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-A Practical Approach
C . Kalyanasundaram Structural Engineer,Chennai
Introduction
Architects (and also Civil Engineers involved in planning), who of course are the
actual creators, concentrate only on planning of building from functional and aesthetic
point of view and only very meager importance and attention is paid by them on
structural aspects. Though the structural design is the duty of structural engineer it is
essential for the Architects and Civil Engineers as well to acquire sufficient knowledge
in structural aspects. This will enable them to make architectural plans keeping in their
mind the probable positions as well as the size of structural members like slabs, beams,
columns etc., which in turn will help the structural engineer to design a stable and
structurally sound structure later.
SLAB
OVERHANG CANTILEVER
BEAMS
FIRST FLOOR
COLUMNS
1.SLABS:
2.BEAMS
3.COLUMNS
Columns carry the loads transmitted from beams and transmit them to the
footings.
4. FOOTINGS
Footings distribute the loads transmitted from the columns into soil.
Preliminary assumptions of size of various Structural Members
1.SLABS:
Thickness of slab:
if, lx = 5m
Main reinforcements:
2.BEAMS:
Steel = Fe415
Span = 6.0m
6.0 x 7 = 42cm
6.0 x 8 = 48cm
3.COLUMNS
Table 1
Illustration
= 22.0 x 12 =264 KN
Hence ok
4.FOOTINGS
Footings distribute the load transmitted from the column into the soil. Size of
footings depend on the type of soil on which the building rests.
S.B.C:
• The safe bearing capacity ( S.B.C) of soils like clay is very less
Footing Design
Thickness of footing and reinforcement are arrived by designing the footing Slab as
cantilever for the upward pressure exerted by the soil. However ready reckoners can be made
use of.
M20 Fe415
Waist
Span
thickness IL=3.00KN/m2 IL=5.00KN/m2
(m)
D mm
MAIN REBARS DISTRIBUTORS MAIN REBARS DISTRIBUTORS
2.40 115 8mm @ 200 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 8mm @ 180 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
3.00 125 8mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 8mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
3.50 125 8mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 10mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
4.00 135 10mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
4.50 150 12mm @ 180 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
5.00 175 12mm @ 180 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
5.50 175 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
6.00 200 12mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c
6.50 200 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c
7.00 230 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 200 c/c 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 200 c/c
M20 Fe500
Waist
Span
thickness IL=3.00KN/m2 IL=5.00KN/m2
(m)
D mm
MAIN REBARS DISTRIBUTORS MAIN REBARS DISTRIBUTORS
2.40 115 8mm @ 250 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 8mm @ 200 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
3.00 125 8mm @ 180 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 8mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
3.50 125 8mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 8mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
4.00 135 8mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 10mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
4.50 150 12mm @ 200 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 180 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
5.00 175 12mm @ 200 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
5.50 175 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c 12mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 250 c/c
6.00 200 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c 12mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c
6.50 200 12mm @ 125 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 230 c/c
7.00 230 12mm @ 150 c/c 8mm @ 200 c/c 12mm @ 100 c/c 8mm @ 200 c/c
Table 6 Development Lengths for various concrete Grades & Steel Fe 415
Ld (Tension) 56 Ø 47 Ø 40 Ø 38 Ø 33 Ø 30 Ø
Ld (Compression) 52 Ø 38 Ø 32 Ø 30 Ø 27 Ø 24 Ø
Caution
This course material has been produced to satisfy the demand for a brief
handbook to guide the Architect/Civil engineers, beginners in structural design and
students as well. However the approximate methods and ready reckoners presented
here are to be used with care, since they are based on certain assumptions; for
example,
• The coefficients adopted for calculating column loads are based on the
assumption that the building consist of Full wall on outer boundaries and
Partition wall in interior portions. Suitable consideration is to be paid if it is
not so. Similarly for Staircase and Toilet portions suitable additional loads are
to be added.
• The spans of beams assumed are small/moderate and are not very long to
create moments in Columns. If significant moments are expected, rational
additional loads may be considered to account for this.
Hence it is advised to use these techniques with Civil Engineering sense and
Intuition.
Conclusion
Many times Architects/Civil Engineers come across variety of situations,
where they themselves have to decide up on the size of the structural members are not
conversant with the techniques. I am sure that this course material packed with
Engineers and Architects towards structural design and will create confidence in their
minds to evolve size of structural members and structural design as well, rapidly.
• Students can make use of these techniques while giving member sizes in
the input of design software like Staad/pro, Etabs etc. ,