Aldrin Armstrong S.

Eusebio Where:
IQC, BSIE 4-1
CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES
(The Mean and Range charts)
What is a Control Chart?
 A graphical representation if a sample is within
statistical control limits.
 Control charts exist for attributes and variables.
p-charts and c-charts for attributes and Mean
and range control charts for variables.
Two Basic Purposes:
• To establish the control limits for a process
• To monitor the process to indicate when it’s out
of control
A process is generally considered to be in control if:
1. There are no sample points outside the control
limits.
2. Most points are near the process average (i.e.,
the center line), without too many close to the
control limits.
3. Approximately equal numbers of sample points
occur above and below the center line.
4. The points appear to be randomly distributed
around the center line (i.e., no discernible
pattern).
𝝈
𝝈𝒙̅ =
√𝒏
𝜎𝑥̅ = Standard Deviation of distribution of sample means
𝜎 = Process standard deviation
𝑛 = Sample size (number of observations)
𝑧 = Standard normal deviate
𝑥 = Average of sample means
𝑥̿ = average of the sample means
Example:
A quality inspector took five samples, each with four
observations, of the length of time to process loan
applications at a credit union. The analyst computed the
mean of each sample and then computed the grand
mean. All values are in minutes. Use this information to
obtain three-sigma (i.e., 𝑧 = 3) control limits for means
of future times. It is known from previous experience
that the standard deviation of the process is 0.02
minute.
Sample
Observation
12.10 + 12.12 + 12.11 + 12.10 + 12.12
𝑥̿ =
5

̿ = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟏
𝒙

0.02 0.02
UCL= 12.11 + 3 ( ) LCL = 12.11 − 3 ( )
√4 √4
= 12.14 = 12.08

MEAN CHARTS AND RANGE CHARTS

 Mean Control Chart (𝒙 ̅-chart)

- control chart used to monitor the central
tendency of a process
- uses the process average of a sample
- most commonly used variable chart

MEAN CHART FORMULAS: (1ST approach)

Upper Control Limit (UCL): = 𝑥̿ + 𝑧𝜎𝑥̅
Lower Control Limit (LCL): = 𝑥̿ − 𝑧𝜎𝑥̅
 ̅-CHART USING THE SECOND
DEVELOPING 𝒙
APPROACH

MEAN CHART FORMULAS: (2nd approach)

Upper Control Limit (UCL): = 𝑥̿ + 𝐴2 𝑅̅
Lower Control Limit (LCL): = 𝑥̿ − 𝐴2 𝑅̅

where:
∑𝑹
̅=
𝑹
𝒌

𝑥̿ = average of the sample means

𝑅̅ = average range value
𝐴2 = is a tabular value used to control limits
𝑘 = number of samples

Example 2
The Goliath Tool Company produces slip-ring
bearings, which look like flat doughnuts or
washers. They fit around shafts or rods, such as
drive shafts in machinery or motors. At an early
stage in the production process for a particular slip-
ring bearing, the outside diameter of the bearing is
measured. Employees have taken 10 samples
(during a 10-day period) of 5 slip-ring bearings and
measured the diameter of the bearings. The
individual observations from each sample (or
subgroup) are shown as follows:
RANGE CHART
Range Control Chart (𝑹 ̅ -chart)
- the difference between the largest and
smallest value in a sample.
- reflects the process variability instead of the
tendency toward a mean value.

RANGE CONTROL CHART FORMULAS:

Upper Control Limit (UCL) = 𝐷4 𝑅̅
Lower Control Limit (LCL) = 𝐷3 𝑅̅

Where:
∑𝑹
̅=
𝑹
𝒌
𝑅̅= average range
𝑅= range of each sample
𝑘 = number of samples (subgroups)
𝐷3 and 𝐷4 are table values like 𝐴2 for determining
control limits that have been developed based
on range values rather than standard deviations.

Example 3
The Goliath Tool Company from Example 2 wants to
develop an R-chart to control process variability.

UCL = 𝐷4 𝑅̅
= (2.11)(0.115)
= 0.243

LCL = 𝐷3 𝑅̅
= (0)(0.115)
=0