Merrit & Cummins Grupos Funcionales Alimenticios

COLLEMBOLA 125
Table 10A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for Semiaquatic Col/embola (springtails). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-OC:
table prepared by K. Christiansen, R. J. Snider,. and K. W. Cummins; only genera with normally aquatic or semiaquatic species are included.
Poduridae(l) Lotic- margins (on "Skaters" on water Collectors- gatherers Widespread 850, 1239. 3556
Podura( 1) surface film) surface, "sprawlers" (at (scavengers) 3572,3604
margins)
Onychiuridae(3) Littoral frioge, inter- Sprawlers Collecrors- gatherers Widespread, 630

Onychiurus(3) tidal - marine Northern half
Hypogastruridae(9) 209, 466, 887, 88&.

3000, 3076, 3249.
3556, 3595, 3604.
3882, 4107
• Oudemansia(I) Beach zone-marine "Sprawlers" (active at Collectors gatherers Washington coast 3604
(intertidal) low tide, hide in pro- (scavengers?)
tected microhabitats
when submerged)
Brachystomella( 1) Tidal margin- marine Sprawlers Collector~ Florida 630
(scaveogers?)
Friesea(3) Beach zone-marine Sprawlers, active at Collectors- gatherers California, 630
(imertidal) low tide (scavengers) Northem Mexico
Anurida(I) Beach zone- rnarine "Sprawlers" (active at Col lectors-gatherers East Coast, 630
(intertidal), estaurine low tide, aggregate at (scavengers on dead in- Gulf Coast
marshes high tide in protected vertebrares, especially
microhabitats) Molluska)
Pseudam,rida( 1) Beach, mangroves, "Sprawlers" active at Probably feed on Florida 630
(intertidal) low tide bacteria and diatoms
Anuridella*(l) New York coast
lsotomidae(6) Generally marine-in- Generally "skaters" or 209, 466, 600,
tertidal; lotic- margins "spraw lers" active 3000, 3076,
at low tide. 3249, 3556,
3595, 3604
Axe /son ia(I) Beach zone-marine "Sprawlers" active at Collectors-gatherers Florida coast 630
intertidal (on surface low tide (scavengers)
film)
Archisotoma( l) Beach zone-marine "Sprawlers" active at Collectors-gatherers Widespread 630
intertidal (on surtace film) low tide (scavengers)
Agrenia( I) Lotic margins "Skaters" Collectors-gatherers Widespread 630
(on surface film) (scavengers)
· Isotorna(2) Marine intertidal "Sprawlers" active at Ccillecrors-gatherers Widespread 630
low tide (scavengers)
Hydroisotonw( 1) Lotic- margins "Skaters" Collectors-gatherers Widespread 3595
(on surface film) (scavengers)
Entomobryidae(_4) 3000, 3076, 3249,

3556, 3604
Entomob,ya(2) Beach zone- marine "Sprawlers'º (active at Collectors- gatherers Southern California
low tide) (scavengers) coast
Pseudosinella( 1) fotertidal- marine "Sprawlers" (active at Collectors~gatherers Northern Mexico 630
Jow tide) and Hawaii
Salina(I) Lotic-margins "Sprawlers" Collectors-gatherers Eastem United States 3071
Sminthuridae( 17) Generally lotic-mar- Generally "skaters" Generally collectors 629, 3000, 3076,
gins (on surface film) gatherers (scavengers), 3249,3556, 3604
shredders-herbivores
(chewers)
Sminthurides( 14) Lotic margins "Skaters," "Clin- Collectors gatherers Widespread 1135, 1239, 3076,
(on surface film) gers-sprawlers" (on (scavengers), shred- 3249, 3601 , 3604
Lemna) ders-herbivores (chew-
ers of Lemna)
Bo11r/etiella Lotic-margins "Skaters" Collectors- gatherers Eastern United States
Pseudobour/etiella*(2) (on surface film) (scavengers)
Sminthums( 1) Lotic-margins "Skaters" on (on Col lectors- gatherers Florida 3734
(on surface film) · submerged vegetation)
*Subgenera
EPHEMEROPTERA 159
Table 11 A. Summary af ecalagical and distributianal data far Ephemeroptera (mayflies). (Far definition af terms see Tables 6A-6C;
table prepared by K.W. Cummins, and R.W. Merritt.)
Acanthametropodidae ( 1)
Acanthametrop11.I'( 1) Lotic depositional Swinuners, c!ingers Predators (engutfers) lllinois (Rock River), 489, 1029
(large rivers) South Carolina, Georgia
(Savanna River),
Wisconsin
Analetris( 1 ) Lotic depositional • Swinuners, clingers Predators (eagulfers) Wyoming, Utah, Sas- 1028, 1029,2309
(large rivers) katchewan
Ameletidae(33)
Ameletus(33) Lotic--erosional and Swimmers, clingers Scrapers, collectors- Northeast, West and 111, l 12,880,890, 1399,
depositional gatherers (detritus, Southeast mountains, 1721, 2553, 2830, 2866,
diatoms) Illinois 2909,3078,3919. 4234, 4241
Siphlonuridae (25) Generatly Jentic Swimrñers, climbers Collectors-gatherers 880, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1028,
2112,2323,2866,3076
Edmundsius( 1) Lotic--erosional California mountains 1028
Paramelecus(4) Lentic-vascular hy- Swimmers, climbers West, Ontario, Quebec 1028,3740
drophytes
Siphlonisca( l) Lentic-littoral Predators (engulfers) Northeast 1383, 1384
Siphlonurus( 19) Lentic- littoral (vas- Swimmers, climbers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 423, 1021, 1028, 1399,
cular hydrophytes or scrapers, predators (ea- 2021 , 2752, 2866, 2995,
sediments). lotic- gulfers; especiaUy 3629, 4146
depositional Tanytarsus in pools),
shredders-herbivores?
Metretopodidae(8) GeneraUy lotic-ero- Generally swimmers, Generally predators (en- 880, 1020, 1023, 1028
sional clingers gulfers), collecwrs- 2323, 2866, 3076
gatherers
Merreropus( l) Lotic--erosional Swimmers, clingers Canada, Alaska, 1028, 1504
upper Midwest,
Northeast
Siphloplecion(7) Lotic--erosioaal and Swimmers, clingers Collectors-gathcrers Canada, upper Midwest, 288,657
depositional, lentic- Southeast
margins
Baetidae(l21) Generally lotic ero- Generally swirruners, Generally collectors- 111, 533, 880, !020, 1023, 1028,
sional and depositional clingers gatherers, scrapers 1310, 2,112, 2323, 2866, 2939,
3076, 3 l 96, 4268,
Acentrella(5) LO!ic-erosional Swimmers, clingers Collectors-gatherers Widespread
Acerpenna(4) Lotic--erosional Swimmers, clingers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 288
Apobae1is(2) Lotic-depositional Swimmers, clingers California, Colorado 1028, 2446
(sand) Georgia, Kansas, Texas
Baetis(42) Lotic--erosional and Swimmers, climbers, Collectors- gatherers Widespread 147,423,603,657, 713,
depositional, lentic- clingers (detritus, diatoms), 985, 1399, 1852, 2021, 2168,
littoral, vascular hy- scrapers 2439, 2712, 2718, 2746, 2752,
drophytes 2830, 3584, 3647, 4262, 146,
1330, 2316, 4233, 733, 1330,
2143, 3729, 162, 1430, 2275,
2469, 1504, 3326, 3328, 3608,
734,784,925, 1703, 111, 112,
3078, 4439. 890, 1877, 2140,
3012, 3136, 3239, 3607, 4234
Bae1odes(S) Lotic--erosional Clingers Scrapers Texas, Arizona, Okla- 1028
homa, Utah
Barbaelis(2) Lotic--erosional Swimmers, clingers Collectors-gatherers Primarily eastern
US, Colorado
.....
• Emphasis on trophic relationships.
Subgenera.
Unpublished data, K,W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station: Oregon State University, University of Maryland.
160 EPHEMEROPTERA
Table 11 A. Continued
· Callibaetis(l l) Lentic- vascular hy- Swimmers, clingers Collectors-gatherers 'Widespread 288, 632, 814, 1028, 2866
drophytes (filarnentous algae)
Camelobaeridius(6) Lotic-erosional and Swimmers, clingers Wesr, Northwesr, Mid- . 1028
(=Dacrylobaetis) depositional wesr, Texas
Centroprilum(6) Lotic-<lepositional Swimmers, c!ingers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 671 , 1023, 1399, 2718,
(detritus, diatoms), 1310, 2226, 3011, ***
scrapers
C/oeon(l) Lentic-vascular hy- Swimmers, clingers Collectors- gatherers Midwest, Northeast 447, 448, 638, 639,
drophytes 1505, 3012, 3923
2900,2955, 784
Cloeodes(2) Lentic and Lotic Swimmers, clingers Collectors-gatherers Arizona, New Mexico 784
depositionaJ
Diphetor{.2) Lotic-erosional and Swimmers, clingers Widespread 890
depositional
Fallceon(l) Lotic-erosional and Swiinmers, clingers Widespread 1469, 221 8
depositionaJ
Heterocloeon(4) Lotic-erosional Swimmers,clingers Scrapers Midwest, Southeast, 1028, 2156, 279 1
Ontario, Colorado
Labiobaelis (6) Lotic -<lepositional Swimmers, clingers Widespread 1942, 2218
Paracloeodes(l) Lotic-<lepositional Swimmers Scrapers West, Midwest, 1028
,.\ (sand) South
Procloeon(29) Lotic depositionaJ and Swimmers, clingers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 288
Lentic- littoral (detritus, diatoms)
scrapers
Pseudocentroptiloides(J) Lotic-depositional Swimmers, clingers Collectors- gatherers Midwest
Ametropodidae(3)
Amet1vp11s(3) Lotic-erosional Burrowers (shallow, Collectors- filterers West, Northwest, 660, 880, 1020, !023, 1028,
· (grav~l-sand) and dep- with eyes and gills (using vortices),- Michigan 2866,3076,3752
ositic¡nal (sand) (large exposed) gatherers (diatoms)
rivers)
Oligoneuriidae(7) Generally lotic Clingers and Burrowers 660

Lachlania(3) Lotic--erosional and Clingers Collectors-filterers West 880, !020, 1023, 1028,
depositional Filamentous algae 1895, 2866, 3076
from current
Homoeoneuria (4) Lotic depositionaJ Burrowers Collectors- filterers Southwest (north to Utah), 288, 1028, 3095
(= Oligoneuria of (large rivers) lower Mid-west (north to
Spieth and Indiana, Nebraska),
Burks) Southeast
lsonychiidae( 17)
lsonychia(l 7) Lotic-erosional Swimmers, clingers Collectors-filterers Widespread 288,489, 653,671, 1467,
(very fine paiticles), 1942, 2460, 3136, 3629,
predators (engulfers) 3917, 41 89, **'
Pseudironidae ( l)
Pseudiron (l) Lo1ic-depositional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Wesl, Midwesl 288,873, 1019, 1028, 2583,
(large rivers on sand) (uses vortices to search) Southeast 3092,3750,375 1,3753, 4055
Heptageniidae( 128**) GeneraJ!y lotic and Generally clingers GeneraJ!y scrapers, 284,533,880,922, 1020, 1023,
lentit-erosional collectors- gatherers 1028, 1310, 1877, 2112, 2323,
2446, 2866, 3076, 4268
Acanthamo/a( 1) Lotic- erosiona! and Clingers? Predators? Saskatchewan, Alb,erta
depositional (large
rivers)
* Emphasis on troph.ic relationships.

...
** Subgenera.
Unpublished data, K,W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station: Oregon State University, University of Maryland.
EPHEMEROPTERA 161
Anepeorus (2) Lotic---erosional and Sprawlers? Predators (engulfers, West, Midwest 873, 1027, 1028, 2218
(= Spinadis} depositional primarily midges} Southeast
Cinygma(3} Lotic---erosional; Clingers Scrapers, collectors- West 96, 1028
wood substrate gatherers
Cinygmula( 11} Lotic---erosional Clingers Scrapers (diatoms), West, Northeast, 603,890, 1028, 1399,
collectors-gatherers Southeast 2746, 4234
(detritus, diatoms)
Epeorus ( 19) Lotic ---erosiona! Clingers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 96, 111,112,603, 1399, 1806,
(=!ron + lronopsis) scrapers 2716, 271 7, 2727, 2316, 3629,
4234,4588,2057
Heptagenia(13} Lotic---erosional Clingers (swimmers) Scrapers, collectors Widespread 288,681 , 1657, 1942,
gatherers 2021, 2753, 2829, 2830,
4234, 4242
lronodes(6) Lotic---erosional Clingers Scrapers, co!lectors- West 1028, 2316, 2866, 3081
gatherers
Leucrocura( 1O) Lotic---erosional and Clingers Scrapers, co!lectors- Widespread 1228, 2752
depositional (slow- gatherers
flowing warrn waters)
Macdunnoa(3} Lotic---erosional and Clingers Scrapers, collectors Midwest, Southeast 288, 2311
depositional
Nixe(l3} Lotic-erosional and Clingers Scrapers, collectors- Widespread 1228, 1399, 2830
depositional gatherers
Raptohepragenia (1) Lotic-erosional Swirnrners, clingers Predators (engulfers} Arkansas,Illinois, 2218
Indiana, Montana,
Nebraska, Oh.io,
Tennessee, Manitoba,
Saskatch.ewan
Rhithrogena(22) Lotic-erosional Clingers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 111, 112, 1028, 1399, 1430,
(detritus, diatorns), 2021, 2638, 3629, 4234,
scrapers 2641
Stenacron( 6) Lotic and lentic Clingers Collectors- gatherers, East and Central (to 288, 671, l 028, 2232, ***
erosiona] facultative scrapers Arkansas, Minnesota) 2638, 2639, 4521,
Stenonema( 16) Lotic and lentic Clingers (under loose Scrapers, collectors- Widespread 317,671, 1028, 1036, 1942,
erosiona[ (depositional) cobbles and boulders) gatherers 2142, 2155, 2232, 2275,
2712, 2152, 2753,
2763, 3341, 3629, 3729, 3777,
3136,4039,4283,***
Arthropleidae ( 1)
Arthroplea( 1) Lentic-littoral, Swirnrners, clingers Collectors-filterers Northeast (to 425, 1028
lotic depositional (using vortices) Wisconsin and Ohio)
Ephernerellidae(90) Lotic-erosional, sorne Generally clingers, Generally collectors- Widespread 95, 284, 603, 671, l020,
depositional and in sorne sprawlers gatherers (detritus, l023, l028, 1310, 2323, 2712,
rnacrophytes, a few and swimmers algae}, sorne scrapers, 2866,3076,3629,4537
]entic vascular hy- few shredders (detriti- , -
drophytes vores and herbivores),
1 predator (engulfer)
Artenella(4) Lotic---erosional and Clingers Collectors-gatherers West, East 288, 1028, 1635, 4234
depositional (detritus, algae}
Caudarella (S) Lotic-erosional and Clingers Collectors-gatherers West 657, l028, 1635, 2316
depositional (detritus, algae), scrap-
ers?
Caurinella( l) Lotic -erosiona! Clingers Collectors-gatherers? ldaho

•· Subgenera.
**-* Unpublished data, K,W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station: Oregon State University, Universíty of Maryland.
..:......~ . . ..
162 EPHEMEROPTERA
Drunella(l5) Clingcrs, sprawlers Scrapers, (D. spinifera Widespread 1635, 2316, 3088, 3239,
and possibly D. doddsi 4234, 4478, 1029, 1399,
and D. coloradensis, 2463, 2464
predators [engulfers])
• I
Ephemerella(32) Lotic---.:rosional and Clingers, sorne swim- Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 288,315, 317, 1028, 1634, 1635,
depositional mers scrapers / E. infrequens, 1636, 1942, 2213, 2275, 2638,
a shredder) 2642, 2643, 2792, 2830, 3080,
2021, 3239, 3752, 3440, 3919,
3922,4233,3439,3608,4459
Eurylophella( 15) Lotic erosiona! and Clingers, sprawlers Collectors gatherers, West, East 288, 1028, 1541, 1942,
(=Dentatellai** depositional; Lemic- ( E. fimeralis, a shred- 1335, 3136,3919
vascular hydrophytes der)
Serratella( 14) Lotic---.:rosional and Clingers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 288, 1028, 1635, 2752,
depositional (detritus) 1028, 3088, 4234
Timpanoga(4) Lolic---.:rosional and Clingers, sprawlers Collectors-gatherers West, East
(=Dwmella)** depositional
Tricorythidae(24) Generally lotic--<iepo- Generally clingers, Generally collectors- 880, 1020, 1023, 1028,
sitional and lentic- sprawlers gatherers 1310,2323, 2866,3076
littoral
Tricorythodes( 14) Lolic--<iepositional, Sprawlers, clingers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 1028, 1399, 1532, 2168,
lentic-littoral (sedi- 2439,2610,2897,288, 890,
menis) 925, 3629, 712, 1469, 1942,
3136,4478,4480, •••
Leptohyphes( 1O) Lotic--<iepositional Clingers Utah, 1028, 1469
Texas, Maryland
Neoephemeridae(4) 880, 1020, 1023, 1028,

2866,3076
Neoephemera(4) Lolic depositional Sprawlers, clingers Collectors- gatherers? East 288, 1028
Caenidae(26) 880, 1020, 1023, 1028, 3011

Amercaenis (1) Lolic depositional Sprawlers Collectors- filterers Midwest, Southeast 2112, 2323,2866,3076
Brachycercus(l2) · Lotic depositional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers East, Central, South- 288, 1028
west, ldaho and
Wyoming
Caenis(l l) Lotic depositional, Sprawlers, Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 632,671, 2439,2739,3584,
lentic-liuoral (sedi- climbers scrapers 712, 2034, 3212, 1942, 3136,
menis) ***
Cercobrachys (2) Lotic depositional Sprawlers Collectors- gatherers West, Southeast 288
Baetiscidae( 12) 880, 1020. 1023, 1028, 2112,

3071, 2323, 3076, 3127
Baelisca(l2) Lotic depositional Sprawlers, clingers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 282,589. 1028,2307,
(sand, with detritus) scrapers 3093,3094,3629
Leptophlebiidae(72) Generally lotic- Generany swimmers, Generally collectors- 284, 288, 880, 1020, 1023,
erosiona! clingers gatherers, scrapers 1028, 1904, 2112, 2323,
2866, 3010, 3076, 1310,
4268
Choroterpes( 11) Lotic erosiona! and Clingers, sprawlers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 671 , 2446, 2606, 2866,
depositional, lentic scrapers 3011, 3012. 4234
liuoral (sediments)
Farrodes(l) Lotic Clingers, sprawlers Texas 1028, 873
• Emphasis on trophic relaiionships.

•• Subgenera.
*** Unpublished data, K.W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological S1a1ion: Oregon State Universi1y, Universi1y of Maryland.
---- -------------------------,--;;;-- ;ce
EPHEMEROPTERA 163
Habroph/ebia(I) Lotic-<lepositional East 288, 1028, 2274, 2275, ***

and erosional
Habrophlebiodes(4) Lotic-erosional Swimmers, clingers, Scrapers, collectors- East, Midwest 288
and depositional sprawlers gatherers
Leptoph/ebia( 1O) Lotic-erosional Swimmers, clingers, Collectors- gatherers Northwest, Midwest, 285,422,423,661, 663,711,
(sediments and detritus) sprawlers (fine particles) East 1640, 1905, 2739, 2746, 2843,
248, 288, 2275, 3546, 3629,
3136, 3239, 3919, 3925, ***
Neochorote,pes (3) Lotic-erosional and Clingers, sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Southwest
depositional, lentic, scrapers (fine particles)
littoral (sediments)
Paraleptophlebia Lotic-erosional (sedi- Swinuners, Collectors-gatherers Widespread 288, 603, 711, 1028, 1399,
(35) ments and detritus) élingers, sprawlers (coarse detritus, dia- 1430, 1903, 3629, 638, 2556,
toms ), faculatative 3608, 1810, 2316, 3078, 1636
shredders-<letritivores
Thraulodes(5) Lotic-erosional Clingers, sprawlers Southwest 1028,4040
Traverella(4) Lotic-erosional and Clingers Collectors- filterers West, Southwest, lndi- 1028, 4242
depositional ana, and North Dakota
Behningiidae(l) 880, 1020, 1023, 1028,

1032, 1310, 2866, 3076, 3101 ,
Dolania(l) Lotic-depositional Burrowers Predators (engulfers, Southeast 1[8~ 1181,391~ ···
(sand) Chironomidae) 1616, !028, 4055, 288
Potamanthidae (4) 2112, 2866, 3076

Anthopotamus(4) Lotic-depositional Burrowers Collectors-fiJterers East, Midwest 1028, [905, 2652, 1078,
2586, 3629, 192, 2587,
2799
Ephemeridae( 15) 284,880, [020, 1023, 1028,

2112, 2323, 2351, 1310,
2ll66, 3076
Ephemera(7) Lotic and lentic dep- Burrowers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread [35, 419, 671, 2687, 2813,
ositional (sand-gravel) predators (engulfers}, 1657, 2995, 3629, 2213,
filterers 22[6, 3136, 3919, ***
Hexagenia(S) Lentic and lotic dep- Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 1550, 1818, 1819, 1871, 1567,
osiüonal (sand-silt) (fine particles, possibly 2752,2866,3629, 1657,464 [,
also filter at mouth of 4642, 4643, 288, 692, 2069,
burrow) 3254, 1388, 3013, 3729, 4353,
424, [302, 1303, 1304
Utobrancha( 1) Lotic depositional Burrowers East 584.-1028
(small streams and
rivers)
Pentagenia(2) Lotic depositional Burrowers Collectors-gatherers, • Central, Southeast 660, [028,2069
(hard clay banks, passive filterers
large rivers)
Polymitarcyidae(6) 1020, 1023, [025, 2687

2866,3076
Ephoron(2) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 419, 1028, 1905, 3629,
depositional, lentic- filterers 1386,3136
Campsurus( 1) Burrowers Texas 1028
Tortopus(3) Lotic depositional Burrowers Midwest (north to 288,660, 2 124,3606
(hard clay banks, Manitoba), Southeast
large rivers)

** Subgenera.
*** Unpublished data. K,W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station: Oregon $tate University, University of Mary!and.
206 ODONATA
Table 12A. Summary of ecological a nd distributional data for Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). (For definition of terms see Ta1=
6A-6C; table prepared by K. W. Cummins, R. W. Merritt, D. M. Johnson, and K. J. Tennessen.)
1 ,.
Anisoptera Wide variety of lentic Sprawlers, climbers, Prcdators (engulfers) 504,536,703,708, 855,
(dragonflies) and lotic habitats burrowers l 354, 2002, 2865, 3076,
'·.·• ·3391 , 4009, 4151, 4171.
4172,4342
Petaluridae (2) Lotic-<lepositional, Primarily burrowers Predators (engulfers) 2865, 37 13
lentic-li~oral
t Tachopteryx (1) Lotic-<lepositional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) East (particularly 991, 2072, 2865, 3713
(thoreyi) (margins and moss of mountains)
spring streams; upper
edges of hillside see-
pages in deciduous
forests), lentic lit-
toral (bogs)
Tanypteryx (!) Bogs Burrowers Predators (engulfers). West (mountains) 535,2865,3713,3914
. (hageni) 4171
·, • Gomphidae (97) Generally lotic- Primarily burrowers Predators (engulfers, 1429, 2112, 2865, 3076
depositional, lentic- generally await prey) 3713
littoral (sediment,)
., -
Aphylla (3) Lotic-<lepositional, Burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 304, 1429, 2865
lentic- lirtoral (primarily South)
Arigomphus (7) Lentic-'-littoral, some Burrowers Predators (engulfers) East, Southwest 1429, 2865, 4185
(= Orcus) lotic-<lepositional
(sediments, primarily
silt)
Dromogomphus Lotic--erosional and Burrowers Predators (engulfers) East 1429, 2865,4171,4311
( 3) depositional (detritus, 2441
larger rivers)
Erpetogomplrns (5) Lotic-<lepositional Burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 2865, 3713
(except North)
*Gomphus (38) Lotic-<lepositional. Burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 2848, 2863, 3713
lentic- littoral (secti." 4171, 43 14
ments, primarily silt)
Hagenius (1) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) East, Southwest 1429, 2865, 4171
(brevistylus) depositional {detritus,
at margins), lentic-
littoral (al margins)
Lanthus (2) Lotic--erosional and Burrowers (active) Predators (engulfers) East, Southeast 554, 1429, 2849,
depositional (sand and 4171, 4180
detritus in spring
streams)
Octogomphus ( 1) Lotic-<lepositional Burrowers Predators (engulfers) West Coast 554, 2865, 3713,4171
(specularis) (<!etritus)
Ophiogomphus Lotic--erosional and Burrowers Predarors (engulfers) Widespread (par- 555, 556, 987, 1429,
(18) depositional (sand) of ticularly mountains 2076, 2168, 2849, 2865,
small cold streams and high latitudes) 852, 3873, 4169, 4171
Phyl/Ógomphoides · Lotic-<lepositional Burrow"ers Predators (engulfers) Texas [428, 1429
(2}
Progomphus (4) Lotic--erosional and Burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 1428, 2126, 2854, 2863,
depositional (sand in- (except North) 3713,4055
cluding intermitlenl
streams), lentic- lit-
rnral (sand)
Slylogomphus ( 1) Lotic--erosional and Burrowers (active) Predators (engulfers) East, Southeast 1429
(albistylus) depositional (sand and
detritus in spring streams)
• includes subgenera Gomp!ws ( 17). Gomphunis ( 15), Hylogo111p!111s (6).

t Emphasis on trophic relationships.
OOONATA
Table 12A. Continued
Sty/urus 12) Lotic----<iepositional, Burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread ]422, 1429, 286!, 2865,
Jentic- littoral (sedi- 4171
menes, p1imarily silt)
Aeshnidae (38) Primarily lentic- Generally climbers Predators (engulfers, 139, 1429, 21J2, 2865,
(darners) littoral (especially usually stalk prey) 3076
( = Aeschnidae) vascular hydrophytes) ,.
Aeshna (20) Lentíc- vascular hy- Climbers PredaLOrs (engulfers, Widespread 340, 536, 537, 937, 2865,
drophytes (ltles, stalk prey; Díptera, 1993, 3198, 3713, 4!71,
ponds, marshes, and Coleoptera, Trichoptera, 4093, 1990, 2009, 4094,
bogs) Ephemeroptera) 1992, 1994
Anax (4) Lentic-vascular by- Climbers Predators (engulfers, Widespread 523, 701 , 1240, 2429,
drophytes stalk prey) (especially South 2850, 295!, 3713, 4171,
and except far 278,340,341,342,
North) 1242,3404,4091,4518
Basiaesclma ( l) Lotic----<iepositional Climbers-sprawlers, Predators (engulfers) East, Southwest 2863, 4l71
(janala) (detritus and sedi- clingers
mems, under rocks)
Boyeria (2) Lotic--erosional and Climbers-sprawlers Predators (engulfers) East 1339,2863,4171,4490
(=Fonscolombia) depositional (detritus, ,(clingers under rocks)
vascular hydrophytes)
Coryphaeschna (4) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) Southeast, Atizona 1429,2865
d'rophytes
Epiaeschna (l) Lentic-littoral (detri- Climbers-sprawlers Predators (engulfers) East, Southwest 1429, 2865, 4171, 4455
(heros) tus- woodland ponds)
and vascular hydro-
phytes (marshes)
Gomphaeschna (2) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers-clingers Predators (engulfers) East, Central 989, 1429, 2865, 4171
drophytes (bogs)
Gynacanrha (1) Lemic-vascular hy- Climbers-sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Florida, Georgia, 2865, 3713
(nervosa) drophytes (temporary California, and
ponds) Oklahoma
Nasiaesclma ( l) Lotic---s!rosional (de- Climbers-clingers Predators (engulfers) East, Southwest 1429, 2865, 417!
(pen1acan1ha) tritus and debris jams)
and depositional (de-
tritus)
Oplonaeschna (1) Lotic--erosional (de- Clingers-climbers Predators (engulfers) Atizona, 1425, !995, 2865
(armata) tritus and sedii:nents NewMexico
under rocks)
Triacanthagyna ( l ) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers- sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Southeast, 1429, 2865
(trifida) drophytes (temporary California
ponds)
Cordulegastridae (8) Lotic-<lepositional Burrowers Predators (engulfers) 1429, 2112, 2865, 3076,
(biddies, flying 3713
ac(ders)
Cordu/egas/er (8) Lotic----<iepositional Burrowers Predators (engulfers, East, West 2072, 2865, 3713, 4171,
(=Taeniogaster, (headwater streams, await prey) 2359, 2367
Thecaphora, sand, silt, detritus)
Zoraena)
Corduliidae (59) Primarily lotic----<iepo- Both spraw lers and Predators (engulfers) 1425, 2865, 3713
sitional (small climbers
streams, large rivers)
and lentic-littoral
(bogs, sediments)
Macrorniinae
Didymops (2) Lentic- littoral (sand Sprawlers Predators (engulfers, East, Central, 2865,3713
and silt), lotic-<lepo- await prey) Southeast
sitional
t Emphasis on trophic relarionships.

208 ODONATA
Macromia (8) Same as Didymops Sprawlers Predators (engulfers, East, West Coast 207[
await prey)
Corduliinae
Cordulia ([) Lentic-linoral (detri- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers; North 2865, 3198, 3713, 4172,
(shurr/ejji) rus at margins of bogs Díptera, amphipods) 1990. 1991, 1992, 4066
and ponds)
Dorocordulia (2) Lentic-littor¡tl (bogs) Sprawlers--{;limbers? Predators (engulfers) North 1429,2865
tEpi1heca ( 10) Lotic-depositional, Climbers, sprawlers Predators(engulfers) Widespread 2004, 3138, 249,25 1, 768,
(includes subgenera lentic-littoral (pond 769,770, 1429, 2381, 2383,
Epicordulia and margins in detritus), 2865, 3713, 2000, 2003,
Terragoneuria) lotic-depositional 2163, 2164, 2494, 2660,
(detrirus) 4172, 45[8
He/ocordulia (2) Lmic-depositional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) East 1429
Neurocordulia (6) Lotic-depositional, Climbers, clingers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 1429, 2865, 4422, 4424,
lentic-littoral on rocks, roots, and (particularly 4426
sticks) Southeast)
Somatochlora (26) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) North 939,988, 2865, 3713,
(bogs), lotic deposi- 3961, 4172, 4421
tional (springs)
Williamsonia (2) Lentic-littoral (bogs) Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Northeast 2865, 4337
\: (
Libellulidae (97) Generally lentic-vas- Primarily sprawlers Predators (engulfers) 367, 1429, 2860, 2865
cu lar hydrophytes 3713
Bmchymesia (3) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) South 1429, 2865
( = Ca1111acria) (brackish)
Brec/rmorlwga (1) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Somhwest 2865,3713
(mendax) (sediments in pools of
torrential streams)
Cannaphila (!) Predators (engulfers) Texas 1429, 2865
(insularis)
Celitht!mis (8) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) East 250,251,254, 1429,
drophytes 2003, 2660, 2865,
3996, 4518
Dy1hemis (3) Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers (active) Predators (engulfers, Far South 2865,3713
depositional (sand) stalk prey) (particularly South-
west)
E,ythemis (4) Lentic-littoral (silt in Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 296, 1429, 2865, 3404, 3713.
(= Lepthemis, ponds) (except far North) 4517, 4518, 45!9
Mesorhemis)
Ery1hrodipltn (4) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) South. East 999, 2865, 3713
drophytes
ldiataphe ()) Lentic-vascular hy- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Florida 1429, 2865
(cuber1sis) drophytes (emergent
/= Ephida1ia) zone- brackish) water
Ladona (3) Lentic-littoral (sedi- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 249, 250, 251,254,
ments in ponds) 1429, 2865, 3138
Leucorrhinia (7) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers, Widespread in 2865, 2951, 3198, 3211 ,
drophytes (including await prey; Díptera, Ca- North 1672, 3713, 3741, 41 72,
bogs) leoptera, Trichoptera, 1990, 1991, 1992
Ephemeroptera)
Libe/lula ( 18) Lentic-linoral (silt Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 249, 340, 2737, 2865,
(=Belonia) and detritus, vascular 3211, 3404, 3713, 4423,
hydrophytes), lotic- 4517, 4518
depositional (sedi-
ments)
t Emphasis on trophic relationships.

+includes subgenera Epicordulia and Tetragoneuria, sometimes consldered genera.
ODONATA 209
Macrodiplax (I) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) South (particularly 1429,2865

(balteata) (brackish water) Southeast)
Macrothemis (2) Lemic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Arizona, Texas 1429,2865
Miathyria (1) Lentic-littoral (in Climbers Predators (engulfers) Extreme South 1429, 2865
(marce/la) water hyacinth roots)
(=Nothifixis)
Micrathyria (4) Lentic-littoral (vas- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Texas, Arkansas 1429, 2865
cular hydrophytes
Nannothemis (l) Lentic-vascular Sprawlers-dimbers Predators (engulfers) East 1429, 2865
(bella) hydrophytes (emergen!
(=Aino) zone in small puddles
away from water's
edge)
Orthemis (l) Lentic- littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) South 2865, 3713
(ferruginea)
( = Neocysta)
Pachydiplax (l ) Lentic-littoral (detri- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 986, 2760, 2865, 3713,
(longipennis) tus and silt), lotic- (except far North) 3404,4090,4518
depositional (detritus)
Paltothemis (]) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Southwest 990, 2865, 3713
(lineatipes) (among rocks)
Pan/ala (2) Lentic- littoral (sedi- Sprawlers (active Predarors (engulfers; Widespread 212,507,2865,3713
ments and macro- foragers) Chironomidae)
algae in temporary
ponds)
Perithemis (3) Lotic-<lepositional Sprawlers (active) Predators (engulfers) Widespread 1429,2760,2865, 3404
(margins) (except No1th) 4518
Plathemis (2) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread· 2865, 3404, 3713
Pseudoleon (l) Lotic-<lepositional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Southwest 3713
(superbus)
Sympetrum (15) Lentic- littoral (detri- Sprawlers-climbers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 699,2865,2893,3198
( =Diplax, tus and vascular hy- 2660, 3138, 3713, 4572,
= Tarnetrum) drophytes in ponds) 45 18
Tauriphila (2) Lemic- Jittoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) , Florida, Texas 2865
Tramea (7) Lentic-littoral (silt Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 298, 881, 2294, 2865,
( = Trapezostigma) and detritus, vascular 3713, 4091, 4092, 4517,
hydrophytes, and ma- 4518,451 9
croalgae)
Zygoptera Both lentic and lotic Generally climbers Predators (engulfers) 11,367,767,855, 1429,
(damselflies) habitats 2002, 2112, 2286, 2287,
3042, 3076, 3391, 3713,
4151,4170,4342
Calopterygidae (8) Generally lotic-ero- Generally climbers Predators (engulfers) 1429, 2112, 3076, 3713,
(=Agriooidae, sional (margins and 4170
= Agriidae) detritus) and deposi-
tional (detritus)
Ca/opteryx (5) Lotic-erosional and Climbers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 529, 2493, 3199, 3713
( =Agrion) depositional (margins 4170
and detritus)
Hetaerina (3) Lotic-erosional and Climbers-dingers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 3713, 4170
depositional (margins
and detritus)
Lestidae(l8) Lotic-<lepositional Climbers Predators (engulfers) 1429, 21l2, 3076, 3713

and lentic- littoral 4170
t Emphasis on trophic relaüonships.

21-0 ODONATA
· Archilestes(2) Lotic-<lepositional Climbers Predators (engulfers) West 1913. 3713

(detritus and vascular
hydrophytes), lentic-
vascular hydrophytes
lestes(l 6) Lencic- vascular hy- Climbers-swimmers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 539,699, 1194, 1351
drophytes, lotic-<lep- 1913, 2382,2849,3548
ositional (vascular 1632, 3713, 4170, 4317,
hydroplrytes) 155, 2009, 2959
Protoneuridae(2) Lotic-erosional and Generally climbers- Predators (engulfers) 1429, 2112, 3076, 3713
depositional clingers 4170
Neoneura (1) Lotic-erosional (on_ Climbers- dingers Predators (engulfers) Texas 1429
(aarom) rocks)
Proioneura (l) Lotic-<lepositional Climbers-clingers Predators (engulfers) Texas
(cara) (vascular hydrophytes) (on floating leaves)
Coenagrionidae (96) Wide range of len tic Generally climbers Predators (engulfers) 1429, 2112, 3076, 3713
(=Agrionidae) and lotic habitats 4170
Aca111hagrion ( l) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) Texas 1370
(quadratum) drophytes
Amphiagrion (2) Lotic-<leposítional Climbers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 3713, 4170, 4345
(vascular hydrophytes), (panicularly North)
lentic- vascular hydro-
phytes (emergen! zone)
including bogs
Apanisagrio11 (1 ) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers? Predators (engulfers) Arizona
(lais) (spring fed regions)
Argia (30) Lotic-erosional (sedi- Clingers, climbers- Predators (engulfers) Widespread 363, 852, 1426, 1427, 2071,
( =Hyponeura) ments and detritus) sprawlers 2168,3202,3713,4!70
and deposi tional, len-
tic-erosiona! and lit-
toral (sediments)
Chromagrio11 (l) Lotic-erosional (de- C!imbers Predators (engulfers) Easr 1353, 1429, 2861, 4170
(conditum) tritus) and deposi-
tional (detritus and
in small spring
streams)
Coenagrion (3) Lotic-erosional and Climbers Predators (engulfers) North, West 154, 156, 542, 3023, 3713,
(=Agrían) depositional (emergen! 155, 1990, 1991, 4170,
vascular hydrophytes 1992, 1994, 2959
at margin), lentic-
(marshes and bogs)
Enallagma(35) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers; Widespread 1353, 1843, 1844, 1914,
( = Teleallagma) drophytes (including Cladocera) 2072, 2168, 2850, 2861 ,
brackish and alkaline 3211, 3713, 3963, 4170,
waters), lotic deposi- 626, 627, 628, 852,
tional (vascular hydro- 105, 158, 342, 4096, 2004,
phytes) 2631, 3139
Hesperagrion ( l) Lentic- vascular hy- Clirnbers Predators (engulfers) Southwest 1429
(heterodoxum) drophytes
Jschnura (14) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers; Widespread 538, 940, 1355, 1359, 1429,
(including drophytes, lotic dep- C!adocera, Chironomi- 11, 1480, 1999, 2001, 2071,
lschnuridia, ositional (vascular dae) 2849, 2915, 3023, 3713,
Celaenura, hydrophytes), small 1699, 3990, 399 1, 4170,
A11omalura spring seeps 158, 160,161, 1477,
Anomalagrion) 1644, 2632, 2959, 3403
t Emphasis on trophic relationships,

O DONATA
Neha/ennia (4) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) East, North 1350, 1370, 1429, 4170
(=Argiallagma) drophytes (including
edges of bog mats)
Neoeryrhromma (1) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) Florida 1350
(cu/rella111111) drophytes
Telebasis (2) Lenlic-vascular hy- Climbers Predators (engulfers) Widespread in 3489, 3713, 4313
drophytes South, S0uthwes1
Zo11iagrion (1) Lmic-<lepositional Climbers (bases of Predators (engulfers) California 2072, 3713
(exclamationis) (vascular hydro- Sparganium)
phytes Sparga11iu111)
t Emphasis on trophic rclalionships.

262 PLECOPTERA
Table 146. Summary oí ecological and distributional data for Plecoptera (stoneflies). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table
prepared by K. W. Cummins, R. W. Merritt, K. W. Stewart, and P. P. Harper.)
Pteronarcyidae (10) Generally Jotic-ero- Generally clingers- Generally shredders- 790, 803, 1308, 1462, 1563,
sional and depositional sprawlers detritivores, sorne facul- 1783 , 1891, 1899, 1908,
(debris jams, leaf tative scrapers 1976, 2830, 3076, 3340,
packs) 3352,3629,3841
Pceronarr:ella (2) Lotic-erosional and Clingers- sprawlers Shredders-detritivores West, Southwest 41,397, 1331, 1333, 3063,
depositional (logs, leaf and herbivores (ma- 3089, 3841,3843,2077,
litter) croalgae), facultative 4234
predators (engulfers)
Pleronarr:ys (8) Lotic-erosional and Clingers-sprawlers Shredders-detritivores Widespread 193, 397,803, [331, 1333,
depositional (logs, leaf and herbivores (ma- 1563, 1807. 1808, 2486,
litter) croalgae), facultative 2611, 2698, 2844, 2859, 2316,
predators (engulfe rs), 3340, 3629, 3841, 852, 1235,
facultative scrapers 3675, 478, ]301 , 2749,
!559,2774, 3091, 3740
Peltoperlidae (18) Generally lotic-ero- Generally clingers- Generally shredders- 1563, 1783, 1899, [976,
sional and depositional sprawlers detritivores 1877,2112,3076,3352,
(leaf litter) 1310
Peltoperla (2) Lotic-erosional and Clingers- sprawlers Shredders- detritivores East 1783, 2701,3484,3841,
depositional (leaf litter) (leaf litter) 1235, 1482, 2949
Sierraperla ( l) West (Nevada, 3841
California)
Soliperla (6) Pacific N011hwest 3841
Tallaperla (6) Lotic-erosional and Clingers- sprawlers Shredders-detritivores East 1080, 1783, 4198, 4537.
depositional (leaf lit- (leaf !itter) 1586, 1587, 2949, 3841,
ter) 3870
Viehoperla ( l) Appalachians 3841
Yoroperla (2) Shredders-det1itivores, West (mountain, 603,3809,3841
facultarive- scrapers intermoun.tain)
Taeniopterygidae (35) Generally lotic-ero- Generally sprawlers, Generally shredders- [307, 1563, 1783, 1899,
sional (coarse sedi- clingers detritivores, facultative I976, 2830, 3076, 3352,
ments, debris jams, collectors- gatherers lll, l l2, 1310
leaf packs) and depo- and scrapers
silional at margins
Taeniopteryginae (l l)
Taeniopteryx (11) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers--clingers Shredders-detritivores, East (l in Northwest; 193, 246,671,679, 1185,
(coarse sediments, faculrative collectors- Texas, Colorado, 1307, 1334, 1583, 2122,
wood, leaf packs) and gatherers (scrapers) New Mexico) 1586,3340,42[2,4341,
depositional at margi_ns 3626,3841,4431,2343
Brachypterinae (24) Generally scrapers 1891,2435, 3340,3841
(some shredders)
Bolotoperla (l) East 3841
Doddsia (1) West 384[
Oemopteryx (4) East, Central, 1586, 1587, 2875,
California 3626, 3841
Strophopceryx (6) East 1583, 1587, 1877, 2875,
3841
Taenionema ( 12) West, Northwest 1587, 3089, 3841,
3836,4234
Nemouridae (65) Generally lotic-ero- Generally sprawlers, Generally shredders- Widespread 420,603, 1574, 2436,
sional (coarse sedi- clingers facultative detritivores, 1060, 2718, 2859, 4578,
ments, wood, leaf collectors-gatherers 2477, 3841, 4650, 96,
packs) and deposi- 1381, 1482, [310,
tional (leaf litter), 1665
len tic-erosiona!
• Emphasis on trophic relalionships.

PLECOPTERA
Table 14B. Continued
Amphinemurinae (24)
Amphinenrnra (13) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers-clingers Shredders-detritívores, Widespread 679, 1574, 2414, 2435,
depositional (in detri- facuitative collectors 890, 2436, 3629, 4578,
tus) -gatherers 1104, 1587, 4242,
2025. 2340, 3841
Malenka ( l l) West 935, 2316, 3334, 4234
Nemourinae (41)
Lednia (l) Montana 205, 3841
Nemoura (5) Lotic--erosional Sprawlers- clingers Shredders-detritivores West, North, Northeast 243, 247, 1574, 3629,
detritus) (herbivores [macroal- 2341, 4341, 3836,
gae]) 3841, 4435, 1103,
2343
Ostrocerca (6) East, Northwest 1576, 1587, 2414, 3841
Paranemoura (1) Northeast 3841
Podmosta (5) West, Northeast 1588, 2305, 3841
Prostoia (4) Lotic--erosional and Shredders-detritivores Northwest, Northeast 679, 1574, 1905, 3629,
depositional (facultative scrapers) 1104, 1587, 1622, 2025,
3841,4234
Shipsa (l) Lotic--erosional and Shredders-detriuvores, North, Northeast l 93, 1574, 3629, 3841
depositional (scrapers)
Soyedina (7) Spring outflows Widespread 1587, 2079, 2414, 4578,
3841, 3924, 3926, 3919,
3841
Visoka (1) West
Zapada (10) Lotic-erosional (de- Sprawlers-clingers Shredders-detritivores West, East 581, 1613, 2079, 3241, 3647,
tritus) (leaf iitter)-herbivores 2825, 3334, 3650, 3841,
(moss) 3335, 3836, 4234
Leuctridae (53) Generally lotic ero- Generally sprawlers- Generally shredders- 1482, 1574, 2021, 3493,
sional (coarse sedi- clingers detritivores 1319
ments, debris jams,
leaf packs) and depo-
sitional
Megaleuctrinae (6)
Megaleuctra (6) Springs, seeps Northwest, 3841
Appalachians
Leuctrinae (47)
Despa.ria (1) Spring outflows West 3335,384[
Leuctra (26) Lotic-erosional and , Shredders-detritivores East, North Central 243, 1574, 3629, 4343, 2343,
depositional 3795, 1104, 1576, 2025, 4630, .
2339, 2342, 3841, 4488, 4651,
4652, 1665, 3841, 1057, 1877
Moselia (1) Pacific Northwesc 3841
Para/euctra (9) Widespread 3841, 4234

Perlomyia (2) West 3841
Zealeuctra (8) Small streams (sorne East, Central, Texas 3731,3841
intermittent)
Capniidae (15 l) Cenerally lotic-ero- Generally sprawlers- Generally shredders- 1307, l310, 1583
sional (coarse sedi- clingers detritivores
ments, wood, leaf
packs) and depositional
Allocapnia (41) Clingers Shredders-detritivores East 246,679, 1185, 1186, 1188,
1189, 1583, 2414, 3222
Bolshecapnia (6) Small streams, alpine lakes West
\·~::.:· .
:'.:f\:i::r,'"-'
264 PLECOPTERA
·1al,fe 148. Continued
' -
Capnia (53) S!u·edders-detritivores West, North, 147,935, 2079,2088,2305,
Northeast 3647, 3650, 3986, 4234,
427, 2343, 3078, 1586,
2340,3841
Capnura (7) Shredders-delritivores West, East (l) 1583
Eucapnopsis (1) West 935, 2079,3841,4234
lsocapnia (11) Hyporheal West 3793,3794,3841
Mesocapnia (15) West 2880,3841
Nemocapnia (l) East 1469, 2880, 3841
Paracapnia (5) West, East 1483, 1583, 1586, 1589,
890, 3841
Uracapnia (11) Lotic (l pelagic sp. West, East 3841, 4234
in Lake Tahoe)
Perlidae (65) Generally lotic and Clingers Predators (engulfers) 4l l, 790, 1308, 1462, 1563,
lentic----erosional 1783, 1891, 1899, 1908,
1976, 2112, 2830, 3076,
533, 3352, 4433, J 310,
3841, 4268
Perlinae (22)
Agnetina Lotic----erosional Clíngers Predators (engulfers; East 671, 1573, 2007, 2174
(=Phasgano- Chironomidae, 3629, 1104, 2025, 3841,
phora) (3) Ephemeroptera, 1325, 4431, 1322, 3069, 1332,t
Trichoptera)
Claassenia (l) Clingers Predators (engulfers; West, North 38, 193, 1331, 1333, 3841,
Trichoptera, Ephemer- 640, 1622,3607,4234
optera, Chironomidae,
Simuliidae)
Neoperla ( 13) Lotic----erosional Clíngers Predators (engulfers) East, Southwest 1102, 1104, 3833, 4ll9,
2025,3808,384)
Paragnetina (5) Lotic--erosional Clingers Predarors (engulfers; East 67!, 1573, 1649, 2007, 3629,
Díptera, Ephemerop- 1325, 3841, 3946, 852,
tera, Hydropsychidae) 1322, 4565, 1153, 3176,
4490,4491, t
Acroneuriinae (43)
Acroneuria (14) Lotic and lentic--ero- Clingers Predators (engulfers; Widespread 671, 1650, 3049, 3063,
sional Chironomidae, Trichoptera, 1698, 2007, 4212, 4213,
Ephemeroptera, 2956, 4490, 4491, 4565,
Plecoptera) 1042, 1469, 3069, 1104,
2025, 3841
Anacroneuria (2) Texas, Arizona 3833,3841
Allaneuria (1) East, Central 3049,384)
Beloneuria (3) Southern Appalachian 1877,3841
Calineuria (1) Lotic-erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers; West 603, 2079, 2830, 3630, 3632,
Chironomidae, 2316, 3651, 3841
Trichoptera,
Ephemeroprera)
Doroneuria (2) West 2316, 3841
Eccoprura (l) East, Central 46, 3049, 3841
Hansonoperla (l) Appalachian 3841
Hesperoperla (2) Predators (engulfers; West 106!, !333, 1334, 384!
Chironomidae, Trichop- 42, 43, 2728, 2008, 2727,
tera, Ephemeroptera) 3401
*Emphasis on trophic relarionships.

tUnpublished data, K. W. Cummins, Oregon State Universiry.
PLECOPTERA 265
Table 148. Continued
Perlesia (l3) Lotic-erosional and Clingers Predators (engulfers; East, Central 3629, 3732, 3841, t, 1158
depositional (in detri- Chironomidae, Simuli-
tus) idae, Ephemeroptera,
Trichoptera), facultative
collectors-gatherers
(especially early instars)
Per/inel/a (3) East 2153,3841
Perlodidae ( 103+) Generally lotic and Generally clingers Generally predators (en- 1976, 3076, 3352, 3598,
Jentic-erosional gulfers) (sorne scrapers, 1310, 3841, 4268, 4433, 4159
collectors-gatherers)
Perlodinae
Arcynopteryx (]) Predators (engulfers) Arctic, alpine 2278, 2746, 3631, 3841,
(collectors-gatherers?) 2340,3836
· saumawie/la (1) West 3841
Chemokrilus (3) West 3841
Cu/tus (6) Locic-erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers; West, East 1331, 1587, 2718, 2719,
Chironomidae, Simuli- 852,3817,3841,4234
idae)
Diploperla (4) Predators (engulfers) East 130, 3841
Diura (3) Scrapers, predators West, North, East 147, 3492, 3598, 3631 , 4070,
(engulfers) 1158, 2460, 2806, 3841
Frisan/a (I) West 1491, 3841
Helopicus (4) Predators (engulfers) East 2712, 3841
Hydroperla (3) Lotic-depositional Clingers Predators (engulfers; East 2761, 2953, 3841
and erosiona! Simuliidae, Chironomidae,
Emphemeroptera)
lsogenoides (9) Lotic erosiona! and Predators, (engulfers; East, North, West 193,3629,384]
depositional Diptera, especially
Chironomidae)
Kogotus (2) Lotic-erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers; West 38, 3634, 3841, 4007, 4156,
Ephemeroptera, 3050, 3053, 3054, 3056, 1104,
Trichoptera, Díptera- 3058, 3059, 3060, 3061,
Simuliidae, 3067, 3068, 3070, 4158,
Chironomidae) (sorne 3069, 4157, 4159
scrapers)
Malirekus (2) East 3841
Megarcys (5) Lotic-erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers; West 38, 580,3063, 3841 , 4156,
Ephemeroptera, 696, 2728, 3050, 3053,
Trichoptera, Díptera- 3054, 3055, 3056, 3057, 1104,
Sünuliidae, Chironomidae) 3058, 3059, 3060, 2952, .
3061 , 3066, 3068, 2727,
3062, 3069, 4234
Oconoperla ( l) East 3814,3841
Oroperla (1) West (California) 3841
Osobe1111s ( 1) West 3241, 3841
Perlinodes (! ) West 3241, 3634
Picteliella (!) West (intermountain) 3841
Reme1111s (l) East 3841
Salmoperla (1) West (California) 1586, 3841
Sus11lus (]) Predators (engulfers) West (California) 2339, 3841
Sewena (3) Predators (engulfers) West 384!, 4007
(scrapers? )
Skwala (2) Predators (engulfers) West 1622, 3634, 3649, 3841,
2008
"'Emphasis on trophic relatíonships.

"'l!l!Jlllblíshed data, K. W. Cummíns, Oregon State Univcrsity.
266 PLECOPTERA
Yugus (2) East (Appalachiañ) 3841, 4537

Isoperlinae (62) Lmic-ercisional and Generally clingers, Predators, (engulfers)
depositional sprawlers (collectors gatherers)
Cafliper/a (l) West 3841
Cascaooperla (1) Clingers, sprawlers West 384]
Clioperla (I) East l 158, 1573, 27 18, 3841
Cosumnoperla (1) West 3930
Isoperla (57+) Lotic-erosional and Clingers sprawlers Predators (engulfers; Widespread 193, 1131, 1308, 1331, 1470,
depositional, large cold Chironomidae, Simuli- 2414, 27 18_, 2719, 4565,
lake idae, Ephemeroptera, 1061, 11 03, 3598, 3629,
Plecoptera), facultative 2343,2460,4431,852,
\:~ collectors- garherers l 587, 1622, 2026, 2963,
3836, 3841, l 158, 2176,
2340, l 104, 2461, 2792,
1573, 2462, 1588:4490
Rickera (I) Lotic-erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers) West 3634, 3841,4007
,;
Chloroperlidae (77) Generally lotic-ero- Generally clingers Generally predators (en- 671, 1074, !131, 1308, 1331,
sional gulfers), scrapers, collec- 1573, 2906, 3841, 1310,
tors- gatherers 1333, 4268, 1059
Paraperlinae (6)
Kathroperla (2) Collectors-gatherers, West 3841
scrapers
Paraperla (2) Hyporheal West 3793, 3841,4234,3784
Utaperla (2) East, West 3841

Chloroperlinae (7 1) Generally collectors-
gatherers, engulfers
(predators)
Alaskaper/a (1) Lotic-erosional Predator (engulfers) West (Alaska) 3834
Alloperla (29) East, West 3841
Bisancora (2) , 3841
Haploper/a (4) Predators (engulfers: East, West . 193, 1589, 2025, 3629
Chironomidae): 3841
facultatíve collectors-
gatherers and scrapers
Neaviperla (1) West 3841
P/umiperla (2) West 3841
Rasvena (l) East 3841
Suwallia (6) Predators (engulfers; East, West 1333, 3841, 4234
Chironomidae, Simuli-
idae)
Sweltsa (23) Predators, (engulfers; East, West 816, 935, 1333, 1573, 2414,
Chironomidae, Simuli- 1877, 3841, 3078, 4234, 1877
idae)
Trimaka (2) Predators (engulfers; West 1333, 1622, 3841, 4234
Chironomidae, Simuli-
idae)
*Emphasis on tropic relationships,

292 HEMIPTERA
Table 15A. Sumrnary oí ecological and distributional data for Hemiptera (aquatic and semiaquatic bugs). (For definition of terms see
Tables 6A-6C; table prepared by J. T. Polhemus, K. W. Cummins and R. W. Merritt.)
Herniplera
Hydrornetridae (9) 72,331,348, 1867,
(water measurers) 1892.2112, 2222, 2247.
3076, 3534, 4075, 4306
Hydromecro (9) Lentic-limnecic, sur· "Skaiers" (slow Predators (piercers) Widespread 913, 1750, 1857, 2112,
face (in littoral zone), · walkers on surface (adult arthropods, dead 2443, 2654, 2770, 3033.
lotic-margins ;· film) or live, especially mos- 2234, 3287, 3780
quito larvae and pupae,
and ostracods)
Macroveliidae (2) Lotic-margins (sem- Climbers-sprawlers Predacors (piercers) 72,331, [867, 2112,
iaqumic) (rarely in or on tbe 2625, 3076, 4075
water)
Macrovelia (l) Lotic..aerosional and Climbers-sprawlers Predators (piercers) West 2625, 2654, 4075
depositional margins
(in protected areas)
··- Oravelia (l) Lotic-rnargins Climbers-sprawlers Predators (piercers) West 2654
Ve! üdae (35) Generally lenlic-lim- Skaters Generally predators 72, 76,331,348, 1689,
(broad-shouldered netic surface, lotic sur- (piercers) (live and dead 1750, 1857, 1867, 1892,
water striders) face arthropods) 2112, 2222, 2247, 2654,
3076,3287,3534,4075,
439, 4306
Husseyella (l ) Lotic and lentic-sur- Skaters Predators (piercers) Southem Florida 76,2654
face (brackish water)
Microvelia (20) Lentic limnetic and Skaters Predators (piercers) Widespread 913,934, 1306, 2654,
lotic-depositional 2770, 3276, 3278, 4021,
surface 1678. 1679, 4023, 4075,
1680, 2725,2838,4041
Platyve/ia (3) Lentic-limnetic and Skaters Predators (piercers) South, Southwest, 913,2654,4075
lolic-depositional East, Midwest
surface
Rhagovelia (9) Lotic--erosional sur- Skaters Predators (piercers) Widespread 616, 910,9 13, 2654,
face (scavengers) 2770, 3033, 3278, 3389,
4465
Steinovelia ( 1) Lentic- limnetic and Skaters Predators (piercers) South, Easl, 913, 1798, 2654, 4075
lotic-depositional Midwest
surface
Trochopus (l ) Lentic- limnetic Skalers Predators (piercers) Southem Florida coast 76, 2654
(saltwater bays)
Ceratocombidae (4)
Cera1ocomb11s (3) Lentic East, California, 1081
New Mexico
leptonamws (l) New Mexico
Dipsocoridae (4) Generally lotic--ero- Generally burrowers West, Southeast 3534,4075

(= Cryptoscem- sional margins
matidae)
Cryptostemma (3) Lotic--erosional mar- Burrowers (active) California, Georgia 4075,4077

gins (under stones at
scream edge)
Schizopteridae (3) 1081

Corixidea (l) Tennessee, Louisiana 1081
Nannocoris ( l) Florida
Schizoptera ( 1) Florida
*Emphasis on trophic relationships.

. . .
HEMIPTERA 293
Gerridae (44) Generally lentic-lim- Skaters Generally predators 72, 76,331,348, 1689,
(water striders) netic surface, lmic sur- (piercers) (scavengers) 1750, l 857, 1867, 1892,
face 2112, 2222, 2247, 2654,
3076, 3269, 3365, 3389,
3534,3771,3772, 4075,4306
Gerrinae (20)
Aquarius (4) Lotic-depositionaJ Skaters Predators (piercers) Widespread 467,515,516, 1338, 1959,
surface, lentic- lim- (scavengers) 1960, 2179, 2654, 2770,
netic and littoral sur- 281 1, 3033, 3278, 2724,
face 4075, 4113, 4407, 2605,
3007, 4512
Gerris (10) Lotic-depositional Skaters Predators (piercers) Widespread 515,516, 520, 1959,
surface, lentic- lim- (scavengers) 1960, 2654, 2770, 3033,
netic and littoral sur- 3287, 3766, 4075, 4113,
lace 2035, 2161, 2945, 3768,
3770,4126,612, 2654
Limnogonus (1) Lentic- limnetic Skaters Predators (piercers) South (primarily 612, l 892, 2654, 58
tropical)
Limnoporus (4) Lentic-limnetic Skaters Predators (piercers) Widespread 346,515, 516,913,
1959, l 960, 2770, 3033,
4113. 4126
Neogerris (1) Lentic-limnetic Skaters Predators (piercers) South, East
Halobatinae (2)
Halobates (2) Marine (open ocean Skaters Predators (piercers) East and West Coasts 76, 1691, 2654, 4075.
and protected reefs) (scavengers) 1677
Rhagadotarsinae (8)
Rheumatobates (8) Lotic and lentic- Skaters Predators (piercers) East, Central, South 76,2654,3033, 3657
surfaces
Trepobatinae (14)
Metrobates (6) Lotic-erosional sur- Skaters Predators (piercers) Widespread 2654, 2770, 3033, 4075
face (usually large (especially East)
rivers)
Trepobates (8) Lentic-lillUletic sur- Skaters Predators (piercers) East, West, South 2654, 3033, 4075
face, lotic deposi-
tional surface
Belost0matidae (19) Generally lotic-depo- Climbers-swimmers Predators (piercers) 331,348, 786, 1689,
(giant water bugs) sitional-vascular hy- 1750, 1857, 1867, 1892,
drophytes and detritus, . 2112, 2222, 2654, 2658,
lentic-littoral 2770, 3076, 3269, 3534,
977, 3897, 4075, 4306,
3525,3959,4121,4129
Abedus (6) Lotic-depositional Climbers-swimmers Predators (piercers) Southwest, Southeast 1881, 2654,3715, 3717,
4075,4251
Beiosioma (8) Lotic-depositional, Climbers-swimmers Predators (piercers) Widespread 782, 933, 1444, 2160,
lentic- littoral 2654, 3033,3716,3827,
693, 4075, 4251, 766,
2062,2080, 3537,496
Lethocerus (5) Lotic-depositional, Climbers- swinuners Predators (piercers) Widespread 782, 913, 1892, 2654,
lentic-littoral 1459, 3246, 3389, 4075,
1758, 3719
Nepidae ( l3) Generally lotic-depo- Climbers (poor swim- Predators (piercers) 331,348, 1689, 1857,
(water scorpions) sitionaJ-vascular hy- mers) 1860, 1867, 1892, 3076,
drophytes and detritus, 2112, 2222, 2247, 2654,
lentic-littoral 3269,3534, 4075
Curicta (2) Lentic-littoral Climbers (peor swim- Predators (piercers) Southwest, South 2654, 3076, 4415
mers)
' Emphasis on trophic relatiooships.

294 HEMIPTERA
Table 1SA. Continued
Nepa (1 ) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers (poor swim- Predators (piercers) Central, East 2654, 4075
drophytes mers)
Ranatra (10) Lotic-depositional Climbers (poor swim- Predators (piercers) Widespread 337, 866,869,913, 1348,
vascular hydropbytes, mers) 1750, 2654, 2770, 2982,
lemic-littoral 3033, 3242, 3389, 4020,
666, 1273, 2724, 4306,
3248,3487,3957,338
Pleidae (5) 2222, 2247, 3534

(pigmy back
swimmers)
Neoplea (3) Lentic- vascular hy- Swinuners-climbers Predators (piercers) (es- Widespread 178,212,331,348,913,
drophytes (especially pecially microcrustacea) 1069, 1410, 1412, 1572, 1857,
dense stands) [867, 2 l 12, 2200, 3076,
683,3278,3325,4075,
3935
Paraplea (2) Lentic- vascular hy- Swinuners-climbers Predators (piercers) (es- Southeast 961
drophytes (especially pecially microcrustacea)
dense stands)
Naucoridae (22) Generally lotic----ero- Generally clingers, Predators (piercers) 331, 499, 1689, [857,
(creeping water sional, lentic- littoral swimmers . 1867, 1896, 2112, 2247,
bugs) 2654, 3076,3256, 3534,
4075, 4306
Ambrysus (15) Lotic and lentic----ero- C!ingers-swirnmers Predators (piercers) West, Southwest 174, 467, 2654, 4078,
sional (~ediments and 3879, 4075, 4465,
vascular hydrophytes) 3678, 3681
Cryphocricos-(l) Lotic-erosional (sedi- Clingers Predators (piercers) Texas 3029, 3030,3872,4075,
ments) 3679, 3681,3879,4465
Limnocoris (2) Lotic-erosional (in Clingers Predators (piercers) Texas, 2654, 3029, 3872, 4075,
(= Usingerina) sediments, warm springs) Nevada 3681, 3879, 4465
Pelocoris (4) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers- swimmers Predators (piercers) East, Central, South- 348,913, 1572, 1862,
drophytes (Díptera, Belostomati- west 2250, 2473, 26'.54, 2770,
dae) 3033,3389,4019,4075
Corixidae (l 29) Generally lentic- vas- Generally swimmers Generally piercers- 331,348,467,499, 755,
(water boatmen) cular hydrophytes, herbivores and sorne 1409, 1484, 1689, 1750,
lotic-depositional predators (engulfers and 1854, 1857, 1864, 1867,
{vascular hydrophytes) piercers) or scrapers 1892, 1919, 1964, 1965,
2112, 2222, 2245, 2247,
2385, 2389, 2391, 2654,
2770, 3003, 3076, 3103,
3220, 3269, 3365, 3389,
3534, 3614, 3839, 3897,
3912, 4022, 4075, 4306,
1643, 4594
Arctocorisa (5) Lentic North 3002, 3003, 3005, 3006,
3007, 3008, 3827, 3247
Callic'orixa (6) Lentic Predators (piercers) North 2654, 3002, 3003, 3005,
3006,3007,3008,3528,
3247
Cenocorixa (8) Lentic Nonhwest 1969, 3320, 3321
Centrocorisa (l) Predators (piercers) Florida, Texas
Corisella (4) Lentic-littoral (in- Predators (piercers) West, North 2654, 2770, 4075, 4251
cluding brackish water
and saline lakes)
Cymatia (1) North 1973, 2246, 3275
Dasycorixa (3) Nonh
G/aenocorisa ( l) Nonh 1099, [673, 2989
'Emphasis on trophic relationships.

HEMIPTERA 295
Table 15A. Conlinued
Graptocori.ta (6) Predators (piercers) Southwest, West 1278,2654

Hesperocorixa (19) Lotic-depositional Swimmers, climbers Piercers- herbivores Widespread 347, 913, 2654,2770
Krizousacorixa (3) Extreme Southwest 2654, 3102
(=Ahautlea)
Morphocorixa (3) Predators (piercers)- Southwest
(= Pseudocorixa) herbivores
Neocorixa ( l) Southwest
Palmacori.ta (4) Widespread (except 2770
extreme North)
Ramphocorixa (2) Lentic-littoral Predators (engulfers) Widespread (except 1484, 2654, 2770
West)
Sigara (50) Lotic-depositional Swimmers, climbers Piercers-herbivores, Widespread 913, 1855, 1857, 1864,
collectors-gatherers 2168, 2654, 2770, 3278,
2989,3920
Tenagobia ( l) Lotic-depositional Southwest, Florida
(primarily tropical)
Trichocori.ra ( 11) Lentic-littoral (fresh- Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) (es- Widespread 532, 871, 872, 1502,
water, sorne brackish pecially chironomid lar- 1892, 2070, 2654, 2770,
or saltwater including vae, Oligochaeta; sorne 3033, 3534, 4075, 4580,
2989,3278
-
intertidal pools and collectors- gatherers as
offshore sea) early instars)
Notonectidae (32) 212, 331,348, 1689,

(back swimmers) 1757, 1857, 1858, 1863,
1892, 2112, 2222, 2247, ·
2294, 2391, 3076, 3269,
3325, 3534, 3897, 4075,
3051, 3958, 4306
Buenoa (14) Lentic-littoral, Swimmers (rest ~ub- Predators (piercers) Widespread 913, 1413, 1892, 2654,
lotic-depositional merged in hydrostatic 2770, 3839, 4027, 4075,
balance) 693,695,4251,4623
Martarega (!) Lotic-depositional Swimmers (rest at sur- Predators (piercers) Southwest 2654, 1892
face in open water)
Notonecta (17) Lentic- littoral, Swimmers-climbers Predators (piercers) (in- Widespread 178,467,869,913, 1072.
Jotic-depositional (rest submerged or at cluding cannibalism) l 108, 1278, 1279, 1392, 1409,
surface) 1412, ]750,2179, 2200,2633,
2654, 3033, 3325, 3389,
3653,3827,3876, 3881,
3960, 4026, 4075, 1680,
3162, 4251, 4623, 620, 683, 619,
693,695, 757, 831,928, 1273,
1390, 1643, 1673, 1780, 1973,
2724, 2807, 2808, 2809,
2985, 3654,3683,3877,
3878, 3879,3992, 3880
Mesoveliidae (3)
(water treaders)
Mesove/ia (3) Lentic-vascular hy- Skaters-climbers (or Predators (piercers) Widespread 72,331,348,913, 1793,
drophytes (emergent sprawlers at water's (scavengers) 1856, 1857, 1861, 1867,
and floating zone in- edge, semiaquatic) 1892, 2070, 2112, 2222,
cluding salt marshes) 2654, 2770, 3033, 3076,
3389,3692,3827,4075,
1679, 4306
Hebridae (15) Generally lenlic- lit- Generally c!imbers (at Generally predators 72,331, 348, 1857, 1867,
(velvet water bugs) toral vascular hydro- shore, semiaquatic) (piercers) 2112. 2654, 2658, 3076,
phytes (emergent zone 3184,3534,4075,4306
and detritus)

296 HEMIPTERA
Table 1 SA. Continued
Hebnis ( 12) Lentic-littoral- Climbers- "'burrowers" Predators (piercers) ·widespread · 1857, 2654, 4075
vascular hydrophytes (under stones at wa1er's
(emergent zone and edge)
sediments at water's
edge)
Merraga1a (2) Lentic-littoral (on Skaters-dimbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 958, 1572, 2654, 3076
mats of floating algae)
Lipogomphus (1) Lentic-littoral v~scu- Climbers- "burrowers" Predators (piercers) South
lar hydrophytes (under stones at water's
(emergent zooe and edge)
sediments at water's
edge)
Saldidae (69) Generan y lenlic- vas- Generally climbers Predators (piercers) 148,331,348, 1857,
(shore bugs) cular hydrophytes (at shore, (scavengers, especially 1867, 2654, 3076, 3160,
(emergent zone), semiaquatic) Díptera larvae) 3161, 3534, 4075
lotic--<lepositional,
beach zone-freshwater
Calacanthia (1) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers (at shore, Predators (piercers) Alaska, northern 3161
drophytes (emergent semiaquatic) Canada
zone)
Chiloxanthus (2) Lentic and lotic- mar- Climbers (at shore, Predators (piercers) Alaska, northern 31 60, 3161
gins (tundra zone) semiaquatic) Canada
lsocytus (7) Lentic (including alka- Climbers (at shore, Predators (piercers) California, Southwest 2654, 3160, 3161
line marshes) and semiaquatic) (scavengers)
lotic-margins
Lampracanthia (1) Lentic (marshy mead- Climbers (semiaquatic) Predators (piercers) Arctic (widespread in 2654, 3161
ows) boreal zone)
Micracanthia (10) Lentic (marshy mead- C!imbers (at shore, Predators (piercers) Widespread 2654, 3161
ows) semiaquatic)
Pentacora (6) Beaches-marine and Climbers (semiaquatic) Predators (piercers) Widespread 2654, 3160, 3161
freshwater, lotic--<lep- (scavengers)
ositional
Rupisalda (3) Lentic and lotic-mar- Clingers (on wet ar dry Piercers-carnivores Arizona, ldaho 3161
gins vertical rock surfaces)
Salda (8) Beach zone-freshwa- Climbers (semiaquatic) Predators (piercers) Widespread 2654, 3160, 3161, 4414
ter, lentic (marshy (scavengers)
meadows)
Saldoida (3) Lentic (marshy mead- Climbers (semiaquatic) Predators (piercers) East, South, Texas, 3160, 3 161
ows) (scavengers) Michigan, Kansas
Saldula (26) Lentic- littoral and Climbers (al shore, Predators (piercers) Widespread 1857, 2349, 2654, 3160,
lotic- shorelines (also semiaquatic) (scavengers) 3161, 3389,3839, 3851 ,
salt marshes) 1478,3318,4075,4414
Teloleuca (2) Lotic-margins Climbers (at shore, Predators (piercers) Arctic, midlatitude 2654,3161
semiaquatic) (scavengers) mountains
Gelastocoridae (7) Generally lentic-vas- Generally sprawlers Generally predators 331, 1857, 1867, 2112,
(toad bugs) cular hydrophytes at shore, semiaquatic) (piercers) 2654, 3076, 3534, 4075,
(emergent zone), 4306
lotic depositional
beaches-freshwater
Gelastocoris (12) Lentic- littoral Sprawlers Uumpers) Predators (piercers) Widespread 348, 907, 1859, 2426,
(water's edge) and 2654, 3033, 3276, 3389,
beaches- freshwater 4075
Nerthra Lentic-littoral "Burrowers" (in mud Predators (piercers) Southwest, 2654, 3160, 4075
(=Mononyx) (5) (water's edge) and at water's edge and terres- Southeast
beaches- freshwater trial under logs, etc.)
and marine

HEMIPTERA 297
. Table 15A . . Continued
Ochte1idae (6)
Ochterus (6) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers (at shore, Predators (piercers) Widespread, particu- 345, 348, 2654, 3160,
drophytes, lotic-mar- semiaquatic), clingers larly South and 3167, 3534, 3565, 4075
gins and seeps on rock (on seeping vertical Southwest, Nonh to
surfaces faces) rock) Nebraska and Great
Lakes
'Emphasis on trophic relationslúps.

308 MEGALOPTERA-NEUROPTERA
Table 16A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for the Megaloptera (alderf!ies, dobsonflies, hellgrammites) and the Aquatic
Neuroptera (spongilfaflies). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table prepared by K. W. Cummins, R. W. Merritt, E. D. Evans, and
H. H, Neunzig.)
Megaloptera 599, 688, 1506, 3076,

11 I6, 2886, 3069'
Sialidae (alder- 1116, 2886
flies) (24)
Sia/is (24) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers- dimbers- Predacors (engulfers) Widespread 137, 138,440,544, 599,
depositional (detFitus, clingers (one species reported to 1114, 1369, 1382, 1506,
sediments), lentic- be a collector-gatherer) 1713, 2033,2314, 2344,
erosiona! (sediments) 2857, 3014, 3076, 3207,
\ ' 3446, 3929, 3948, 4035,
2514, 2959, 4204, 4540,
1715, 2193
Corydalidae (22) Generally lotic ero- Generally clingers- Predators-(engulfers) 153,599, 1114, 1506, 3014,
sional (lentic-lit- climbers 1116, 2886, 3076
toral)
Corydalinae (dobson-
flies, hellgrammites)
(4)
,- Corydalus (4) Lotic--erosional and Clingers--climbers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 153,443,599, ll 14, 1506,
deposicional (sedi- (swimmers) 2120, 3014, 3364, 385,
ments, detritus) 573, 852, 3835, 688, 1091,
2193, 2438, 2552, 2987, 3416,
3648, t
Chauliodinae
(fishflies) ( 18)
Chauliodes (2) Lentic- littoral (sedi- Clingers-climbers- Predators-(engulfers) East, Central 153, 820, 874, 1641,
ments, detritus, logs) burrowers 931, 3014, 3364, 3947,
3807
Dysmicohermes (2) Lotic--erosional and Clingers--climbers Predators-(engulfers) West, Texas 597,689, 1114, 2802, 2803
depositional (sedi-
ments, detritus)
Neohermes (5) Locic--erosional and Clinge,rs--climbers Predators-(engulfers) West, East ,1114, 1219, 3074, 3704,
spring seeps (sedi- 389,688,3406,3949
ments, vascular hydro-
phytes, leaf detritus)
Nigronia (2) Lotic--erosional and Clingers--climbers- Predators-(engulfers) East, Central 153,518,669,671, 82 [,
depositional (coarse burrowers (in crevices 2121, 2718, 2885, 3107,
sediments, detritus, and under bark) 852, 3947, 3950, 4057,
especially under 519,688, 1332, 2680,
bark and in crevices 1322, 1325, t
of woody debris)
Orohermes (1) Lotic--erosional Clingers-climbers Predators- (engulfers) West 597, 1114, 11 15
Pmcochauliodes (6) Locic--erosional Clingers--climbers Predators-(engulfers) West 597, 1114, 2434, 2802,
(sediments, detritus), 2803
lotic--depositional
(detritus) (including
intermittent habitats)
Neuroptera
Generally lotic--ero- Generally climb- Predators-(piercers of 598, 1506, 2968, 3014,
sional (on sponges), ers clingers, burrowers Spongilla, Ephydaria, etc.) 3015, 3076, 315 1, 3152,
Sisyridae (6) lentic-littoral (on (live in or on freshwater 1116, 2552, 3290, 3225,
(spongillaflies) alpine sponges) . sponges) 3849, 3955
Climacia (3) Widespread , 598, 1506, 2552, 3290, 4327,
(2 Central 645, 3849, 3955, 3069'
and Eastem,
1 Western)
Sisyra (3) Widespread 598, 645, 1488, 30 I4, 3290,
3849,3955
*Emphasis on trophic relatiom;hips.

t Unpublished data, K W Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station,
\
TRICHOPTERA FAMILIES 339
Table 17A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for Trichoptera (caddisflies). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; .a.ole
prepared by K. W. Cummins, J. R. Wallace, R. W. Merritt, G. B. Wiggins, and J. C. Morse.) ·
Hydropsychoidea 144, 603, 1893, 2112,

4185, 4186, 4197, 4386,
3327. 4268, 4393
Philoporamidae (42) Generally lotic- Clingers (sac-Jike silk Generally collectors-
erosiona! net makers) filterers
7
Chimarra (20) Lotíc-erosional Clingers (saclike silk Collec1ors-tilterers Widespread 144, 669, 671, 2944,
(warmer rivers) nets) 3629, 4186. 4197, 4386,
º·
151 3020, 4449, t
Dolophilodes (8) Lotic-erosional Clingers (saclíke silk Collectors-filterers Widespread 88, 257, 2452, 2649,
( = Tre11ro11ius (headwater strearns nets) 3629, 4185, 4197,
=Sarrosa) and rnossy seeps on 4439,4444, t
rock faces)
Wormaldia (14) Lotic-erosional Ciingers (saclike silk Collectors-filterers Widespread 2461 , 3541, 3674, 4186
(=Dolophilus) nets)
Psychomyíidae (14) Generally lotic- Clíngers (silk-tube Generally collectors- 603,895, 21 12, 3076,
erosiona! retreat rnakers) gatherers 3447,3454,4386,4393
Paduniellinae
Paduniella( 1) Arkansas
Psychomyiinae
Lype (1) Lotic-erosional Scrapers East, North Central 2421. 4386, 4393,
Tinodes (9) Lotic-erosíonal Scrapers, collecwrs- West 198, 835, 3080, 4386,
gatherers 227,982
Psyclzomyia (3) Lotic-erosional Clingers (si lk tube re- Collectors-gatherers Widespread 88, 669,671 , 3080,
treats) scmpers 3629, 4386, 4393, t.
1607
Xiphocentronidae (1)
Xiphoce111mn (1) Lotic-erosional Collectors-gatherers Southern Texas l037, 3887, 4393
Ecnornidae (l)
A11srmri11odes ( 1) Lotic-erosional Clingers (probábly Collecmrs-filterers? Mexico, Texas 1222,4216,4355
silk-tube retreat mak-
ers)
Polycentropodidae Generálly lotic- Clingers (net-spinning Generally collectors- 2021 , 2112, 2944, 3080,
(76) erosiona! retreat makers) fil terers, sorne preda- 3134, 3656, 4386, 4393,
tors (engulfers) 978,2806, 2959
Polycentropodinae
Cemotina (7) Lotic and lentic Clingers (silk tube re- Predators (engulfers) Central, East 1841
treats)
Cymel/us (1) Lotic and lentic Clingers (silk tube re- Collectors-tilterers East, Central 4393
treats)
Neureclipsis (6) Lotic-erosional (on Clingers (trumpet- Collectors-filterers, East, Central 2618, 2944, 3182, 3629,
vascular hydrophytes shaped silk nets) shredders- herbivores, 3333, 3336, 4386,
or other supports in engulfers (predators) 3108, 3332
water column)
Para11ye1iophylax ( 1O) Lotic-erosional and Clingers (silk tube re- Predators (engulfers), Widespread, excep1 669,671, 1218, 2618,
depositional, lentic- treats) collectors-filterers, Southwest 3728, 4386
littoral shredders-herbivores
Polycemropus (45) Lotic-erosional, len- Ciingers (silk tube re- Predators (engulfers). Widespread 88, 1131, 2618, 2944,
tic-lirtoral treats) collectors- filterers , 3629, 3933, 3934, 4386,
shredders- herbivores 4322, 4482
Polyp/ecrropus (2) Lotic-erosional Clingers (silk tube re- Southwest
treats)
• Emphasis 0 11 lrophic rclationships.

t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins. Kellogg Biological Station und Oregon S1a1e University.
340 TRICHOPTERA FAMILIES
Dipseudopsinae••
Phylocenrropus (5) Lotic---<lepositional Burrowers (brimched, · Collectors- filterers East, Central 2414, 242i,"4I99, 4386,
(sand, headwater silk, buried mbes) 3728
strearns)
Hydropsycbidae (144) Generally lotic--ero- Clingers (net-spinning Generally collectors- 603, 758, 895, 1014,
sional, sorne lentic- fixed-retreat makers) filterers, sorne preda- 1707, 1712, 2112, 2831,
· erosiona! , tors (engulfers) 2944, 3076, 3447, 3454,
526, 4197, 4386, 4393,
1373, 4234, 4588, 318,
3728,4439
Arctopsycbinae
Arcropsyche (4) Lotic--erosional (cool Clingers (net spinners, Collectors-filterers Widespread 60,257, 1628, 2649,
streams) fixed retreats) (coarse partic!es, ani- 3721, 4178, 4186, 4197,
mal and plant) . 2316,4137,4234
Parapsyche (7) Lotíc--erosional Clingers (net spinners, Collectors-filterers Widespread 60, 257, 2414, 2452,
fixed retreats) (coarse particles) 3629, 3721 , 4186, 4197,
978, 4537
Diplectroninae
Diplectrona (4) Lotic--erosional Clingers (net spinners, Collectors- tilterers East, West 816. 1712, 2452, 2718,
(headwater streams) fixed retreats) (coarse particles, espe- 2992,4186,4197
cially detütus) 4537, 1·
Homoplectra (11) Lotic--erosional (rock Clingers (net spinners, Collectors- filters East, West 88,4386,4393
face springs and seeps) ftxed retreats)
Oropsyche (1) Lotic North Carolina
1-Iydropsychin,ae
Cera1opsyche (30)t Lotic--erosional, sorne Cliogers (net spinners, Collectors-filterers Widespread 60,3593,4197,4491
(=Symphitopsyche) . lentic--erosional tixed retreats) (particles include dia-
toms, deu-itus, ani-
mals)
Cheumatopsyche Lotic--erosional (es- Clingers (net spinners, Collecrors- filterers Widesprcad 60, 88,669, ! 162, 1302,
(40) pecially wanner tixed retreats) (particles include 2712, 2991, 2992, 3324,
strcams and rivers) algae, detritus, sorne 3012,3108,4179, 3729, t
animals)
Hydropsyche (43) Lotíc--erosional Clingers (net spinners, Collectors-tilterers Widespread 60, 88, !44, 257,669,671,
fixed retreats) (particles include dia- 758, 1131, 1327, 1328, 1329,
toms, algae, detritus, !418, 1470, 171 1, 3674, 1712,
animals) ~02 1, 2168, 2178, 3105, 1324,
2418, 2609, 2648, 2649, 1323,
2712, 2830, 2882, 2944,2461,
299 1, 2992, 3030, 3133, 3020,
3182,3324, 3603,3629,3656,
3661, 3686, 4179, 4581, 852,
1085, 4186, 41 97, 4305, 982,
2316,3088, 3729, t
Potamyia ( 1) Lotic--erosional_ Clingers (net spinners, Collectors- filterers East, South 1302,3629
(larger rivers) fixed retreats) (detritus, diatoms)
Smicridea (4) Lotic--erosional C!ingers (net spinners, Collectors- filterers West, Southwest 4386,4393
fixed retreats)
Macronematinae
Lepronema ( 1) Lotic--erosiona! Clingers (net spinners, Collectors-filterers South Texas, Mexico 1217, 1220, 4386
fixed retreats)
_ Macros1emum (3) Lotic--erosional Clingers (net spinners, Collectors- filterers East 1225, 3543. 4178, 4179,
(=Macronema (larger rivers) fixed retreats) (fine particles) 4186, 4194, 4195, 4!97,
=Macronemum) 3012, 3728, 3729
* Emphasis on trophic relationships.

**Now considered a distinct family, Dipseudopsidae.
t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins. Kellogg Biological Station and Oregon State University.
t Although sorne systematists follow Ross and Unzicker (1977) and Nielsen (1981) in recognizing the morosa-bifida group as genus Ceraropsyche, sound reasons for retaíning
Hydropsyche sens. lar. were given by Schmid ( 1979).
Rhyacophiloidea
Rhyacophil- Lotic-erosional Clingers (free Generally predators 895, 2112, 3076, 3447,
idae (127) ranging) (engulfers) 3454,978,4386, 4393,4565
Himalopsyche ( 1) Lotic-erosional Clingers (free Predators (engulfers), West 4386
ranging) (alpine) scrapers
Rhyacophila ( 126) Lotic-erosional €1ingers (free rang- Predators (engulfers), Widespread (except 493, 2363, 2414, 2421,
ing) a few scrapers, collec- Great Plains) 2467, 2649, 2907, 3080,
tors- gatherers, shred- 3603, 3629, 3656, 3686,
ders- herbivores 852, 4006, 4386, 4565,
(chewers) 982, 983, 4234, 978,
2481, 2225, 2316, 2461,
2952,2806
Hydrobiosidae (3)
Atopsyche (3) Lotic-erosional Clingers (free rang- Predators (engulfers) Southwest 4386,4393
ing)
Glossosomatidae (76) Lotic-erosional Clingers (saddle- Generally scrapers 895, 1707, 2112, 3076,
or turtle-shell-case 3447, 3454, 4386, 4393,
maker-s) 2066
Glossosomatinae
Anagapetus (6) Lotic-erosional (in- Clingers (turtle shell Scrapers Rocky Mountains 88, 92, 4393
cluding small alpine case, mineral)
spriogs)
Glossosoma (22) Lotic-erosional (in- Clingers (turtle shell Scrapers Widespread 88, 92, 144, 603, 790: 895, 1470,
cluding large alpíne case, mineral) 2021 , 2112, 2173, 2363, 2718,
rivers) 2907, 3076, 3080, 3447, 3454,
3603, 3919, 4012, 4386, 2066,
2957, 3150, 2143, 2144, 4417,
11 1, 2142, 2956, 146, 2570,
2958, 112
Agapetinae
Agapetus (30) Lotic-erosional Clingers (laterally Scrapers, collectors- Widespread 92, 11 l, 2649, 3656, l 12,
compressed turtle shell gatherers 1206, 3150, 4234
case, mineral)
Protoptilinae
Culoptila (4) Lotic--erosional Clingers (turtle shell Scrapers Widespread 4386,4393
case, mineral) (primarily Southwest)
Matrioptila( 1) Lotic-erosional Clingers (depressed Scrapers Southeast 4386, 4393
rurtle shell case)
P,vtoplila(l 3) Lotic-erosíonal Cliogers (laterally Scrapers Widespread 3629, 4386,, t
compressed turtle shell
case, mineral)
Hydroptilídae (230) Generally lotic and Generally clingers or Generally piercers 895, 1707, 2112, 2908,
(microcaddis) lentic-erosional, len- climbers (may fasten herbivores, scrapers, 3076, 3447, 3454, 4386,
tic-littoral case down; purse- or collectors-gatherers 4393
barrel-case makers).
First 4 instars free liv-
íng, 5th instar case
builders
Ptilocolepinae
Palaeagape- Lotic-erosional (cold Sprawlers (purse-type Shredders- detriti- West, East 88,4393
tus (2) springs and seeps) case of small leaf frag- vores
ments, especially liver-
wort)

t Unpublished dala, K. W. Cummins, Kellogg Biologícal Stacion and Oregon State University.
Lepidoscomatidae General! y lotic-ero- Generally climbers Shredders---<letriti- 895,2112,3076,3447,

(80+) sional and depositional sprawlers-clingers vores (chewers) 3010, 3454,4386
(detritus) (tube-case makers; ta-
pered, often square in
cross section)
Lepidostoma (75+) Locic-erosional and Climbers-spraw- Sluedders---<letrit- Widespread 88, 94, 95, 603, [463,
depositional (detriJUS) lers-clingers (case vores (chewers) (also 1553, 2414, 3623, 3629,
(headwater streams square or "rough log reported as scaven- 3647, 4450, 4482, 235,
and springs) cabin" type of leaf gers) 3335, 4326, t
and bark fragments,
or cylindrical, of sand
or silk)
Theliopsyche (5) Lotic-erosional (in Climbers-sprawlers Shredders~etriti- East 4386
grave!) (case cylindrical, of vores
sand)
Limnephilidae(300+) Al! types of lotic and Climbers- spraw- Generally shredders- 603,895, 1214, 1707,
lentic habitats lers- clingers (tube detritivores (chewers), 2112, 3076, 3447, 3454,
case makers of great collectors-gatherers, 3728, 4386,4393
variety) scrapers
Dicosmoecinae
Allocosmoe- Lotic-erosional Sprawlers (case Scrapers, shredders? Wesc 88, 4386
cus (1) curved, flaccened,
rough mineral)
Amphicosmoecus Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers (case a hol- Shredders Wesc 2920, 4386, 4393
(l) deposicional, lentic lowed twig with ante-
littoral rior bark pieces or
entire case of wood
pieces)
Cryptochia (7) Locic- depositional Sprawlers (case flat, Scrapers, shredders West 88,4384, 4386,4393,
(detritus; small, cool tapered, of wood and 2519
streams, springs and bark)
seeps
Dicosmoecus (4) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers (case Scrapers, shredders Wesc 88, 474, 1606, 4386,
curved, flactened, detritivores, engulfers 24, 1458, 4396, 1629,
rough mineral) (predators) (also re- 1946, 2227, 892,
ported as scavengers) 2226,2229
Ecclisocosmoecus Lotic---<lepositional Burrowers (case ta- Scrapers, shredders Northwest 3335,4386,4393
(l) (sand) pered, curved, smooth
mineral)
Ecclisomyia (3) Lotic-erosional (cold Clingers (case a ruin- Col lectors- gatherers, West 88, 2649, 2920, 3452,
alpine streams) eral tube, may have scrapers 3335, 4386
long plant pieces)
Eocosmoecus (2) Lotic-erosional Shredders 4339, 4398
(small spring Streams)
lrorwq11ia (4) Lotic-depositional, Sprawlers (case a Shredders East 179, 1213, 2414, 3447,
(=Caborius) lentic -littoral (tempo- curved cube of leaf or 4381,4386,4443
rary screams and bark pieces, or min-
ponds) eral)
Onocosmoecus (2) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers (case of Shredders Widespread 2920, 4386, 4393, 4450,
(detritus), lentic-lic- wood, bark, or min- 4397, 4482, 4514
coral (detritus) eral)
Apataniinae••
Apatania ( 17) Lotic----erosional (es- Clingers-climbers Scrapers, collectors Widespread 88, 1049, 1214, 4386
pecially springs), len- sprawlers (case ca- gatherers (primarily North
tic-littoral pered, strongly curved, and higher
(olig0trophic lakes) dorsal projection, min- elevations)
eral)

t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station and Oregon State University.
~* Now considered a separate family Apataniidae.
Pseudostenophylacinae
Pseudostenophy/ax Lotic-erosional (de- Sprawlers (casera- Shredders-detriti-- East, West 85, 88, 94, 1214, 2414,
(3) (=Drusinus) critus) and deposi- pered, curved, smooth, vares (chewers), col- 4386, 4390
rional (including seeps mineral) ]ectors-gatherers
and temporary
streams)
Limnephilinae
Anabolia (5) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers- sprawlers Shredders-decritivores East, North · 1551, 2021, 3686, 4386,
drophytes, lotic -dep- (case a rough tube of (chewers), col!ectors 289
ositional (including leaf and wood pieces; gatherers
temporary ponds) may be three-sided)
Arctopora (3) Lentic-littoral (in- Climbers-sprawlers Northeast, Idaho 4386
(=Lenarchulus) cluding temporary (case a smooth tube of
ponds) long leaf pieces)
Asynarchus (10) Lenlic- littoral (in- Climbers (case variable North, Rocky 88, 1214, 2920, 4386,
cluding temporary mbe of mineral and Mountains 317,4450,4520
ponds), lotic- deposi- plant pieces)
tional
Chilosrigma (1) Minnesota 4384,4386
Chi/osrigmodes (1) Widespread (North) 2183, 4386
Chyranda(l) Lotic-depositional Sprnwlers (case a flat Shreqders-decritivores North, Western 88,4386,4393, 4450
(detritus) tube of bark and leaf mountains
pieces)
Clistoronia (4) Lentic-littoral (sedi- Sprawlers (case a rough Collectors- gatherers, West 87, 88, 3255, 4386,
ments and detritus) tube of twig and bark shredders-detritivores 551,4482
pieces arranged (chewers)
Jongitudinally)
Closroeca (1) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers (case a flat- Shredders-detritivores Northwest 4386, 4393
(detritus, spring see- tened tube of large leaf
page) pieces with flanges)
Desmona (2) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers-burrowers Shredders-detritivores West 1101, 4386, 4393,
(sand) (case a tube of mixed and herbivores (chew- 4402
mineral and wood frag- ers)
ments)
Frenesia (2) Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers (case a Shredders-detritivores Northeast 2363, 3454,4386
depositional (detritus; smooth tube of mineral (chewers)
including springs) and wood pieces)
Glyphopsyche (2) Lentic-littoral (detri- Sprawlers (case a North, West, 4386
tus), lotic -deposi- smooth tube of twig and Missouri
tional (detritus) bark pieces)
Grammotau/ius (5) Lentic-littoral and C!imbers (case a tube of North 88, 1214, 1723, 4386
lotic-depositiona! long leaf pieces)
(vascular hydro-
phytes), including
temporary slreams
Grensia (1) Lentic-littoral(?) Sprawlers? (case a North (tundra zone) 4386
(tundra lakes) curved tube of plant
fragments and mineral)
Halesochila (1) Lentic-littoral (sedi- Sprawlers (case a rough Collectors- gatherers, Northwest 1391,4386,4482
ments) tube of leaf and wood shredders-detritivores
pieces) (chewers)
Hesperophylax (7) Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers (case a Shredders-detritivores Widespread 88, 1470, 2363, 2495,
(=Plaryphylax) depositional (detritus), slightly curved, and herbivores (chew- . 3629, 4386, 4450,
including temporary slightly rough, coarse ers) (scrapers, callee- 317, 2077, 3016
streams mineral tube) tors-gatherers)
Homophylax (10) Lotic-erosíonal (sedi- Clingers- sprawlers Shredders -detritivores West 4386
menlS and detritus) (case a smooth tube of (chewers)
bark pieces)

346 TRICHOPTERA FAMILI ES
Hydarophylax (4) Lotic--<lepositional. Sprawlers---climbers Shredders--<letritivares East, Southeast, 88, 95, 1214, 2363, 4145,
(=Asteno- (detritus) (case a rough cylinder (chewers), collectors- Northwest 4386, t
phylax) of wood, bark, gatherers
mineral, with balance
sticks)
Lenarchus (9) Lentic-littoral (in- Sprawlers---climbers Collectors- gatherers North, West 4386,4450,4482
cluding temporary (case a tube of long leaf
ponds) ., pieces or bark and leaf
pieces)
Leprophy/ax (l) Northeast 4386
limnephilus Ali types of lotic and Climbers, sprawlers, Shredders--<letritivores Widespread 88, 179, 1214, 1551, 1552,
(95-100) lentic habitats (includ- clingers (case of stick, and herbivores (chew- (especially North· 2168, 2363, 2618, 2691 ,
ing temporary ponds leaf and/or sand con- ers), collectors-gather- and mountains of 3542,3629,3686,4145,
and streams) struction, variable) ers (and probably West) 438 I, 4386, 4450, 289,
others) 2959,4520, 1406, 2902, t
Nemotaulius (1) Lentic-littoral (detri- Sprawlers (case a tlat Shredders- detritivores' Widespread in 1214, 2363, 3447, 3629,
( = Glyphoraelius) tus), lotic- deposi- "log cabin" type, of (chewers) North 289, 3686,4386
tional (detritus) leaf pieces)
Phanocelia (1) North 1134
Philarctus (1) Lentic-littoral, Spraw!ers (case a tube West, Northwest 4386
lotic-depositional . with small shells, seeds,
and leaf pieces)
Philocasca (7) Lotic--erosiona! (sedi- Clingers- sprawlers Probabl y shredders- West mountains 84, 88, 4386,4390
ments and detritus) (case rough, curved, detritivores (chewers)
and depositional (de- coarse mineral)
tritus-semi-terrestria!)
Plwycemropus (3) Lentic- littoral, lotic Cli mbers (case a rough Shredders--<letritivores East 1214, 4386, 4450
depositional (vascular lag cabin type of (and herbivores) (chew-
hydrophytes, detritus) plant stems and other ers)
fine pieces)
Psychoglypha (14) Lotic- erosional (de- Spra w lers---clingers Collectors-gatherers, North, West 88,474, 1214, 4386,
trims) and deposi- (case a type of rnixed shredders--<letritivores 4482
tional mineral and bark and (chewers) (including
wood pieces) scavengers)
Psychomnia (2) Lotic Sprawlers? (case a Rocky Mountains 4386
rough mineral tube)
Pycnopsyche (I 5) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers---climbers Shredders-detritivores East, North to 669, 67 !, 788, 1152, 1468,
depositional, !entic- of clingers (case (chewers), scrapers (last Rocky Mountains 1824, 2363, 2415, 2416,
littoral (detntus) srnooth mineral, or instar in some species) 2422, 2712, 4386, 4445,
like Hyda1ophylax) 316, 3 I7, 3728, 2482, 4450,
3728, 2482, 4057, 4200, 806,
2770,3675,3870,2774
Sphagnophylax(l ) Lentic- transient Sprawlers Shredders Arctic 440 1, 4476, 4477
tundra pools
Goerinae**
Goera (6) Lotic--erosional Clingers (case mineral Scrapers East, West 669, 67 1, 4386, t
with two lateral bailase
st0nes on each side)
Goeracea (2) Lotic--erosional (in- Clingers (case like Scrapers West 88, 4382, 4386
c!uding seeps) Goera with more than
two ballast stones)
Goereilla (!)* .. Lotic--<lepositional Clingers (case tapered, Collectors-gatherers West (Montana, 4385,4386
(springs) curved, mineral) ldaho)
Goerita (2) Lotic-erosional Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers Southeast 1155, 4382, 4386
curved, mineral)
Lepania (I) Lotic--<lepositional Sprawlers (case tapered, Collectors- gatherers Oregon, Washington 4382, 4385,4386
(springs and seeps) curved, mineral)

t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins. Kellogg Biological Station and Oregon Smtc University.
** Now considered a separare fantlly Goeridae.
*** Now included in a separate family Rossianidae with Rossiana.
TRICHOPTERA FAMILIES 31;7
Table 17A. Continúed
Uncertain relation-
ships (wirhin
Limnephilidae)
Allomyia ( l 1) Lotic-erosional Clingers (case tapered, Shredders-herbivores West 3577,4383,4386
curved, mineral, may (chewers, mosses?),
-, have ballast stones) scrapers
Madeophylax ( l) Lotic Clingers (case mineral) Scrapers East 1875
Manophylax (1) Lotic--erosional Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers ldaho Mountains 4383, 4386, 4393
(torrential) curved, mineral and
plant materials)
1\1oselyana ( l) Lotic- depositional Sprawlers (case tapered, Collectors- gatherers? Oregon and 4383, 4386
(springs and seeps) curved, fine mineral) Washington
Pedomoecus (J) Lotic-erosional Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers West 4386,4393
curved, rough mineral)
Rossiana (l)*' Lotic-erosional and Clingers (case tapered, Probably scrapers and Northwest 4386
depositional (espe- curved, rough minerals) shredders-herbivores
cially in moss) (chewers)
Uenoidae (49) Lotic-erosional Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers, collectors~ West 88,4386,4399
slender, curved, min- gatherers
eral)
Fantla (10) Lotic-erosional (on Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers, collectors- West 88,4386
rocks, including seeps) curved, long, very sien- gatherers
der, mineral)
Neothremma (7) Lotic-erosional (on Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers, collectors- West 88, 121 4, 2649, 4386
rocks) slightly curved, long, gatherers 2961
slender mineral)
Neophylax (21) Lotic--erosional Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers East, West 88, 669,67 1, 2414,
slightly curved, min- 2718, 3622, 3629, 4386,
eral with bal last stones 217, 1720, 2560, 983,
on each side) 1722, 2482, 1721
Oligophlébodes (7) Lotic-erosional Clingers (case strongly Scrapers, collectors- West 2961, 3045, 4386
tapered and curved, gatherers
rough mineral)
Sericostriata (1) Lotic-erosional Clingers (case tapered, Scrapers, collectors- West 4399
{on rocks) slightly curved, long, gatherers
slender, mineral)
Beraeidae (3)
Beraea (3) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers {case curved, Probably collectors- Northeast, Georgia 1543, 4372, 4386
(detritus, springs) smooth, fine mineral) gatherers
Sericostomatidae( I 3) Genera!ly lotic Generally sprawlers Generally shredders 895, 1923, 1924, 2021,
2112, 2882, 3447, 3454,
1305, 4004, 4386
Agarodes ( lO) Lotic-erosional (de- Sprawlers (case tapered, Shredders-detritivores East 3629, 4386
tritus) and deposi- curved, shon, smooth , (chewers), collectors-
tional (detritus) coarse mineral and gatherers
wood fragmen ts)
Fattigia (1) Lotic Sprawlers? (case Shredders? Southeast mountains 4386
curved, short, smooth,
coarse mineral)
Gumaga (2) Lotic~rosional Sprawlers (case ta- Shredders West 3302, 3454, 4386, 4535,
(spring brooks) pered, curved, long, 3296, 3297, 4534, 279,
smooth, fine mineral) I 157, 1876, l 155

** Now included in a separate family Rossianidae with Goereilla.
Odontoceridae (13) Generally lotic-ero- Generally sprawlers? Generally shredders 4386

sional and depositional (and scavengers)
(detritus)
Mari/ia (2) Lotic Sprawlers? (case Shredders Southwest, Ontario 2421
curved, smooth, coarse
mineral)
Namamyia (1) Lotic-erostonal and Sprawlers? (case CoUectors-gatherers? Oregon, California 4386
depositional curved, smooth, coarse
mineral)
Nerophilus (1) · Lotic-depositional Sprawlers? (case Shredders-detritivores West 4386
curved, slightly rough,
coarse mineral)
Partlzina (2) Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers? (case Shredders-<letritivores Western 88, 2421, 4386
depositional (smaU curved, tapered, smooch, (chewers)? mou111ains
strearns, springs. and fine mineral and wood
seeps) fragmen1s)
Psilotreta (6) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers (case curved, Scrapers, collectors East 669,671, 2414, 2421,
(grave!, detritus) and smooth, coarse mineral) gatherers 2057,3017,4386, t
deposicional (detritus),
(lentic-erosional)
Pseudogoera (1) Lotic Sprawlers? (case Predators (engulfers) Southeastem 4191,4386
curvcd, tapered, rough, mountains
coarse mineral)
Molannidae (6) Generally lentic-ero- Generally sprawlers- Generally scrapers, col- 895, 1462, 2112, 3076,
sional, lotic-deposi- clingers (case flat with lectors-gatherers, 3447,3454,3686,4386, t
tional (especially dorsal projection and predators (engulfers)
springs) flanges)
Molanna (5) Len1ic-erosional, Sprawlers-clingers Scrapers, collectors- Widespread 3686,4386, t
lotic-<leposicional (case flat with dorsal gatherers, predalOrs (en-
(headwater streams projection and lateral gulfers)
and springs) bailase flanges, coarse to
fine mineral)
Mo/Qllllodes (1) Lotic depositional Sprawlers (case flat Collectors- gacherers? Alaska, Yukon 4386
(headwater streams with dorsal projection
and springs) and lateral flanges of
wood fragmenrs)
Helicopsychidae (4) 895, 2112, 3076, 3447,

2226, 3454, 3728, 4386,
2229, 3309
Helicopsyche (4) Locic and lentic-ero- Clingers (case snail shell Scrapers Widespread 669,671, 2648, 2649,
sional (including ther- shaped, fine mineral) 1156, 1230. 3629, 4386,
mal springs) 1876, 3308, 4427, 1157,
41 14, 4115, 3309, 4 116,
4118
Calamoceratidae (5) Lotic Sprawlers Generally shredders 895, 2! 12, 3076, 3447,
detritivores and scrapers 3454, 4386
A11isocemropus (1) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers? (case flat of Generally shredders Southeast 4192,4386
(detritus) large leaf pieces with decritivores
dorsal projection)
He1eroplewo11 (2) Locic-erosional (de- Sprawlers (case a hol- Shredders-detritivores East, West 88, 95, 2363, 3034,
tritus) and deposi- lowed out scick or piece (chewers, of leaf litter 96,4386,4482, 3919
tional (detritus) of bark) and gougers of wood),
scrapers?
• Emphasis on crophic relatíonships.

t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological S1a1ion and Oregon S1a1e University.
Phylloicus (2) Lotic Sprawlers? (case a flat Shredders--<letritivores Southwest 2077,4386

tube with large leaf and
bark pieces and dorsal
projection)
Leptoceridae (] 07) Ali types of lotic and_, Climbers, sprawlers, Collectors- gatherers, 895, 2112, 3076, 3447,
lentic habitats (includ- clingers, swimmers shredders-herbivores 1282, 3454, 3908, 4386
ing limnetic) (tube case makers of (chewers), predators
wide variety) (engulfers)
Ceraclea (36) Lotic and lentic (sorne Sprawlers, climbers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 2618, 3288, 3290, 3291,
( =Athripsodes) in sponges) (case a fine mineral or shredders- herbivores 3292, 3293, 3311, 3447,
silk tube, may have (chewers), predators 1685,3629,4386
dorsal projection and (engulfers of sponge)
flanges)
Leprocerus ( I) Lentic-vascular- hy- Swirnmers-climbers Shredders~herbivores Northceniral, 2421, 2902, 4386
drophytes (case long and slender, (chewers) Northeast to
primarily of silk) South Carolina
Mys1acides (3) Lotic--<lepositional, Sprawlers-climbers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 88, 1723, 2363, 2618,
lentic- vascular hy- (case a rough tube of shredders- herbivores 4386, 4582, t
drophytes mineral an<l vegetation (chewers)
pieces may have balance
sticks)
Nectopsyche ( 12) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers- swinllllers Shredders-herbivores Widespread 263, 1707, 2618, 2648,
( =leptocelía) drophytes, lotic-ero- (case long, slender of (chewers), collectors 2649, 2882, 3447, 3629,
sional and depositional mineral and vegetation gatherers (predators 2902, 4234, 4386 .
(vascular hydrophytes) pieces, may have long [engulfers])
balance sticks)
Oecetis (20) Lotic-erosional and Clingers- sprawlers, Predators (engulfers), Widespread 293, 2618, 3447, 3629,
depositional, lentic climbers (case a curved shredders-herbivores .4234
littoral tube, often tapered, of (chewers)?
coarse mineral or plant.
fragments)
Setodes (8) Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers-clingers, Collectors- gatherers · East 2421,2659,4386
depositional, lentic burrowers (case curved, (particles include algae
littoral stout or slender, min- and animals), predators
eral) (engulfers)
Triaenodes (23) Lentic- littoral, Swimmers-climbers Shredders-herbivores Widespread 263, 2421, 2618, 4011,
Jotic depositional (case long, tapered of (chewers) 1421, 4386, t
(vascular hydrophytes) spirally arrange<l leaf
and stem fragments)
Ylodes(4) Lentic-littoral, Swimmers-climbers Shredders-herbivores Northem, Western 1421
lotic--<lepositional burrowers (case long, (chewers)
(vascular hydrophyles) tapered, of spirally
arranged leaf and stem
fragments
* Emphasis on uophic relationships.

t Unpublished data. K. W. Cummins. Kellogg Biological Station and Oregon State University.
396 LEPIDOPTERA
Table 19A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for Lepidoptera. (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table prepared by
K. W. Cummins, R. W. Merritt, and W. H. Lange.)
Pyralidae( 148) General! y !enrie- vas-. Generally climbers, Generally shredders- 9, 2056, 2112, 2243,
(=Pyraustidae) cular hydrophytes climbers-swimmers, herbivores (leaf eaters 3076, 3185, 3186, 3999,
burrowers (miners) and miners, stem bor- 587, 4056, 4297, 4306,
ers) 2715, 407, 1518, 2242
Nymphulinae(50) Generally lentic-vas- Generally climbers, Shredders- herbivores 1683, 2056, 2067, 21'12,
(=Hydrocampinae) cular hydrophytes climbers- swimmers 2243, 2279, 2280, 2804,
., 4056, 4297
Ambiini(3)
Undu/ambia(3) Lentic- margins (on Climbers Shredders-herbivores Southern Florida 1683, 2804
ferns)
Nymphulini(27) 1271, 1842;
Chrysende1011(3) Southeastem United 2243, 2804
States
Co11tiger( 1) Southeastem United 2243, 2804
States
Langessa( 1) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Shredders-herbivores Widespread (commoo in 1683,2243, 2804
drophytes (Nymphaea, Flotida)
Nymphoides)
Munroessa(4) Lentic and lotic-vas- Climbers Shredders-herbivores Widespread 1683, 2243, 2592,
cular hydrophytes 2618,2804
(Potamogeton, Va/lis-
neria, Nymphaea,
Ludwigia, Lem11a,
Brase11ia, etc.)
Neocaraclysta(I) Lentic and lotic-vas- Climbers- swimmers Shredders- herbivores Nova Scotia and south- 1261, 2243, 2804, 4056,
cular hydrophytes (case constructed of (on lemna) ern Quebec to Florida 1842, 2592
(floating zone: Lemna) Lemna)
Nymphula( 1) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers- swimmers Shredders- herbivores Northeastem United 177,263, 264, 1262, 1313,
(=Hydrocampa drophytes (case constructed of (chewers and miners) States and southeastern 1620, 1972, 2243, 2618,
of some sedges, Cyperaceae) Canada 2619, 2801, 2804, 3601,
authors) 3677,4306,4420, +
Nymphuliella(l) Lenlic-bog pools Climbers (case con- Shredders Northeastem United 1655,2243,2804
stmcted of Cepha/ozia States
fruitans)
Oligos!igmoides( 1) Texas 2243, 28()4
Parapoynx(7) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers- swirnmers Shredders- herbivores Widespread 163, 264, 1260, 1600, 1683,
(=Paraponyx drophytes (Nuphar, (cases of a wide variety 2592, 2618, 2619, 3527,
of sorne Nymphaea, Brasenia, of aquatic plants) 4291, 4294, 4295, 4297,
authors) Potamogeton, Bacopa, 975, 164, 477, 1513, 2777,
Myriophyllum, Val/is- 2998
11eria, Nymphoides,
Orortium, etc.)
Synclita( 4) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers-swirnmers Shredders-herbivores Widespread (inu·o- 1262, 1600, 1683; 2056,
drophytes (Nymphaea, (cases constructed of (chewcrs) duced into Hawaii) 2243, 2592, 2804, 4448,
Potamoge/011, lemna, pieces of leaves or 975, 164, 1517, 2096,
Brasenia, etc.) Lemna) 1682
Argyactini(23)
Eoparargyracris(3) Lentic-littoral? East (Canada lo 1178, 2243, 2804
Florida)
Neargyractis( 1) Lentic and Lotic- Climbers-swimmers Shredders- herbivores Flotida and south- 1516, 2115, 2804
streams and lakes scrapers-periphyles eastem Urúled States
Perrophila(l 6) Lotic-erosional, len- Clingers (silk-retreat Scrapers and herbivores Widespread 2243, 2279, 2280,
(=Parargyractis)t tic-erosional (algae, makers, shelters of 2281, 2360, 2592, 2804,
diatoms, roots of plant material) 1271, 4056, 4060, 4061 ,
submerged plants) 783,974,975,3307,258
2564, 4234, /, 'l[
*Emphasis on trophic relationships
tSee "Checktist of the Lepidoptera north of Mexico," London, t983.
+Nymphu/a ektlz/ipsis (Grote) is the only species known in the genus from North America; sorne of the references refer to species now placed in related genera.
)Unpublished data. K. W. Cummins, Oregon State University.
'il/npublished data, W. H. Lange, Oepanment of Entomology, University of California.
LEPIOOPTERA 397
Oxyelophila(I) Texas 2243,2804

Usingeriessa(2) Lotic-erosional? California, Arizona, 2243,2804
Texas
Schoenobiinae(26) Generally lemic-vas- GeneraUy burrowers Generally shredders- 2804
cular hydrophytes (miners-stem borers) herbivores
(ernergent zone) .,
Acentria( 1) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers-swimmers, Shredders-herbivores Canada and eastern 197,273,476, '1263,
(=Acentropus) drophytes (Cera/o- (early instars, stem bor- United States 2028, 2243, 2592, 2800,
phyllum, ers; later instars, in re- 2804, 2918, 4042, 4043,
Poramoge1on, Elodea, treats made of plant 752,753
Hydrilla, Myriophyl- material)
lum, E/atine, etc.)
Schoenobius( 12) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners- Shredders-herbivores Widespread 1313, 1316, 2592, 4290
drophytes (emergen! stem borers below (miners)
zone; Eleocharis, water)
Carex, Scirpus; semi-
aquaric)
Crarnbinae(8) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowrs (miners- Shredders-herbivores 1316, 2592, 2804
drophytes (emergem stem borers below (miners)
zone) water)
Chilo(3) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners- Shredders-herbivores Widespread 1313, 1315, 2592
drophytes (emergem stem borers) (miners)
zone; Scirpus, J1111cus,
Eleocharis, Oryza)
Acigo11a(I) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners- Shredders-herbivores Eastern United States 1316,2592
(=Occidemalia) drophytes (emergem stem borers) (miners)
zone; Scirptis)
Pyrauslinae(80) 2125
Ostrinia(4) Lenlic-vascular hy- Burrowers (in leaves- Shredders- herbivores Widespread 9, 1682,2592,4293
(=Pyraus1a) drophytes (Potamoge- stem borers) (adapted
1011 pe11ita/is) to aquatic Jocomotion)
(emergent and floating
zone; E11patorium,
Polygonum, and
Nymphaceae)
Nepticulidae(70)
(=Stigmellidae)
S1igmel/a Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners- Shredders-herbivores Widespread 1313, 1316
(=Neptic11/a) drophytes (emergen! (stem borers) (miners)
zone); Scirpus, Eleo-
charis)
Cosmopterigidae(37 J+) Generally lentic-vas- Generally burrowers Shredders-herbivores 642, 1313, [518
(=Lavemidae) cular hydrophytes (miners)
Cosmopteryx(30) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners- Shredders- berbivores Widespread 642
dropbytes (emergent stem borers) (miners)
zone)
Lymnaecia( [) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (in heads, Shredders-herbivores Widespread 642
drophytes (emergem seeds, or stems)
and floating zones;
Typha)
Cosmopteriginae(3SO+?)
Hyposmocoma(30?) Lentic-margins (on Climbers (in cases of Shredders-herbivores Endemic to Hawaii 4211, 4631, 'I[
lichens, algae, and sand particles, silk, (chewers and scrapers)
mosses) (unknown and debris on emergen!
number of species portion of basalt rocks)
semiaquatic)
•Emphasis on trophic relalionships.

'{Unpublished data, W. H. Lange. Oepartment of Entomology, University of California.
398 LEPIDOPTERA
Noctuidae(l 1) Generally lentic-vas- Generally burrowers Shredders- herbivores 1518, 2412

(=Phalaenidae) cular hydrophytes and cli mbers
Archa11ara(4) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners- Shredders-herbivores Widespread 774, 1313, 2243, 2592
drophytes (emergent stem borers)
ami floating Zones;
Typlw, .Scirpus, }un-
cus, Sparga11ium) .,
Bellura(4) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers-leaf miners Shredders- herbivores Central, East, South 264, 642, 774, 2333,
(=Arzama) drophytes (emergent (early instars); petiole (miners) 2592, 26[8, 2619, 4138,
and tloating zones; and stem borers (later 1512, l658, 4288, 4547
Typha, Nuplzar, Pon- instars)
rederia, Eichornia,
Nelumbo, Symplo-
carpus, Sagittaria,
Spanganium)
Neoerastria( 1?) Lentic- vascular hy- Burrowers Shredders- herbivores Midwest 1514, 1682, 2592
drophytes (emergen(
zone)
Oligia(l ?) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers-leaf miners Shredders-herbivores Midwest 2592
drophytes (emergent (early instars), stem
~
zone; Scirpus) borers (later instars)
.Simyra(1) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers Shredders-herbivores Widespread 578, 774, 'l.
drophytes (emergen! (chewers)
and tloating zones;
Typha, Polygonum,
Salix, Graminaceae)
Tomicidae(37)
Archips(I) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers- d imbers Shredders-herbivores Widespread 642, 1682
(=Clzoristo- . drophytes (emergent
neúra) and floating zones;
Typha and other
plants)
Coleophoridae(l45)
Colephora(3) Lentic-salt marsh; Burrowers-seed cap- Shredders- herbivores Widespread; 1077, 1682
Juncus, Salticomia sules New England
*Emphasis on trophic relationships.

'{Unpublished data, W. H. Lange, Department of Entomology, University of California.
462 COLEOPTERA
TABLE 20A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for aquatic Coleoptera (beetles). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C;
table prepared by W. U. Brigham, D. S. White, R. W. Merritt and K. W. Cummins.)
Adephaga 1034
Amphizoidae (3)
(trouc-stream beetles)
Amphiwa (3) Lotic-erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers; es- West, Northwest 1035, 2112, 2300, 2301 ,
Larvae and adults (especially logs) pecially on stoneflies) 3076
.,
Gyrinidae (60) 1233, 1234, 1624, 1653
{whirligig beetles) 2112, 2300. 2301,3076
3535, 4152, 4153
Larvae Lentic and lotic- vas- Generally climbers Generally predators {ea-
cular hydrophytes and swimmers gulfers)
Adults Lentic and lotic- Generally smface Generally predators (en-
depositional swimmers, divers gulfers) and surface film
(neuston) scavengers
Dineurus (14) Suiface swimmers, Widespread 244,867, 1917, 2148
divers 1204, 1300
Cyreres (4) Surface swimmers, West, South 2300, 4596

divers
Cyri11us (41) Sudace swimmers, Predators (engulfers) Widespread 497, 1917
divers aod neuston scavengers
Spanglerogyrus (l) Lotic-depositional Surface swimmers, South, East 1232, 3830
divers, climbers
Carabidae (2)
(Predaceous
ground
beetles)
Tha/assotrechus (2)
Larvae and Marine rocky coasts Clingers (rock crevice Predators (engulfers) Pacific Coast 956,957,4101
adults dwellers)
Haliplidae (70) 1709, 2 112, 2300, 2301,

(crawling water beetles) 3076, 3394
Larvae Generally lentic-lit- Generally climbers Generally shredders-
toral, vascular hydro- herbivores (chewers),
phytes and sorne piercers-hervibores,
lotic-depositional sorne predators (engul-
fers)
Adults Generally same as Swimmers, climbers Generally same as
larvae larvae
Apreraliplus (1) California 2300
Larvae Lentic Clingers Shredders--herbivores
(chewers), piercers-
herbivores, predators
(engulfers)
Adults Same as larvae Swimmers, climbers Shredders and
piercers-herbivores
Brychius (4)
Larvae and Lotic and lentic-ero- Clingers Scrapers, piercers- West, north 2300,3875
adults . sional herbivores central
Halip/us (47) Widespread !708, 1710, 2301,
1501, 4234
Larvae Lentic-vascular Clirnbers Piercers and
hydrophytes shrcdders- herbivores
• Dala lisled are for adulls unless noled.

•• Emphasis on trophic relationships.
COLEOPTERA 463
7ABLE 20A. Continued
Adults Same Swimmers, climbers Same

Pdiodytes (18) Widespread 1708, 17JO, 2301, 4602,
1501
Larvae l..entic-vascular hy- Climbers, clingers Piercers and shred-
drophytes, sorne ders-herbivores. preda-
lotic-erosional tors (engulfers)
Adults Same Swimmers, climbers, Same
clingers
Oytiscidae (552) 125, 165, 1234, 1789, 2112,

(predaceous 2263, 2300, 2301, 2687,
diving beetles) 3076, 4596, 4600. 4624,
750, 1736, 2197
Larvae Generally lentic-vas- Generally climbers, Generally predators (en-
cular hydrophytes, swimmers gulfers)
sorne lotic-<leposi-
tional
Adults Same as larvae Gencrally divers, Same as larvae
swimmers
Acilius (5) Len tic-vascular Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Widespread 1730, 1746, 2300, 2687
hydrophytes
Agabetes (1) Lentic-littoral Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) East 3641, 4596
Agabinus (2) Lotic-erosional and Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) West 2300
depositional, lentic-
liuoral
Agabus (93) Lotic-erosional and Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Widespread 1729, 1929, 1932, 1952,
depositional, lentic- 1736, 2299, 2687, 4596
Agaporomorphus ( 1) Florida 4612
Anodochei/us (1) Lentic-littoral, Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Somheast 4596
lotic-<lepositional
(vascular hydrophytes)
Bidessonotus (3) Lentic-littoral, lotic- Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) East: espcially 4596
depositional Southeast
Brachyvallls (1) Lentic-littoral, Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 4596
lotic-<lepositional
Carrhydrus (]) Lentic-vascular Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Far North 2259
hydrophytes
Celina (9) Lentic-vascular Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300, 4596
hydrophytes
Colymbetes (7) Lotic-<lepositional Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Northern 165, 2300
Copelaws (7) Lotic-<lepositional, Swimmers, divers Piercers--camivores Widespread 2300
lentic-vascular hydro-
phytes
Cop1010111us (8) Lentic-vascular Swimmers, divers, Predators (piercers) Widespread 165, 2259, 2300, 2301,
hydrophytes, lotic- climbers 4464,4596
depositional
Cybisier (5) Lentic-vascular Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Widespread 165, 1231, 2005, 2006,
hydrophytes 370, 2300
Derova1ellus (1) Lentic-littoral Swimmer, climbers Predators (piercers) Florida 4596
Desmopachria (9) Lotic-<lepositional, Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2259, 2301, 4464, 4596
lentic-vascu!ar
hydrophytes
• Data listcd are for aduhs unlcss noted.

464 COLEOPTERA
TABLE 20A. Continued
Dytiscus (14) Len tic-vascular Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Widespread 165,2300, 3566,4591,
hydrophytes, lotic- 460, 1270, 1809, 2293,
depositionai 1268, 1269, 1989
Eretes (1) Lentic-vastular Swinuners, divers West, Southwest 2095,2300
hydrophytes
Graplwderu.s (6) Len tic-vascular Swinuners, divers Predators (pierccrs) Widespread 2300
hydrophytes
Haideoporus (!) Subterranean Texas 3242,4613
Hoperius (1) Swimmers, divers, Predators (piercers) Arkansas 3762
climbers
Hydaticus (4) Lentic-vascular Swimmers, divers, Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300, 2301, 4464
hydrophytes, lotic- climbers
depositional
Hydroporu.s (182) Lotic-depositional, Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 165, 2259, 2300, 2516,
lentic- vascular 4596
hydrophytes
Hydrotrupes (l ) Lotic-----erosional and Clingers, climbers Predators (piercers) West Coast 2300
depositional
Hydrovaws (8) Lotic-dcpositional Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300, 4596
Hygrotus (54) Lotic-depositional, Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2259,2300
lentic- vascular
hydrophytes
Ilybius (15) Lotic-depositional, Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) East of Rocky 2259. 2300, 4596
lentic-vascular Mountains 1736
hydrophytes
Laccodyres ( 1) Lentic-littoral Predators (piercers) Florida 4596
Laccophilus (10) Lotic-depositional, Swimmers, divers, Widespread 1953, 1954, 2300
lentic-vascular climbers 3395, 4596, 4632
hydrophytes
Laccomis (5) Lentic- vascular Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) East 2259, 2297
hydrophytes
Liodessus (6) Lotic-----erosional and Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300, 4596
Lioporius (2) Lotic-----erosional and Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) East 2300,4596
Matus (4) Lmic-depositional, Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) East, South 2300,4596
lentic-vascular
hydrophytes
Megadytes (2) Len tic-vascular Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Florida 4596
hydrophytes
Nebrioporus (3) Lotic-----erosional and Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300
(=Dero11ectes in part) depositional, lentic-
Neobidessus ( I) Lotic erosiona! and Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Florida. Louisiana 2300.4596
Neoclypeodytes (8) Lotic-----erosional and Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) West, Southwcst ~
littoral
Neoscutopterus (2) Lentic- vasculnr Exir= :Sor..:i 300
hydrophytes
• Data Listed are for adults unless noted.

• • Emphasis on trophic rclationships.
COLEOPTERA 465
Oreody1es (17) Lotic-erosional and Swimmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300
depositional, lentic- (primarily West)
littoral
Pachydrus ( l) Lentic-littoral, Swinuners, climbers Florida 4596
lotic---<lepositional
Rhanrus (1 1) Lentic- vascular ., Swimmers, divers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2259, 2300, 2301,
hydrophytes, lotic- 3714,4464
depositional ,
Stictotarsus (23) Lotic-erosional and Swinuners, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300
(=Deronecles in part) depositional, lentic-
111ennonectus (6) Lentic-vascular Swimrners, divers, Predators (piercers) Southwest 2300
hydrophytes climbers
Uvarus (9) Lotic-erosional and Swirnmers, climbers Predators (piercers) Widespread 2300, 4596
Noteridae ( 18) 168,169, 21 12, 2300,

(burrowing water 2301, 3076, 4596
beetles)
Larvae Generally lentic-vas- Generally burrowers, Predators (engulfers),
cular hydrophytes climbers collectors gatherers
Adults Same as larvae Generally swimmers, Predators (engulfers)
clirnbers, burrowers
Hydrocanthus (6) Len tic-vascular Climbers East, South 4596
hydrophytes
Noromicrus (2) · Lotic---<lepositional, Burrowers South. 3641, 4596
lentic-litroral
Pronoterus (2) Lentic- vascular CJimbers East, South 4596
hydrophytes
Suplzis (l) Lentic- vascular Climbers East, South 4596
hydrophytes
Suphisel/us (7) Lotic---<lepositional, Climbers Widespread 4596
lentic- vascular
hydrophytes
Myxophaga
Hydroscaphidae (1) 1769, 1771, 2112, 2252,
(skiff beetles) 2300, 2301, 3076, 3597
Hydroscapha ( l)
Larvae and Lotic-erosional and Clingers Scrapers (bluegreen West (especially 4234
adules margins (including algae) Southwest)
· therrnal springs)
Microsporidae (3) 429, 2300

(=Sphaeriidae)
(minute bog
beetles)
Sphaerius (3)
Larvae and Lentic and lotic mar- Burrowers, climbers Scrapers? Texas, Southern
adults gins (semiaquatic) California, Wa~hington
Polyphaga
Epirnetopidae (2) see Hydrophilidae
Epimetopus (2) Southwest 4596
* Data lis1ed are far adul1s unless noted.

** Emphasis on trophic relaiionships.
466 COLEOPTERA
Helophoridae (41) see Hydrophilidae
Helophorus (41)
Lentic and lotic ero- Climbers Shredders- herbivores Widespread 1083, 2236, 2237, 3414,
Larvae and
adults sional, especially mar- 4234
gins
Hydrochidae (19) see Hydrophilidae

Hydrachus (19)
Larvae and Lentic and lotic-ero- Climbérs Shredders-herbivores Widespread 2300
adults sional, especially mar-
gins
Hydrophilidae (192) 212,1829,2112, 2300,

(water scavenger 2301, 3076, 3978
beetles)
Larvae Len tic-vascular Generally climbers Generally predators
hydrophytes, lotic - (engulfers)
depositional
Adults Same as larvae Generally divers, Generally colleétors- .
- 1 swimmers gatherers
Ameiar (2) Lentic- littoral, Clingers Wést "3761
lotic-depositional
A11acae11a (4) Lentíc-littoral, Burrowers (silt) East and West 2236,2237,2300
lotic- depositional Coasts, Illinois
(detritus, fine
sediments)
Berosus (26) Lentic- littoral, Swimmers, divers, Piercers- herbivores, Widespread 165,3343,4596
lolic-depositional climbers collectors-gatherers,
shredders
Chaetarthria (32) Lentic-littoral, Climbers? Widespread 3085
lotic-depositional
Crenilis (11) Lentic-littoral, Burrowers (sand and East 2300
lotic-depositional grave!)
Cymbiodyta (29) Lentic- littoral, Burrowers (sand and Widespread 2300
lotic- depositional grave!)
Derallus (l) Lentic-littoral, Swimmers, divers, East and Gulf 2300
lotic-depositional climbers Coasts
Dibolacelus (2) Lentic-littoral, Swimmers, divers East 4596
lotic-depositional
Widespread 165, 2236, 2237, 3343
Enachrus (25)
Larvae Lentic- littoral Burrowers-sprawlers Collectors-gatherers
Adults Same Same Piercers-herbivores
He/abara ( l) Florida, Louisiana 3763
He/achares (3) East, Southwest 2300
He/acambus (1) East 2300
Hydrabiomarpha ( 1) Lentic-littoral, Swinuners, divers, South 4596
lotic-depositional climbers
Hydrabius (3) Lentic-littoral Climbers, clingers, East 167. 2236, 2237
sprawlers
Hydrachara (9) Lentic- littoral, Swimmers, divers, East, South, 2548,4596
lotic-depositional climbers California
• Data listed are far adults unless noted.

*' Emphasis on trophic relationships.
COLEOPTERA ' 467
Hydrophilus (3) Lentic--littoral, Swimmers, divers, Widespread 165, 2687, 4120, 4463,
lotic-depositional climbers 4625
Larvae Predators (engulfers)
Adults Collectors-gatherers,
piercers- herbivores
Lacobius (9) ., Wtdespread 165, 3085
Larvae
Adults Piercers- herbivores
Paracymus (14) Lenlic-liuoral, Burrowers (sand and Widespread 2300,4234
IOlic-depositional grave!) (primarily South)
Sperchopsis (1) Lentic-littoral, Clingers East, South 3760
lotic- depositional
(wood)
Tropistemus (15) Lentic- littoral, Widespread 165, 1820, 3343, 4598,
lotic-deposicional 4234
Larvae Climbers Predators (engulfers) 3496, 3497. 3498, 3499
Adults Swimmers, divers, Collectors-gatherers,
climbers piercers-herbivores
Sraphylinidae Generally shorelines Generally clingers and Predators (engulfers) 565, 2300, 2745, 3545,
(rove beetles) and beaches fresh- climbers, burrowers 3329
water lotic and len-
tic-littoral, marine
intertidal and rocky
coasts
Amblopusa (2) Marine coasts (rock Clingers West Coast (Alaska
crevices) to California)
Bledius (100)*** Lotic and lentic-lir- Clingers Widespread
toral
Bryothinusa ( l) Marine coasts (rock Clingers California coast
crevices)
Carpelimus (78) Lotic and lentic-lit- Clingers Widespread
toral (leaf liuer)
Diaulota (4) Marine coasts (rock Clingers West Coast (Alaska
crevices) to Baja California)
Diglocta (1) Beaches, marine Burrowers California coast
(sand)
liparocephalus (2) Marine coasts (rock Clingers West Coast (Alaska
crevices) to California)
Micralymma (2) Marine coasts (rock Clingers Coastal, nonhern
crevices)
Phytosus (1) New Jersey
Pontomaiota (5) Beaches marine Burrowers West Coast (British
(sand) Columbia to
California)
Psephidonus ( 1) Lotic--erosional Climbers (runners) Predators (engulfers of East 852, 3975
Simuliidae)
Thinobius (3) Lotic and lentic- Climbers Widespread
littoral
Thinopinus (1) Beaches, marine Burrowers Predators (engulfers of West coast, 741,3329,3330
(sand) amphipods) California to
British Columbia
• Data lísted are for adulls unless noied.

••• Not ali species in the genus are aquatic.
468 COLEOPTERA
•.. Thinusa (2) Beaches, marine Burrowers? Predators (engulfers) West Coas!
(sand) (Alaska to
California)
Stenus ( l 59)*** Lotic and lentic-lit- Skaters (eject oils) Widespread
toral suiface
Melyridae (5) ., 324, 2300

(soft-winged
flower beetles)
,. E11deodes (5) Pacific Coasl
Larvae aod Beaches, marine Clingers (rock crevice Predators (eogulfcrs)
aduhs intertidal, marine dwellers), beaches
rocky coasts (supratidal)
(semiaquatic)
Salpingidae (5) 2300, 3779, 3900, 4101

( = Eurystethidae)
(narrow-waisced
bark bee1les)
Aegialites (5) Marine rocky coasts Clingers (rock crevice Predators (engulfers, Pacific Coas!
dwellers) especially mites). shred-
ders-herbivores
Hydraenidae (83) 1619, 2112, 2300, 2301,

(minute moss beetles) 3076, 3084,3085,3086
Larvae Lotic-erosional (or Generally clingers, Predators (engulfers)
stream margins), len- swimmers (runners)
tic-vascular hydro- (primary semiaquatic)
phytes (emergent zone)
Adults Lotic-erosional Generally clingers Scrapers, collectors-
(especially margins) (logs, cobbles, rock gatherers
crevices)
Hydrae11a (25) Lotic-erosional, len- Clingers, climbers Widespread ll l, 3084, 3085, 3086
tic-littoral (espe-
cially margins)
limnebius (14) Lotic-erosional, Clingers, climbers Widespread 3084,3085,3086
lentic-littoral
(especially margins)
Ochthebius (43) Lotic-erosional and Clingers Widespread 1619,3084,3085,3086
margins ( l imertidal
species)
Neoc/11/zebius ( 1)
Psephenidae (l 4) Generally lotic and Clingers Scrapers 463, 1762, 1768, 2112,
(water pennies) lentic-erosional 2300, 2301, 2820, 3076, 461
Larvae Lotic and lentic- Clingers Scrapers 3706
erosiona)
Adults (Females enter water Ovipositing females are Non-feeding
10 oviposit) clingers
Eubrianax (l) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers West 646, 2818
Psephenus (7) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers *East (l sp.), West 451 ,671,870, 28 17,
2821, 3555, 4307,
2640, 2819
Eubriinae
(false water pennies)
Acneus (2) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers West Coast (somh to
San Francisco Bay)
.....
• Data listed are for adults unJess noted.
Emphasis on !rophlc relationships.
Not ali specics in the genus are aquatic.
COLEOPTERA 469
Dicranopselaphus (1) Lotic----erosional Clingers Scrapers Widespread 455
Ecwpria (3) Lotic and lentic- Clingers Scrapers East 408,409,671 , 3555,
erosiona! 4596
Dryopidae (14) •r 2112, 2300, 230! , 3076

(long-toed water beetles)
Larvae Terrestrial Burrowers Generally shredders-
herbivores?
Adults (al! Generally lentic- lit- Clingers, climbers Generally scrapers, col-
entries) toral, lotic----erosional lectors- gatherers?
D,yops (2) Lentic-vascular by- Climbers Southwest, 1759
drophytes (emergent Northeast
zone)
He/ichus (7) Lotic----erosional Clingers Widespread 1590, 4071
Pelo11om11s ( l) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Texas to Florida, 455,4596
drophytes (emergent lllinois
zone)
Poste/ichus (3) Lotic- erosional Clingers Southwest 1590, 4071
Stygopamus ( l) Lotic, cave springs Clingers Camal Springs, 3638
Texas
Scirtidae (35) 21!2,2300, 230! ,3076

( = Helodidae) 3909, 4045
(marsh beetles)
Larvae (all Generally lentic- vas- Generally climbers, Generally scrapers, col-
entries) cular hydrophytes sprawlers lectors- gatberers,
(emergent zone) sbredders-herbivores,
piercers- herbivores
Adults Terrestrial (possibly a
few semiaquatic)
Cyphon (14) Lenlic- littoral (sedi- Widespread
ments, leaf litter; in-
cluding marshes and
bogs), tree holes
Elodes (4) Tree boles, seeps Widespread 2300
(including minera.!
springs)
Flavohelodes (3) Tree holes, seeps Widespread 2300
Microcara (1) Michigan
Ora (I) Florida, Texas
Prionocyphon (2) Tree hales East 1447,2300
Saraba11d11.1 (3) Northeast
Scirtes (7) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers Shredders-herbivores, Widespread 234, 2175
drophytes (floating zone) piercers-herbivores
Elmidae (101) 456, 457, 464, 465, 488,

(riffle beetles) 2112, 2300, 2301, 2714,
461, 3076, 3532, 4330,
112, 2901, 4057,
11 l, 4234
Larvae and Generally lotic and Clingers, few climbers Generally collectors,
adults lentic-erosional, few gatherers, scrapers
lentic vascular hydrophytes
Ampumixis ( 1) Lotic----erosional Clingers, burrowers West
• Data listed are for adults unless noted.

470 COLEOPTERA
TABLE 20A. Contin ued
Ancyronyx (Í) Lotic-erosional and Clingers, sprawlersº Generally col!ectors, East, Souiheast 3729
depositional (detritus) scrapers
Atrae/e/mis ( l) Lotic-erosional Clingers California 3638
C/eptelmis (2) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers Wesr 473
bles and submerged
roots)
Cy/loepus (2) Lotic-erosiollal Clingers Southwest
Dubiraphia (11) Lentic and lotic- Clingers, climbers Widespread 671, 3729
erosiona! (submerged
macrophytes)
Macreimis (3) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers Southwest
bles and grave!)
Conielmis ( 1) Lotic-erosional and Clingers, climbers East, Southeast
depositional (wood de-
bris and submerged
roots).
Heterelmis (4) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers Southwest 454,473
bles and wood)
Huieechius (1) Loric-erosional Clingers Arizona 458
Heterlimnius (2) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers West 4234, 4242
bles and grave!)
Hexacy/loepus (1) Loric-ernsional (cob- Ciingers Southwest
bles, grave!, and
wood)
Lara (2) Loric-erosional Clingers, burrowers Shredders, detritivores Wesr (montruie) 95, 96,473, 3824
(wood debris. includ- (in wood) (wood)
ing semiaquatic)
Macronychus (1) Lotic-erosional and Clingers Collectors, East 876, 3729
depositional (wood detritivores
debris)
Microcylloepus ( 12) Lotic-erosional and Clingers, climbers, Widespread 3637
depositional burrowers
Narpus (4) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers West 473, 4234
bles and grave!)
Neocy/loepus (1 ) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers Texas, Arizona 453,455
bles and grave!)
Neoelmis (1) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers Southwest
bles and grave!)
Optioservus ( 13) Lotíc-erosional and Clingers Scrapers, collectors- Widesprcad 170,473,603, 67 !, 2168
depositional (sedí- gatherers 3618, 3619, 4329, 4234
ments and detritus)
Ordobrevia (1) Lotic-erosíonal (cob- Clingers West
bles and grave!)
Ouiimnius ( l) Lotic-erosíonal (cob- Clingers East, Southeast 455
bles and grave!)
Phanocerus ( l) Texas
Larvae Lotic-erosional Clingers. climbers
Adults Lotic margins Climbers
(semiaquatic)
Promoresia (2) Lotíc-erosional (cob- Clingers East, Southeast 465
bles and grave!)
Rhize/mis (1) Lotic-erosíonal Clingers California
* Data listed are for adults unless noted.

COLEOPTERA 471
Stenelrnis (28) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers, collectors- Widespread 455,671, 1141,

(coarse sediments and gatherers 3617, 3618, 3619
detritus)
Xenelmis (1) Arizona 460
Zait,evia (2) Lotic-erosional (cob- Clingers West 4234
bles and grave!/
Ptilodactylidae (3) 2300, 2301, 3778

(toed-winged beeties)
Larvae (all entries) Generally lotic-ero- Generally clingers, Generally shredders-
sional and depositional burrowers detritivores and
herbivores
Adults Terrestrial (near !ocie
margins in ieaf litter)
Anchycteis (1) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers Shredders- herbivores California 2300,2329, 4596
depositional (chewers)
Anchytarsus (l) Lotic-erosional and Ciingers Shredders-detritivores East
depositional (rotting wood)
Stenocolus ( J) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers Shredders-herbivores California
depositional (chewers)
Limnichidae (3) Generally clingers or Generally collectors- 461, 1136, 2300, 2301, 3636
(marsh-loving burrowers gatherers?
beetles)
Throscinus (3)
Adules and larvae Beach zone marine Burrowers Collectors-gatherers? Texas, southern 2300
intertidal California
Lutrochidae (3) 461, 1136, 2300, 2301, 3636

(marsh-loving
beetles)
Lutrochus (3)
Larvae Lotic-erosional Clingers East, Southwest 455,462
(especially mineral
springs)
Adults Mostly terrestriat
Chrysornelidae Generally lentic-vas- Generally clingers, Shredders-herbivores 2112, 2300, 2301

(leaf beetles) cular hydrophytes sprawlers
Larvae Lentic-vascular hy- Clingers (obtain air Shredders- herbivores
drophytes (below sur- directly from vascular (chewers)
face in floating and hydrophyte tissues)
subrnerged zones¡
Adults Lentic-vascular hy- Sprawlers (on floating Shredders- herbivores
drophytes (generally leaf surfaces) (chewers)
surface of floating
leaves)
Agasicles (1) On Altemanthera South
Disonycha (33)*** On Amaranthaceae Widespread
Donacia (50) On a wide variety of Widespread 381, 1795, 1796, 2618
va,cular hydrophytes
Hydrothassa (4) On Rarwnculus North, East
Neohaernonia (4) On a wide varieiy of East of Rocky 381, 1795
vascular hydrophytes Mountains
Prasocuris (1) On a wide varieiy of Northeast
va-cular hydrophytes
.....
* Data listed are for adults unless noted.
Emphasis on troplúc rclationships.
Not ali species in the genus are aquatic.
472 COLEOPTERA
Pyrrha/ta (5)*** On Nymphaeaceae East 4190

(=Galerucel/a)
Curculionidae 2300, 2301, 2618, 3936,

(weevils) 975, 3989
Larvae Generally lentic-vas- Generally clingers, Shredders-herbivores
cular hydrophyte1 climbcrs, sprawlers (on (chewers aod miners)
(most semiaquatic) leaf surfaces), burrow-
ers (in stems)
Adults Same as larvae Generally clingers and Shredders-herbivores
sprawlers (chewers)
A11/eu1es (12)*** Lentic-vascular Widespread
hydrophytes (emergen!
and floaling zones)
Bagous (30) Lentic-vascular hy- Sprnwlers, clingers Widespread 2618
drophytes (floating
zone)
Brachybamus (1) Lentic-vascular hy- East 3936
drophytes (emergen!
zone: probably Sagí1-
taría)
Emplryastes (1) Beach zone marine Shredders-detritivores Pacific Coast
(sand, under (decaying Fucus)
macroalgae)
Eulrrychíopsís Lentic-vascular hydro- Climbers, clingers Shredders-berbivores East, Northem 750,751,753
phytes (emergent and (meristem, leaves and 752
floating zones: Myrio- stem)
plry/111111 and probably
Olhers)
Lissorhoptrus (2) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbcrs. clingers Shredders-herbivores East 2115, 4058
drophytes (submerged (rOOIS and submerged
zone: rice) foliage of rice)
Lis1ronows (70+)*** Lentic-vascular hy- Widespread
drophytes (emergent
aad floating zones)
Lixellus (3) Lentic-vascular hy- East 2618
drophytes (emergent
zone: Sagiuaría)
Lixus (69)*•• Lentic-vascular hy- Widespread
drophytes (emergen!
and floating zones)
Neoche1ina ( 1) Lentic-vascular hy- South _
drophytes (emergent
zone: Eiclrlromia)
N01iodes (8)*** Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers, clingers Widespread

drophytes (emergent
zone: Scirpus aná
probably others)
Onyclrylis (3) Lentic- vascular hy- East
drophytes (floating
zone: Sagittaria,
Nymphaea)
Peremhis (1) East
Pele11om11s (6)*** Lentic-vascular hy- East, West
drophytes (emergent
and floating zones)
...... Dara listed are for aduhs unlcss notcd.

Emphasis on 1rophic relationships.
Not ali species in lhe genus are aquatic.
COLEOPTERA 473
Phyrobius (8)••• Lentic- vascular hy- Widespread 751

drophytes (emergem
and floating zones)
Pnigodes (3) Lentic-vascular hy- Soulh, West 3936
drophytes (on Lepi·
dium, Pri/imnium).,
Rhinoncus (5) Widespread
Sterropelmus ( 1) Widespread 3936
Steremnius (4) East, West
Tanysphyrus (2) Lentic- vascular hy- Shredders-herbivores East
drophytes (floating (Lemna)
zone: duckweeds)
Thalasselephas (1) Beach zone marine Sourhem California
(sand and rock crevices)
• Dara listed are for adu!ls unless noted.

•• Emphasis on trophic relalionships.
*** Not ali species in the genus are aquatic.
482 HYMENOPTERA
Table 21A. Ecological {host-parasite) relationships and distribution {of host) of aquatic Hymenoptera (wasps). (Table prepared by
K. Hagen, K. W. Cummins, and R. W. Merritt.)
Vespoidca
Pompilidae (!)
Anoplius (1) Araenea Pisauridae Dolomedes Adults . Northeast, 290,585, l l 17, 1124, 1523
( =Priocnemus) No11hcentral 1269
Proctol!Upoidea
Scelionidae (4)
Pseudanteris ( 1) Hemiptera Gerridae? Eggs East 2499
Te/enomus (3) Lepidoptera Pyralidae Cliilo, Occiden- Eggs East 1317
talio
Díptera Tabanidae Taba11us, Chry- Eggs Widespread 2190
sops
Thoron (l) Hemiptera Nepidae Nepa?, Ra11a- Eggs Norrheast 2499
(= Teleas. tra?
Anreris)
1iplwdytes ( 1) Hemiptcra Gerridae Cerris, Trepo- Eggs Widespread l523, 2478, 2499,
(=Um11odytes, bates, Umnoporus 2502, 2517,3767
Hungaroscelio)
Diapriidae (3)
Triclzopria (3) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrel/ia Pupae Widespread 263, 903, 1487, 1523
( =Phaerwpria)
Sciomyzidae Atrichomelina, Pupae East 2950
Dictya. Elgiva.
Sepedon
Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephe1111s Prepupae, pupae Texas 451
lchneumonoidea
lchneumonidae ( 14)
Apsilops (3) Lepidoptera Pyralidae Occidemalia, Larvae Widespread 263,590, 1317, 1523
( =Neostrick- Chilo. Schoe-
landia. ,wbius, Ny111-
Trichocryptus, phula
Trichesterna)
Bathythrix (2) Coleoptera Gyrinidae Cyri1111s Larvae in pupal lowa, Michigan 498, 2190
(=Hemiteles) cases
Cremastus (2?) Lepidoptera Pyralidae Nymphula, Larvae, pupae East 263, 1317, 1523
Occidentalia,
Clrilo
Medophro11 (2) Coleoptera Dytiscidae Agabus, Dytiscus Pupae California, 2504, •
East
Mesoleptus (2) Díptera Scion1yzidae Amiclzaeta Pupae East 2134
Oecotelma (1) Coleoptera Gyrinidae Cyrinus Larvae in pupa! Michigan 498, 2190
( =Hemiteles) cases
Pleurogyrus (2) Coleoptera Gyrinidae Gyrirms Larvae in pupa! Michigan 498, 2190
( =Hemite/es) cases
Phygadeuo11 ( 1) Díptera Sciomyzidae Antichaeta Pupae East 2134
S11lcari11s Trichoptera Limnephilidae Umnephi/us Larvae in cases Minnesota 2691
1anychela. (2) Lepidoptera Pyralidae Petrophila Pupae West 3307,847
Therascopus (1) Coleoptera Gyrinidae Cyrirws Larvae in pupal Michigan 498
( =Eriplanus) cases
Braconidae ( 11)
Ademan (2) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrellia Larvae-pupae Widespread 263,487,903, 1523
Aphanta (l) Díptera Ephydridac Hydrellia Pupae East 903
Asobara (1) Díptera Ephydridae Parydra Larvae-pupae East 909
Bracon (l) Lepidoptera Nocmidae Archa11ara Larvae East l3l7
( =Microbracort)
t Emphasis on trophic rclationships.

• R. García. pers. comm.
HYMENOPTERA
Chaenusa (1 ?) Díptera Ephydrídae Hydrellia Eggs- pupae Wídespread 487, 903, 1487,
Chorebidea (1 ) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrellia Pupae Michigan 263,487,909, 1523
Chorebidel/a (!) Díptera Ephydrídae Hydrel/ia Pupae East, Alaska 263, 903, 1523,
Chorebus (1) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrel/ia Pupae Widespread 263,487,909, 1487
D,1cnusa (1 ?) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrel/ia Pupae East 263,909, 1523
Opius (1 ?) Díptera ·,Ephydridae Hydrellia Larvae-pupae Widespread 487,909, 1487
Phaenocarpa (1) Díptera Sciomyzidae Antichaera Pupae East 2134
Chalcidoidea
Mymaridae (3)
Anagrus (1) Hemiptera Gyrinidae Gyrinus Eggs Kansas 650, 1523, 1792
Caraphractus ( l) Hemiptera Notonectídae Notonecta Eggs East 1523, 2517
Hemiptera Gerridae Gerris . Eggs East 1857
Odonata Calopterygidae Calopteryx Eggs East
Coleoptera Dytiscidae Dy1iscus, Agabus Eggs East 1523, [930, 1931,
2517, 3366
Patasson (1) Hemiptera GeITidae Gerris Eggs Californ ia 948, 1523, 3557
Po/ynema ( 1) Odonata Lestidae Lestes Eggs lllinois [402
Trichogranunatidae (9)
Hydrophylita (l) Odonata Coenagrionidae lschnura Eggs East 868, 1523, 2517
Lathromeroidea (2) Odonata Lestidae Lestes Eggs East 949,2781
( = Centrobiopsis)
Hemiptera Gerridae Gerris, Limnoporus Eggs Alberta 1675
Eggs
Paracentrobia ( 1) Odonata Lestidae Lestes Eggs Wídespread 2190
PreslWichia (1) Hemiptera Nepidae Ranatra, Nepa Eggs East? 650, 1317, 1,671, 3494
Coleoptera Dytiscidae Dytiscus Eggs 650, 1523, 1930
Trichogranmia '(4) Hydracarina Eggs West? 939, 1097
Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis Eggs West 138, 2478, 3207'
Megaloptera Corydalidae Chauliodes Eggs East 1403
Díptera Sciomyzidae Sepedon Eggs East 2030, 2031
Díptera Sciomyzidae Elgiva Eggs East 2030
Díptera Sciomyzídae Tetanocera Eggs East 2030
Eulophídae (3)
Aprostoce/L/s ( l) Odonata Lestidae Lestes Eggs East 490
(hyperparasite)
Mestocharis (2) Coleoptera Dytiscidae Dytiscus? Eggs East 1930, 1931, 1936
Psephenivorus (1) Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus Prepupae, pupae Texas 451,491
Tetrastichus (1) Odonata Lestidae Lestes Eggs and East 2190
hypetparasite
Pteromalidae (5)
Eupteroma/us (2) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrellia Pupae California [487
Gyrinophagt1s ( 1) Coleoptera Gyrinidae Gyrinus, Dineutes Larvae in pupa! East, Midwest 498, 4362
cases
Haliicoptera (11) Díptera Ephydridae Hydrellia Larvae California 1487
Sisridivora (1) Neuroptera Sisyridae Climacia Larvae, pupae in Widespread 449, 1488, 3224
cocoons
Cynipoidea
Eucoilidae
Hexaco/a (2) Díptera Ephydridae Parydm Larvae-pupae East 909
Díptera Chloropidae Hippelates Larvae- pupae California 1106
t Emphasis on trophic relationslúps.

DIPTERA 537
Table 228 . Summary of ecological and distributional data for larval aquatic Díptera. (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table
prepared by G. W. Courtney, R. W. Merritt, K. W. Cummins, B. A. Feote, D. W. Webb.)
Nematocera
Blephariceridae (28) Lotic-erosional Clingers (ventral Generally scrapers 1802, 1957, 1984, 2112,
(net-winged midges) suckers) 1804, 3076, 4511, 4649,
111, 112, 3175
Agathon (8) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers West mouotains 4234
Bibiocephala ( l) Lotic-erosion~ Clingers Scrapers West moumains 4234
8/epharicera (15) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers Widespread 1375, 1805
Philorus (4) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers West mountains
Ceratopogonidae (50 l) Generally lentic-linoral Generally sprawlers, Generally predators 1957, 2112, 2355, 3076,
( = Heleidae; (including tree hales burrowers, or (enguJfers), 3994, 4496, 4510, 4511,
biting midges, and small temporary planktonic (swimmers) collectors-gatberers 1831, 1835, 2081, 2786,
"no-see-ums") poods and pools), 1832, 1836, 3183,
lotic depositional 2116, 2959
(margins and detritus)
Dasyheleinae (37)
Dasyhelea (37) Lentic- tree holes, Sprawlers-dimbers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 594,3994,4511
rock pools, littoral (in (semiaquatic) scrapers
alga! mats, mosses, aquatic
plants), lotic-
depositional (margins)
Forcipomyiinae (103) Generally lotic- Generally sprawlers Collectors-gatherers
erosiona! and clingers and scrapcrs(?)
Atriclwpogon (27) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers-clingers Widespread 353, 2910, 3994, 4511,
(margins, debris 3965
jams), lentic-littoral
(alga! mats, mosses,
lea.f litter, aquatic
plants)
Forcipomyia (83) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Scrapers(?) Widespread 509, 3544, 4496, 4511,
(margins, including 4098,4506,4508
wann springs); len-
tic- littoral and mar-
gins (semiaquatic);
mosses, leaf liuer,
aquatic plants
Ceratopogoninae (331) Wide variety of lentic Generally burrowers, Generally predators-
and lotic habitats occasionally planktonic (engulfers), a few
collectors-gatherers
Alluaudomyia (8) Lentic- linoral (detri- Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers) Widespread 1493, 1494, 3994, 4511
tus and alga! mats), planktonic (swimmers)
occasionally limnetic
Bev.ia (42) Lentic-littoral, pro- Burrowers, occasionally Predators (eoguJfers) Widespread 1835, 3994, 4496, 4511,
funda!, and occasion- planktonic (swimmers) 3078, 4057, 4234
ally limnetic; lotic-
hot springs (alga! mats)
Brachypogon (5) Widespread
Ceratopogon (20) Widespread
Clinohelea (7) Lotic-stream margins; Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers) Widespread 2116, 2786
lentic-lake bottoms swim
Cu/icoides ( 136) Lentic-linoral (mar- Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers), Widespread 199,229,328, 1292,
gins), tree holes and planktonic (swi1nmers) collectors-gatherers 2082, 2289, 2290, 4451,
temporary pools, brac- 2054,2087,2108,4511,
kish marshes, marine 1833, 2109, 2810,
shores; lotic-margins 134, 2356
Je11ki11Shelea (4) Lotic-<lepositional; Burrowers Predators (engulfers) East? 2116, 2786
lemic-littoral (margins)
• Emphasis on 1r0phic relationships.

538 DIPTERA
Johannsenomyia (2) Lenlic-littoral, Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers) East 451 l

limnelic planktonic
Mallochohelea (11) Lentic-littoraJ (margins); Burrowers; planktonic Predators (engulfers) Widespread 21 16, 2786, 3994
lotic
Monohe/ea (15) Widespread
Nilobezzia (4) Lentic and lolic; saline Burrowers Probably predators Widespread 2116, 2786
pools ., (engulfers)
Palpomyia (31) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers), Widespread 669,671, 1495, 1496,
depositionaJ (detritus), planktonic (swimmers) collectors- gatherers 1751, 2786, 3994, 4511,
_lentic:-littoral, pro- 3078,4234
funda), and occasion-
ally limnetic
Probezzia (19) Lentic-littoral aod Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers) Widespread 4511
limnetic planktonic (swimmers)
Serromyia (7) Lenti_c- littoral (mar- Burrowers Probably predators Widespread 2[29, 3994, 4511
gins) (engulfers)
Sphaeromias (2) Lentic- littoral (alga! Burrowers, occasionally Predators (engulfers) Widespread 3994, 4511
mats), occasionally planktonic (swimmers) collectors- gatherers
limnetic
Stilobezzia (18) Lentic- littoral (margil)S) Bu1Towers, occasionally Predators (engulfers) Widespread 2786, 3994, 4511
swimmers
Leptoconopinae (23)
Leptoconops (23) Lentic- littoral (mar- Burrowers Widespread 648,2352,2353,3708,
gins), beaches- marine; (primarily Western) 4505, 4511
seepage arcas
Chaoboridae (14) Generally lentic- Generally sprawlers Predators (piercers) and 690,927, 1957, 21 [2,
(phantom midges) littoral, profunda!, (day), planktonic engulfers 2687, 3076, 3506, 4511,
and limnetic; lotic- (night) 4548
depositional (pools)
Chaoborus (10) Lentic-limnetic, Sprawlers (day), plank- Predators (piercers), Widespread 272, 362,390, 1785,
(=Corethra) profunda!, and littoral tonic (night) predators (engulfers, 2041, 2829, 2869, 3471,
(including temporary primarily microcrustacea) 1440, 3506, 3586, 4536,
poods and bogs) 692,2750,4528
Eucorethra (1) Lotic-<lepositional Planktonic-swimmcrs Predators (piercers, feed North aod West 852, I785, 3219
(pools of cold springs) at surface)
Mochlonyx (3) Lentic-limnetic, Predators (engulfers) Widespread 1785, 1951, 3219
profunda! and littoral
(especially bogs and
small ponds)
Chironomidae See Table 26A.
Corethrellidae (5)
Corethrella (4) Lentic-limnetic and mar- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) South 1805, 1070, 252 1, 2621 ,
gins, lotic-hyporheic 2622, 2629, 4528
lutzomiops ( l) Texas
Culicidae See Table 24A.
Deucerophlebiidae (6) Lotic-erosional Clingers (hooks on lat- Scrapers 27, 1957,2073,2074,

(mountain mídges) eral abdominal prolegs) 2112, 3076,4494,4511
Deuterophlebia (6) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers West mountains 725, 726, 727, 728,
3075,4234

DIPTERA 539
Dixidae (42) Generall y lotic--erosional Swimmers-climbers Collectors- gatherers

(dixid midges) (margins) and depositional, (possibly also filterers)
lentic- margins
Dixa (22) Lotic-----erosional (pro- Swinuners-climbers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 603, 2942, 3672, 4511,
tected areas) and dep- over damp surfaces 4234
ositional (detrirus)
Dixelia (19) Lenlic- margins Swimmers-climbers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 1438, 3041, 3096
- -M-emrgoaíxa(I) Lotic--erosional (mar- Swimmers-climbers Collectors-gatherers West
gins) and depositional
Nymphomyiidae (2)
Nymphomyia (2) Lotic-----erosional Clingers (elongate Scrapers, collectors- East 141 , 818, 1907, 2085,
(== Palaeodiptero11) (aquatic mosses) abdominal prolegs) garherers 593, 731 , 1585, 2449,
2448, 3711
Psychodidae (67) Generally lotic- Generally burrowers Generally collectors- 1957, 1984, 2112, 2687,
(moth flies) depositional, lentic- gatherers 3076, 3229, 4511
littoral (detritus)
Marnina (3) Lotic-----erosional Clingers Scrapers, collectors- West 1801, 3231, 4511
gatherers
Pericoma (24) Lolic depositional Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 669, 3540, 3672, 451 l,
(margins), lentic- 2316,4234,4236, t
littoral (detritus)
Philosepedon (5) Lotic depositional Burrowers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 4087
(margins), lentic-
linoral (detritus)
Psychoda (21) Lentic-littoral (detritus), Burrawers Collectors- gatherers Widespread · 669, 2111, 2661, 3539,
lotic----<lepositional, 451 l
beaches-mruine
Telmatoscopus (17) Lentic- littoral Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 1984, 4088, 4511, t
(including tree hales),
latic depositional
Thretic,,s (2) Lentic-littoral Burrawers Collectors- gatherers East 3672,4088
(including tree hales)
Ptychopteridae ( 16) Generally lotic----<lepo- Generally burrowers Generally collectors- 1957, 1984, 21 12, 3076,
(==Liriopeidae) sitional (inc!uding gatherers 45II
(phantom crane springs), lentic-lit-
flies) toral (sediments, detritus)
Bittacomorpha (2) Lotic depositional, Burrawers Callectors-gatherers Widespread 18, 1594, 3422
lentic-vascular hydro-
phytes (emergen! zane)
Bittacomorphella (4) Latic----<lepasitional Burrawers Callectars-gatherers Widespread 18
Ptychoptera (10) Latic depasitianal, Burrowers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 18, 1594, 1790, 2557, 3422,
{==Liriope) lentic- vascular hy- shredders (chewers- 2555
drophytes (bags) Sphagnum)
Simuliidae See Table 25A.
Tanyderidae (4) Lotic-----erosional (sedi- Sprawlers-burrawers

(primitive crane flies) ments)
Protanyderus (3) Lotic-----erosional Sprawlers- burrowers Western 1126, 21 17, 3429, 4528
·Protoplasa ( 1) Lotic-----erosional Sprawlers- burrowers· Eastem 20
~ Emphasis on trophic relatiónships.

T Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Station.
540 DIPTERA
Thaumaleidae (7) Lotic- madicolous Clingers Scrapers 4511

(solitary midges)
Thaumalea (6) .Lotic- madicolous Clingers Scrapers Widespread 1396, 1984, 3672, 3858, 4511
Trichothauma/ea (2) Lotic- madicolous Clingers Scrapers Western and East 3670, 45 11
Tipulidae See Table 23A.
~ Brachycera-
-,~ thorrhapha
Atherjcidae (4) . 2835, 3985
( = Rh';igipnidae, in part)
Atherlt(}) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) Widespread 1957, 1984, 2112, 2891, 4491,
depositional 2892, 3076, 3984, 4234, 4218,
1872, 2276
Suragina (l) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) Southwest Texas, 2833, 2835,4278,4279
depositional Mexico 2834,4280
Pelecorhynchidae (7) 2185

Glutops (7) Lotic--<lepositional Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers), Widespread ,3969, 3971
shredders- herbivores?
Dolichopodidae (624) Generally lentic and lotic Generally sprawlers- Generally predators 714, 1775, 1984, 2687,
rnargins (semiaquatic) burrowers (engulfers) 577, 1003, 4447, 45 ll
Aphrosylus (6) Beach zone-marine Clingers (in algae on Predators (engulfers) West Coast 1775, 3571, 4086, 45 l l
(intertidal, on rocks) rocks)
Argyra (46) Leotic- littoral (mar- Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 290, 611 , 1775, 4086, 4511
gins and beach zone)
Asyndetus (21) Beach zone- lakes Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread !002, !775, 3710
Campsicnemus (21) Lentic-littoral (margins) Sprawlers-burrowers Collectors- gatherers (?) Widespread 4086,45 11
Dolichopus (311) Lentic-littoral (rnargins), Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 1002, 1775, 4086, 4511
estuaries, lotic-margins
Hercostomus (26) - Lotic--<lepositional (moss) Sprawlers (damp moss) Predators (eagulfers) Widespread 611, 1002, 3710,4086,4511
Jentic- tree hales
Hydrophorus (54) Lentic- littoral (mar- Sprawlers_::burrowers Predawrs (engulfers) Widespread 6ll, 1002,3710,4086,4511
gins), estuaries (in fine detritus) (especially midges)
Hypocharassus (2) Beach zone- marine Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (engulfers) East Coast 1775, 3710, 4511
Liancalus (5) Lotic-seeps (alga! rnats) Sprawlers-burrowers Predawrs (engulfers) Widespread 716,290, 3672,4086
Melanderia (3) Beach zone- marine Clingers Predators (engulfers) West Coast 3571,4511
(rocky shore line)
Pelastoneurus (29) Lotic-seeps (alga! mats) Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 715, 717
Sympycnus (32) Widespread 4086
Systenus (6) Lentic-tree boles Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) East and South 4497,4511
(especially Dasyhelea)
Tachytrechus (33) Lentic- rree boles, Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 718,2199,4086,4511
beacbes; lotic-margins
Telmaturgus (l) Lotic depositional East 4086

Teuchophorus (4) Widespread 4086
Thinophilus (24) Beach zone- lakes Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 37 10
Empididae (265) Generally lotic--ero- Generally sprawlers- Generally predators (en- 1957, 1984, 2112, 2136,
(dance flies) sioaal and depositional burrowers gulfers), sorne collec- 2137, 3076, 3848, 4511,
(detritus), lentic-littoral tors-gatherers 577, 1003, 3909
• Emphasis on uophic relationships.

DIPTERA 541
Taqle 22B. Continued
Chelifera (22) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers-burrowers Widespread 414, 2238, 2399, 2402, 4511,
lentic- lictoral (bogs) 3078, 4234
Clzelipoda (7) Widespread 1575, 2401, 4044
Clinocera (19) Clingers Widespread 414, 2238, 2916, 4085, 451 1,

3672, 4234
Óolichocephala (2) Clingers Widespread 4084
Heleodromia (l) New Mexico
Hemerodromia (22) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 290. 669,671, 1575, 1984,
depositional (detritus) collectors-gatherers 2136, 2238, 4057, 4085, 451 1
2399,2403
Merachela (3) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (engulfers)? Widespread 1575,2238,2399,2400
depositional (also in moss
mats at water leve!, or just
above on banks)
Neoplasta ( 12) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (engulfers)? Widespread 1575, 2238, 2399, 2404, 3563
depositional (also in moss
mats at water leve!, or just
above on banks)
Oreogeton (8) Lotic--erosional (moss) Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (engulfers) West 3755
of Simuliidae, caddis-
flies
Oreothalia (5) Widespread
Proclinopyga (5) _Lotic- margins (?) Sprawlers- burrower., , Predators (engulfers) Widespread
Rhamphomyia (150) \_!-,entic-littoral ·, Sprawlers-burrowefs Widespread 4086
Roederiodes (7) L~tic--erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers) of Widespread l90, 622, 2238, 2858, 4511
pupa] Simuliidae
Stilpon (13) Lotic--erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers) East, Central 785, 4086
Trichoclinocera (16) Lotic--erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers) Widespread 4086,3671,4086
Wiedemannia (2) Lotic--erosional Clingers Predators (engulfers) West 4086
Stratiomyiidae (178) Generally lentic- Generally sprawlers- Generally collectors- 1957, 1983, 1984, 2112, 2616,
(soldier flies) littoral swimmers gatherers 2.617, 3076, 3480, 3481, 45U
Anoplodon1a (1) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers- burrowers Collectors- gatherers West ±
depositional (margins),
lentic- littoral
Caloparyphus ( 12) Lentic- vascular hydro- Sprawlers Co!lectors-gatherers Widespread 2616, 3669, 3672
phytes (emergent zone);
lotic--erosional
Euparyphus (22) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 2616, 3278, 3669, 3672
depositional (margins) scrapers
Hedriodiscus (7) Lotic depositional Climbers Scrapers Widespread 2616, 3853
(vascular hydrophytes)
Hoplitimyia (4) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers- burrowers Collectors- gatherers West ±
Labostigmina (20) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers- burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread ±
Nemotelus (38) Lentic- littoral, beaches Swimmers, sprawlers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 290, 1984, 2616, 3480, 4511
(saline pools, marshes)
lotic-margins
Odonromyia (30) Lentic-vascular hydro- Sprawlers Collecto\s- gatherers, Widespread 290, 1983, 2616, 3480, 3672
(=Eulalia) phytes (emergen! zone) scrapers?
Oxycera (7) Lotic--erosional and Sprawlers-burrowers Scrapers East 112, 2616, 3480, 451 !,
( = Hermione) depositional (margins) 111

± N. E. Woodley, pers. comm.
,!
542 DIPTERA
Sargus (6) Mostly terrestrial, sorne Climbers Collectors- gáíherers, Widespread 2617, 3480
~ lentic-vascular hydro- scrapers
. ~ ph:¡:tes (emergent zone)
~-Strati~ys-(3 ~ le-erosiona! and Sprawlers-burrowers Collectors-gatherers \Videspread 1145, 1983, 2172, 2188,
- (=Síratiomyia) deposilional (margins), (and filterers) 2616, 3480, 4028, 45 l l
lentic-littoral (including
saline pools)
-,
Tabanidae (332) Generally lotic----<lepo- Generally sr.rawlers Generally predators 136,528, 1957, 1984,
(horse and deer sitional, lentic-lit- burrowers (piercers) 2112, 3076, 3400, 3968,
flies) toral (margin, sedi- 73 1, 2681, 4282, 451 l.
ments, and detritus) 2240,3975
Apatoles1es (11) Beach zone- marine Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (piercers) Californi¡¡ coast; 2295
West
Atylotus (14) Lentic- liltoral (sedi- Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) Widespread 528, 3968, 4282,
ments and mosses) 731, 3972, 3973
Agkistrocerus (2) Lotic----<lepositional, Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (piecers) South 485
lentic-littoral
Bolbodimyia (I)> Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Predators (piercers) Southwest 481
Brennania (2) Lentic---coastal dunes Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) California coast 2692
Chiorotabanus (l) Lentic-littoral (sediments) Sprawlers-burr0wers Predators (piercers) Soud1, East Coast 1449
Chrysops (83) Lentic-littoral, beaches- Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) Widespread 290, 484, 3129, 3968,
marine and estuaries, 731, 2440, 2623, 2681,
lotic----<lepositional 1298, 3563, 3975
Haema1opo1a (5) Lentic-littoral (sedll!lents) Sprawlers-burrowers Widespread 731, 3480, 528
Hybomi1ra (55) Lentic- littoral, lotic- Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) Widespread 731, 3968, 3975
depositional
Leucotabanus (2) Lentic-tree ho!es Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) South 1449
Merycomyia (2) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers- burrowers East 1450,3968
lotic----<lepositional
Silvius (ll) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers-burrowers Central, West 731,2239,2681, 3965
lotic- margins
Steno1abanus (6) Beach zone-marine Sprawlers-burrowers Predators (piercers) South 1451
Tabanus ( 108) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers- burrowers Predators (piercers) Widespread 731,290,669,671, 2681,
lotic -erosional, ?440, 3398, 3411, 3975,
depositional 1298, 1452, 1928, 3563
Brachycera-Cyclorrhapha
Canacidae (14) Generall y beaches- Generally burrowers Generally scrapers 1775, 4446, 4495, 4511,
(beach flies) marine intertidal 2531, 4504
Canace (2) Beach zone-marine Burrowers East and West 1775, 3977
intertidal Coasts of United
States
Canaceoides (7) Beach zone-marioe Burrowers California coast 1775, 4446
imertidal
Nocticanace (3) Beach zone- marine Burrowers Scrapers (graze algae) West and South 1775, 3408, 3409
intertidal Coasts
Paracanace ( l) Beach zone-marine Burrowers Scrapers (graze algae) Florida
intertidal
Procanace ( l) Beach zone-marine Burrowers Scrapers (graze algae) Southeast Coast 2528
intertidal
Dryomyzidae (2)
Oedoparena (2) Beach zone-marine Burrowers- inside Predators (engulfers) West Coast 482, 1161, 2128, 3571
intertidal barnacles (barnacles)
• Emphasis on lroplúc relationslúps.

DIPTERA 543
Table 228. C9ntinued
Ephydridae (44 ~ r a l l y lMhe- li<· Generally burrowers, Generally collectors- 263,902, 1666, 1957,
(shore and brin toral (margins and spraw!ers gatherers, shredders- 1984, 2112, 3076, 3561,
tlies) vascular hydrophytes) herbivores (miners), 3564, 3663, 4446, 4511,
scrapers, predators (en- 906, 1161, 1248, 3983, 4509,
gulfers) 1008, 1255
Discomyzinae (32) Gelerally lentic-lit- Generally burrowers Generally collectors-
tor ; marine sli'ores, (sorne climbers,plank- gatherers, sorne shred-
lotiJLmargins tonic) ders-herbivores, precia-
tors (piercers)
Ce,vpsilopa (7) Beach zone-marine West and South Coasts
C/a11011eurum (1) Lentic-littoral, esp. Burrowers--miners Shredders-herbivores West and East 3663, 4511
saline, brack.ish water; (miners) Coasts
Marine- vascular hy-
·drophytes, emergent
zone (mangrove)
C/asiopella (1) Beach zone- marine Florida 2534
Cressonomyia (4) Lentic- littoral and East and South Coasts
margins
Discomyza (2) Lentic-littoral and Burrowers Parasites of Mollusca, West and South 290, 3663, 4511
margins ,(detritus) scavengers of cmTion Coasts
Helaeomyia (1) Lentic- pools of cmde Sprawlers-burrowers, Collectors-gatherers California, Gulf area 4511
(petroleum flies) petro!eum and waste oi! or !arge "planktonic" (organics associated of United States
masses of !arvae with petroleum)
Leptopsilopa (3) Lentic-!ittoral Burrowers-in Collectors- gatherers Widespread 3564, 3831
decaying vegetation
G11ttipsilopc1 (2) Beach zone- marine Florida
Paratissa (1) Marine-shores Burrowers- in decay- Co!lectors- gatherers East and West 2532,3564
ing vegetation? Coasts
Psi/opa (7) Lentic-!ittoral; "Planktonic", Col!ectors- gatherers, Widespread 290, 1984, 451 1
vascular hydrophytes burrowers shredders-herbivores
(miners)
Rhysophora (1) Lentic-!ittoral; Burrowers? Shredders- herbivores Eastern and southem 975,230, 2521, 3571
vascular hydrophytes (miners)? United States
Trimerina (1) Lentic- vascu!ar hydro- Clirnbers Predators (piercers) North, West
phytes (emergent zone) (spider egg masses)
Trimerinoides (1) West
Ephydrinae (!45) Generall y !entic- !ittora! Generally sprawlers- General[y shredders- 1008
!otic-<lepositional burrowers or climbers herbivores, collectors-
(thennal springs), gatherers, scrapers
marine-shores
and salt marshes
Brachydeulera (4) Lentic- !ittora! Spraw!ers- burrowers; Collectors-gatherers Widespread 1984, 3663, 4446, 4500,
swimmers 1565, 2535, 2538, 451 !,
975, 4122
Callinapaea (2) Widespread
Calocoenia (2) North and West
Cirrula (4) Marine-sa!t marshes Burrowers (in floating Shredders- herbivores Widespread 14, 1984,2537,3663,4502
( = Hydropy111s) Lentic-!ittoral alga! mats) (macroalgae), collec-
(a!kaline !akes) tors- gatherers
Coenia (2) Lentic- 1:1argins Sprawlers, bunowers Collectors--gatherers Widespread !254, 2520,3564,3663
Dimecoenia (2) Marine- salt marshes Burrowers (in floating Shredders-herbivores East and West Coasts 2537, 3663
alga! mats) (macroalgae)
Ephydra (13) Lentic-littora! (in alga! Spraw!ers- burrowers Sbredders- herbivores Widespread 14,295,433,434, 684,
mats, inc!uding alkaline (macroalgae), callee- 1984, 3 !45, 3564, 3663,
lakes), lotic-<lepositional tors- gatherers 1008, 4502, 45 11, 184
(including thennal springs)
/
544 DIPTERA
Eutaenionotum (1) North

Lamproscatella (12) tvfarine-shores and Widespread - 2524, 3564, 3663
salt marshes, lentic-
alkaline ponds
~ ü=,1/io(li)
Paracoenia (7)
Lentic-littoral (?)
Lotic-alkaline ther-· Sprawlers Scrnpers (graze blue-
Widespread
Widespread
2522
433,3104,4617, 184
mal springs (in alga! green algue), collec-
mats), lentic-littoral tors-gatherers of fecal
material
Pa'\dra (34) Lentic- littoral, lotic- ButTowers Scrapers Widespread 904, 909, 3564, 3663
depositional and margins
Philocelma (1) Lotic-<lepositional West
Rhinonapaea ( l) Not1h
Seracera (8) Lentic- littoral (algal Sprawlers Shredders-'-herbivores, Widespread 1247, 1251, 1984, 3564,
mats), including satine scrapers (graze algae) 2525, 45 11, 4618, 184
pools; lotic-margins
Scatella (17) Lemic-vascular hydro- Sprawlers-climbers Col lectors-gatherers, Widespread 686, 904, 1247, 2537,
phytes and alga! h1ats scrapers (graze algae) 3663, 4062, 4500, 46 19,
(including thermal springs) 1008,3672
marine--shores and
marshcs. lotic-margins
Scatophi/a (24) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers Scrapers Wid~pread 905, 3663, 4511
marine-salt marshes,
lotic- margins
Gymnomyzinae (81) Generally lentic-lit- Generally burrowers Generally collectors-
toral; marine shores, (sorne climbers, plank- gatherers, sorne shredders-
lotic- margins tonic) herbivores, predators
Allocrichoma (7) Lentic-temporary Burrowers (in dung, Collectors- g3therers Widespread 354, 902, 3564, 4511,
puddles (near dung), temporary puddles and (dung and decaying 3490
lotic- margins decaying snaíls) snails)
Athyroglossa (8) Lentic-linoral, vascular Burrowers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 1489, 2184, 3571
hydrophytes; decaying
organic material
Diclasiopa (1) Lentic-littoral, Widespread 3564
lotic-<lepositional
Diphuia (2) Marine-shores East Coast 253,0, 3663
Discocerina (8) Lentic and lotic margins Burrowers (in moss Collectors- gatherers Widespread 904, 1256, 3564, 4511
(primarily terrestrial) and algae)
Ditrichophora (15) Lentic-littoral Widespread 3564
Gastrops (2) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers Predators (engulfers) East, South 356, 4130
drophytes (frog eggs) (frog eggs)
Glenanthe (3) Marine-salt marshes East and West Coasts 3663
Hecamede (]) Beach zone- marine Burrowers Probably collectors- East Coast 2533, 3663, 451 1
(semiaquatic) gatherers (scavengers)
Hecamedoides (1) Lentic-littoral (?) Widespread
Hydrochasma (4) Lentic-littoral, lotic- Widespread 3663
margins, marine-shores
lipochaeta (1) Beaches-marine; East and West Coasts 3562, 3663
lentic -saline
Mosillus (3) Marine-shores, len- Widespread 2539, 3562, 3663
tic- littoral (incl. alka·
line lakes and ponds)
Ochrhera (1 3) Lentic-littoral, Jotic- Burrowers Predators (engulfers) Wtdespread 904, 3662, 3663, 4511
depositional and margins (midge larvae)
Parag/e11a11the (1) Beach zone-marioe Florida

DIPTERA 545
-
P/acopsidel/a (l) each zone- marine Sprawlers Shredders- herbivores, East Coast 2527, 2529
predators or scaveagers
of small molluscs
Plarygymnopa ( l) Lotic. ~ lentic- Burrowers (in decom- Collectors- gatherers Northem United 4501
margrns \ posing snails) (decomposing snails) States
Polyrrichophora (4) Lentic-rtoral, ma- Widespread . 3663
rine- sal marsheS:
lotic-mnrgins
Pseudohecamede (5) Marinelshores, Burrowers Collectors-gatherers East and West 902, 3490, 3564, 3663
lentic::Zlinoral (sorne in dung) Coasts
(occasiooally inland)
Hydrelliinae ( 135) Generally lentic-littoral Generally burrowers, Generally collectors-
(vascular hydcophytes), sprawlers gatherers
lotic-<leposilional,
marine-shores
Asmeringa (1) Lentic-saline Burrowers Collectors- galherers California 2526, 3663
Atissa (5) Beach zone- marine, Widespread 3564, 3663
lentic-littoral (saline
lakes and pools)
Hy,;,e/lia (59) Lentic-vascular hydro- Burrowecs-miners (es- Shredders-herbivoces Widespread 266, 903, 1487, 1984,
phytes, lotic--erosional pecially Potamogeton) (miners) 2618, 3076, 3663, 4446,
and depositional (vascular 975, 45.11
hydrophytes-watercress),
marine-shores
Lemnaphila (1) Lentic- vascular hy- Burrowers-miners (of Shredders-herbivores East 3076, 3601, 4511
drophytes (floating duckweed) (miners of duckweeds)
zone-<luckweed)
Noriphila (52) Lentic-littoral Burrowers (attached to Collectors- gatherers Widespread 266, 290, 495, 908,
(detritus, vascular roots by respiratory and filterers 1666, 1821, 2523, 2618,
hydrophytes, bogs), spine) 3663, 4097, 4 l 12,451 1,
lotic-<lepositiooal 3563
Oedenops (1) Lentic-linoral, West and Soulh 3663
marine-shores Coasts
Paralimna (Sel Lentic-littoral (margins Sprawlers Collecrors-gatherers Widespread 3564, 4511
in sediments near dung)
Prilomyia (6) Marine-shores, Widespread 3564, 3663
lentic-littoral
Schema (1) Marine-shores
Typopsilopa (4) Lentic-littoral (detritus Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 3564
at margins in emergent
vascular hydrophyte beds)
!lytheinae (52) Generally lentic-littoral, Generally burrowers, Generally collectors-
lotic-<lepositional sprawlers gatherers
Axys1a (2) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Scrapers (graze blue- North, East 1247, 3564
green algae)
Hyadina (8) Lotic and lentic- Sprawlers Scrapers (graze blue- Widespread 1247, 3564
margins green algae)
l/yrhea (3) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Collectors- gatherers West, South 3564
lotic--<lepositional
(sediments)
Lytogasrer (8) Lotic and lentic- Sprawlers Scrapers (graze blue- Widespread 1247, 1249, 3564
margins green algae)
Microlyrogasrer (1) Widespread
Nostima (9) Lotic and lentic- Sprawlers Scrapers (graze Widespread 1252
margins blue-green algae)
Pelina (10) Lotic and lentic- Sprawlers Scrapecs (graze West, Midwest 1247, 1250, 3564
margins blue-green algae)
• Emphasis on trophic rclationships.

546 DIPTERA
Philygria (5) Lentic-vascular Sprawlers Scrapers (graze- Widespread 3564,4325

hydrophytes blue-green aJgae)
Pseudohyadina (1) East
Zeros (5) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers East, South 3564
(sedimems)
Muscidae (271) Generally lentic-lit- General sprawlers Generally predators 1957, 1984, 2112, 3076,
(=Anthomyiidae toral, lotic-.<leposi- (piercers) l 161, 3684, 3909, 4511
in part, by tionaJ, erosiona!
sorne authors)
Caricea (10) Lotic---erosional(?) Predators (piercers) Widespread 1161, 4446, 451 1
(=Lispocephala)
Graphomya (9) Lentic---depositional Sprawlers Predators (piercers) Widespread 1!6i, 3685
(small enriched ponds)
Limnophora (10) Lotic---erosional Burrowers Predators (piercers) on Widespread 1470, 1669, 1984, 2472,
(especially mosses) Oligochaeta, Simuliidae, 1161, 2681 , 3397, 451 l,
Tipulidae 3685,4564
Lispe (25) Lentic- littoral, lotic- Sprawlers Predators (piercers) Widespread 1646, 1669, 1984, 4446,
depositional (margins), 1161, 3685, 4511
marine shores (a]gae)
lispoides (]) Lotic---erosional Sprawlers? Widespread 1646,3672
Phaonia (81) Lentic-tree hoJes Predators (piercers) on Widespread 1161, 1669, 3954, 4511
mosquito Jarvae
Spilogona (135) Lotic-depositional, Widespread 1161, 1669, 3672, 3685
lentic-littoral
Phoridae (2)
Dohrnipliora ( 1) Lotic---erosional Burrowers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 918, 2111
(trickling filter beds) predators (engulfers)
of Psychodidae
Megaselia Lentic-littoral Burrowers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 618,918
(1 aquatic species) (sediments and detritus),
trickling filter beds
Sarcophagidae (4) Semiaquatic Burrowers-miners Collectors-gatherers

Fletcherimyia (4) Burrowers-miners Collectors- gatherers South, Northeast 1195, 1196, 1272
(=Blaesoxipha, in (bases of pitcher (scavengers on trapped
part) plants) invertebrates)
Scathophagidae (53) Generally lentic- Generally burrowers- Generally shredders- 1957, 1984, 2112, 3076,
(dung flies) vascular hydrophytes, miners (in plant stems), herbivores (miners); 1161, 4133, 45!1
(=Scatophagidae lotic depositional sprawlers predators (engulfers)
=Scopeumatidae
= Cordiluridae
=Anthomyiidae,
in part)
Acanthocrzema (4) Lotic-depositional East, West
Cordilura (44) Lentic-vascular hydro- Burrowers-miners Shredders-herbivores Widespread 1313, 1314, 1984, 2872,
phytes (emergent zone) (plant stems) (miners Scirpt1s, Juncus, 4133, 4188, 4511, 4644
and Carex), predators
(engulfers) of
Ceratopogonidae
Hydromyza (! ) Lentic-vascular hydro- Burrowers- miners Shredders-herbivores Northeast 266, 2618, 2852, 3076,
phytes (submerged and (plant stems and roots) ( miners in petioles of 2534,3885,4289,4292
floating zones) Nt1phar, roots of Pota-
mogeton)
Orthacheta (3) Lentic-vascular hydro- Burrowers- miners Predators (engulfers) Widespread 2873
phytes (emergent zone) (plant stems)

DIPTERA 547
Spaziphora ( l) Lemic- !itloral (sewage Sprawlei-s" Scrapers, collectors- Widespread I 161, 2029
beds in oxidation ponds) gatherers
Sciomyzidae (175) Generally lentic- lit- Generally burrowers, Generally predators (en- ·1161, 2132
(marsh flies) toral, lotic deposi- inside snails gulfers) or "parasites"
(=Tetanoceridae tional in snails of snails
= Tetanoceratidae) ,,
Antichae/a (8) Lentic- littoral Burrowers- in snail Predators (engulfers) or North, West 267,268.269, 270. 271,
(marshes and tempo- egg masses and snails "parasites" of snail eggs 1200, 1957, 1984, 21 12
rary ponds) and snails
Atrichomelina (1) Lentic-littoral Burrowers, inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 1258, 2130, 2134
snails "parasites" of snails,
sorne scavengers on de-
caying snails
Colobaea (1) Lentic-littoral Eastern United States
Dictya (25) Lentic- vascular hydro- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 271, 4089
phytes (emergent zone) snails "parasites" of snails
Dictyacium (2) North, Midwest
Elgiva (2) Lentic- vascular hy- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or North 267, 2135, 2988, 451 1
drophytes (emergent snails "parasites" of snails
zone). lolic-margins
Eulhycera (1) East, Midwest
Hedria ([) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers- inside Predators (engulfers) or No1th 267,268, [245
drophytes (emergent snails "parasites" of snails
zone), lotic- margins
Hoplodictya (5) Lentic-littoral, ma- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 2870
rine- salt marshes snails "parasites" of snails; 1
sp. in Liuorina
Limnia (17) Lentic- vascular hydro- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 3847
Oedematops (!) East
Pherbecta ( l) Lentic- littoral (bogs) North 2131
Pherbellia (40) Lentic- littoral (margins) Burrowers- inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 398, 1244, 2133
marine-mud flats snails "parasites" of snails
Poecilographa ( l) Lentic- littoral Midwest, East 1984, 4511
(bogs)-semiaquatic
Pteromicra ( 14) Burrowers- inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread I984, 3483, 4511
snails "parasites" of snails
Renocera (4) Lentic- littoral Burrowers- inside fin- Predators (engulfers) or North 267, 1246, 1257
(marshes and tempo- gemail clams "parasites" in fingernail
rary ponds) clams (Sphaeriidae)
Sepedomerus ([) Lentic-vascular hydro- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or Southwest 268
Sepedon (16) Lentic-littoral (includ- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 267, 2871
ing temporary ponds) snails "parasites" of snails
Tetanocera (30) Lentic- vascular hydro- Burrowers-inside Predators (engulfers) or Widespread 267, 268, 1984, 3479,
phytes (emergent zone) snails "parasites" of snails 2129,4046,4511
(and slugs)
Syrphidae( 125) 1615, 1957, 1984, 2112,

(flower flies, rattail maggots) 116[, 3076, 3396, 4511,
2445, 4135
Blera (16) Lentic- tree holes Widespread
Callicera (4) Lentic- tree holes Burrowers Collectors- gatherers East, Southwest 1161, 3472
Ceriana (5) Lentic- tree holes Widespread
• Emphasis on tropnic relationships.

548 DIPTERA
Table 228 . Continued
Chalcosyrpluis (27) Lentic-tree hoJes Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 1161

Chrysogaster (10) Lentic-linoral {pond Burrowers Col lectors-gatherers Widespread 1615, 1984, 2277, 451 1
margins and vascular
hydrophytes)
Eristali11us ( 1} Lentic-lilloral Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread
(sediments and detritus)
Erisralis (18) Lentic-littc¡ral Burrowers (especially Collectors- gathcrers Widespread 1472, 1984, 2687, 4447,
(sedimeots and detritus), low o2 organic sub- 4511
lotic-<lepositional strates)
Helophilus (1O} Lentic-littoral (detri- Bun:owers Collectors-gacherers Widespread 290, 1615, 1984, 4511,
tus and organic sedi- 1161
ments)
Mal/ora (9) Lentic-tree boles Colleccors-garherers Widespread 290, [161, 1615, 1984,4511
2444
Myolepta (7) Lentic-tree hales Collectors-gatherers Widespread 290, 1472, 1615, 4511
Neoascia (JO) Lentic-litcoral (mar- Predators-engulfers Widespread 290,2380,2442
gins, marshes)
Orthonevra (16) Lentic-tree hales Widespread 1161
Palpada (10) Lentic-litcoral Bnrrowers Colleccors- gatherers South 4511
(sediments and detritus)
Sericomyia ( 11) Lentic-\itcoral (bog Collectors-gacherers Widespread 290, 1472, 1615, 4511
mat pools)
Spilomyia (l 1) Lencic-t.ree boles Widespread 1161

56 8 TIPULIDAE
Table 23A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for Tipulidae (Díptera). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table pre-
pared by K. W. Cummins, R. W. Merritt, and G. W. Byers.)
Tipulidae (573+) Generally lentic-lit- Generally burrowers Generally shredders...,.. Widespread . 18, 1957, 1984, 2990,
Crane flies) toral. lotic-erosional (and sprawlers) deuitivores, collectors 1371, [584, 3076, 45! l
and depositional (de- -gatherers
tritus)
Tipulinae(53+) Generally lolic- Generally bu1TOwers Generally shedders? Widespread 18, 1296, 1957, 1984
depositional añd len- 3076, 451 l
ticlittoral
Brachypremna( l) Lotic-depositional Burrowers Eastem United 1372, 3563
margins (in fine sedi- States
ments of springs and
small streams)
Holorusia(l) Lotic-depositional Burrowers Shredders-detri tivares West 806
and lentic margins
(in deuitus, moss, and
fine sediments)
Lep101arsus Lotic- depositional Burrowers? Eastem United
(Longurio)(4) (springs and small States
streams)
Megislocera(I) Lentic-littoral (xa~- . (Form part of the neus- Shredders- herbivores? Florida to eastem 3425
cular hydrophytes- ton living in surface film Texas
floating zone) · in open-ended tubes of
floating vegetation)
Prionocera( 16) Lentic- lictoral Burrowers (in detritus) Widespread
Típula( 30+) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers (in detritus) Shredders-detritivores Widespread 185, 576, 669, 671, 722,
depositional (detritus), and herbivores, collec- 1044, 1470, 1530, 1663,
lentic-littoral (detri- tors-gatherers, possibly 21 13, 2272, 2273, 271 2,
tus) sorne scrapers, predators 2990, 3199, 3203, 3206,
(engulfers) with animals 1482, 1584, 3563, 3919,
taken in the process of 4234, 1371, 806, 4057,
shredding? 4110, 2077, 3675, 3870,
t , :j: , 3286, 3422, 4338,
451 1, *, 2671, 2673
Cylindrotominae(5) Generally lentic and Generally burrowers Generally shredders North 18, 24, 1228, 1957. 1984,
lotic-margins (in -spraw!ers - herbivores 3076, 45¡¡
moss)
Phalacrocera(4) Lentic- vascular hy- Burrowers- sprawlers Shredders- herbivores Northem Uniled 2688
drophytes (moss in (chewers) States and south-
marsh areas) em Canada
Triogma(I) Lotic and lentic- Burrowers-sprawlers Northem United
margins (in moss) (semiaquatic) States
Limoniinae(5 l 5+) Generally lotic- Generally- burrowers Shredders, collectors, Widespread 18, 24, 1957
depositional, erosiona!, and predators (engul-
and margins, lentic- fers)
littoral anc'=argins
Antocha(7) Lotic-erosional (in Clingers (in silk tube) Collectors- gatherers Widespread 669,671, 2316,
fast water on rocks 1326, 4234, +
and logs)
Arcioconopa(9) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers Widespread
depositional margins
1
(clear streams)
C1ypwlabis(l2) Lotic-depositional Burrowers Widespread 2316
(sand in clear, cold
streams)
* lncludes sorne important references on related terrestrial species.

t Unpubljshed data. K. W. Cummins and M. J. Klug, Kellogg Biological Station.
t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins, Kellogg Biological Scacion.
§ Emphasis on trophic relationships.
TIPULIDAE 569
Dacty/olabis( 18) Lotic-----erosíonal and Burrowers-----elingers Wídespread 3668

deposítional (in moss .
and alga! mats, espe·
cíally rocky seeps)
Dicranota(55) Lotíc-----erosional and Sprawlers- Predators (engulfers) Wídespread 669, 2686,
deposítional (detñsus), burrowers 2687, 2193,
lentíc-líttoral (detri- 4234, t
tus); lotíc and lentic
margins (in darnp soil)
Elliptera(5) Lotic-bmrnwers Burrowers- Wídespread
erosiona] (in clingers
moss and alga! mats
on wet rock faces)
Erioptera(35+) Lotíc-----erosíonal and Burrowers (semi- Collectors- gatherers Wídespread 3422
(íncludes depositíonal (sand, de- aquatíc)
Trimicra tritus, and margins),
as a subgenus) lentíc margins
Gonomyia(l5+) Lotíc and lentic- Burrowers (serrú- Wídespread 3419,4234
margins aquatic)
Gonomyodes(4) Lotic-depositional Burrowers West
Helius(2) Lentíc and lotic-mar- Sprawlers-burrowers Widespread 3422
gíns (ín detritus in wet
woodlands or marshes)
Hesperoconopa(5) Lotíc-deposítional Burrowers West 4234
(sand in cold, clear
streams)
Hexatoma(34) Lotic-----erosíonal and Burrowers- Predators (engulfers, Wídespread 669,3422,4511
(includes deposítíonal (detritus sprawlers, Oligochaeta, Díptera) 3563,4234
Eriocera and moss) Jenlic- clingers
as a subgenus) líttoral (detritus)
Limnophila(40+) Lotic and Jentic Burrowers Predators (engulfers, Widespread 3422, 3563,
margins, lotic-depo- Oligochaeta, Díptera) 3078
sitional (in fine sedí-
ments and detritus)
Limonia(95+) Lotic and lentic- Burrowers- Shredders-herbivores Widespread 3409, 3420,
(includes margíns (on exposed sprawlers (chewers- macroalgae) 3422,3909
Geranomyia objects- rocks and (semiaquatic)
as a subgenus) logs; in fine organíc
sediments and det:ri-
tus)
Lipsothrix(4) Lotíc-depositional Burrowers Shredders (decaying Wídespread 96,979,
(soft, saturated wood) wood) 3426,981
Molophilus( l5+) Lotic and lentic Burrowers (semi- Widespread 1521, 3422,
margíns aquatic) 3563
Orimarga(5) Lotic and lentic Burrowers Shredders? Southern United
margíns (wet, soft, de- States
caying wood) -._
Ormosia(40+) Lotíc and lentic Burrowers (semi- Collectors- gatberers? Widespread 4234
margins (ín detritus aquatic)
and fine organic sedi-
ments)
Paradelphomyia(8) Lentic and Jotic- mar- Burrowers Wídespread
gíns (ín organíc sedi-
rnents-wet
woodlands)
t Unpublished data, K. W. Cummins. Kellogg Biological Station.

570 TIPULIDAE
Pediciá(57) Lotic and lentic- i:lurrowers (semi- Predators (engulfers) Widespread 2430,4234
margins (detritus in aquatic)
springs, seeps, and
swampy woods)
Pi/aria( 12) Lentic-linoral (wet Burrowers Predators (engulfers)? Widespread
detrims and fine sedi-
ments at i¡iargin)
Polymera(2) Lotic-depositional Burrowers Southeastem
(wet detritus at mar- United States
gin)
Pseudolimnophila Lentíc and lotic- mar- Burrowers Widespread
(5) gins (in organic sedi-
ments-wet woodlands
and marshes)
RhabdomasrLT(26) Lolic-depositional Burrowers Widespread 4234
(sand in clear stremus
and at margin)
Thaumastoptera( l) Lotic-depositional Burrowers California
(fine sediments of
small streams, springs,
and seeps)
Ulomorpha(8) Lentic and lotic-mar- Burrowers Predators (engulfers)? Widespread
gins (in organic sedi-
mems of wet
woodlands)

634 SIMULI IDAE
Table 25A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for Símuliidae (Díptera). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table pre-
pared by R. W. Merritt, K. W. Cummins, and B. V. Peterson.)
Simuliidae(l43) Generally lotic- Generally clingers Generally collectors- · 1957, 1984, 3121, 3126,
(black flies, erosiona! (ring of minute hooks filterers 596, 3441, 3589, 4187,
buffalo gnats) on terminal end 809, 3339, 4558,
of abdomen and 3443, 4555, 4560,
proleg; silk threads) 2090
Cnephia(4) Lotic-erosional ., Clingers Collectors- filterers Widespread 82,595, 1380,2206,
2207, 2677, 3441, 3442,
2460, 3940, 4550
Ecremnia(2) Lotic-erosional Clingers Collectors-filterers Widespread 3642
Greniera(4) Lotic-erosional Clingers Collectors- filterers Northeastem United 854
States and eastern Can-
acta, British Columbia
Gymnopais(5) Lotic-erosional Clingers Scrapers Nmthwestern North 864, 3642, 4511, 4527,
America, from British 4236
Columbia to Alas ka
Mayacnephia(4) Lotic-erosional Clingers Collectors- tilterers Western North America
Meracnephia(7) Lotic-erosional Clingers Collectors- filterers Western United States 563,3642,4553, 4554
and Canada; Alaska
Parasimu/i11111(4) Lo tic- erosiona! Clingers Collectors- filterers Pacific Northwest: 724, 3119, 3856,
hyporheic zone California, Oregon, 730
Washington, British
Columbia
Prosi111uliw11(42) Lotic-erosional C!ingers Collectors-tilterers Widespread 82, 563, 595, 862, 1380, ·
1420, 1462, 2206, 2207,
2677, 2678, 3120, 3441 ,
3442, 3443, 4236,
1697, 2485, 3589,
1605,4234
Simuliwn (66) Lotic and lentic Clingers Collectors- filternrs Widespread 82, 152, 226, 492, 563,
erosiona! 595, 603, 671, 674, 675,
737, 1JOO, 1289, 1290, 1291.
1557, 2078, 2168, 2206,
2207, 2209, 221 l, 2212,
22 14, 2215, 2447, 2609,
2674, 2677, 2746, 2785,
2830, 2888, 2889, 2890,
3117, 3121 , 3227, 3277,
344],3442,3635,3642,
3940, 4452, 4453, 4549,
4550, 455], 4552, 4554,
393, 4556, 4579, 1664,
394,.395, 1405, 4620,
1407, 1408, 2488, 4234,
2210,3443,4[47,4236,
983,4557,4558,4559,
· 1702, 3588, 4561.
1324, 2460, 4205
Sregoplema(2) Lotic-erosional Clingers Collectors- filterers Widespread 2677, 2678, 3441 ,-3442,
3642
Twir111ia(J) Lotic--erosional Clingers Scrapers Western and northeast- 595,864, 1462,4527
United Srntes and
Canada
:t. Emphasis on trophic relationships.
/
744 CHIRONOMIDAE
Table 26A. Summary of ecological and distributional data for Chironomidae (Díptera). (For definition of terms see Tables 6A-6C; table
prepared by M. B. Berg, R. W. Merritt, K. W. Cummins, W. P. Coffman, and L. Ferrington.\
Chironomii!ae Essentially ali types of General! y bu1TOwers Generally of two types: Widespread [985, 1986, 2459,
(=Tendipedidae) aquatic habitacs, in- (most are tube ( l) collectors-gather- 2970, 3076, 3373,
(1nidges) cluding marine, builders) ers and filterers 2213, 4303, 451 !,
springs, tree hales (2) Predators (engulfers 135, 534, 583,
and piercers) 2441, 3143, 3144,
1282, 2959, 3909,
., 119, 2316
Telmatogeconinae Generally marine East and West Coascs

(tidal pools, salt
marshes, estuaries)
Telmatogeto11(A) Beach zone- marine Clingers (tube Scrapers, slu-edders- West Coast, Southeast 613,2884, 3545,4511
(rocks of intertidal) builders) herbivores (chewers- Coast
macroalgae), collec-
tors- gatherers
Thalassomya(A) Marine Collectors- gatherers, Florida Coast 2884,2762,2884,4511,
scrapers 3368,3409
Tanypodinae Ali types of lentic and Generally sprnwlers- Gene rally predators (en- Widespread !985,2970,3076, 4511,
( = Pelopiinae) lotic habitats swimmers (very gulfers and piercers) 275,534,2959
active predators,
not tube builders)
Coelotanypodini Generally lentic- lit- Generally burrowers Generally predators Eastern United States,
toral (engulfers) Canada south to
California
Clinotanypus(A) Lentic-littoral, Burrowers Predators (engulfers; Eastern Un ited States, 1266,2775,3376
lotic-<iepositional Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Canada south to
Chironomidae) California
Coelotanypus(A) Lentic-littoral Burrowers Predators, (engulfers; East 258,2775,3376
Oligochaeta, Cladocera,
Chironomidae)
Macropelopiini Gene rally predators (en- Widespread 3371
gulfers and piercers)
Alotanypus(A) Lotic Burrowers- sprawlers Widespread
Apsectrotanypus(A) Lotic Burrowers-sprawlers Predators (engulfcrs; Widespread 3371
Chironomidae)
Berhbilbeckia (A) Lotic Florida (Ohio)
Brundiniella(A) Lotic Burrowers- sprawlers Predators, (engulfers; Widespread 3371
Protozoa, Cladocera,
Ostracoda, Tardígrada,
Hydracarina, Chiron-
omidae)
Derotanypus(A) Lotic and lentic North and west
Fillkauimyia( A) Lotic and lentic Florida

Macmpelopia (A) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators, (engulfers); North 17 15, 3371
tic- littoral Protozoa, Cladocera,
Ostracoda, Crustacea,
Ceratopogonidae, Chi-
ronomidae)
Psecrrota,zypus(B) Lotic-<iepositional Sprawlers Predators, (engulfers); Widespread 865, l715, 3371

Protozoa, Cladocera,
Ostracoda, Crustacea,
Trichoptera, Chirono1nidae)
The North American chironomíd fauna includes many undescribed species and genera. espccíally in the subfamilies Orthocladíinae and Chironominae. New taxa are 10 be e.,pece,!
from unusual habi1ats and from arcas of North America that have been poorly collec1ed.
The numbe,-or specics per genus has been es1imated in 1enns of probable range A = J. 5 specíes; B = 6-19 species: C = 20 or ri1ore species. Toe range for any genus was deriverl b! z
subjcctive process based on known Nozth American and European diversi1ies and ma1erial i11 1he collection of W. P. Coffman.
Emphasis on trophic relationshíps.
\
CHIRONOMIDAE 745
Radotanypus(A) Lotic West

Procladiini
Djalmabatista(A) Lotic Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Eastern United States 3371
Procladius(C) Lentic-profundaJ Sprawlers Predators (engulfers; Widespread 115,150,211,313,609,
(sorne littoraJ}f lotic- Protozoa, microcrusta- (especiaJly North) 669,671,811,840,
depositional cea. Ephemeroptera, 865, I 154, 1266, 2038,
Ceratopogonidae, Gas- 2039, 2043, 2347,
trotricha), collectors- 2425, 2730, 2747,
gatherers (wimer and 2755, 2775, 3187,
earl y instars) 3376, 4005, 4013,
258, I 695, 4028, 4511,
3563, 3627, 4136
Natarsiini
Natarsia(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers; Widespread 669
Cladocera, Ostracoda,
Copepoda, Ceratopogon·
idae)
Pentaneurini Generally lotic-ero- Generally sprawlers GeneraUy predators (en- Widespread
sional and Ientic-lit- gulfers and piercers)
toral
Ablabesmyia(C) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread 115,609, 840, 2425,
lotic-erosional and pierccrs) (Rotifera, mi- 258, 781, 2730, 3376,
depositional crocrustacea, Chironom- 3563, 3707
idae), collectors-
gatherers (early instars)
Arctopelopia(A) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Rocky Mountains 781
tic-littoral
Cantopelopia(A) Lentic North (East only?)
Conchapelop ia(B) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread
tic-littoraJ piercers) (Chironomi-
dae, Tricboptera,
Ephemeroptera)
Denopelopia(A) Lentic-drainage ditch Florida
Guttipe/opia(A) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread
Hayesqmyia(A) Lotic Widespread
Helopelopia(A) Lotic Widespread (especially
Nonh and East)
H udsonimyia(A) Lotic-erosional (hy- Sprawlers East
gropetric)
Krenope/opia(A) Lotic-erosionaJ Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Primarily North
labnmdi11ia(B) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread 3376
tic-littoral piercers, Oligochaeta,
Cladocera, Ostracoda)
Larsia(B) Lot.ic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread
lic-liltoral
Merope/opia(A) Lolic Widespread
M o11opelopia(A) Lentic-littoral, lotic? Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) Widespread
Nilotanypus(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Widespread
The North American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed species and genera, especially in the subfamilies Orthocladiinae and Chíronominae. New laXa are to be expected
from unusual habitats and from arcas of North America that have been poorly collected.
The number of species per genus has been estima1ed in tenns of probable range A= 1-5 species; a ·= 6-19 species; C = 20 or more species. The range for any genus was dcrived by a
subjective p=ss based on known Nonh American and European diversities and material in the collection of W, P. Coffman.
Emphasis on trophic relationships.
746 CHIRONOMIDAE
Paramerina(B) Lotic---erosional Sprawlers Widespread

Penta11eura(A) Lentic-littoral (vas- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Eastern Norrh Arnerica IJ5, 609,669, 840, 1266_
cular hydrophytes and piercers, Chirononú- (especially Southeast) 1696, 2755, 3376,
detrirus), lotic---ero- dae), collectors-gath- 3078
sional and depositional erers (diatoms and
detritus)
Reomyia(A) Lotic-including springs
., North
Rheopelopia(A) Lotic---erosional Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread
piercers)
Telopelopia(A) Lotic-erosional (sandy Predators (engulfers and Midwest
~
bottom rivcrs) piercers)
Thie11ema111úmyia(A) Lotic---erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread 669, 671, 2060. 3376.
tic-littoral piercers, Protozoa, Cla- 258, 3707, 4018,
docera, Ostracoda, Chi- 3388, 3563
rononúdae)
Trissopelopia(A) Lotic---erosional, len- Spraw!ers Predators (engulfers) Primarily North 1715
tic-littornl
Xerwpelopia( A) Lentic California
Zavrelimyia(B) Lotic---erosional, len- Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread 1715, 3376, 3707
tic-littoral piercers, Oligochaeta,
Ostracoda, Chironomi-
dae)
Tanypodini Generally predators (en- Widespread
gulfers and piercers)
. . Ta11yp11s~B) Lentic littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers and Widespread 115,151.670, 865, 115,l.
(=Pelopia) piercers), collectors- 2038, 2039, 2043,
gatherers (diatoms, fila- 2290, 2347, 3375.
mentous green algae, 3953, 4013
detritus)
Podonominae Generally lotic---ero- Generally burrowers Primarily Nortb 534, 451 1

sional and depositional (tube builders)
and lentic (at high al-
tirudes and latitudes)
Boreochlini Generally lotic---ero- Generally spmvlers Generally col!ectors- 4511
sional, lentic-linoral gatherers, scrapers
Boreochius(A) Lotic---erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, North
scrnpers
lasiodiamesa(A) Lentic- littoral (in- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers,
cluding bogs) scrapers
Paraboreochius(A) Lotic---erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Appalachians 672
scrapers
Trichotanypus(A) Lotic---erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, No1th
scrapers
Podonomini Lotic---erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Primarily North
Parochlus(A) scrapers
Diamesinae Generally lotic ero- Generally- Generally collectors- Primarily North 1985, 2970, 3076,
sional and depositional clingers and some gatherers, scrapers 534, 4511
(cold streams), len- burrowers
tic---erosional (oligo- (tube builders)
trophic lakes)
The North American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed species and genera, especially in the subfamilies Orthocladiínae and Chironominae. New taJCa are to be cx¡,ea,c
from unusual habítals and from are:is of Nollh America 1ha1 have been poorly collected.
Tne number of species per genus has bcen esiimated in 1enns of probable range A= 1-5 species; B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more specíes. Toe range for any genus was derived b! z
subjec1ive process based on knowñ North American and European diversilies and ma1erial in 1he collection of W. P. Coffman .
Emphasis on trophic relaiionships.
CHIRONOMIDAE 747
Boreoheptagyini Lotic-erosional (cold, Sprawlers---dingers Collectors-gatherers, North and mountains

Boreohepragyia(A) fast streams} scrapers?
Diamesini 1470, 2060, 2061, 2627, 4511
Arr1odiamesa(A) Lotic Alaska
Diamesa(C) Lotic-erosional., Sprawle.rs Collectors-gatherers, Widespread (in uplands 277, 1537, 4236,
scrapers? and mountains) 276,3078
lappodiamesa(A) Lotic? Ohio
Pagas1ia(A) Lotic North 277,. 276
Po11has1ia(B) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 4302
scrapers
Pseudodiamesa(A) Lentic-littoral (ero- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Probably primarily 858, 1470
sional) North
Pseudokiejferiella(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers? West, North 2061, 4236
(small mountain
springs)
Sy111po11has1ia(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 222
scrapers?
Syndiamesa(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers North
Protanypini
Protanypus(A) Lentic--profundal Burrowers? Collectors-gatherers Widespread (primarily
North)
Prodiamesinae · Generally lotic ero-

sional
Generally sprawlers Generally collectors---
gatherers
534 ..
Comp1eromesa(A) Lotic-seeps Southeast
Monodiamesa(A) Lotic--erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers? Widespread
Odomomesa(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors---gatherers? Widespread 2730
Prodiamesa(A) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers-sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 1266, 1962, 1963, 2290,
depositional (detritus) 2425,3581
Orthocladiinae Primarily lotic, but Generally bu1Towers Generally collectors--- Widespread, particu- 603,669,671, 745,
(=Hydrobaeninae) with many lentic rep- (tube builders) gatherers, scrapers larly North 1985, 2970, 3076, 4511,
resentatives (especially 275,534
o!igotrophic lakes)
Clunionini
Clunio (A) Beach zone-marine Clingers (sand tube Collectors-gatherers, East and West Coasts 613, 2884, 2967, 451 1
(rocky shore} builders) scrapers
Eretmoplera(A) Beach zone---marine Clingers (tube builders) Scrapers, shredders- West Coast 4511
(rocks of intertidal) herbivores (chewers---
macroalgae)
Terhymyia(A) Beach zone-marine Clingers (tube builders) Scrapers, shredders- West Coast 4511
(rocks of intertidal) herbivores (chewers-
macroalgae)
"Corynoneurini" Generally lotic-ero- General!y sprawlers \ Generally col!ectors--:-
sional and deposi- gatherers
tional, lentic-littoral
Cory11oneura(B) Lotic-depositional Sprawlers Collectors---gatherers Widespread 669, 67 l, 840. 85 l,
(aquatic hydrophytes), 258, 2425, 3372, 4302,
lentic- littoral (some 781, 3078
instar I planktonic)
The North American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed spccies and genera. especiatly in 1he subiamilies Orthoctadiinae and Chironominae. New taxa are to be exr:ted
from unusuat habitats and from arcas of North Arnerica that have been poorly collectcd.
The number of species per genus has been estimated in terms of probable range A= t-5 species; B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more species. Toe range for any genus was derived by a
subjcctivc process based on known No11h American and Europcan diversitics and material in the collection of W. P. Coffman.
748 CHI RONOMIDAE
Thienemanniella(B) Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 258, 669, 671, 4302,
dcpositional, lentic- 374,3078
littoral
"Orthocladiini" and Wide range of lotic Wide range of habits Generally collectors, but
"Mecriocnemini"*+ and lentic habitats other functional groups
also
Abiskomyia(A) Lentic
., Far North
Acamptocladius(A) Lentic- littoral In colonial algae Collectors-gatherers North 3505
(chewers-macroalgae)
Acricotopus(A) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers North
tic-littoral
Anrillocladius(A) Flood plain soils-seeps East
Apometriocnemus(A) Tennessee
Baeocte1111s(A) Lentic-littoral Manitoba, New Bruoswick
Brillia(A) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers (mioers) in Shredders--0etritivores Widespread 669,671,980, 3082,
depositiooal (detrints) rotted wood, sprawlers (chewers and miners), 90, 2974, 3874,
(in detritus) collectors-gatherers 3335, 4302, §
Bryophaeno· Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Widesprcad
cladius(B)
Camptocladius(A) Terrestrial (dung) Widespread?
Cardiocladius(A) Lotic-erosional Burrowers (loose nibe Engulfers (predators of Widespread 810, 2975, 4511
constn1ction), clingers black fly larvae)
(tube makers)
Chaetocladius(B) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 90, 746,2061
Chasmatonorus(B)
Compterosmittía(A) Lotic-seeps · Soutb Carolina
Cricocopus(C) Lentic- vascular hy- Clingers (tube builders), Shredders-herbivores Widespread 151,265, 432,811,840,
drophytes (and alga! burrowers (miners and (miners and chewers), 851 , 1985, 2060, 2425,
mats, sediments, detri- tube builders) collectors-gatherers 2627, 2794, 3757, 4499,
tus), lotic-erosional (detritus and algae) 258, 277, 4236, 4511 ,
and depositional (sorne 3078, 3522, 4242,
instar I planktonic) 781,926, 1696,
2047, 2432, 2433,
2931, 4227, 4228,
1173, 3563, 4416,
27f;
Diplocladius(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors- gatherers? Widespread
Diplosmiltia(A) Lotic? Michigan
Doichrix(B) Lotic-springs and Widespread
seeps
Doncricoropus(A) Northwest Territories
Epoicocladius(B) Lotic-erosional and Collectors-gatherers Widespread
depositional commensals-parasites
on lotic insects
Eukiefferiella(C) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 669,671,891, 1470,
tic-littoral scrapers, predators (en- 277, 2060, 3867, 4005,
gulfers of chironomid 2213, 4227, 4302,
eggs and larvae) 276,3078,3563
Euryhapsis(B) Lotic Western
Toe Nonh American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed species and genera. espccially in lhe subfamilies Orthocladlinae and Chironominae. New laxa are 10 be expea:::
frorn unusual habitats and from areas of North America lhat have becn poorly collected.
t Toe number of species pcr genus has been estimatcd in terms of probable range A = 1-5 species; B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more species. Toe range for any genus was deri~ :;y J.
subjective process based on known Nonh American and European diversities and material in lhe collection of W. P. Coffman.
H Since the relationships among genera are poorly k.nown in 1hese tentative tribes, lhey have not been separated.
§ Unpublished data, R. H. King, G. M. Ward and K. W. Cummins. Kellogg Biological Station.
CHIRONOMIDAE 749
Georthocladius(B) Lotic-erosional North and East

Gymnome1rioc- Semiaquatic (lentic- Sprawlers North
nemus(A) margins)
Halocladius(A) Beach zone-marine Clingers (sand tube Collectors- gatherers, Northeast Coast 2884
(in Furns) builders) scrapers
•;
He/eniella(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers North 1169, 2060
He1eroca11ycars11s(A) Lotic-erosional and North
lentic-littoral
He1ero1risso- Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers, burrowers Collectors. gatherers, Widespread 858,2604,2747
cladius(B) tic-littoral and pro- scrapers?
funda!
Hydrobaenus(B) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Scrapers. collectors- Widespread 603, 671. 858, 3078
tic-littoral gatherers
Krenosmirtia(B) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 350, 3078, 4241
(hyporheic)
Lapposmiuia(A) High latitude pools Not yet known from
North America
Limnophyes(B) Lentic-littoral (mac- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers? Widespread 90,2794,4236
roalgae), lotic-depo-
sitional
lip11ro111e1rioc- Semiaquatic? South Carolina
nemus(A) and Yukon Territory
Lope¡-c/adius(B) Lotic (often hypor- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 1436, 3078, 4241
heic)
Mesocricoropus(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers? Collectors- gatherers Nonh
Mesosmillia(B) Lotic Widespread
Me1rioc11emus(B) Lotic-erosional and Burrowers, sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 669, 81 l, 2019, 2114,
depositional (detritus), predators (engulfers) 2290, 4371
lentic-littoral (oligo-
trophic) (2 pitcher
plant species)
Nanoc/adius(B) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 669, 67 t, 4302
tic-littoral
0/iveridia(A) Lentic Arctic 1176
Oreadomyia(A) Alberta
Orthocladius(C) Lentic-littoral (ero- Sprawlers, burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 669, 858, 1470, 2290,
sional) and profunda!, (detrirus, diatoms, fila- 276, 2627, 2194, 4005,
lotic-erosional mentous algae) 90, 277, 746, 4302,
1537, !701, 4227,
3078,4234,4242
Paraclwero- Lotic-erosiom1l Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers North 1169
cladius(A)
Paracladius(A) Lenric-littoral Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Wyoming, Montana
Paracricolopus(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread
Parakiejferiella(B) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 258, 3078, 4353,
tic-littoral 3563,4241
Para/i11111ophyes(A) Lentic-pools Alaska and Arctic
Canada
Para111e1ri- Lotic-erosional and Sprawlers Col lectors-gatherers Widespread 276, 67 l, 3563
oc11em11s(B) depositional 3078
Toe Nonh American chironomid fauna includcs many undescribed species and genera, especially in the subfamilies Onhocladiinac and Chironominae. New ta.,ca are to be expected
from unusual habi1ats and from arcas of Nonh America 1ha1 have been poorly collec1ed.
The number of species per genus has been es1ima1ed in 1erms of probable range A= 1-5 species: B = 6-19 species: C = 20 or more species. The range for any genus w:1s derived by a
subjective process based on known North American and European diversi ties and material in the collcction of W. P. Coffman. •
Emph:isis on trophic relationships.
-------
750 CHIRONOMIDAE
Paraphneno- Loiic-erosional and Sprawlers? Collectors-gat~erers Primarily North

cladius(B) depositional
Parasmittia(A) Lotic? Nova Scotia and
Pennsylvania
Paratrichocladius(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers .Collectors~gatherers Widespread
Paratrissocladius(A) Lotic Northeast
Parorthocladius(A) Lotic-erosional Sprawl~rs Collectors-gatherers West 4234
Platysmirtia(A) Lotic-springs? Tennessee and
Manitoba
Pllwdsonia(A) Lotic- spring seeps East
and pools
Psectrocladius(C) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers, burrowers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 669,840, 1266, 2794,
lotic-<lepositional shredders-herbivores 374, 1537, 4227,
(macroalgae) 1173,'3563
Pseudortho- Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers East
cladius(B)
Pse11dosmi1tia(B) Lotic Widespread 1175
Psilometrio- Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Primarily North 1169
c11emus(A) (
' Rheocricocopus(B) Lotic-erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 669,671, 2290,4302
shredders-herbivores (
(chewers-macro algae),
predators (engulfers)
Rheosmiuia(A) Lotic-sandy sub- Widespread 3749
strates
Saetherie/la(A) Lotic-springs? Tennessee
Smi11ia(B) S~iaquatic-lentic Burrowers? Collectors-gatherers Widespread 2794
mM(lins
S1ackelbergi11a(A) Lentic- ponds Northern Quebec
Stilocladius(A) Lotic Widespread
Subleuiella(A) Lotic? South Cnrolina
Symbiocladius(A) Lotic-erosional On mayfly and stonefly Parasites Widespread 643, 3076, 3372,4511
nymphs
Synorthocladius(A) Collectors-gatherers, 2425, 4302
scrapers?
Tltalassosmittia(A) Beach zone- marine Clingers (tube Scrapers, shredders- Pacific Northwest 2762, 2884, 3409,
(=Saunderia) (rocks of intertidal) builders) herbivores (chewers- coast 3368
macroalgae), collec-
tors-gatherers
Thienemannia(A) Lotic-springs in moss Tennessee
Tokwzagaia(A) Lotic--erosional Sprawlers Collectors-gatherers Widespread
Tricltochilus(A) Lotic? Pennsylvania
Tvetenia(B) Lotic Sprawlers Collcctors-gatherers Widespread 277, 276, 4236,
3078, 4234
Un11iella(A) Lo(ic
\ East (especially
Southeast)
Vivacricotopus(A) Lotic Northwest
Xylotopus(A) Lotic depositional Burrowers in wood East 2059,2976
Zalutscltia(B) Lentic-littoral, lotic Widespread 781
Toe North American chirononúd faun, includes many undescribed spccies and genera, especially in the subfanúlies Onhocladiinae anaOiironominae, New wca are to be cxpecced
from unusual habicats and from areas of North America that have been poorly collccted.
Toe number of spccies per genus has becn estimared in 1enns of probable range A = 1-5 spccies; B = 6-19 spccies; C = 20 or more species. Toe range for any genus was derived by a
subjectivc process based on known North American and European diversities and inacerial in !he collection of W. P. Coffman.
Emphasis on trophic rclationsltips. '
CHIRONOMiOAÉ 751
7able 26A. Continued
Qrironominae Lentic-littoral and Generan y burrowers Generally collectors- Widespread 274, 1986, 2970, 3076,
profunda!, lotic dep- and clingers gatherers and collec- 275, 534, 451 l
ositional and erosiona! tors-filterers
Chironomini Generally lentic lit- Generally burrowers Generally collectors- Widespread 2970, 3076, 4511
toral and profunda!, gatherers
lotic depositional
(sorne instar l plank-
tonic)
Acalcarella(A) Lotic-sandy areas of North (perhaps upper
rivers Midwest)
Apedilum(A) Lentic-lotic, submerged Widespread
vegetation
Asheum(A) Lentic Southeast
Axarus(A) Lotic depositional, len- Sprawlers, burrowers Collectors gatherers Widespread 1170
tic
Beardius(A) Lentic Texas-Florida
Beckidia(A) Lotic West
Chemovskiia(A) Lotic-sandy areas of Widespread
rivers
Chiro11omus(C) Lentic-littoral and Burrowers (tube Collectors-gatherers Widespread 265, 396, 670, 811, 838,
(=Te11dipes) profunda!, lotic dep- builders) (a few filterers), shred- 840, 851, 1154, 1266,
ositional ders-herbivores (min- 1725, 1791, 1986, 2017,
ers) 2044, 2159, 2290; 2346,
2347, 2618, 2626,,2794,
3187, 3216, 3282, 3342,
3413, 4005, 4206, 4210,
349, 1087, 1988, 4511,
2010, 201 1, 2014,
2331, 3251, 3253,
276, 2398, 4267,
1173, 3536, 4302,
2966,4242
Cladopelma(B) Lentic-littoral Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 2730, 2747, 4013 ·
Cryptochirono- Lentic-littoral and Sprawlers, burrowers Predators (engulfers of Widespread 115,811,840, 1043, 2038,
mus(C) profundal, lotic dep- Protozoa, microcrusta- 2039, 2347, 2425, 2730,
ositional cea, Chironomidae and 2775, 2794, 3982, 4005,
piercers of Oligochaeta) 258, 3581, 4013, 4511,
2966, 3563, 4227
Cryptotendipes(B) Lentic littoral, Sprawlers Widespread
lotic depositional
Cyphomella(A) Lentic and lotic Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread
(sandy rivers)
Demijerea(A) Lentic Widespread
Demicryptochirono- Lotic depositions Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 258
mus(A)
Dicrotendipes(C) Lentic- littoral (wide Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread l 15, 116,669,671, 2425,
(;,Limnochir- range of microhabi- and filterers, scrapers? 2747, 2794, 2948, 3187,
onomus) tats) 3563
Einfeldia(B) Lentic-littoral and Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 837
profunda!
The North American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed species and genera, especially in the subfamilies Orthocladiinae and Chironominae. ' New taxa are to be expected
from unusual habitats and from areas of North America that have been poorly collected. · ·
The number of species per genus has been estimated in terms of probable range A= l-5 species; B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more species. The ránge for any genus was deriv~ by a
subjective process based on known North American and European diversities and material in the collection of W. P. Coffman.
752 CHIRONOMIDAE
Endócliirónomus(A) Lemic- littoral (alga! Clingers (tube Shredders....:..herbivore~ Widespread 838, 85 l, 1926, 2730,
mats) and profunda! builders) (miners and chewers-. 2047, 2165, 2794, 4210,
(instar I planktonic) macroalgae), collec- 2966, 4099
tors-filterers and gath-
erers
Endotribelos(A) Lentic California and
., Florida
Gillotia(A) Lotic (sandy rivers) Burrowers Collectors- gatherers Midwest
Glyptotendipes(B) Lentic-littoral and Burrowers (miners and Shredders-herbívores Widespread 265,494,811,840, 851,
profunda!, lotic---{lep- tube builders), c!ingers (miners and chewers- 1154, 2044, 2092, 2425,
ositional (rarely) (net spinners) filamentous algae), col- 2730, 2747, 2794, 3187,
(sorne instar I p!ank- lectors- filterers and 2966, 3216, 4005, 4210,
tonic) gatherers 349, 3251, 3253,
3563, 4099
Goeldichironomus Lentic (smal! stagna.nt Burrowers Co!lectors-gatherers Widespread 313, 1173
(B) ponds)
'.
Graceus(A) Lentic- líttoral, lotic Sprawlers Ontarío
Harnischia(A) Lentic-vascu!ar hy- Climbers-dingers Collectors- gatherers, Widespread 670, 1154, 2618, 2730,
. drophytes (submerged scrapers? 258,2775, 3563,3581
zone)
" ! Hyporhygma(A) Lentic (vascular hy- Burrowers Shredders ( miners in
drophytes) stems and petioles)
"'
Kiefferulus(A) Lentic Burrowers Collectors-gatl1erers Widespread 2826, 3009, 42!0, 4511,
149 1
Kloosia(A) Lotic?, South Carolina
Lauterbomiella(A) Lentic-littoral and Climbers-sprawlers- Collectors-gatl1erers Widespread 858
profunda! clingers, burrowers
(portable sand tube
builders)
Lipinielia(A) Lentic Northwest Territories
Microchironomus(A) Lentíc (sandy littoral) Burrowers Collector- gatherers Widespread
Microtendipes(B) Lentic-'-'-littoral, C!ingers (net spinners) Col!ectors-filterers and Wídespread 265,669,671 , 2794,
lotic---{lepositional gatherers 2966, 3187, 4210, 4227
Nilothauma(A) Lotic---{leposítional Widespread
Omis11s(A) Widespread
Pagastiella(A) J.,entic-!ittoral and Widespread
profunda!
Parachironom11s(C) Lentíc-littoral Sprawlers (sorne para- Predators (engulfers), Widespread 2019,2320,2425,2730,
sítes in Mollusca) collectors- gatherers, 2794,2966, 3187
parasites
Paracladopelma(B) Lentic-littoral, Sprawlers Widespread
loüc---{lepositíona!
Paiulauterbomiella Lentic- vascular hy- Clíngers (tube Collectors-gatherers Widespread
(A) drophytes builders on plants)
Paratendipes(B) Lotic---{lepositíonal, Burrowers (tube Collectors- gatherers Widespread ! 168, 1175, 4229, 4230,
lentíc-littoral builders) 1436
Phaenopsec1ra(B) Lentic-littora! Clingers (tube Scrapers,'col!ectors- Widespread 669, 67 1, 840, 2425,
builders) gatherers (and filter- 3563
ers?)
The Nonh American chironornid fauna includcs rnany undescribed ,pecies and genera. especially ín the subfarnilies Onhocladiinae and Chironorninae. New taxa are to be expected
frorn unusual habitats and from area.rnf North America that have been poorly collected.
Toe number of species per genus has been estimated in terms of probable range A= 1-5 species; B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more species. Toe range far any genus was derived by a
subjective process based on known Nonh American and European'diversities and material in the colleclion of W. P. Coffman.
CHIRONOMIDAE 753
Polypedilum(C) Lentic-vascular hy- Climbers, clingers Shredders- herbivores Widespread . 265,669,671,811,

drophytes (floating (miners), collectors- 2042, 2044, 2618, 2747,
zone) gatherers (and filter- 2748, 2775, 2794, 4005,
ers?), predators (eogul- 90, 4013, 4210, 4511,
fers) 258, 277, 2151, 3581,
4099, 4227, 4353,
., 276, 3563, 4234
Robackia(A) Lentic and lotic Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 258, 3749, 4353,
(sandy bottom) 3078·
Saetheria(A) Lentic and lotic Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 2776
(sandy bottom)
Sergentia(A) Lentic North
Stelechomyia(A) Lentic and lotic? Wood East and South
Stenochironomus(B) Lentic-vascular hy- Burrowers (miners) Collectors- gatherers Widespread 90, 980, 3082; 4511,
drophytes, Iotic- wood shredders (wood goug- 258, 360, 1174,2948
ers)
Stictochironomus(B) Lotic-depositional Burrowers (tube mak- Collectors-gatherers, Widespread 811, 1778, 2093, 2730,
(organi.c sediments) ers) shredders-herbivores 276,.3563
(miners)
Synendotendipes(A) Lentic and slow lotic Western
Tribelos(A) Lentic and lo tic (depo- Burrowers (wood rnin- Collectors-gatherers Widespread 258, 4099
sitional) ers)
Xenochironomus(A) Lotic (and lentic) in Burrowers (in sponges) Predators (engulfers of Widespread 258
sponges sponges)
Xestochironomus(A) Lotic and lentic? South
Zavreliella(A) Lentic Widespread
Pseudochironomini Lentic and lotic--ero- Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 811, 2794
sional (in algae) and
depositional
Pseudochirono- Lentic and lotic-ero- Burrowers Collectors-gatherers Widespread 811, 2794, 3190, 4236
mus(B) sional (in algae) and
depositional
Tanytarsini Generally lotic-ero- Generally burrowers or Generally collectors- Widespread 2970, 3076, 4160, 4511 ,
(=Calopsectrini) sional and deposi- clingers (tube builders) filterers and gatherers
tional, lentic- littoral
Cladotanytarsus(B) Lentic- vascular hy- Collectors-gatherers Wides9read 115,840, 2794, 3187
drophytes, lotic-dep- and filterers 258, 277, 276, 1168
ositional
Constempellina(A) Lotic-erosional .Yi?espread 1171
Corynocera(A) Lentic-littoral Wyoming (Rocky
Mountains), Northwest
Canada
Krenopsectra(A) Lotic North
Micropsectra(C) Lentic-littoral (in- Climbers, sprawlers Collectors- gatherers Widespread 669,671,840, 2060,
cluding brackish), 2627, 2794, 2971, 4210,
lotic-depositional 3078, 4302
Neowvrelia(A) Lotic--erosional Eastem United States
Nimbocera(A) Lentic South
Parapsectra(A) Lotic North and East
Toe North American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed species and genera, especially in !he subfamities Orthocladiinae and Chironominae. New taxa are to be expected
from unusual habitats and from areas of North America lhat have been poorly collected.
Toe number of species per genus has been estimated in tenns of probable range A 7 1-5 species; B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more species. The.range for any genus was derived by a
subjective process based on known North American and European diversities and material in the collection of W. P. Coffman.
754 CHIRONOMIDAE
Table 26A. Continuad
Paratanycarsus(B) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Widespread 781, l476, 1696,

tic- littoral 4302
Rheotanytarsus(B) Lotic-erosional Clingers (tube and net Collectors-filterers Widespread 258,669, 671, 4210,
builders) 277, 276, 2205
Skutzia(A) Lotic? Western Canada
Stempellina(B) Lotic-erosional, lyn· Climbers-sprawlers- Collectors-gatherers Widespread 115, 669,671, 4210
tic-littoral clingers (portable, (detritus, algae)
mineral tube builders)
S1e_mpellinella(A) Lotic-erosional, len- Sprawlers Widespread
tic-lirtoral ·
Subleuea(A) Lotic Widespread
Tanytarsus(C) Lentic- vascular hy- Climbers, clingers Collectors-filterers and Widespread 115,151,265,586,669,
( = Calopsec1ra) drophytes (floating (net spinners) gatherers, a few scrap- 671,811,840,851, 1266,
zone) and profunda!, ers 2044, 2290, 2346, 26 l 8,
lotic-erosional (sorne 2627, 2747, 2794, 3187,
instar I plan.ktonic) 258, 277, 276, 4210,
1778, 4227, 4267,
4302
Zavrelia(A) Lotic Clímbers-sprawlers- Collectors-gatherers Widespread 603, 669, 671, 4210
clingers (portable, min-
eral tube builders)
·The Norih American chironomid fauna includes many undescribed species and genera, especially in the subtiuniLies Orthocladiinae and Chironominae. New taxa are to be expecred
from unusual habicats and from arcas of Norih America that have been poorly collected.
t I The number of species per genus has been estimated in terms of probable range A= 1-5 species: B = 6-19 species; C = 20 or more specics. The range for any genus was derived by•
subjectivc pmcess based on known North American and European diversities and material in thc collection of W. P. Coffman.
.t Emphasis pn trophic relationships,

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COLLEMBOLA 125

Onychiuridae(3) Littoral frioge, inter- Sprawlers Collecrors- gatherers Widespread, 630

Hypogastruridae(9) 209, 466, 887, 88&.

Entomobryidae(_4) 3000, 3076, 3249,

Oligoneuriidae(7) Generally lotic Clingers and Burrowers 660

* Emphasis on troph.ic relationships.

• Emphasis on trophic relationships.

Neoephemeridae(4) 880, 1020, 1023, 1028,

Caenidae(26) 880, 1020, 1023, 1028, 3011

Baetiscidae( 12) 880, 1020. 1023, 1028, 2112,

• Emphasis on trophic relaiionships.

Habroph/ebia(I) Lotic-<lepositional East 288, 1028, 2274, 2275, ***

Behningiidae(l) 880, 1020, 1023, 1028,

Potamanthidae (4) 2112, 2866, 3076

Ephemeridae( 15) 284,880, [020, 1023, 1028,

Polymitarcyidae(6) 1020, 1023, [025, 2687

• Emphasis on trophic relationships.

• includes subgenera Gomp!ws ( 17). Gomphunis ( 15), Hylogo111p!111s (6).

Table 12A. Continued

t Emphasis on trophic relarionships.

Table 12A. Continued

t Emphasis on trophic relationships.

Table 12A. Continued

Macrodiplax (I) Lentic-littoral Sprawlers Predators (engulfers) South (particularly 1429,2865

Lestidae(l8) Lotic-<lepositional Climbers Predators (engulfers) 1429, 21l2, 3076, 3713

t Emphasis on trophic relaüonships.

Table 12A. Continued

· Archilestes(2) Lotic-<lepositional Climbers Predators (engulfers) West 1913. 3713

t Emphasis on trophic relationships,

Table 12A. Continued

t Emphasis on trophic rclalionships.

• Emphasis on trophic relalionships.

Table 14B. Continued

Moselia (1) Pacific Northwesc 3841

Para/euctra (9) Widespread 3841, 4234

• Emphasis on trophic relationships.

·1al,fe 148. Continued

*Emphasis on trophic relarionships.

Table 148. Continued

"'Emphasis on trophic relatíonships.

Table 148. Continued

Yugus (2) East (Appalachiañ) 3841, 4537

Utaperla (2) East, West 3841

*Emphasis on tropic relationships,

Dipsocoridae (4) Generally lotic--ero- Generally burrowers West, Southeast 3534,4075

Cryptostemma (3) Lotic--erosional mar- Burrowers (active) California, Georgia 4075,4077

Schizopteridae (3) 1081

*Emphasis on trophic relationships.

Table 15A. Continued

' Emphasis on trophic relatiooships.

Table 1SA. Continued

Pleidae (5) 2222, 2247, 3534

'Emphasis on trophic relationships.

Table 15A. Conlinued

Graptocori.ta (6) Predators (piercers) Southwest, West 1278,2654

Notonectidae (32) 212, 331,348, 1689,

'Emphasis on trophic relationships.

Table 1 SA. Continued

'Emphasis on trophic relationships.

. Table 15A . . Continued

'Emphasis on trophic relationslúps.

Megaloptera 599, 688, 1506, 3076,

*Emphasis on trophic relatiom;hips.

Merrit & Cummins Grupos Funcionales Alimenticios

Merrit & Cummins Grupos Funcionales Alimenticios