, respectively, which were
determined by HPLC. The above feedstuffs were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen
of three fistulated crossbred steers for a period of 24 hours. The lysine and methionine
disappearance from these feedstuffs during 24 hour incubation in the rumen were 94.21
and 92.07; 69.97 and 76.60; 41.99 and 89.81; 62.89 and 67.64; 30.25 and 13.16 and
58.57 and 68.05 per cent in SBE, RSE, SNFE, MGM, SFC and CC respectively. It was
observed that the bypass protein fractions of stafflower cake and maize gluten meal are
good sources of lysine and mehtionine and the bypass protein fractions of sunflower
cake and copra cake are good sources of lysine. The lysine and methionine availability
in the UDP fraction of soyabean extraction was very low as these amino acids are
extensively degraded in the rumen.
Abs. No.14

Effect of Supplementation of Different Concentrate Ingredients on in vitro NDF

Digestibility of Finger Millet Straw

M. Chandrasekharaiah, * K.T. Sampath, C. Prakash and U.s. Praveen

S: Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2002) 2: 169-176

In vitro studies were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of

finger millet straw (FMS) with different concentrate ingredients on NDF digestibility.
The in vitro NDF digestibility of FMS which initially was 41.39 was enhanced (P<0.05) to
48.77±0.36, 47.79±0.19 and 48.91±0.16 with deoiled rice bran; 44.27±0.13, 48.90±0.01
and 47.22±0.20 with maize gluten meal –60; 46.44±0.16,46.14±0.39 and 46.62±0.14
with groundnut cake; 45.24±0.33, 45.61±0.01 and 46.24±0.11 with cotton seed
extraction and 42.68±0.16 43.24±0.01 and 43.17±0.12 with copra cake depending on
the level of dietary rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN). There was no significant
difference in NDF digestibility due to different levels of RDN for these ingredients except
in case of maize gluten meal-60 and maize gluten meal-40 where the NDF digestibility
was significantly (P<0.05) higher at 22 and 30 g RDN/kg DOM for maize gluten meal-
60. and 30g RDN/kg DOM for maize gluten meal –40. The mean NDF digestibility
values were significantly (P<0.05) higher when supplemented with deoiled rice bran
followed by maize gluten meal-60, groundnut cake, cotton seed extractions and copra
cake. However, the mean digestibility values were not significantly (P<0.05) different
between groundnut cake and cotton seed extractions.
Abs. No.15

Imapct of Three categories of Supplements on In Sacco Ruminal Degradation of

Urea-Treated and Untreated Straw Substrates

Bandla srinivas* , U. Krishnamoorthy’ and Soumitra Jash

S: Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol. 15, No. 2 : 195-204

The objective of this study was To examine the impact of three categories of
supplements on intake and diet induced difference on degradation of straw substrates.
Sixteen crossbred cattle fitted with rumen cannual were randomly divided into 4 equal
groups. Animals were fed on wheat straw ad libitum without any supplement except
mineral mixture(control; T1) or supplemented with concentrate mixture(CS;T2) or green
Luceme (GLS;T3) or urea-molasses block lick (ULS;T4) Total dry matter intake in T2,T3
and T4 was increased by 70, 54 and 49%, respectively compared to T1 which was only
1.55 kg /100 kg B.Wt. Other than control animals, straw intake was less on T3 than T2 or
T4. In Sacco degradation of untreated and urea treated wheat or paddy straw in different
treatments indicated that the supplements had a significant (p<0.01) impact on rapidly
soluble (A) and insoluble but potentially degradable (B) fractions of straw. Urea
treatment increased fraction-A but, provision of supplement improved fraction-B also.
Effective degradation (ED) of OM was better on T2 Rate of degradation (C) of OM and
CWC was dependent on diet and type of straw but hemicellulose and cellulose were
related to latter factor only. ED of cell wall carbohydrates (CWC) was similar in T2 and
T4 but higher than T3. CS was more effective in improving the degradation of both
untreated and urea treated straw while ULS was effective on the former only. CS had
more impact on superior quality straw while contrary was true with ULS. Although GLS
improved intake and degradability of untreated and urea treated straws, its bulkiness
affected the straw intake compared to other supplements.
Abs. No.16

In vitro NDF Digestibility of ragistraw as affected by supplementation of locally

available fodders/Top feeds

M. Chandrasekharaiah, K.T. Sampath*, U.S. Praveen and C.Prakash

S : Indian Journal of Dairy Science 56(1): 38-41.

In vitro studies were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of

finger millet straw (FMS) with different fodders/top feeds on NDF digestibility. The
finger millet straw was supplemented with lucerne, maize, sorghum, para grass and
subabul at 15.22 and 30g of rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) per Kg digestible
orgtanic matter (DOM). The in vitro NDF digestibility (%) of finger millet straw which
was 41.29 was enhanced (p<0.05) to 47.04, 49.91,49.62 with lucerne fodder, 49.98,
54.21 and 54.79 with maize fodder, 43.88,44.15 and 43.96 with sorghum fodder and
48.27, 49.14 and 46.31 with subabul fodder at 15, 22 and 30g RDN/Kg DOM
respectively. The NDF digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) lower at 15 g RDN level
of supplementation than at 22 and 30g RDN level supplementation, however, the values
were similar at 22 and 30g RDN supplementation in case of lucerne and maize fodders.
The NDF digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) lower at 30g RDN level of
supplementation, where as the values were similar at 15 and 22g RDN supplementation
than at 22 and 30g RDN level supplementation in case of subabul fodder. No significant
difference was observed among 15,22 and 30g RDN level of supplementation for
sorghum fodder. The over all NDF digestivility values were significantly (p<0.05)
higher for maize fodder followed by lucerne, subabul and sorghum fodder. The overall
NDF digestibility was not significantly different between lucerne and subabul fodders.
Supplementation with para grass had no significant (p<0.05) effect on the in vitro NDF
digestibility of finger millet straw.
Abs. No.17

Status of Livestock and feed Resources in Northern Karnataka Region

S. Anandan, S.S. Raju and K.S. Ramachandra

S : Indian Journal of Dairy Science 56(4): 230-234

The status of animal feed resource availability in the Northern Karnataka region
comprising of Bellary, Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur, Raichur, Dharwad and Gulbarga districts
has been assessed based on the secondary data. The data on the distribution and
composition of the livestock revealed that the region had 3.96 million cattle, 2.11 million
buffalo, 3.51 million sheep, 2.6 million goats and 2.12 million improved poultry
accounting for 38,52, 48,59 and 23% of the total state population. The buffalo
population, which constituted 47% of the total state buffalo population in 1990 increased
to 52% in 1997 registering a 5% increase while the cattle population remained stagnant
at 38% during the same period. The region had potential dry matter availability from
different sources to the tune of 17.7 milion tons, out of which contribution from cron
residues was to an extent of 74 percent. The available dry matter in the region was
more than the requirement, indicative of High feed availability – Low productivity
situation, The potential dry matter availability per Ruminant Livestock Unit per day
ranged from 7.73 kg in Gulbarga to 14.59 kg in Bijapur with the regional average of
10.32 kg, which clearly showed that the feed availability – at last the dry matter
availability is not the primary constraint for the low productivity of the animals in the
region. There is a considerable scope for further improvement in the overall livestock
production and productivity in the region through suitable interventions.
Abs. No.18

Screening for Aflatoxin and Effect of Moisture, Duration of Storage and Form of
Feed on Fungal Growth and Toxin Production in Livestock Feeds

N.K.S. Gowda,* V. Malathi and R.U. Suganthi

S: Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2003) 3: 45-51

Estimation of aflatoxin content of several livestock feeds and feed

ingredients indicated the presence of aflatoxin (10-56 ppb AF B1) in compounded feeds.
Samples of groundnut cake had aflatoxin content of 279 ppb (AF B1) and 39 ppb(AF B2)
and samples of wheat bran. rice bran and rice polish showed negligible aflatoxin
content. Fodder samples of maize, sorghum, gram husk and coffee husk contained no
detectable aflatoxin. Storage studies with different moisture levels and duration of
storage showed a trend of increased mold growth at moisture level above 15% and was
highest during 7-21 days of storage (3.66-3.83 logCFU/g). Feeds stored in air-tight
containers at 0% moisture level showed no fungal growth and at below 7.5% moisture
level there was minimum fungal growth (3.18-4.18 logCFU/g). The aflatoxin (B1)
production was maximum (P<0.05) between 12.5-17.5% moisture level upto 14 days of
storage. The average aflatoxin (B1) production was highest (P<0.05) at 15% moisture
level and 28 days of feed storage (15ppb) and was well within the permissible limit of
20-30 ppb. At 15% moisture level for 14 days of storage the fungal growth and aflatoxin
(B1) production was maximum (P<0.01) in flake (unground) form as compared to the
ground form. The results of this study suggested that the moisture level in feeds should
be less than 10% for safe storage and feeds with above 12.5% moisture level should be
used within a week period or should be dried for safe storage.
Abs. No.19

Status of Pollutants and Trace Elements in Water, Soil, Vegetation and Dairy
Animals in Industrial Area of Bangalore

N.K.S. Gowda,* V. Malathi, S. Jash and K.S. Roy

S : Indian Journal of Dairy Science 56 (2): 86-90

Peenya industrial town in the peri urban region of Bangalore city in Southern
India was surveyed for the collection of samples of water, sewage, soil, vegetation
(weeds/local grasses/green fodder) available in the polluted areas. Samples of dung,
milk and blood were also collected from dairy animals reared in this area. Pollutants like
Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Fluoride (F), Nitrate (NO3) and trace elements like
Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn) and Iron(Fe) were estimated in the collected samples.
Simultaneously samples collected from pollution free areas were also estimated for
these elements. Results indicated higher Pb (0.17±0.01&35.30 ± 6.70 ppm) and Cd
(0.05 ± 0.001 ppm) in water and soil samples of industrial area. Fluoride and NO3 in
water were below the safe limits. Lead (2.4-145 ppm) and Cd (0.50-10.00 ppm)
contents were higher in vegetation collected from different localities of the polluted area.
Trace elements (Cu,Zn,Fe) status was higher in samples of water, soil and vegetation in
industrial area. Dung and milk samples of dairy cattle/buffaloes in these areas also
showed higher Pb (0.55±0.18 & 0.47 ±0.06 ppm) and Cd(0.32±0.01 & 0.05 ± 0.01 ppm)
content respectively. Analysis of whole blood of these animals showed comparatively
higher Pb(0.09±0.03±ppm) and Cd(0.065±0.014 ppm), whereas the levels of Cu and Zn
in the blood plasma were similar to the normal values. The results of this study
indicated the wide contamination of soil, water and green vegetation in industrial area
and also the ingestion of toxic pollutants in higher amounts, which was reflected through
the analysis as dung, blood, and milk of dairy animals.
 SHORT COMMUNICATION

Abs. No.20

Nutritional Evaluation of Different Varieties of Sunflower Heads

S. Anandan, G.K. Anilkumar and K.S. Ramachandra

S: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 20(2) 212-216, 2003

Forty-two varieties of sunflower heads (SFH) were analyzed for proximate

composition, cell was constituents and in vitro digestibility to compare and assess the
varietal differences. The chemical composition and digestibility values of SFH revealed
the superiority to conventional roughages like cereal straws and stoves in terms of
higher protein and lower fiber levels. The proximate principles and digestibility values
across the varieties were highly significant (P<0.01) which could also be due to
improper removal of seeds or presence of partially filled seeds, in addition to varietal
differences.

Abs. No.21

Limiting amino acids in the bypass protein fraction of some commonly used
Feedstuffs

K T Sampath,* M Chandrasekhraiah2 and A Thulasi3

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 73 (10): 115-1158, October 2003

Studies were conducted to determine the availability of limiting amino acids

(lysine and methionine) in the bypass protein fraction of some commonly used
feedstuffs. The feedstuffs, viz. groundnut-cake, cottonseed-cake, maizen gluten meal
(40%CP) silkworm pupae, bajra grain broken rice, rice polish and navanae (setaria
italica) contained 0.85 and 0.25;1.65 and 0.34;1.33 and 0.88; 1.71 and1.08; 1.48 and
0.11, 0.70 and 0.10, 0.95 and 0.17 and 1.48 and 0.14%lysine and methionine
respectively. The above feedstuffs were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of three
fistulated-crossbred steers for 24hr. The lysine and methionine disappearance from
these feedstuffs during 24hr incubation in the rumen were 76.25 and 65.43;47.86 and
57.84; 81.92 and 52.65;26.39 and 26.19;83.48 and 74.69,88.48 and 96.98,71.99 and
78.01 and 76.99 and 74.98% in groundnut-cake, cottonseed-cake, maize gluten-meal
(40%CP), silkworm pupae, peal millet grain, broken rice, rice polish and navanae
(Setaria italica) respectively. The bypass protein fraction of cottonseed-cake and
silkworm pupae were good source of lysine and the bypass proteins fractions of maize
gluten-meal (40%CP) and silkworm pupae were good sources of methionine.
Abs. No.22

Effect of Strategic Supplementation of Finger Millet straw on Milk Yield in

Crossbred Cows – On – Farm Trial*

M. Chandrasekharaiah, K.T. Sampath* and U.S. Praveen

S : Indian Journal of Dairy Science 57(3): 192-197.

Two on –farm lactation trials of 6 months and 3 months duration were conducted
in two villages i.e. Anagalapura and menesi, respectively of Doddaballapura taluk of
Bangalore district in Karnataka state to Study the effect of strategic supplementation to
the basal diet of finger millet straw in lactating crossbred cows. Twenty four crossbred
cows (8 to lits/day) were divided into two groups (Control and Experimental) of 12 each
in Anagalapura village and 16 crossbred cows (8 to 10 lits/day) were divided into 8 each
in Menesi village. In both the villages. The cows in Control group were fed finger millet
straw with supplements such as groundnut cake and wheat bran as practiced by the
farmers. Animals in Experimental group were fed finger millet straw with groundnut
cake, wheat bran and maize grain by replacing part of wheat bran in this group. The
animals in both the groups were fed ad libitum finger millet straw as the major source of
roughage. The average milk yield/day/animal in Experimental group was significantly
higher (P<0.05) than those in Control group in Anagalapura (9.28 ± 1.25 lit/day vs 8.35
1.10) and Menesi (8.13 1.15 lit/day vs 7.05 ± 1.13) villages. It was found that the
digestibility of all the nutrients (DM, OM, CF, EE, NFE, NDF and ADF) except CP was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in Experimental group than in Control group. The DCP and
TDN contents recorded were 5.49 ± 0.29 and 72.51 ± 3.49 and 6.73 ± 0.58 and 66.67 ±
2.05 in experimental and control groups, respectively. The farmers income was
increased by Rs. 10.54 and Rs. 13.46/cow/day respectively, in Anagalapura and Menesi
villages by improved method of feeding. The study indicated that strategic
supplementation of finger millet straw with limiting nutrients i.e. energy through maize
grain improved the utilization of finger millet straw, thereby increased milk production .
Hence with minimum alteration in the existing feeding practices by scientific
intervention, the farmers income can be increased through enhanced milk production.
Abs. No.23

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed

Resources of Southern India

N.K.S. Gowda,* J.V. Ramana, C.S. Prasad and Khub Singh

S: Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36(2004) 77-94

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in

conventional and unconven-tional feed and fodder resources available in Southern
India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize
kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash(9.9%±0.77%) and silica
(6.4%±0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients. Except iron, with paddy
straw containing most silica (>9%) Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and
improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high
in ash (10.5%±0.60% and 12.5%±0.51%)but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu
and good sources of Zn (98±13.8 PPm and 55±6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders
(stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca
(1.9%±0.16%), Mg (0.40%±0.05%), Cu (30±5.2ppm), Zn(121±14.7 ppm) and Fe
(1234±166ppm) and moderate sources of P.Mixed local grasses and weeds were high
in silica (6.9%±1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maze,
wheat,rice,ragi) were low in ash (2.9%±0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca
(0.22%±0.03%), Mg (0.19%±0.03%) and Cu (13±3.1ppm). Pulses were low to medium
sources of most minerals and good source of Fe(1230±293ppm). Oil seed
cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake,
safflower cake)and cereal by –products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were
excellent sources of P (1.1%±0.47% and 2.3%±0.19%) and good sources of Zn
(65±3.9ppm and 66±10.7ppm) and Fe(938±130ppm and 662±126ppm). Among the
unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed
cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top
feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, gourndnut haulms) were
excellent sources of Ca (1.5%±0.13%), Zn (120±22.9ppm)and Fe (1033±133ppm) but
relatively poor sources of P.Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and
meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%).The high Zn and Fe
values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of
the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic
supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.
Abs. No.24

Chemical Composition and in vitro Digestibility of Certain Commonly used

Feedstuffs in Ruminant Rations

M. Chandrasekharaiah, K.T. Sampath*, U.S. Praveen and Umalatha

S : Indian Journal of Dairy Science 57 (2): 114-117.

Studies were conducted to evaluate chemical composition, in vitro dry matter,

organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility of commonly used feedstuffs such
as groundnut cake (expeller), groundnut cake(deoiled), cottonseed extraction,
cottonseed cake (expeller), repeseed extraction, chilliseed cake (expeller), chilliseed
cake (deoiled), maize gluten meal-60, plam kernel meal, salseed extraction, navane
(Setaria italica), wheat bran, deoiled rice bran, maize grain, jowar grain, silkworm pupae
(deoiled) and silkworm pupae. Among the feedstuffs studied highest amount of crude
protein (CP) is present in silkworm pupae (deoiled) (72.07%) and the lowest in jowar
grain (5.03%). Crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF)and acid detergent fibre
(ADF)were higher in palm kernel meal (42.79% CF,84.57%NDF and 64.57%ADF).
Nitrogen free extract content was higher in jowar (87.69%) and maize grain (86.45%)
and lowest in silkworm pupae deoiled (9.02%). Highest in vitro digestibility (IVDMD and
IVOMD). i.e. >70%was observed in maize grain and jowar grain, followed by maize
gluten meal-60, groundnut cake (expeller), Setaria italica, groundnut cake (deoiled),
salseed extraction, repeseed extraction, wheat bran, cottonseed extraction and silk
worm pupae.Higher IVNDFD values (>50%) was observed in jowar grain, maize gluten
meal-60, maize grain, setaria italica, repeseed extraction, and salseed extraction.
Howerer, long –term studies are required to make use of the feedstuffs such as
silkworm pupae, silkworm pupae (deoiled) and chilliseed cake (expeller and deoiled ) in
ruminant rations.
Abs. No.25

Assessment of Animal and Feed Resources Available in Coastal Region of

Karnataka

S.S. Raju, S. Anandan, U.B. Angadi and K.S. Ramachandra

S: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 2004, 21 (3): 206-209

The status of animal feed resources availability in coastal Karnataka region

comprising of Uttara and Dakshina Kannada has been assessed using secondary data
on crop production, land utilization pattern and livestock census. Livestock distribution
revealed that cattle were predominant species (79%) followed by buffaloes (18%) and
small ruminants (3%) constituted a small proportion in the coastal region. In Uttara
Kannada buffaloes were predominantly used for milch purpose (48%) While in Dakshina
Kannada they were mainly used for draught purpose (70%). The costal region has a
total potential of 1.3 million tones of dry matter, of which crop residues, greens and
concentrates accounted for 44, 52 and 4% respectively. After fulfilling the requirement
of the improved poultry the feed balance works out to be 4.25kg/Ruminant Livestock
Unit/day for the coastal region indicating deficiency of feed resources against the
minimum requirement of 7.0kg.
Abs. No.26

Utilization of Dietary Nutrients, Retention and Plasma Level of Certain Minerals in

Crossbred Dairy Cows as Influenced by Source of Mineral Supplementation

N.K.S. Gowda,*C.S. Prasad, L.B. Ashok and J.V. Ramana

S: Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 2 : 221-227

Nutrient utilization and plasma level of minerals were studied in lactating

crossbred cows fed supplemented from different source of minerals. Twelve crossbred
cows of first to third lactation during their mid stage of lactation were distributed equally
under two groups and were fed concentrate mixture, green fodder (para grass ) and
finger millet straw as per requirement Cows in group I were fed concentrate mixture
supplemented with 1% mineral mixture whereas cows in group 11 were not
supplemented with mineral mixture in the concentrate mixture but were offered
additional quantity of green fodder (1 kg DM/cow/day) to compensate for the
requirement of minerals. Balance study conducted towards the end of 120 days of
feeding experiment indicated that the total dry matter intake in both the groups did not
differ significantly. The cows in group 11 offered additional quantity of green fodder
consumed significantly (P<0.05) more of green fodder (5.11 vs. 4.51 kg/animal/day) and
the cows in group 1 consumed significantly (p<0.01) more of finger millet straw (1.71 vs.
0.92 kg/animal/day). The digestibility of major nutrients did not differ between the
groups except for ether extract which was significantly (p<0.05) lower in cows fed
additional green fodder. The total daily intake of P, Cu, Fe and Co did not differ
significantly in both the groups whereas significantly higher intakes of Ca, Mg, Zn and
Mn were observed in cows supplemented with inorganic source of minerals. However,
supplementation through both the sources could meet the mineral requirement in group
I and group II. The gut absorption (%) of all the minerals was comparable between the
groups except for Mg which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cows supplemented
mineral mixture. The net retention of all the minerals was significantly more in the group
supplemented with inorganic source of minerals. Except for P, Mg and Co the retention
as percentage of total intake was comparable for all minerals in both the groups.
Irrespective of source of mineral supplementation the average monthly blood plasma
mineral levels (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe) were within the normal range and comparable
between the groups. Lower level of Cu observed at the start of the experimental feeding
in both the groups increased with the advancement of supplemental feeding. The
plasma Zn and Fe content in cows of both the groups did not vary. The blood plasma
level of some minerals (Ca, P, Mg and Cu) was significantly higher towards the end of
experimental feeding as compared to the initial values due to the reduction in milk yield
with advancement of lactation or due to supplemental effect of minerals. It could be
concluded that supplementation of minerals through inorganic source is better utilized in
terms of retention as compated to green fodder (para grass), which is a moderate
source of most nutrients.
Abs. No.27

Effect of Supplementation of micronutrients through different sources on the

production performance in crossbred dairy cows

N.K.S. Gowda,* C.S. Prasad2 and J.V. ramana3

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 74 (6): 653-657, June 2004

Study was conducted to know the lactation performance in 12 crossbred cows

fed diets with inorganic and organic source of micronutrient supplementation under
each of the dietary treatment. Cows in group 1 were fed concentrate mixture
supplemented with 1% commercial mineral mixture, whereas cows in group 2 were fed
with additional green fodder as a strategic supplement in place of 1% inorganic mineral
mixture to meet the mineral needs for 120 days. There was no significant difference in
the total dry matter intake in both the groups (10.75 and 10.41 kg). The average daily
intake of Ca(55.23 and 41.96g), Cu(173.19 and 137.10 mg), Zn (800.70 and 625.39mg)
and Mn (1147.49 and 924.11mg) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group 1 fed diet
supplemented with mineral mixture than in group 2. However, the average daily intake
of P (103.45 and89.97 g), Mg(32.69 and 27.71 g), Fe (7025 and 6860 mg) and Co
(19.73 and 16.53 mg) did not differ significantly amongst the 2groups indicating that the
cows in group 2 fed no mineral mixture could derive these micronutrients through the
consumption of additional quantity of green fodder provided to them. The net
percentage of P in the dry matter consumed by the cows in both the groups was higher
(0.86—0.96%) than that of Ca (0.42-0.51%) due to the inclusion of wheat bran and
groundnut-cake in the concentrate mixture, which are rich sources of P. The unit dietary
level of Cu (13-16ppm), Zn (60-75ppm), Fe (653-659 ppm), Mn (88-106 ppm) and Co
(1.58-1.83 ppm) in the dry matter consumed by the cows in both the groups was higher
then the recommended levels as the concentrate ingredients and green fodder
consumed were good sources of these micronutrients. The cows in group 2 fed
additional green fodder recorded a non –significant reduction in the average mild yield
(4%FCM), 7.69 L /day as compared to 8.08 L per day in group 1 during the 120 days of
feeding experiment. Milk composition also did not show significant variation between the
groups except the milk ash which was significantly less in group 2. It can be concluded
from this study that strategic supplementation of micronutrients through local para grass
for crossbred cows producing upto 10 L of milk could meet the trace mineral
requirement but the major minerals like Ca and Mg could not be met and required to be
supplemented
Abs. No.28

Selection of transformants of Escherichia coli containing cellulose gene from

Ruminococcus albus isolated from rumen of crossbred steers

M. Chandrasek haraiah,* A Thulasi and K.T. Sampath

S: Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol 3. July 2004. PP 431-434

Considered best fibrolytic bacterium was isolated and characterized from the
rumen of crossbred steers. It was found as wrinkled white colonies, slightly elevated
with a slightly undulated margin, no surface spreading with the absence of liquefaction
and a zone of hydrolysis. The cells were gram positive single cocci or diplococci. R.
albus DNA was a high molecular weight DNA and it had just moved out of the well
during electrophoresis. A genomic library of the Hind III fragments of R.albus DNA in
pBR322 was constructed in Escherichia coli. Four clones were obrained with cellulose
activity

Abs. No.29

Effect of some chemical and herbal compounds on growth of Aspergillus

parasiticus and aflatoxin production

N.K.S. Gowda*, V. Malathi, R.U. Suganthi

S : Animal Feed Seience and Technology 116 (2004) 281-291

The anti-fungal properties of a series of chemical and herbal compounds at

different levels was tested on potato dextrose agar. Among the chemical compounds,
propionic acid at 0.1-05%, ammonia at 0.5% copper sulphate at 0.08-0.5% and benzoic
acid at 0.1-0.5% completely inhibited Aspergillus parasiticus growth. Urea, citric acid
and sodium propionate had moderate anti-fungal Properties (36-64% reduction). Among
the herbal compounds, clove oil at 0.5% completely inhibited fungal growth.
Compounds which inhibited fungal growth by at least 20% were selected to test thir
efficacy to inhibit fungal growth and aflatoxin production in feeds. All the selected
chemical and herbal compounds reduced (P< 0.01) fungal growth (i.e. fungal spore
count) and aflatoxin production. Propionic acid at 0.05-0.5% sodium propionate at 0.1-
0.5% benzoic acid at 0.2% and ammonia at 0.5% completely inhibited aflatoxin
production. Reduction in aflatoxin production was high with 0.5-1% citric acid (91-94%),
0.1-0.5% urea (93-96%) and 0.08% copper sulphate (85%). Clove oil at 0.5-1%
inhibited aflatoxin production completely. Moderate reduction in toxin production
occurred with 0.2-1% turmeric (63-84%), 0.1-1% onion (64-76%) and 0.2-1% garlic (71-
84%). Among the chemical compounds tested in feeds. Propionic acid sodium
propionate, benzoic acid and ammonia were the best anti-fungal compounds, followed
by urea and citri acid. Among the herbal compounds, clove oil was the best followed by
turmeric, garlic and onion. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Abs. No.30

Bovine Spermatozoan Motility Behaviour in Cervical Mucus and its

Relationship to Fertility

P.V. Sarma. I. J. Reddy and P.A. Saarma*

S: IJAR 17(2), 1996; 136-137

The pattern of bovine cervical mucus penetration and migration by spermatozoa

can provide a useful information in andrological studies with respect to sperm behavior
and sperm interaction on female genitalia for selecting samples of semen with optimal
characteristics for higher fertility.

Abs. No.31

Effect of Buffalo Follicular Fluid Alone and in combination with PMSG

And M199 on in vitro Buffalo Oocyte Maturation

P. S. P. Guptha,*S. Nandi, B. M. Ravindrnatha and P.V. Sarma

S: Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sei. 2001. Vol. 14, No. 5 : 693-696

The effect of replacement of in vitro maturation medium completely with the buffalo
follicular fluid (buFF) on in vitro oocyte maturation of buffalo oocytes was studied. 5 to 8
buffalo cumulus oocyte complexes were cultured in a single drop with each of the eight
media studied i.e., M199+steer serum (10% v/v), M199+steer serum (10% v/v) +PMSG,
M199+buFF (10% v/v). M199+buFF (10% v/v)+PMSG, M199+buFF (50% v/v),
M199+buFF (50% v/v)+ PMSG. buFF (100%) and buFF+PMSG at 39O C and 5% CO2
in air for 24 h. Supplementation of M199 with Steer serum alone resulted in IVM rate of
35% only. When the above medium was supplemented with PMSG, the maturation
rare rallied to 82% Significant increase in the maturation rates were observed when
M199 was supplemented with increasing levels of buFF A further increase in the
maturation rate was also obtained when PMSG was incorporated into the medium of
M199 supplemented with buFF the rate of maturation was to the tune of 91% when
oocytes were matured in buFF alone which was increased non significantly on the
addition of PMSG. Highest maturation rate (97%) obtained with M199+buFF
(50%v/v)+PMSG did not differ significantly from that obtained by either M199+buFF
(10%v/v)+PMSG or buFF +PMSG It is suggested that buFF alone without any
supplementation can form the effective in vitro maturatrion medium for buffalo oocytes.
Abs. No.32

Effect of commercial available PMSG on maturation, fertilization

and embryo development of buffalo oocytes in vitro

P.S.P. Guptha, S. NandiA, B.M. Ravindranatha and P.V. Sarma

S: Repord. Fertil. Dev., 2001.13.355-360

In vitro fertilization (IVF) technology provides an opportunity to produce embryos

for genetic manipulation, embryo transfer and basic research in developmental
physiology, and can be exploited for emerging biotechnologies such as transgenesis
and cloning. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of commercially
available pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) (Folligon; Interver, International
B.V.,Boxmeer, Holland) in oocyte culture media, on maturation, fertilization and
embryonic development of buffalo oocytes in vitro were investigated. Oocytes aspirated
from abattoir-derived ovaries were cultured in media containing TCM-199 + PMSG at
0,2.5,20,30,40 and 50 IU mL-1in presence or absence of steer serum (10%) for 24h in a
CO2 incubator. The maturation rate was assessed on the basis of degree of expansion
of cumulus cells. The matured oocytes were inseminated with 9-10 x 106 spermatozoa
mL-1 in Brackett and Oliphant medium and the cleavage rate was recorded 40-42 h after
insemination. Uncleaved oocytes were stained with aceto-orcein for evaluation of
fertilization rates. The cleaved embryos were further cultured in TCM-199 + 10% steer
serum on buffalo oviducal cell monolayer for 7 days. Maturatration, fertilization,
cleavage and embryonic development were significantly higher (P<0.05) in oocytes
culturd in TCM-199 + 10% steer serum supplemented with 40 and 50 IU PMSG mL-1 It
is concluded that commercially available PMSG can effectively be used in place of pure
follicle-stimulating hormone for in vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes, making it cost
effective for IVFstudies.
Abs. No.33

Trypan Blue staining to Differentiate live and dead Buffalo Oocytes and its effect
on Embryo Development in Vitro

P. S. P Gupta, S. Nandi , B.M. Ravindranatha, H.M. Raghu and P.v. Sarma

S: Buffalo Journal (2002) 3: 321-330

The present study was conducted to validate trypan blue as a stain to

differentiate the live and dead buffalo occytes and its effect on embryo development in
vitro. In experiment 1, aspirated buffalo COCs were artificially killed by heat and cold
shock and keeping them in glacial acetic acid and ethanol (1:3v/v) for 24 h and then
stained with three different concentrations (0.025%,0.05% and 0.1%) of trypan blue for
1, 1.5, 2,2.5,3,5 and 10 minutes to validate trypan blue as a stain for detecting dead
buffalo COCs and to investigate the optimum concentration of trypan blue and staining
time required to detect dead buffalo COCs. In experiment 2, the viability and maturation
rates of different grades of freshly aspirated buffalo COCs on trypan blue staining
(0.05%) for different time periods were examined. In experiment 3, the effect of trypan
blue staining on developmental competence of buffalo oocytes in vitro was studied.
Results suggested that trypan blue at a concentration of 0,05% and 2 minutes of
staining time were found to be optimum for differentiating dead buffalo COCs. The
viability of good, fair and poor COCs were 95.2, 86.1 and 17.7%, respectively after
exposure to trypan blue (0.05%) staining for 2 minutes. Trypan blue staining of oocytes
had no adverse effect on developmental competence of buffalo COCs but presence of
trypan blue (0.05%) in the maturation medium significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the
developmental potential of the buffalo COCs. Selection of oocytes using morphological
parameters of COCs coupled with trypan blue staining may increase the overall embryo
production in vitro.
Abs. No.34

IN Vitro effects of different levels of Commercially available PMSG on Buffalo

Oocyte Maturation

B.M. Ravindranatha, S. Nandi, P.S.P. Gupta and P.V. Sarma

S: Buffalo Journal (2002) 1: 101-107

Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of

commercially available PMSG on buffalo oocyte maturation in vitro. Buffalo oocytes
were aspirated from ovaries collected from a local slaughter house. Only oocytes with
more than tow layers of cumulus cells and homogenous ooplasm were cultured into
50µ1 droplets of five different culture systems-(i) TCM-199 + Steer Serum (10%) –
control (ii) TCM-199 + Steer Serum (10%) + PMSG (2.5 I.U/ml.) and (iii) TCM-199 +
Steer Serum (10%) + PMSG (20 I .U.ml.) (iv) TCM-199 + Steer Serum (10%) + PMSG
(30 I.U.ml.) and (v) TCM-199 +Steer Serum(10%) +PMSG (40 I.U.ml.) in a 35 mm
petridish. The droplets were covered with warm (38-39oC ) mineral oil and incubated in
a CO2 incubator (38-39oC,5% CO2 in air, 90-95% relative humidity) for 24 h. Maturation
rate were assessed by evaluation of cumulus cells expansion and identifying first polar
body extruded in the perivitteline space under stereo zoom microscope. Maximum
maturation rate (>80%) was observed when oocytes were cultured in media
supplemented with 40 I.U. PMSG/ml. we may conclude that PMSG can effectively be
used in maturation of buffalo oocyte in vitro at the level of 40 I.U./ml.
Abs. No.35

In vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes with epidermal growth factor and fibroblast
Groth factor

P.S.P. Gupta1, B.M. Ravindranatha2. S.Nandi3. and P.V. Sarma4

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72 (1): 23-26, January 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of

epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for in vitro maturation
of buffalo oocytes and to examine the effect of these growth factors when used alone or
along with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on the same. In experiment 1.
aspirated oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with EGF (10.20.30 ng/ml)
or FGF (10.20.30ng/ml) in a CO2 incubator at 38.5oC for 24 hr. Maturation was
assessed by examining the expansion of cumulus cell mass and metaphase 11 stage
after staining in aceto-orcein. 20ng/ml was the optimim concentration of both EGF and
FGF for buffalo oocyte maturation. Hence, in experiment 2, oocytes were culture in
TCM-199supplemented with PMSG (40 IU/ml) and EGF(20ng.ml), FGF(20ng/ml) or
both. TCM-199+EGF(20 ng/ml) + PMSG(40 IU/ml) were an ideal chemically defined
medium for buffalo oocyte maturation.
Abs. No.36

In vitro culture of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Preantral follicles

P.S.P. Gupta, S. Nandi,* B.M. Ravindranatha, P.V. Sarma

S: Theriogenology 57 (2002) 1839-1854

Growth of buffalo preantral follicles in culture was studied to investigate the effect
of size of preantral follicles, individual or group culture, long-term culture of preantral
follicles for (40 days), addition of human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin-
transferrin-selenium (ITS), growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast
growth factor (FGF), vaso active intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in culture media, and
substitution of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) for FSH as gonadotrophin
source in culture media. Preantral follicles were isolated mechanically from ovarics of
matured, nonpregnant slaughtered buffaloes and cultured in droplets of culture media
under mineral oil in a 35mm petri dish in a CO2 incubator (38-39 oC,5% CO2 in air, 90-
95% relative humidity) for 15 days. Preantral follicle isolation and washing medium
consisted of Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) supplemented with steer serum (10%),
glutamine (2mM), sodium pyruvate (0.23mM), hypoxanthine (2mM) and gentamycin (50
µg/ml). respectively. In Experiment 1. we placed isolated preantral follicles individually
or in groups of 2-4 preantral follicles in 30 or 50 µ1 droplets, respectively, using two
culture media: washing media and washing media + ITS(1%) + FSH(0.05 IU/ml).
respectively. In Experiment 2, we grouped isolated preantral follicles were grouped into
six different size classes: ≤36,37-54,55-72,73-90,90-108 and ≥109µm. We cultured
groups of 2-4 preantral follicles in washing media + ITS (1%) + FSH(0.05IU/ml) in a CO2
incubator for 15 days. In Experiment 3, we allocated groups of 2-4 preantral follicles to
10 treatments: (1) only washing media, (2) washing media + FSH(0.05 IU/ml). (3)
washing media + ITS(1%), (4) washing media + ITS(1%) +FSH(50 IU/ml), (5)washing
media + TIS (1%) +EGF(50 ng/ml). (6) washing media + ITS(1%) +FSH(0.05 IU/ml)
+EGF (50 ng/ml). (7) washing media ITS (1%) FGF(50ng/ml), (8) washing media +ITS
(1%) + FSH (0.05 IU/ml) + FGF (50ng/ml). (9) washing media + ITS(1%) +
VIP(50ng/ml). and (10) washing media + ITS(1%) +FSH(0.05 IU/ml) +VIP(50ng/ml). In
Experiment 4, based on the results of Experiment 3. We incubated preantral follicles
from those treatments showing significantly )P<0.05) higher growth up to 40 days. In
Experiment 5. we allocated groups of 2-4 preantral follicles to two treatments: (1)
washing media + PMSG(50IU/ml). And (2) washing media+
Abs. No.37

Timing of Sequential changes in Cumulus cells and first Polar body Extrusion
during in Vitro Maturation of Buffalo Oocytes

S. Nandi,* B.M. Ravindranatha, P.S.P. Gupta, P.V. Sarma

S: Theriogenology 57 (2002) 1151-1159

Studies were conducted to investigate the degree of the cumulus cell expansion
and expulsion of the first polar body in relation to time of incubation in three different
culture media during in vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes and to suggest a suitable
practical method for assessment of in vitro maturation rate of buffalo oocytes. Buffalo
oocytes were aspirated from ovaries collected from a local slaughterhouse. Only
oocytes with more than two layers of cumulus cells and homogenous ooplasm were
cultured into 50 µl droplets of three different culture systems: (1) TCM-199 + steer
serum (10%); (2) TCM-199 +steer serum (10%) +PMSG(40IU/ml); and (3) TCM-199 +
steer serum (10%) + PMSG (40 IU/ml) + estradiol 17ß (1µg/ml) in a 35 mm Petri dish.
The droplets were covered with warm (39 C) mineral oil and incubated in a CO2
incubator (39 C. 5% CO2 in air, 90-95% relative humidity for 16-18.20.22.and 24 h. The
maturation rate was assessed by evaluation of degree of cumulus cells expansion and
identifying first polar body extrusion into the perivitelline space under stereo zoom
microscope. Matured oocytes were inseminated in vitro with 9-10 million sperm/ml of
Brackett and Oliphant (BO) medium. Cleaved cmbryos were cultured in TCM-199
supplemented with steer serum (10%) for 8 days Cumulus expansion and extrusion of
first polar body commenced at 16 and 17 h. respectively. Of buffalo oocyte culture.
These events mainly exhibited during 22-24 h of culture. Oocytes with Degrees 1 and 2
cumulus cells expansion and extruded first polar body in degree 0 oocytes may be
considered as matured and can be used in IVF studies. E 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All
rights reserved.
Abs. No.38

Influence of 2 – bromo- α –ergocryptine on Plasma Prolactin, Oestradiol-17 ß and

Progesterone Levels in Domestic Hen

I.J. Reddy*, C.G. David and Khub Singh

S: Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 8 : 1103-1109

This Study investigated the effect of 2-bromo- α – ergocryptine (anti prolactin agent ) on
plasma levels of prolactin, oestradiol -17ß and progesterone in domestic hen during the
active period of lay. Fifty healthy female White Leghorn birds were administered with
anti prolactin agent (2-bromo–α-crgocryptine, Sigma-USA., methane sulphonate salt, C
32 H 40 BrN 5 .CH 4 SO 3 )subcutaneously @ 100 µg/kg body weight at weekly intervals
frok 17th to 36th week of age. Another group of fifty birds as controls were given placebo
in place of bromocriptine. The level of prolactin remained lower in treated birds than in
the control birds from 19 to 36 weeks of age. Level of prolactin even in the control group
was found to decrease during the peak production period. Oestradiol-17ß and
progesterone concentration in treated birds were significantly (P<0.01) higher than the
controls during the treatment. Egg production, is positively correlated with oestradiol-
17ß (r=0.02; r-0.67) and progesterone (r=0.49; r=0.90) in control and treated groups
respectively where as prolactin level is positively correlated with egg production in the
control birds (r=0.07). Prolactin levels were negatively correlated with egg production (r=
-0.55) in treated birds; and oestradiol-17ß (r= -0.71;r= -0.53) and progesterone (r= -
0.22; r= -0.27) respectively in control and treated groups. The total number of pause
days during the treatment period decreased significantly (p<0.01) in the treated group
compared to the control group.The reduction in pause days in treated group resulted in
1.76% increase in Egg production over that in control group. The increase in egg laying
days and the total egg production were found to be significant (p<0.01). These results
indicate that a lower level of prolactin in circulatory blood enhances egg production in
the domestic hen.
Abs. No.39

The possible role of prolactin in laying performance and steroid hormone

secretion in domestic hen (Gallus domesticus)

I.J. Reddy,* C.G. David, P.V. Sarma, and Khub Singh

S: General and Comparative Endocrinology 127 (2002) 249-255

The aim of this study was to investigate the basic physiological mechanism involved in
taking pauses between the sequences of egg laying in domestic hen to improve egg
production by extending the sequence length and decreasing the intersequence pause
days by modulating the prolactin concentration in birds.Fifty healthy female white
leghorn birds were administered anti-prolactin agent (2-bromo- α – ergocriptine, Sigma,
USA) subcutaneously at 100µg/kg body weight at weekly intervals from 17th to 36th
week of age. Another group of fifty birds was given placebo in place of the modulating
agent. The level of prolactin remained lower in the treated birds than in the control birds
throughout the production cycle up to 72 weeks of age. The level of prolactin in the
control group was found to decrease during the peak production period. The average
percentage of egg production from 19 to 72 week period was 87.67 in the treatment
group as compared to 83.56 in the control group. Oestradiol-17ß and progesterone
concentrations in the treated birds were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those in
control birds, during and after withdrawal of the treatment. Prolactin level was negatively
correlated with egg production (r = -0.02; r = - 0.12) and with oestradiol-17ß (r = -0.75; r
= - 0.38) and progesterone (r = - 0.20; r = - 0.83), respectively, in control and treatment
groups. The total number of pause days during the production period decreased
significantly (P < 0.01) in the treatment group, resulting in a 4.11% increase in egg
production. It is concluded that there is a consistent relationship between plasma
prolactin in the physiological range and laying performance in domestic hen. © 2002
Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved
Abs. No.40

Oocyte Recovery Rates in Relation to Morphology and Weight of the Ovaries in

Buffaloes

P.S.P. Gupta, S. Nandi, H.M. Raghu, B.M. Ravindranatha and P.V. Sarma

S: Indian Journal Animal Res., 37 (2): 147 –148, 2003

Oocytes retrieved from abattoir derived buffalo ovaries were classified into three
categories I.e.ovaries with corpus luteum (CL), ovaries without CL and pooled ovaries.
Correlation coefficient was calculated between the ovarian weights and the oocyte
recovery rates for all the three categories of ovaries. Ovarian weight of ovary with CL
was significantly more than that of ovary without CL. There was a positive correlation
between the ovarian weights and the oocyte recovery rates in all the three categories of
ovaries.

Abs. No.41

Oviposition Patterns Associated with Prolactin Concentration in Domestic

Chicken (Gallus domesticul)

C.G. David, I.J. Reddy* and Khub Singh

S: Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 1565-1571

Physiological mechanisms, involved in unusual ovulatory sequences in domestic

hen are remaining undefined. One hundred individually caged white leghorn birds were
divided into two equal groups viz. control and treatment. And 2-bromo – α –
ergocryptine, was administered to birds in the treatment group to modulate prolactin
(PRL) secretion from anterior pituitaty gland. The effect of modulation of PRL
concentration on egg production, sequence length and intersequence pause length
were studied by analysis of oviposition records of the birds from 24 to 72 weeks of age.
The surviving 48 birds in the control and treatment groups averaged 34.58 ± 1.7 and
25.67±1.15 sequenees of oviposition. With a mean sequence length of 9.92 ±0.63 and
14.04±1.12 days respectively. Most of the birds had a single characteristically long
sequence during the entire reproductive cycle, which averaged 46.04 ± 3.09 days in the
control birds and 59.33.±4.44 days in the treated birds. 2-bromo – α –ergocriptine
treatments had significantly decreased (P≤0.01) the circulating concentrations of PRL
compared to the birds of the control group. This resulted in a significant increase
(P≤0.01) in the number of laying days in birds of the treatment group with a concomitant
decrease in the intersequence pause length. The decreased PRL levels during prime
sequences in birds of the both groups. reveals the negative role of the circulating PRL
levels on egg production with concomitant shorter intersequence pause length. Hence,
modulation of PRL with dopamine agonist may enhance the reproductive efficiency of
hens later in life
Abs. No.42

Use of Cystic Follicular Fluid for Buffaloo Oocyte Maturation in Vitro

S. Nandi, P.S.P. Gupta, B.M. Ravindranatha and P.V. Sarma

S: Indian Journal of Animal Res. 37 (1): 40 – 43. 2003

Studies were conducted to examine the effect of substitution of serum with cystic
follicular fluid in the IVM media and also to test the efficacy of cystic follicular fluid
(buCFF) at 50 and 100 per cent levels for in vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes. Results
indicated that buffalo cystic follicular fluid supplemented with PMSG Possess the ability
for induction of buffalo oocytes and could be successfully tried as buffalo oocyte
maturation medium. Buffalo cystic follicular fluid as a whole maturation medium also has
the ability to induce the cumulus expansion which may be cost effective for the IVM of
buffalo oocytes.

Abs. No.43

Developmental competence and post-thaw survivability of buffalo embryos

produced in vitro: effect of growth factors in oocyte maturation medium and of
embryo culture system

S. Nandi, B.M. Ravindranatha, P.S.P. Gupra. H.M. Raghu, P.V. Sarma

S: Theriogenology 60 (2003) 1621-1631

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of supplementation to

IVM medium of epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and
vasoactive intestional peptide (VIP) along with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin
(PMSG) on oocyte maturation and cleavage of buffalo embryos (experiment 1). The
developmental competence of cleaved embryos cultured in either a complex co-culture
system (TCM-199 +10% serum +oviduct cel monolayer) or defined media (a) modified
form of synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF) was evaluated (experiment 2). The post-
thawmorphology and survivability of frozen blastocysts developed from embryos
cultured either in complex or defined medium was compared (experiment 3). Aspirated
oocytes were cultured in maturation medium (TCM-199+PMSG(40 IU/ml—control)
supplemented with EGF (20ng/ml). FGF (20ng/ml) and VIP(20ng/ml). either alone or in
combination, in a CO2 incubator at 38.5 C for 24 h. Maturation rate was assessed and
oocytes were inseminated in vitro with frozen-thawed sperm processed in Brackett and
Oliphant (BO) medium. The cleaved embryos were cultured either in complex co-culture
system or mSOF. Results suggested that EGF had more beneficial effect on buffalo
oocyte maturation, and embryo cleavage than FGF. Addition of VIP to the oocyte
maturation medium did not improve the results. Blastocyst yields from buffalo oocytes
were significantly higher in a complex co-culture system than in difined media (mSOF)
when oocytes were matured in presence of EGF either alone or in combination with
FGF and VIP. The mean percent of morphologically normal blastocysts after thawing
and their survivability were significantly higher in blastocysts obtained from embryos
cultured in mSOF than those cultured in complex co-culture system.
Abs. No.44

Modulation of prolactin levels for increased egg production in domestic hen

I.J. Reddy1, C.G. David2, P.V. Sarma3 and Khub Singh4

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 73 (7): 743-747, July 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the basic mechanism involved in taking
pauses between the sequences of egg laying in domestic hen and also to extend the
sequence length, egg production and to decrease the intersequence pause days by
modulating the prolactin levels in birds. White Leghorn healthy female birds (50) were
administered with anti prolactin agent subcutaneously @ 100 µg/kg body weight at
weekly intervals from 17th to 36th week of age. Another group of 50 birds as controls
was given placebo in place of the modulating agent. The level of prolactin remained
lower in the treated birds than that in the control birds throughout the production cycle
up to 72 weeks of age. The level of prolactin even in the control group decreased during
the peak production period. The number of total pause days in full production period up
to the age of 72 weeks decreased significantly in treated group in comparison to the
control group. The reduction in puse days in treated group resulted in 4.11% increase in
egg production over that in control group. The increase in egg laying days and the total
egg production were significant. The average percentage of egg production from 21 to
72 weeks period was 87.67 in treated group as compared to 83.56 in control group.
These results indicated that modulation of prolactin levels using bromocryptine
enhances egg production in domestic hen.
Abs. No.45

Progesterone and nucleic acid contents of buffalo corpus luteum in relation to

stages of estrous cycle

S. Mondal1, Vijay Kumar2, I. J. Reddy3 and Khub Singh4

S: Indian Journal Sciences 74 (7): 710-712, July 2004

Study on the variations in weight, concentration of progesterone, DNA and RNA

content of corpus luteum was conducted to delineate the changes during different
stages of estrous cycle in buffaloes. Buffalo ovaries with CL (32) were collected from
slaughterhouse immediately after slaughter. Stages of reproductive cycle were studied
by examining biometry and morphology of corpus luteum. Depending on the colour,
vasculature, size and consistercy, the stages assigned to corpora lutea were CL – 1
(days 1-4 of cycle), CL – 2 (days 5-10 of cycle), CL – 3 (days 11-17 of cycle ) and CL –
4 (days 18-20 of cycle). The CL was excised from rest of the ovarian tissue and
weighed quantity of the fraction of luteal tissue was stored at – 20oC for assay of
progesterone. The size and weight of CL increased with growth of CL till it attained peak
stage of its development and then size and weight started declining with its regression.
CL extract mean progesterone concentrations were 7.27± 0.95 µg/g , 8.98 ±0.67µg/g
11.44±1.42 µg/g and 3.99±0.71 µg/g in the first, second, third and fourth stage CL
respectively. The DNA and RNA contents of CL were 1.18±0.13 and 4.69±0.41 mg/g;
0.98±0.11 and 2.96±0.13mg/g; 1.33±0.24 and 2.66±0.33mg/g; 1.39±0.17 and 3.11±0.79
mg/g during the first, second, third and fourth stage of estrous cycle respectively.
Functional activity of corpus luteum was maximum during third stage of the estrous
cycle in buffaloes as compared to other stages.

Abs. No.46

Relative functionality attributes of right and left ovaries in buffaloes

(Bubalus bubalis)

P.S.P. Gupta1, S. Nandi2 and P.V. Sarma3

S: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 74 (5): 477-479, May 2004

Proper implementation of reproductive technologies in buffalo. A species of high

dairy merits, necessitates in depth studies on its ovarian functions. Present study aimed
to elucidate the relative functionality attributes of right and left buffalo ovaries of
slaughtered mature riverine buffaloes. Weight of the ovary (2.53 and 2.65 g), follicular
fluid volume per ovary (0.19 and 0.24), the number of follicles (4.97 and 5.12), oocytes
(3.14 and 3.23), corpora lutea (0.37 and 0.41) and corpora albicans (0.31 and 0.20)
present in the right and their left ovaries, respectively, were not significantly different.
These results suggest equal participation of the right and the left ovary in reproductive
functions of buffalo.
Abs. No.47

Development of Gene Transfer Systems in Rumen Bacteria – a review

M. Chandrasekharaiah, A. Thulasi and K.T. Sampath

S : Indian Journal Dairy & Biosciences 11: 1-8

Development of gene transfer system is of great importance to genetically modify

the rumen bacteria. Specific genes could be introduced into the rumen bacteria by
genetic engineering and it may be possible to improve plant cell wall digestion, detoxify
certain plant toxins etc. which will have bearing on improved nutrient utilization and
animal production . Different shuttle vectors have been synthesized from native
plasmids to be used as effective gene transfer vehicle for the rumen bacteria. Though
some of these vectors are stable and efficient, the others are not. A lot of speculation is
there regarding the prospects of genetically modified organisms. Recent reports on
cloning of the dehalogenase gene from Moraxella spp. Into Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and
its stability over 500 generations without antibiotic selection has raised hopes. However,
research on rumen bacteria with regard to genetic manipulation is still very much in its
infancy and modified organisms have yet to find their way from the test-tube to the
animal in any significant numbers even for research purposes.

Abs. No.48

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Feeds and Fodders and their Excretion in

Milk – a Review

K.S.N. Prasad and Aruna Chhabra

S: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences, 11, 2000

Contamination of feeds and fodders by organochlonine pesticide residues

(OCPRS) has drawn attention of researchers as they seldom are metabolised in animal
system and are excreted in milk. Further, there is dearth of information on technological
know-how for their detoxification. Problems associated with OCPRs and a few remedial
measures are discussed in this review.

Note:
If you required reprint of the above article please contact author or the
Librarian, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (ICAR), NIANP
Campus, ADUGODI–560 030, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
( library@nianp.res.in; librarynianp@rediffmail.com )