CIV 0111
Civil Engineering Orientation
Midterms Reviewer
PLM History
PLM's conception started during the administration of Mayor
Arsenio H. Lacson, the first elective mayor of the City of
Manila in 1951, when he approved Ordinance No. 4202 on 13
January 1960.
The Board's committee that spearheaded and allocated funds
for the creation of the city university was chaired by then-
Councilor Ernesto M. Maceda.
Mayor Lacson suddenly passed away while in office and
before the fulfillment of his dream university. His then-Vice-
Mayor, Antonio Villegas, succeeded him.
On 13 February 1963, Mayor Villegas issued Executive Order
No. 7, s-1963, creating a Planning and Working Committee,
which was chaired by Dr. Benito F. Reyes, to draw up a plan to
establish the city university.
In 1964, Mayor Villegas co-opted the aid of then-Congressman
Justo R. Albert to sponsor a bill in the House of
Representatives of the Congress of the Philippines seeking to
create the city university. Filed as House Bill No. 8349 in the
Lower House, the Senate version was spearheaded by
Senators Gil Puyat and Camilo Osias.
The consolidation of the two bills was tackled during the
Fourth Session of the Fifth Congress which began and was
held in the City of Manila on 25 January 1965. The
consolidated bill was thereafter passed by the joint Congress
with the House of Representatives finally passing the same on
12 May 1965 while the Philippine Senate finally passed it on
07 June 1965. The final bill was signed by Senate President
Ferdinand E. Marcos and House Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal.
On 19 June 1965, the final bill entitled "An Act Authorizing the
City of Manila to Establish and Operate the University of the
City of Manila and for Other Purposes" was signed into law by
President Diosdado P. Macapacal in a signing ceremony in
Malacañang Palace. The law was captioned as Republic Act
No. 4196 which now serves as the University Charter.
The birth of Pamantasan on a June 19 is made even more
significant than ever by the fact that it was made to coincide
with the birth of the Philippine national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
The University was so named "Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Maynila" from the official English name by Mayor Villegas in
1967. The university regents were sworn into office on 09
January 1967 which eventually conducted its first official
board meeting and the election of its officers on 23 February
1967 at the Maharnilad.
On February 5, 1970, then Executive Secretary Ernesto M.
Maceda, by authority of then President Ferdinand Marcos,
conveyed unto the City of Manila two (2) parcels of land
owned by the Republic of the Philippines. The said real
property consist the area where PLM stands today.
And as solemnly endeared and inscribed by every PLM
member to his heart, the University formally opened the
University College on Monday, 17 July 1967 with an initial
enrollment of 556 outstanding and bright scholars carefully
selected from the upper 10% of the various public high
schools in Manila.
University Seal
The seal (coat-of-arms) of
the University is a circular
shield framed with fourteen
triangles depicting a
sunbeam, with embossed
inscription: "Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila 1965"
all in gold.
The field within is divided
quarterly. The upper dexter
field (dexter chief) is in red, the lower sinister field (sinister
base) in light blue, and the upper sinister field (sinister chief)
and lower dexter field (dexter base) in white.
On the upper dexter side (dexter chief), the sunburst in white
and gold rays are placed on a red field. The upper sinister side
(sinister chief) has a flaming torch on the tip of a bamboo
handle superimposed over the symbol of the atomic orbits
with electrons in red, placed on a white field.
On the lower center point (middle base) is a book
superimposed with a bamboo scroll with ancient Tagala
script balanced by a branch of the Nilad shrub in light green,
all placed between the lower white and light blue fields. From
the lower dexter side (dexter base) to the lower sinister side
(sinister base) are inscribed in gold: "Karunungan, Kaunlaran,
Kadakilaan."
Academics
Undergraduate Colleges
1. College of Accountancy
2. College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP)
3. College of Business and Management (CBM)
4. College of Education
5. College of Engineering and Technology (CET)
6. College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (CHASS)
7. College of Nursing
8. College of Physical Therapy (CPT)
9. College of Science
College Officers
 College Dean
 College Secretary and Staff
 Department Chairpersons
 Faculty Members
University Presidents
 Dr. Benito F. Reyes (23 Feb 1966 - 23 Jun 1972)
 Dr. Consuelo S. Blanco (21 Dec 1972 - 31 May 1978)
 Hon. Mayor Ramon Bagatsing (01 Jun 1978 - 27 Oct 1982)
 Dr. Jose D. Villanueva (14 Jan 1983 - 30 Jun 1989)
 Dr. Benjamin G. Tayabas (02 Jul 1989 - 24 Jun 1996
23 Feb 2000 - 22 Feb 2006
02 Jun 2006 - 01 Aug 2007)
 Dr. Virsely M. Dela Cruz (25 Jun 1996 - 30 Apr 1999)
 Atty. Jose M. Roy III (24 Feb 2006 - 01 Jun 2006)
 Atty. Adel A. Tamano (09 Aug 2007 - 30 Nov 2009)
 Atty. Rafaelito M. Garayblas (01 Dec 2009 - 30 Jun 2013)
 Justice Artemio G. Tuquero (03 Jul 2013 - 17 Sep 2014)
 Dr. Ma. Leonora V. de Jesus (Oct 2014 – present)
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 College of Engineering & Technology (CET)
Originally under the College of Arts and Letters, the main
trust of the college was to provide technical, industrial,
vocational education to PLM students alongside the
humanistic courses to prepare them for promoting out
technology under two divisions: Division of Engineering and
Technology & Division of Technical and Vocational Education.
Division of Engineering & Technology
1) Civil Engineering
2) Mechanical Engineering
3) Electrical Engineering
4) Sanitary Engineering
5) Chemical Engineering
6) Naval Engineering
7) Industrial Engineering
Division of Technical & Vocational Education
1) Electronics
2) Wood Working
3) Metal Works
4) Automotive Works
5) Ceramics
6) Graphics Arts
7) Teacher Education in Arts and Trades
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering is a composite of many specific disciplines:
Structural, Waste Treatment, Transportation, Geotechnical,
Water Management, Construction Management
Civil Engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world:
Water works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission
Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels,
Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic
Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial
Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc.
History – Civil Engineering
In the beginning, Civil Engineering included all engineers that
did not practice military engineering; said to have begun in
18th century France
1761: First “Civil Engineer” was an Englishman, John Smeaton
Civil engineers have saved more lives than all the doctors in
history in development of clean water and sanitation systems.
Henry H. White, first KY Civil Engineering Graduate from
Bacon (Georgetown) College in 1840
On the fall of 1886, “State College” (UK) established the civil
engineering degree.
John Wesley Gunn of Lexington received first Civil
Engineering degree from A & M College (UK) in 1890.
Philippine Civil Engineering
In 1928, a group of civil engineers from the government
sector formed the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE)
which was the first civil engineering organization in the
Philippines with Engr. Marcial Kasilag as its first president.
Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the honor of holding PRC
Registration Number 1 for Civil Engineers.
On August 2, 1935, Act Number 4211 was enacted –
permitting under-aged persons to take the board exam on
condition that they will not practice their profession until
they attained the required age of 21.
The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was
formed from a group of civil engineers in the private sector
with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes as its first president.
On June 17, 1950, the Architects (Philippine Institute of
Architects) prepared and lobbied the passing of the first
Architect’s law (RA 545) while the Civil Engineers (Philippine
Association of Civil Engineers), the Civil Engineering law (RA
544, through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra)
was also passed the same year.
In 1961, The Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines (ASEP) was founded.
In 1971, PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, exerted a
serious effort in merging the two organizations.
On June 1973, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued
Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC), regulating all professions and accrediting
only one organization to represent each profession.
Civil Engineering Process
1) Planning
Find problem areas that need improvement and set the
criteria for the design. Gather input from the public.
2) Design
Draw plans to show how the problem is going to be
fixed.
3) Construction
Follow the plans from design to build the solution to the
problem.
4) Operation/Maintenance
Fix small problems before they become big ones.
5) Rehabilitation
Civil Engineering Specialties
1) Construction Management
Design formwork, scaffolding, lifting apparatus, etc.
Management of construction resources: labor,
materials, equipment, money and time.
2) Environmental/ Energy
Apply fluid mechanics, biology and chemistry to the
design and operation of environmental control systems,
e.g., municipal and industrial wastewater systems.
Model and monitor the movement and behavior of
water pollutants in natural waters.
3) Geotechnical
Analyze soil and rock that affect the behavior of struc-
tures, pavements, underground facilities, and
containment structures for solid and liquid wastes.
Design foundations, retaining walls, roadway cuts, etc.
Field and laboratory work along with design.
4) Hydraulics/Water Resources
Analyze and design systems to transport liquids.
Small and large systems of pipes as well as engineered
and natural channels.
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 Hydraulic machinery such as pumps and turbines,
hydraulic controls such as valves and weirs, and
hydraulic structures such as dams and spillways.
5) Materials
Design, analyze, and construct materials such as: steel,
concrete, masonry, asphalt, and composites.
6) Structural
Design and analyze all man-made objects whose
primary function is load resistance: buildings, bridges,
aircraft, transmission towers, radar domes and
antennas, drilling platforms, etc.
Must also consider the economics, esthetics and social
implications of their creations.
7) Surveyors
Precisely locate and layout engineering projects.
GIS (Geographic Information Systems), GPS (Global
Positioning Systems), and lasers distance measurement
devices.
Maps and aerial photos.
8) Transportation
Analyze movement of persons and goods.
Plan, design, construct, maintain and operate various
transportation modes (e.g., highway, railway, air, water,
etc.).
Design traffic management systems.
9) Water Resources
Develop, use and manage world’s water resources.
Design water distribution systems, wells, reservoirs,
canals, locks and dams, port facilities and flood control
systems.
Analyze the impact of other engineering projects on the
natural hydrologic system.
Engineering Ethics - the rules and standards governing the
conduct of engineers in their roles as professionals. It is
important for engineering students to study engineering ethics so
that they will be prepared to make (sometimes difficult) ethical
decisions during their professional careers.
Ethical Theories (based on philosophical scholars)
1) Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873)
Considers a balance of good & bad consequences for
everyone affected (society). Actions are good that serve
to promote human well-being.
Cost-Benefit analysis is an application of Utilitarianism:
consideration of most benefit to the most people
outweighs needs of a few individuals. Its core idea is
that whether actions are morally right or wrong
depends on their effects.
In the language of Utilitarian, we should choose the
option that “maximizes utility”, i.e. that action or policy
that produces the largest amount of good.
2) Duty Ethics (Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804)
Deontological Ethics, concerned with what people do,
not with the consequences of their actions.
Do the right thing. Do it because it's the right thing to
do. Don't do wrong things. Avoid them because they are
wrong.
There are duties that should be performed (e.g.. Duty to
treat others fairly or not to injure others) regardless of
whether these acts do the most good or not.
Example: An employee who very strongly adheres to a
duty-based ethic usually presents as an "inside the box"
thinker. He will do what his boss told him to do, because
he is required to honor his boss's directives. Even if the
employee recognizes that the boss's commands are
irrational or counterproductive, he will still comply.
3) Rights Ethics (John Locke, 1632-1704)
People have fundamental rights (like life, liberty, &
property) that others have a duty to respect. In the
rights ethical theory, the rights set forth by a society are
protected and given the highest priority.
Rights are considered to be ethically correct and valid
since a large or ruling population endorses them.
Individuals may also bestow rights upon others if they
have the ability and resources to do so.
4) Virtue Ethics
Actions are considered right if they support good
character traits (virtues) and wrong if they support bad
character traits (vices).
The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his
character rather than by an action that may deviate
from his normal behavior. It takes the person's morals,
reputation and motivation into account when rating an
unusual and irregular behavior that is considered
unethical.
Code of Ethics
A code of ethics provides a framework for ethical
judgment for a professional.
It serves as a starting point for ethical decision making.
Used to express the commitment to ethical conduct
shared by members of a profession.
Defines the roles and responsibilities of professionals.
Engineers and technologists have a duty to hold the
health and safety of the public as a primary concern.
Usually the first cannon of any code.
Other duties are summarized in order of importance
with most important first (e.g. Safety is more important
than conflict of interest.)
--- ppt 5 not included (jusq kaumay aralin ‘yon) ---
JCES, 2018