Ode PDF

Golder Associates Ltd.
- Burnaby Lab
#300 - 3811 North Fraser Way
Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2
Reference
Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
ASTM D7012-14 Method C
Project No.: 1412835 Failure Mode
Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (5) Conical
Client: BGC Engineering Inc. (2) Vertical fracture(s) (6) Spalling
Location: Burnaby, BC (3) Vertical splitting (7) Other
Lab ID 288 (4) Shear along foliation / discontinuityNote: (deg) measured from core axis
Wet Dry Maximum Stress
No. Borehole Sample Depth Dia Ht A V Mass Density W Density Load
su Rock Type Failure Mode
2 3 3 3
# # (m) (mm) (mm) (cm ) (cm ) (g) (kg/m ) (%) (kg/m ) (kN) (MPa) Type (deg)
1 HMM-BH-03 2 16.63-16.89 58.75 125.79 27.11 341.00 792.20 2323 7.35 2164 29.78 11.0 Sandstone 4 18
2 HMM-BH-03 4 41.14-41.37 60.38 126.47 28.63 362.13 845.90 2336 8.45 2154 29.07 10.2 Sandstone 4 18
3 HMM-BH-03 6 49.64-49.81 60.14 125.57 28.41 356.70 853.10 2392 7.60 2223 43.89 15.5 Sandstone 2
4 HMM-BH-03 8 61.46-61.65 59.71 125.83 28.00 352.35 836.70 2375 7.94 2200 48.32 17.3 Sandstone 4/2 21
5 HMM-BH-03 12 87.43-87.66 60.70 127.08 28.94 367.74 881.80 2398 7.98 2221 53.62 18.5 Mudstone 4/2 13
6 HMM-BH-03 16 114.35-114.61 61.25 129.02 29.46 380.15 1004.00 2641 1.37 2605 267.50 90.8 Conglomerate 2/6
8 HMM-BH-03 21 146.43-146.68 Conglomerate
9 HMM-BH-03 22 152.52-152.80 61.74 126.53 29.94 378.81 1001.80 2645 1.47 2606 108.39 36.2 Conglomerate 2/4 27
11 HMM-BH-03 26 178.32-178.54 61.83 126.69 30.03 380.39 988.20 2598 4.76 2480 73.00 24.3 Conglomerate 4/6 28
MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014
TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab
Reference
Project No.: 1412835 Borehole: HMM-BH-03
Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation
Sample Number: 2
Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): 16.63-16.89
Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288
Testing Results Sample Measurements
Max Load (kN) 29.78 Diameter (mm) 58.75

Height (mm) 125.79
Stress σu (MPa) 11.0 2
Area (cm ) 27.11
Volume (cm3) 341.00
Pace Rate (kN/s) 1.25 Mass (g) 792.20
Moisture Content (%) 7.35
Lithology Sandstone Wet Density (kg/m3) 2323.18
Dry Density (kg/m3) 2164.11
Failure Mode Notes
- Water content as received

Type: 4 Mode:
(1) Diagonal shear plane(s) BEFORE TEST
Degrees:* 18 (2) Vertical fracture(s)
(3) Vertical splitting
(4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity
(5) Conical
* Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling
core axis. (7) Other
Comments
* The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report
constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be AFTER TEST
provided upon request.
\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Reference
Sample Number: 4

Height (mm) 126.47
Area (cm ) 28.63
Volume (cm3) 362.13
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 4 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 6

Height (mm) 125.57
Area (cm ) 28.41
Volume (cm3) 356.70
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 2 Mode:
Degrees:* (2) Vertical fracture(s)
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 8

Height (mm) 125.83
Area (cm ) 28.00
Volume (cm3) 352.35
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 4/2 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 12

Height (mm) 127.08
Area (cm ) 28.94
Volume (cm3) 367.74
Lithology Mudstone Wet Density (kg/m3) 2397.87
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 4/2 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 16

Height (mm) 129.02
Area (cm ) 29.46
Volume (cm3) 380.15
Lithology Conglomerate Wet Density (kg/m3) 2641.04
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 2/6 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 20

Height (mm) 128.35
Area (cm ) 29.75
Volume (cm3) 381.89
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 2/3 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 22

Height (mm) 126.53
Area (cm ) 29.94
Volume (cm3) 378.81
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 2/4 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 24

Height (mm) 125.21
Area (cm ) 30.01
Volume (cm3) 375.70
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 2/3 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Sample Number: 26

Height (mm) 126.69
Area (cm ) 30.03
Volume (cm3) 380.39
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 4/6 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments

Reference
Project No.: 1412835 Failure Mode
Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (5) Conical
Client: BGC Engineering Inc. (2) Vertical fracture(s) (6) Spalling
Location: Burnaby, BC (3) Vertical splitting (7) Other
Lab ID 288 (4) Shear along foliation / discontinuityNote: (deg) measured from core axis
Wet Dry Maximum Stress
No. Borehole Sample Depth Dia Ht A V Mass Density W Density Load
σu Rock Type Failure Mode
2 3 3 3
# # (m) (mm) (mm) (cm ) (cm ) (g) (kg/m ) (%) (kg/m ) (kN) (MPa) Type (deg)
1 HMM-BH-05 1 35.30-35.83 60.50 125.99 28.75 362.19 832.20 2298 8.42 2119 18.82 6.5 Sandstone 1 22
G. Patton October 10, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014

Reference
Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 1

Height (mm) 125.99
Area (cm ) 28.75
Volume (cm3) 362.19
Failure Mode Notes

Type: 1 Mode:
(5) Conical
Comments
O:\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\HMM-BH-05\HMM-BH-05 UCS

2.50 0.00E+00
5.00E+01
2.00
Secant Modulus (MPa)

1.00E+02
Stress (MPa)
1.50
1.50E+02
1.00 2.00E+02
2.50E+02
0.50 Axial
3.00E+02
Transverse
0.00
3.50E+02
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
% Strain Stress (MPa)
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
Poisson's
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Stress (MPa)
Before Test After Test
ASTM D7012Method D
Test Summary Project Details
Modulus in Uniaxial Compression
Peak Stress σpeak 2.36 MPa Project No.: 1412835
Secant Modulus ε50 0.15 GPa Sample: HMM-BH-05 UCS4 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation
Poisson's Ratio ε50 0.34 Client: BGC Engineering Inc.
Machine ID 25 Ton Depth (m): 42.70-42.94 Date: October 10, 2014
Load Cell CF -6760000 Tech: G. Patton
Feed Rate N/A mm/min Checked: E. Kostyukov

300 - 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2
Tel: +1 (604) 412 6730 Fax: +1 (604) 412 6816 www.golder.com
Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories
by Wax Immersion
ASTM C914-09 (modified)
Project #: 1412835
Short Title: Burnaby Mtn
Client BGC
Location N/A
Lab ID 288
Borehole HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03

Sample Number UCS 1 UCS 3 UCS 7 UCS 9 UCS 11 UCS 13
Depth (m) 9.18-9.38 27.15-27.24 57.2-57.4 69.29-69.51 85.1-85.28 96.54-96.74
Moisture % 11.08 11.23 7.49 9.34 10.38 10.39
Wet Density kg/m3 2288 2304 2361 2376 2308 2297
Dry Density kg/m3 2060 2071 2197 2173 2091 2081
Bulk Dry Gs 2.63 2.65 2.59 2.70 2.61 2.62
Borehole HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03

Sample Number UCS 14 UCS 17 UCS18 UCS 23 UCS 25 UCS 27
Depth (m) 103.61-103.8 118.9-119.21 129.33-129.54 159.83-160.03 170-170.2 181.08-181.38
Moisture % 8.30 6.83 9.93 6.27 5.08 4.03
Wet Density kg/m3 2362 2442 2288 2488 2577 2517
Dry Density kg/m3 2181 2286 2081 2341 2453 2419
Bulk Dry Gs 2.62 2.68 2.58 2.70 2.75 2.65
Borehole
Sample Number
Depth (m)
Moisture %
Wet Density kg/m3
Dry Density kg/m3
Bulk Dry Gs
Borehole
Sample Number
Depth (m)
Moisture %
Wet Density kg/m3
Dry Density kg/m3
Bulk Dry Gs
MM Thursday, October 02, 2014 LP October 3,2014

TESTED BY DATE TESTED CHECKED BY DATE CHECKED

300- 3811 North Fraser Way,
Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2
Tel: +1 (604) 412 6899 Fax: +1 (604) 412 6816 www.golder.com
* The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only.
Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks
ASTM D4644
Project No.: 1412835 Borehole No.: HMM-BH-03
Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 2
Test Results
Id1 = Slake Durability index after 1st Cycle 12.0 %
nd
Id2 = Slake Durability index after 2 Cycle 0.6 %
rd
Initial Sample Description Final Description of Fragments in Drum

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Id1 Type II - Retained pieces consists
Sandstone of large and small pieces
Id2 Type III - Retained material is

exclusively small fragments

Temperature ° C Calibration Before Slaking
Max 25.8 Machine ID BUR010002
Min 19.2 Drum ID A
Average 21.7 Thermometer ID FLUKE
Comments
After Slaking
The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only.
300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2
Tel: 604-412-6899 Fax: 604-412-6816 www.golder.com
ASTM D4644
Test Results
nd
rd

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Id1 Type III - Retained material is
Mudstone exclusively small fragments


Min 19.2 Drum ID B
Comments
After Slaking
ASTM D4644
Test Results
nd
rd

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Id1 Type I - Retained pieces remain
Mudstone virtually unchanged
Id2 Type II - Retained pieces consists

of large and small pieces
Id3 Type II - Retained pieces consists

of large and small pieces
Min 19.4 Drum ID C
Comments
After Slaking
ASTM D4644
Test Results
nd
rd

Sandstone exclusively small fragments


Min 19.6 Drum ID D
Comments
After Slaking
ASTM D4644
Test Results
nd
rd
Id3 = Slake Durability index after 3 Cycle N/A %

Sandstone exclusively small fragments
Id2 No material remaining in drum
Id3 N/A
Min 19.2 Drum ID A
Comments
No material remaining in drum after second cycle.
After Slaking
ASTM D4644
Test Results
nd
rd
Id3 = Slake Durability index after 3 Cycle N/A %

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Id1 Type II - Retained pieces consists
Sandstone of large and small pieces
Id2 No material remaining in drum
Id3 N/A
Min 18.8 Drum ID B
Comments
No material remaining in drum after second cycle.
After Slaking
Golder Associates, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Reference 1412835 (Mallory) Boxes 1 to 3
Summary of Cerchar Abrasivity Test Results
Depth Cerchar (CAIs) CAI

Sample Photograph Reference Abrasiveness Classification
Borehole From To (1/10 mm) (1/10 mm) Test Comments
(Table 1 of ASTM 7625)
(m) (m) Mean STDev Mean STDev
See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be
HMM-BH03 16.29 16.54 Photo 1 1.8 0.4 2.3 0.6 Medium Abrasiveness
representative of true abrasivity
HMM-BH05 40.70 40.82 CHE-02 Photo 2 1.4 0.2 1.8 0.2 Medium Abrasiveness
See photo. Very deep scratch, sample too soft to
HMM-BH05 36.82 37.00 CHE-01 Photo 3 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.8 N/A
provide a representative abrasivity test.
HMM-BH-03 69.20 69.29 Cerchar 5 Photo 4 1.5 0.1 1.9 0.1 Medium Abrasiveness
HMM-BH-03 40.90 41.00 Cerchar 3 Photo 5 1.0 0.2 1.5 0.4 Medium Abrasiveness
Soft with harder inclusions, harder inclusions are
HMM-BH-03 178.14 178.27 Photo 6 1.6 0.7 2.0 0.9 Medium Abrasiveness
abrasive - CAI =2.5.
See photo. Very deep scratch, sample too soft to
HMM-BH-03 27.25 27.35 Cerchar 2 Photo 7 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.6 N/A
provide a representative abrasivity test.
HMM-BH-03 57.40 57.50 Cerchar 4 Photo 8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.3 Low Abrasiveness
HMM-BH-03 16.29 16.54 Cerchar 1 Photo 9 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.3 Low Abrasiveness
Comments:
(1) Rock samples were tested as received with natural moisture content.
(2) Tests on samples were conducted on diamond saw cut core surfaces. However, rock surfaces very rough due to weak rock matrix and relatively low rock strength.
(3) We recommend reviewing the results in concert with the data and information contained in the attached paper by Plinninger et al1.
(4) Tests conducted in accordance with ASTM D7625-10 using HRC 54-56 Pins (Stylus).
(5) CAI calculated per ASTM 7625, 10.2 = CAIs x 0.99 + 0.48
1
Plinninnger, R., Kasling, H., Thuro, K. and Spaun, H., 2003. Testing Conditions and Geomechanical Properties Influencing the Cerchar Abrasiveness Index (CAI) Value. IJRM &MS Technical Note,
2003.
Test Date 1-Nov-14 Note: Tests carried out on diamond saw cut surfaces
Test By CDB
SubTerra, Inc. Golder Associates, Inc. November 1, 2014
November 1, 2014, Cerchar Abrasivity Sample Photographs
Photo 1 Photo 2
Photo 3 Photo 4
Photo 5 Photo 6
Page 1
SubTerra, Inc. Golder Associates, Inc. August 24, 2014
August 24, 2014, Cerchar Abrasivity Sample Photographs
Photo 7 Photo 8
Photo 9 Photo 10
Photo 11 Photo 12
Page 1
CLIENT : BGC Engineering
PROJECT : ARD Testing
SGS Project # : 1439
Test : Modified Acid-Base Accounting
Date : October 30, 2014
Sample ID Paste TIC CaCO3 S(T) S(SO4) S(S-2) Insoluble S AP NP Net Fizz Test
pH % NP % % % % NP
Method Code Sobek CSB02V Calc. CSA06V CSA07V CSA08D Calc. Calc. Modified Calc. Sobek
LOD 0.20 0.01 #N/A 0.005 0.01 0.01 #N/A #N/A 0.5 #N/A #N/A
HMM-BH-03 ABA-01 8.05 0.02 1.7 0.063 <0.01 0.05 0.013 1.6 4.3 2.7 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-02 7.84 0.03 2.5 0.243 <0.01 0.17 0.073 5.3 10.6 5.3 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-03 8.68 0.13 10.8 0.026 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.6 15.4 14.8 Slight
HMM-BH-03 ABA-04 8.22 <0.01 <0.8 0.055 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 1.6 2.9 1.3 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-05 8.15 0.01 0.8 0.029 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.6 4.5 3.9 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-06 8.58 0.01 0.8 0.017 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.9 3.2 2.3 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-07 9.19 0.01 0.8 0.025 <0.01 <0.01 0.025 <0.3 5.5 5.5 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-08 8.97 0.03 2.5 0.007 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.3 5.7 5.7 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-09 9.10 0.01 0.8 0.021 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.6 4.3 3.7 None
HMM-BH-05 ABA-01 7.77 <0.01 <0.8 0.034 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.9 4.3 3.4 None
HMM-BH-05 ABA-02 6.62 0.01 0.8 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.3 -1.4 -1.4 None
HMM-BH-05 ABA-03 7.96 <0.01 <0.8 0.056 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 1.6 1.6 0.0 None
HMM-BH-05 ABA-04 8.06 <0.01 <0.8 <0.005 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.3 1.4 1.4 None
Duplicates
HMM-BH-03 ABA-01 8.06 4.4 None
HMM-BH-03 ABA-03 0.028
HMM-BH-03 ABA-04 <0.01
HMM-BH-03 ABA-08 <0.01
HMM-BH-05 ABA-03 <0.01
QC
GTS-2A 0.333
PD-1 4.5
RTS-3A 2.47
TIC-L1 0.14
NBM-1 40.4 Slight
Expected Values 0.1325 0.341 4.27 2.34 42.0 Slight

Tolerance +/- 0.02 0.030 0.30 0.23 3.0
Note:
PETROGRAPHIC REPORT ON 13 SAMPLES FROM BURNABY MOUNTAIN
GEOTECHNICAL DRILLING INVESTIGATION
Report for: Jack Stratton/Cathy Schmid Invoice 140743

BGC Engineering Inc. Proj. 0095150-15
234 St. Paul Street
Kamloops, B.C. V2C 6G4 (250) 374-8606 Oct. 29, 2014.
SUMMARY:
The 13 samples examined can be roughly divided into 7 samples of arkosic (feldspar-rich),
variably lithic arenite (“sandstone”), 5 samples of pebble conglomerate (although of these, two slides
only sectioned a single, igneous rock clast), and one sample of fine siltstone (“mudstone”), as
follows:
“Sandstone” (PET-01, 02, 03, 07, XRD-02, 03, 04):0.5-2 mm size detrital quartz, plagioclase ±Kspar,
mica (biotite, muscovite, chlorite), amphibole, epidote, accessory ilmenite-sphene-rutile-allanite?-
rare zircon-sulfides-garnet, variable lithic clasts, and either no matrix or variably significant, very
fine-grained sericite (±biotite, chlorite?) matrix, locally plucked out by section preparation to leave
voids. Primary porosity is difficult to evaluate due to the prevalence of plucking; both the soft,
micaceous matrix mineralogy and the lack of consolidation in several samples appear to lead to a loss
of strength in otherwise hard rock (average Moh’s hardness 5.5-6.1). Rare lenses of (lignite?) coal
are soft.
Conglomerate (PET-04, 06, 08; single clasts only in PET-09 and XRD-01): varied, heterolithic clasts
to about 8 cm that range from plutonic to porphyritic hypabyssal felsic/intermediate intrusive (locally
strongly altered to secondary biotite-sericite-epidote-chlorite ±magnetite, ilmenite, sphene, rare
chalcopyrite), to sedimentary (arkosic sandstone much as described above) or variably foliated
schist/phyllite, with variable matrix (to almost non-existent; i.e. clast-supported) of arkosic sandstone
(as described) or in one sample (PET-08) significant carbonate, apparently mostly calcite. The clasts
are relatively hard (5.6 to 5.9) but the matrix, where present, may be softer and/or unconsolidated.
“Mudstone” (PET-05): actually in siltstone range, 0.1-0.2 mm size, closely packed detrital quartz,
plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote,
accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-pyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and
lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.
Sulfides are rare in these rocks, restricted to scattered traces of pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite
probably mostly derived by erosion of variably mineralized source rocks; rare traces of minute
framboidal pyrite could be diagenetic. Carbonate is also rare except in the one conglomerate sample
Capsule descriptions are as follows:
PET-01: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of closely packed detrital quartz,
plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory Kspar- ilmenite-
sphene-rutile-trace allanite-zircon. It is very hard (6.1), but friable and unfractured.
2
PET-02: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz,
plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), Kspar, accessory ilmenite-
sphene-rutile-trace allanite. It is hard (5.7), but friable, with lenses of coal.
PET-03: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz,
plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole,
accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace garnet. It is relatively hard (5.5), but somewhat friable due to
sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
PET-04: conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite comprising closely
packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser
epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due
to porosity, plus sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
PET-05: arkosic (feldspar-rich) siltstone/”mudstone” (technically near lower limit of fine sandstone)
comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite),
minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-pyrite. It is
relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.
PET-06: conglomerate: closely packed, widely heterolithic/porphyritic, variably sericite, biotite,

chlorite, epidote, magnetite-trace pyrite altered pebbles in clast-supported mode, only minor detrital
quartz, feldspars, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory sphene-ilmenite in matrix. It is hard
(5.6), but somewhat friable due to minor porosity.
PET-07: lithic arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed lithic clasts,
detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (biotite), chlorite, minor Kspar, less epidote, amphibole,
accessory sphene-ilmenite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity in the matrix.
PET-08: conglomerate: closely packed, heterolithic (granite or quartz diorite), variably carbonate,
chlorite, actinolite, epidote, sericite, magnetite ±sphene altered clasts, in heavily carbonate-altered
matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspars, and mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite). It is hard (5.8), and
mostly well cemented by the carbonate matrix
PET-09: single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene? phyric intermediate (quartz diorite?) porphyry

(accessory magnetite-apatite-Kspar), moderately altered to epidote-clay?/sericite-chlorite-actinolite-
biotite-quartz-sphene-trace chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6) and unfractured.
XRD-01: appears to be a single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene/amphibole? phyric intermediate

(andesite?) hypabyssal porphyry (accessory ilmenite), strongly altered to epidote-chlorite-sphene-
trace clay?/sericite-pyrite. It is hard (5.9) and unfractured, but contains local epidote veins.
XRD-02: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz,
plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, possible minor chlorite)-minor Kspar-accessory epidote,
ilmenite-trace rutile, pyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6), but distinctly friable due to abundant sericite
(and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
XRD-03: arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital

plagioclase, quartz, significant mica (biotite, sericite, possible minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar,
epidote, ilmenite, trace rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.5), but strongly plucked due
to abundant sericite and biotite (minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
3
XRD-04: arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital
plagioclase, quartz, micas (biotite, sericite, minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, rutile,
allanite (?). It is hard (5.7), but lacks cohesion due to sericite (± biotite/chlorite?) in the matrix.
Detailed petrographic descriptions and photomicrographs are appended (on CD/by email attachment).
If you have any questions regarding the petrography, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Craig H.B. Leitch, Ph.D., P. Eng. (250) 653-9158 dromore61@gmail.com

492 Isabella Point Road, Salt Spring Island, B.C. Canada V8K 1V4
4
PET-01: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Sandstone Composed Of Closely Packed Detrital Quartz,
Plagioclase, Amphibole, Lesser Epidote, Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Accessory Kspar-
Ilmenite-Sphene-Rutile-Trace Allanite-Zircon
From HMM-BHO3 17.35m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows porous-looking, relatively poorly consolidated, pale
greenish-grey, medium-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) sandstone lacking any obvious veins.
The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty,
by steel), and very minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin
section is approximately:
Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments
% H (mm)
Quartz 30% 7 <0.8 angular to subangular, local aggregates
Plagioclase 30% 6 <0.8 subangular to euhedral, common aggregates; partly sericitized
Amphibole 15% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates
Epidote/zoisite 10% 7 <0.3 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates
Biotite 5% 3 <0.3 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral flakes, commonly in aggregates
Sericite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes, detrital or after plagioclase
K-feldspar (?) 2% 6 <0.1 based on etched offcut, likely mostly primary, detrital
Chlorite 1% 3 <0.3 sub/euhedral flakes, F:M ~0.4?
Ilmenite 1% 5.5 <0.25 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite
Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 euhedra, mainly along open fracture
Allanite (?) <1% 7 <0.45 sub/euhedral detrital, medium brown, with epidote
Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.05 aggregates to 0.5 mm (after ilmenite?)
Garnet <1% 7.5 <0.25 subhedra, colourless
Zircon <1% 7.5 <0.4 euhedral prisms, unaltered
Sulfides <<1% 5.5 <0.1 Chalcopyrite (ragged subhedra), lesser pyrite (framboids), rare
Weighted Average H 6.1 yet the sample is friable in hand specimen, belying the hardness
Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase
±Kspar?), amphibole, epidote, micas and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, possible allanite, garnet,
zircon and rare sulfides; up to 1/3 the sample may be lithic clasts (aggregates of minerals). There is
essentially no matrix/porosity visible. An open fracture is unusual in being lined by heavy detrital
minerals (ilmenite, sphene, zircon).
Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates
(lithic clasts; with feldspar, sericite, epidote, amphibole, rutile). The quartz is typically fractured but
shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or
suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase displays common polysynthetic twinning with variable
composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration
to sericite as euhedral flakes <50 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or
occurs as microlites <0.2 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar is rare and inferred from etched offcut only.
Amphibole varies from almost colourless to pale/medium olive-green, suggestive of tremolite and
hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced
by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) or rarely chlorite
(pale green pleochroism and weakly anomalous greyish, length-fast birefringence suggestive of
Fe:Fe+Mg, or F:M, ratio near 0.4?). Mica flakes range from colourless muscovite to medium brown
or locally greenish brown biotite, commonly intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspar.
Accessory TiO2 minerals include common ilmenite (partly altered to hematite or less commonly
rutile) and sphene. Possible allanite is pleochroic in brown, locally intergrown with epidote; garnet
and zircon are rare, as are chalcopyrite and minute framboidal pyrite both <0.1 mm.
In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of closely packed
detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory
Kspar- ilmenite-sphene-rutile-trace allanite-zircon. It is very hard (6.1), but friable and unfractured.
5
PET-02: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Sandstone: Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase ±
Kspar, Amphibole, Lesser Epidote, Mica (Biotite, Chlorite) in Minor Matrix of Sericite-Chlorite,
Accessory Ilmenite-Sphene-Trace Allanite-Rutile
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows porous-looking, relatively poorly consolidated, pale
greenish-grey, medium- to locally fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”)
with local inclusions of black organic matter (coal, likely lignite?). The rock is not magnetic, shows
no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and minor stain for K-
feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Quartz 35% 7 <1.0 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates
Plagioclase 25% 6 <0.5 subangular to euhedral, common aggregates; partly sericitized
Amphibole 10% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates
K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.2 based on etched offcut, likely mostly primary, detrital
Biotite 5% 3 <1.4 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized
Sericite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral detrital flakes, or in matrix or after plagioclase
Coal (?) 5% 1.5 <0.01 irregular masses up to several cm; likely lignite?
Chlorite 3% 3 <0.9 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3?
Ilmenite 1% 5.5 <0.2 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite, rutile, sphene
Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, zoned, detrital, or finer-grained, after ilmenite?
Rutile <<1% 5.5 <0.03 aggregates to 0.2 mm (after ilmenite?)
Allanite (?) <<1% 7 <0.15 subhedral granular, medium brown, with epidote
Weighted Average H 5.7 but the sample is friable in hand specimen, belying the hardness
±Kspar?), amphibole, epidote, micas and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, <1/3 the sample may be
lithic clasts (aggregates of minerals). Minor matrix appears to be very fine sericite/chlorite. An area
of organic matter may be lignite coal (?) at the top of an apparently fining-upward cycle (but
intermixed with the sandstone).
(lithic clasts; with feldspar, sericite, epidote, amphibole, rutile). The quartz is typically fractured but
suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase displays common polysynthetic twinning with extinction
on 010 to 17º and negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh
andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral
flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or occurs as subhedra
<0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar is mostly inferred from etched offcut. Amphibole varies from
very pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are
commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism
indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite (distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous
grey-blue, length-slow birefringence suggestive of F:M ratio near 0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly
medium brown or locally greenish brown biotite or rarely colourless muscovite, commonly
intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars. Accessory TiO2 minerals include common ilmenite
(slightly altered to hematite or at rims to sphene or rutile) and sphene. Possible allanite is faintly
pleochroic in brown, locally intergrown with epidote.
In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed
detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), Kspar,
accessory ilmenite-sphene-rutile-trace allanite. It is hard (5.7), but friable, with lenses of coal.
6
PET-03: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital
Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Biotite and Chlorite), Minor Kspar, Lesser Epidote,
Amphibole, Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite-Trace Garnet
From HMM-BHO3 53.4m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon
Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium- to fine-
grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with faintly defined bedding at about
90º to core axis (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where
scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity
appears less than in PET-01/02. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 25% 6 <0.6 subangular to euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized
Sericite 15% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase
K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.4 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, possibly orthoclase?
Amphibole 1% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates
Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, zoned, detrital (or trace fine-grained in chlorite)
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.5 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite
Garnet (?) <<1% 7.5 <0.2 sub/anhedra, colourless, probably detrital
Weighted Average H 5.5
±Kspar?), relatively abundant micas, minor amphibole, epidote, and accessory ilmenite, sphene,
rutile, lithic clasts are <20% of the sample. Significant matrix appears to be very fine sericite/minor
chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, randomly oriented flakes mostly <20 µm. An open
fracture crosses the slide along the bedding, in part controlled along aligned mica flakes.
(lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole). The quartz is typically
fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain
development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase locally displays polysynthetic twinning
with extinction on 010 to 17º and locally negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable
composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration
to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or
occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with large 2V
(orthoclase?); abundance is estimated from etched offcut. Amphibole varies from pale to medium
olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured
and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe
content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or
grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly medium
brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown
with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO2 minerals include relatively rare
ilmenite (locally mostly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital or very fine, in chlorite
after biotite). Rare possible garnet (?) may be detrital.
detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser
epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace garnet. It is relatively hard (5.5), but somewhat
friable due to sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
7
PET-04: Conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite: quartz, plagioclase,
mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite), Kspar, epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite
From HMM-BHO3 75.85m, described as upper conglomerate in Kitsilano Member of the
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (porous), medium grey
conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to 2.5 cm in medium/coarse-grained, massive
arkosic arenite (“sandstone” or “grit”) matrix lacking visible bedding. The rock (especially some
clasts) is distinctly magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (essentially unscratched by steel),
and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is:
% H (mm)
Sericite 10% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; or after plagioclase
K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.8 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, orthoclase ±microcline
Chlorite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5-0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3?
Porosity (?) 3% 0 <0.5 interstitial holes due to porosity or plucking during preparation
Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 sub/euhedral, detrital (trace fine-grained rimming magnetite)
Magnetite <1% 6 <0.25 sub/euhedra (only in biotite altered porphyry clast)
Pyrite <1% 6.5 <1.0 euhedral, rimming central epidote-chlorite
Remarks: This sample consists of about 30-50% pebble sized clasts in matrix of detrital quartz,
feldspars, micas, minor epidote, amphibole and accessory sphene, ilmenite and pyrite with interstitial
sericite (±chlorite?) and open space that could represent primary porosity or plucking.
Clasts (locally plucked out by section preparation) are mainly subrounded and consist of fine-
grained hypabyssal felsic/intermediate porphyry (plagioclase phyric to ~1 mm) significantly altered
to secondary biotite (randomly oriented medium brown subhedral flakes mostly <0.1 mm replacing
mafic sites, with accessory magnetite partly rimmed by fine sphene) or altered fine sandstone (detrital
quartz and feldspar mostly <0.2 mm, strongly replaced by secondary biotite ±accessory ilmenite).
In the host, quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments that are fractured but relatively
little strained, or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar,
sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole). Plagioclase either displays polysynthetic twinning with
extinction on 010 to 20º or is untwinned with negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable
composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with moderate alteration to
sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm; it also
occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals (microperthite
albite inclusions). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or
actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and partly replaced by epidote (pale to
moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows
distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence
(suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown biotite,
commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and
feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO2 minerals are relatively rare ilmenite (locally partly altered
to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital). Rare pyrite is intergrown with epidote and chlorite.
In summary, this is conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite
comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite),
minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite. It is hard (5.7), but
somewhat friable due to porosity, plus sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
8
PET-05: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Siltstone/”Mudstone” Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Quartz,
Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Minor Amphibole, Kspar, Lesser
Epidote, Accessory Ilmenite-Limonite-Trace Rutile-Pyrite
From HMM-BHO3 194.8m, described as mudstone from Kitsilano Member of the
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey,
very fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) lutite (“siltstone/mudstone”) lacking defined
bedding. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched,
easily, by steel), and very minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears very
minor (less than in PET-01 to 03). Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Sericite 25% 3 <0.05 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix or larger, detrital
K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.1 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital?
Chlorite 5% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5?); matrix <20 µm, F:M ?
Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.05 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly separate
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.08 sub/euhedra, trace alteration to hematite
Limonite <1% 4.5 <0.01 aggregates of goethite with minute hematite flakes <2 µm
Rutile <<1% 6.5 <0.02 sub/euhedra, golden brown, after ilmenite?
Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 framboidal spheres or minute euhedra
±Kspar?), relatively abundant micas and amphibole, minor epidote, and accessory ilmenite, limonite,
rutile and trace pyrite. Significant matrix appears to be very fine sericite/minor chlorite as intimately
mixed subhedral, matted, randomly oriented flakes mostly <20 µm. Faint bedding is defined by
aligned aggregates of mica flakes; local open fractures occur along or sub-perpendicular to bedding.
Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or rarely in finer-grained aggregates (lithic
clasts, with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, amphibole?). The quartz is relatively unfractured/shows
only weak strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain
boundaries). Plagioclase locally displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 mostly <10º
(relatively fresh oligoclase?). Kspar is surmised from etched offcut, possibly forming subhedral
crystals with relatively large negative 2V (orthoclase?). Amphibole varies from pale to medium
olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured
and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe
content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows pale but distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous
grey-greenish, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Mica flakes are mostly medium
brown to greenish brown biotite, locally slightly altered to chlorite, or colourless muscovite; however
much sericite, possibly mixed with chlorite, occurs in the matrix of more comminuted grains between
the larger, obvious detrital grains. Accessory opaques appear to be mainly TiO2 minerals including
mostly ilmenite (locally slightly altered to hematite) and relatively rare rutile (euhedral, red/golden
brown, after ilmenite?). Rare minute pyrite is either framboidal or less commonly euhedral.
In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) siltstone/”mudstone” (technically near lower limit
of fine sandstone) comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite,
biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-
pyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.
9
PET-06: Conglomerate: Closely Packed, Widely Heterolithic/Porphyritic, Variably Sericite, Biotite,
Chlorite, Epidote, Magnetite-Trace Pyrite Altered Pebbles In Clast-Supported Mode, Only Minor
Detrital Quartz, Feldspars, Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite Matrix
From HMM-BHO3 115m, described as upper conglomerate in Kitsilano Member of the
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (porous), medium grey
conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to 2 cm in coarse-grained, massive arkosic arenite
(“grit”) matrix lacking visible bedding. The rock (especially some clasts) is distinctly magnetic,
shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (essentially unscratched by steel except in matrix), and minor
stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 30% 6 <2.0 sub/euhedral, locally partly/largely sericitized (±carbonate)
Quartz 25% 7 <1.5 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates or in clasts
K-feldspar 10% 6 <0.7 subhedra, likely mostly primary, in clasts, perthitic orthoclase?
Chlorite 6% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (mostly after biotite; F:M ~0.5-0.4?)
Epidote/zoisite 5% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in clasts
Amphibole 5% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in clasts
Sericite 5% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly after plagioclase
Clinopyroxene 1% 6 <1.2 euhedral phenocrysts in porphyry clast, augite?
Magnetite <1% 6 <0.2 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in altered porphyry clasts)
Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral (detrital or associated with ilmenite, magnetite)
Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.15 subhedral, only in chlorite-biotite ±epidote altered clasts
Remarks: This sample consists of about 80-90% heterolithic pebble sized clasts in matrix of detrital
quartz, feldspars, micas, minor epidote, amphibole and accessory ilmenite with essentially no matrix,
only trace sericite (±chlorite?) and open space that could represent primary porosity or plucking.
Clasts are mainly subrounded and so varied it is beyond the scope of this report to describe
them in detail. They range from very fine-grained altered rock (sericite-biotite-quartz-feldspar-
accessory ilmenite-sphene ±pyrite) or volcanic rock (feldspar-quartz phyric) or sedimentary rock
(quartz-feldspar rich arkosic sandstone) to relict intermediate or mafic porphyry (clinopyroxene,
relict chlorite ±biotite-magnetite-trace chalcopyrite altered orthopyroxene?, relict sericite ±carbonate,
prehnite altered plagioclase phyric to ~2 mm) or amphibole-bearing mafic rock significantly altered
to epidote and chlorite or secondary biotite (with accessory magnetite partly rimmed by fine sphene)
or altered fine sandstone (detrital quartz and feldspar mostly <0.2 mm, strongly replaced by
secondary green biotite ±accessory magnetite). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green,
suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and partly
replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or
chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue,
length-slow or grey-green, length-fast birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.4?). Mica flakes are
mostly coarse, medium brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-
grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts.
Matrix between the clasts is almost non-existent in this sample. Most common are single
crystal fragments of quartz that are fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly feldspar
(plagioclase or Kspar, typically unaltered compared to examples in clasts) Plagioclase either displays
polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 40º or is untwinned with negative relief compared to
quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh labradorite (?) to albite (?), the latter associated
with moderate alteration to sericite/trace chlorite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote
(zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with microperthite albite
10
inclusions. Accessory TiO2 minerals are relatively uncommon ilmenite (locally partly altered to
hematite) and sphene (both euhedral, likely detrital).
In summary, this is conglomerate: closely packed, widely heterolithic/porphyritic, variably
sericite, biotite, chlorite, epidote, magnetite-trace pyrite altered pebbles in clast-supported mode, only
minor detrital quartz, feldspars, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory sphene-ilmenite in
matrix. It is hard (5.6), but somewhat friable due to minor porosity.
11
PET-07: Lithic Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Lithic Clasts,
Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Biotite), Chlorite, Minor Kspar, Lesser Epidote,
Amphibole, Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey,
medium- to coarse-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) lacking obvious
bedding. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched,
fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears less
than in PET-01/02. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Biotite 10% 3 <2.0 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral bent flakes, partly chloritized
Chlorite 8-10% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5?), partly after biotite/amphibole
K-feldspar 5% 6 <2.0 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, µperthitic orthoclase?
Sericite 5% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in lithic clasts or after plagioclase
Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 sub/euhedra, fine-grained rims on ilmenite or coarse, detrital
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.15 sub/euhedra, partly altered to/rimmed by hematite/sphene
Carbonate <1% 3.5 <0.25 sub/anhedra, secondary in lithic clasts, dolomite/ankerite?
Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.03 subhedral, rare inclusions in quartz
Remarks: This sample consists mainly of closely packed, interlocking lithic clasts (>50% of the
sample) and similar sized grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase and Kspar), relatively abundant
micas (mainly biotite), minor amphibole, epidote, and accessory ilmenite and sphene. Very little
matrix appears to be present (mostly open pore spaces). No fractures cross the slide.
(lithic clasts; with varying proportions/combinations of fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite,
epidote, amphibole, rare carbonate). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely
moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain
boundaries, mostly in lithic clasts). Plagioclase displaying polysynthetic twinning with extinction on
010 to 20º, or negative relief compared to quartz, suggests variable composition from fresh andesine
(?) to albite, the latter associated with weak to moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes to 0.1
mm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as sub/euhedra <0.2 mm. Plagioclase also occurs as subhedra
<0.1 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with large 2V and minute inclusions of
albite (microperthitic orthoclase?). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of
hornblende/actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by
epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite.
Chlorite shows pale but distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow
birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown
biotite, commonly deformed/bent in between/around quartz/lithic grains, partly altered to chlorite, or
fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO2
minerals include minor ilmenite (locally partly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital or
very fine, rimming ilmenite). Rare pyrite is seen only as traces in quartz.
In summary, this is lithic arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed
lithic clasts, detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (biotite), chlorite, minor Kspar, lesser
epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity
in the matrix.
12
PET-08: Conglomerate: Closely Packed, Heterolithic (Granite Or Quartz Diorite), Variably
Carbonate, Chlorite, Actinolite, Epidote, Sericite, Magnetite ±Sphene Altered Clasts, in Heavily
Carbonate-Altered Matrix Containing Detrital Quartz, Feldspars, Mica (Sericite, Biotite, Chlorite)
From HMM-BHO3 158.5m, described as lower conglomerate (with carbonate matrix),
Kitsilano Member of Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively well consolidated
(cemented), pale grey/white conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to ~5 cm in coarse-
grained, buff-coloured carbonate-rich arkosic arenite (“grit”) matrix. The rock (especially some
clasts) is distinctly magnetic; the matrix shows rapid reaction to cold dilute HCl (it is partly scratched
by steel; clast is more difficult to scratch/reacts only slowly), and there is minor stain for K-feldspar
in the etched offcut (clasts and matrix). Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 40% 6 <3.0 sub/euhedral, partly altered to sericite-carbonate-epidote
Quartz 25% 7 <1.5 sub to anhedral, mainly primary/locally secondary
Amphibole 7% 6 <1.5 sub/euhedral, pale green, fibrous, secondary (actinolitic?)
Carbonate 7% 3.5 <0.75 sub/anhedra, secondary, calcite/minor dolomite?
K-feldspar 5% 6 <1.0 subhedra, likely mostly primary in clasts, perthitic orthoclase?
Chlorite 5% 3 <1.0 sub/euhedral flakes (after biotite/amphibole; F:M ~0.5/0.4?)
Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, after mafics, plagioclase
Sericite 3% 3 <0.2 euhedral flakes, after plagioclase; muscovite ~1 mm in granite
Magnetite 3% 6 <1.0 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in intermediate clast)
Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral (associated with/after ilmenite, magnetite)
Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 subhedral, only in quartz-chlorite-epidote altered areas
Remarks: The section appears to be poorly located to examine the conglomerate matrix; it appears to
cut only two large clasts, one felsic (“granite”) and the other intermediate (“quartz diorite”); both are
partly altered to carbonate, especially near the contact between the two (marked by an open fracture).
The felsic clast (white in hand specimen) consists mainly of interlocking subhedral crystals of
plagioclase, quartz, Kspar and minor muscovite, chlorite, epidote and accessory sphene, indicative of
a “two-mica” leuco-granitic intrusive rock. Plagioclase (extinction Y^010 1-3º, oligoclase ~An20) is
partly to strongly altered to carbonate (dolomite?) along closely spaced fractures sub-perpendicular to
the contact, plus minor sericite/muscovite mostly <0.2 mm. Quartz forms ragged sub/anhedra locally
recrystallized to fine-grained secondary aggregates near veinlets where strain is moderate (sub-
domains, sutured grain boundaries). Kspar crystals show minute inclusions of albite (microperthite).
Small, interstitial mafic sites are represented by aggregates of muscovite, partly chloritized biotite,
local epidote and trace accessory sphene after ilmenite.
The intermediate clast is composed of interlocking relict plagioclase, quartz and mafic
mineral sites, the latter closely associated with significant magnetite, locally all set in a minor amount
of fine-grained quartz-rich groundmass suggestive of a hypabyssal porphyry. Plagioclase forms
zoned subhedra to ~3 mm that are partly to strongly (especially at cores, particularly near the contact)
replaced by carbonate (ragged subhedra, calcite?) ±sericite (subhedral flakes mostly <35 µm) and
epidote (subhedra to 0.25 mm, mainly colourless). Quartz is similar to that in the felsic clast or more
strongly recrystallized to secondary quartz (mostly <0.3 mm, much more strongly strained) along and
near veinlets. Amphibole forming sub/euhedral crystals to 1.5 mm is pale olive-green, suggestive of
hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); these are relatively unaltered. Relict mafic sites with
ragged, subhedral outlines to ~5 mm consist mainly of bundles of fibrous subhedral pale green
coloured (actinolitic?) amphibole partly altered to epidote and chlorite and closely associated with
significant magnetite rarely partly altered to hematite or rimmed by fine sphene) Epidote shows pale
to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content; chlorite shows pale green
pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-green, length-fast birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.4?).
13
Matrix between the clasts is almost non-existent in this section, occurring only on one small
triangular area between the two major clasts. Here detrital single crystal fragments of quartz that are
fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly feldspar (plagioclase or Kspar, both altered
similarly to examples in clasts), amphibole (as described above) and flakes or books of mica
(muscovite as seen in the granite, or biotite partly/largely replaced by chlorite) plus local lithic clasts
to ~1 mm are set in/altered to abundant carbonate as interlocking subhedra to 0.5 mm (likely mainly
calcite). This is typical of the matrix as deduced from examination of the hand specimen.
In summary, this is conglomerate: closely packed, heterolithic (granite or quartz diorite),
variably carbonate, chlorite, actinolite, epidote, sericite, magnetite ±sphene altered clasts, in heavily
carbonate-altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspars, and mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite). It
is hard (5.8), and mostly well cemented by the carbonate matrix.
14
PET-09: Single Clast of Plagioclase-Pyroxene? Phyric Intermediate (Quartz Diorite?) Porphyry
(Accessory Magnetite-Apatite-Kspar), Moderately Altered To Epidote-Clay?/Sericite-Chlorite-
Actinolite-Biotite-Quartz-Sphene-Trace Chalcopyrite
From HMM-BHO3 180.5m, described as lower conglomerate, Kitsilano Member of
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (uncemented), pale
grey/white conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to at least 8 cm in very minor coarse-
grained, arkosic arenite (“grit”) matrix (apparently missed in section). The rock (essentially the large
clast) is distinctly magnetic, but shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (unscratched by steel), and
trace stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 40% 6 <2.0 sub/euhedral, partly relict (altered to sericite, epidote)
Amphibole 15% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral, pale green, fibrous, secondary (actinolitic?)
Clay?/sericite 15% 3 <0.05 partly/largely plucked out to leave voids, after plagioclase cores
Chlorite 5% 3 <0.35 sub/euhedral flakes (after amphibole ±biotite; F:M ~0.5?)
Quartz 5% 7 <0.25 sub to anhedral, mainly interstitial primary/locally secondary
Magnetite 2% 6 <0.35 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in intermediate clast)
Sphene ~1% 6 <0.15 sub/euhedral (associated with/after ilmenite, magnetite)
K-feldspar ~1% 6 <0.25 subhedra, interstitial, likely mostly primary?
Biotite <1% 3 <0.2 brown, secondary, sub/euhedral flakes, partly chloritized
Apatite <1% 5 <0.25 euhedral prisms, mostly with mafic sites
Chalcopyrite <1% 4 <0.25 subhedral, mainly with epidote-quartz altered mafic sites?
Remarks: The section is poorly located to examine the conglomerate matrix; it appears to cut only
one large clast, a felsic to intermediate hypabyssal porphyry composed of 30-35% 1-4 mm relict
plagioclase (largely replaced by epidote or clay?/sericite, the latter commonly partly plucked out by
section preparation to leave voids) and 10-15% <1-2 mm relict mafic (altered to secondary amphibole
±biotite-epidote-chlorite) phenocrysts in a matrix of smaller, seriate crystals of the same plus minor
quartz and accessory magnetite-sphene-apatite-chalcopyrite.
Relict plagioclase phenocrysts have mainly euhedral outlines with distinct zoning emphasized
by the locally strong to intense alteration mostly at the cores to variable mixtures of clay (?) as
brownish, minute flakes mostly <15 µm, locally plucked out to leave voids up to ~2 mm across and
sericite as subhedral flakes to 50 µm, both randomly oriented, or epidote as interlocking subhedra
mainly <0.5 mm with pale yellow colour (low Fe content). Remnant plagioclase is likely andesine or
oligoclase at rims based on extinction Y^010 up to 25º or mainly <10º, respectively.
Relict mafic phenocrysts have subhedral rectangular to irregular outlines suggestive of former
pyroxene (?) now replaced by relatively fine-grained, fibrous amphibole with medium olive-green
pleochroism (hornblende or actinolitic hornblende?), or locally (mainly at margins or along micro-
fractures) by secondary biotite, or in places by combinations of chlorite (subhedral flakes with pale
green pleochroism, near-zero to slightly length-slow birefringence suggestive of F:M 0.5?) and
locally significant epidote (as above, but with bright yellow pleochroism indicating high Fe content),
quartz (subhedra to 0.25 mm) rarely mixed with minor chalcopyrite (stringers of subhedra <0.25 mm)
The groundmass is finer but seriate-textured, composed of the same minerals described above
with similar alteration, plus minor quartz as interstitial subhedra to 0.2 mm (likely mostly primary?).
Accessory opaques are mostly magnetite as euhedra to 0.25 mm, partly replaced by sphene <0.15 mm
(or the sphene may replace former ilmenite forming exsolution lamellae in the magnetite). Apatite
forms euhedral prisms to 0.25 mm long mostly mixed with the mafic sites.
In summary, this is single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene? phyric intermediate (quartz diorite?)
porphyry (accessory magnetite-apatite-Kspar), moderately altered to epidote-clay?/sericite-chlorite-
actinolite-biotite-quartz-sphene-trace chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6) and unfractured.
15
XRD-01: Single Clast of Plagioclase-Pyroxene/Amphibole? Phyric Intermediate (Andesite?)

Hypabyssal Porphyry (Accessory Ilmenite), Strongly Altered To Epidote-Chlorite-Sphene-Trace
Clay?/Sericite-Pyrite?
From HMM-BHO5 22.5m, described as typical conglomerate, Kitsilano Member of
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows what may be essentially one large clast (?) of medium
greenish-grey, intermediate volcanic/hypabyssal rock to at least 8 cm so that matrix is apparently
missed in the sample/section. The rock (essentially the clast) is essentially non-magnetic, shows no
reaction to cold dilute HCl (scratched by steel with difficulty), and no stain for K-feldspar in the
etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 45% 6 <2.5 sub/euhedral (groundmass/phenos), partly relict epidote altered
Chlorite 15% 3 <0.35 sub/euhedral flakes (after amphibole ±biotite; F:M ~0.5?)
Quartz 3% 7 <0.25 sub to anhedral, groundmass, mainly interstitial primary?
Sphene ~1% 6 <0.08 sub/euhedral (in epidote altered mafic sites, after ilmenite)
Clay?/sericite <1% 3 <0.01 traces along microfractures in plagioclase
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 relict, sub/euhedra, largely altered to sphene
Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 subhedral, one margin of slide only, could be contamination?

Remarks: The section is poorly located to examine the conglomerate or its matrix; it appears to cut
only one large clast, a felsic to intermediate hypabyssal porphyry composed of 20-25% <1-2 mm
relict plagioclase (partly to largely replaced by epidote, rare trace clay?/sericite) and 15-20% mostly
<1-2 mm relict mafic (altered to epidote-chlorite) phenocrysts in a matrix of much finer, seriate
crystals of the same plus minor quartz and accessory sphene-trace relict ilmenite, rare pyrite (?).
Relict plagioclase phenocrysts have mainly euhedral outlines with only minor zoning at
margins preserved; most intense alteration is mainly at the cores to epidote as interlocking subhedra
mainly <0.5 mm with very pale yellow colour (low Fe content), local very minor clay?/sericite as
subhedral flakes to 15 µm along microfractures. Remnant plagioclase is likely albite-oligoclase
based on extinction X^010 very close to 0º.
Relict mafic phenocrysts have subhedral rectangular to lath-shaped outlines suggestive of
former amphibole or pyroxene (?), now pseudomorphed by relatively fine-grained, granular epidote
up to ~1 mm in size with variable, locally medium yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe
content)or (especially for smaller, less euhedral examples that grade in seriate fashion to groundmass
relics) by intimately intermixed combinations of epidote and lesser chlorite (subhedral flakes mostly
<25 µm with pale green pleochroism, near-zero birefringence suggestive of F:M 0.5?). Accessory
sphene forming euhedra mostly <80 µm is commonly associated with the relict mafic sites.
The groundmass is finer but seriate-textured, composed of the same minerals described above
with similar alteration, plus minor quartz as interstitial subhedra to 0.2 mm (likely mostly primary?).
Accessory opaques are rare ilmenite as euhedra to 0.1 mm, largely replaced by sphene <0.05 mm.
Rare pyrite is seen as thin slivers <50 µm long only along one margin of the slide (never within the
interior of the slide), strongly suggestive of contamination during preparation.
Local thin veinlets are sub-planar, <0.5 mm thick, composed of interlocking granular epidote
as fibrous/needle-like sub/euhedra mostly <0.2 mm long, with weak/moderate yellow colour.
In summary, this appears to be a single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene/amphibole? phyric
intermediate (andesite?) hypabyssal porphyry (accessory ilmenite), strongly altered to epidote-
chlorite-sphene-trace clay?/sericite-pyrite. It is hard (5.9) and unfractured, but contains local epidote
veins. An XRD analysis of this sample may not be representative of the conglomerate unit.
16
XRD-02: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital
Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Possible Minor Chlorite)-Minor Kspar-Accessory
Epidote, Ilmenite-Trace Rutile, Pyrite
From HMM-BHO5 32.5m, described as “weak green sandstone” from Kitsilano Member of
the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey,
medium- to fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with no well-defined
bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite-chlorite(?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to
cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the
etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Quartz 40% 7 <2.0 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts
Plagioclase 30% 6 <2.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized
Clay?/sericite 15% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase
K-feldspar 5% 6 <1.0 subhedra, mostly primary in lithic clasts, possibly orthoclase?
Epidote/zoisite <1% 7 <0.1 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly after plagioclase
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.5 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered
Rutile <<1% 5.5 <0.04 aggregates to 0.1 mm (within biotite only)
Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.02 subhedral, along/near open fracture
Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (mainly
plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), local micas, rare epidote, and accessory ilmenite, rutile and pyrite, lithic
clasts are 10-15% of the sample. Significant matrix making up 10-15% of the sample appears to be
mainly very fine sericite/minor chlorite (?) as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <30
µm (but up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave significant voids. An open
fracture crosses the slide, in part controlled along mica flakes of the matrix.
(lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, biotite, sericite, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured
but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development
or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with
extinction on 010 mainly <10º and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition
around oligoclase (?); minor albitization (?) may be associated with local weak/moderate alteration to
sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, rare epidote <0.1 mm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals (mostly in
felsic plutonic lithic clasts) with large 2V (orthoclase?); abundance is estimated from etched offcut.
Mica flakes are mostly medium brown at cores (to bright green at rims) biotite, locally partly altered
to chlorite. Accessory TiO2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.5 mm) and trace
rutile (euhedral acicular, very fine, in biotite or chlorite after biotite). Rare epidote shows pale yellow
pleochroism indicating low to moderate Fe content. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and
weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?).
Traces of pyrite occur near and along the open fracture, mostly within the sericitic matrix.
Lithic clasts up to ~3 mm across vary from coarse-grained felsic plutonic (interlocking quartz,
plagioclase which is locally sericitized, Kspar and minor biotite) to very fine-grained, weakly
foliated, sericite-minor quartz (phyllite or schist?).
detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, possible minor chlorite)-minor Kspar-accessory
epidote, ilmenite-trace rutile, pyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6), but distinctly friable due to abundant
sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
17
XRD-03: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) ±Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital
Plagioclase, Quartz, Significant Mica (Biotite, Sericite, Possible Minor Chlorite)-Accessory Kspar,
Epidote, Ilmenite, Trace Rutile, Pyrite, Chalcopyrite
From HMM-BHO5 42.0m, described as “grey sandstone” from Kitsilano Member of the
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows moderately consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium-
to fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with no well-defined bedding;
matrix may be rich in sericite (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl
(even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and only trace stain for K-feldspar in the etched
offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 40% 6 <1.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; rarely sericitized
Biotite 12% 3 <1.0 brown or green, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized
Sericite 8% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase
Voids 5% 0 <0.5 interstitial, mostly due to plucking rather than pore space?
Muscovite 1% 3 <0.7 colourless, deformed, detrital like biotite
K-feldspar 1% 6 <0.5 subhedra, mostly primary detrital based on etched offcut
Chlorite 1% 3 <0.4 sub/euhedral flakes after biotite (F:M to 0.6?); matrix <50 µm
Epidote/zoisite 1% 7 <0.1 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly after plagioclase
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered, mostly in matrix
Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.02 aggregates to 0.15 mm, locally enclosed in sphene, chlorite
Pyrite <1% 6.5 <0.1 subhedral, disseminated in matrix (±chalcopyrite to 0.15 mm)
plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), micas, rare epidote, and accessory ilmenite, rutile and pyrite, lithic
clasts are <10% of the sample. Significant matrix making up 10-15% of the sample appears to be
mainly very fine biotite/sericite/local chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly
<50 µm (but up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave significant voids. An
open fracture crosses the slide, in part controlled along mica flakes of the matrix.
Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or rarely in finer-grained aggregates (lithic
clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, biotite, sericite, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but
suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction
Y^010 mainly <10º (but up to 20º) and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition
around oligoclase but up to andesine (?); minor albitization (?) may be associated with local weak
alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals as suggested from
etched offcut. Mica flakes are mostly brown/greenish brown/green biotite, locally partly altered to
chlorite, rare muscovite. Accessory TiO2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.1
mm) and trace rutile (euhedral acicular, golden brown, in chlorite). Rare epidote shows pale yellow
pleochroism indicating low to moderate Fe content. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and
weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?). Very minor
pyrite and rare chalcopyrite are mostly sparsely disseminated within the sericite/biotite matrix.
Lithic clasts mostly <1 mm across are mostly very fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite or
biotite, minor quartz-feldspar (phyllite or schist?). Some mica-rich examples are difficult to separate
from the matrix of similar composition.
In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed
detrital plagioclase, quartz, significant mica (biotite, sericite, possible minor chlorite)-accessory
Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, trace rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.5), but strongly
plucked due to abundant sericite and biotite (minor chlorite?) in the matrix.
18
XRD-04: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) ±Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital
Plagioclase, Quartz, Micas (Biotite, Sericite, Minor Chlorite)-Accessory Kspar, Epidote, Ilmenite,
Rutile, Allanite (?)
From HMM-BHO5 39.2m, described as “brown sandstone” from Kitsilano Member of the
Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows poorly consolidated (crumbly), pale brownish-grey,
medium- to coarse-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with no well-
defined bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to
cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel); stain for K-feldspar in the etched
offcut not visible due to epoxy coating. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:
% H (mm)
Plagioclase 45% 6 <2.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; rarely sericitized
Biotite 10% 3 <1.0 greenish brown, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized
Clay?/sericite 8% 3 <0.05 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase
K-feldspar 1% 6 <0.5 subhedra, mostly primary detrital based on etched offcut
Muscovite 1% 3 <0.4 colourless, deformed, detrital like biotite
Chlorite 1% 3 <0.3 sub/euhedral flakes after biotite (F:M to 0.5?); matrix <50 µm
Voids 1% 0 <0.4 interstitial, mostly due to plucking rather than pore space?
Epidote/zoisite <1% 7 <0.1 subhedra, mainly colourless, in lithic clasts with chlorite-sericite
Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered, mostly in matrix
Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.1 aggregates to 0.35 mm, locally associated with sphene/epidote
Allanite (?) <<1% 7 <0.4 subhedral granular, medium brown, with epidote
plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), micas, amphibole, rare epidote or allanite, and accessory ilmenite and
rutile, lithic clasts are ~10% of the sample. Minor matrix making up 5-10% of the sample appears to
be mainly very fine sericite/local chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <50
µm (rare biotite up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave minor voids.
Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or locally in finer-grained aggregates (lithic
clasts; with fine-grained sericite, biotite, feldspar, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but
suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction
Y^010 mainly <10º (but up to 16º) and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition
in the oligoclase-andesine range; local albitization (?) is associated with alteration to sericite as
euhedral flakes <40 µm. Mica flakes are mostly dark, greenish brown biotite (locally partly altered to
chlorite) or rarely smaller, colourless muscovite. Local amphibole forms sub- to euhedral crystals up
to ~1 mm with medium olive-green pleochroism, likely hornblende or actinolitic hornblende, slightly
altered to biotite and/or chlorite at margins. Chlorite shows pale green pleochroism and weakly
anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Kspar forms subhedral
crystals as suggested by rare occurrence in etched offcut where not coated with epoxy. Accessory
TiO2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.1 mm) and rutile (euhedral acicular, very
dark brown, with epidote-quartz). Possible allanite (?) is rounded, detrital, associated with epidote.
Lithic clasts mostly <2.5 mm across are mostly fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite or
biotite, quartz-feldspar-local epidote (phyllite/schist?), or local weakly porphyritic volcanic rock.
In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed
detrital plagioclase, quartz, micas (biotite, sericite, minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite,
rutile, allanite (?). It is hard (5.7), but lacks cohesion due to sericite (±biotite/chlorite?) in the matrix.
19
PET-01: Typical assemblage of detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase feldspar (pl), amphibole (am), epidote (ep, locally
rimming core of brown allanite, al?), local mica (brown biotite, bi), chlorite (ch) and variable lithic clasts, accessory
ilmenite/hematite (opaque) closely packed with no visible matrix. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
PET-01R: Unusual concentrations of heavy accessory minerals including ilmenite (il, partly altered to hematite, hm),
sphene (sp) and local zircon (zr?) along an open fracture. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
20
PET-02: Contact between arkosic sandstone (detrital quartz, feldspars, amphibole and biotite partly altered to chlorite,
minor epidote, in matrix of sericite ±chlorite) and probable coal bed or clast (dark brown, amorphous) here conformable
to bedding in sandstone. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
PET-03: Relatively mica-rich arkosic sandstone (bent, broken biotite flakes and sericite (±chlorite?) rich matrix between
coarse detrital quartz and feldspar grains, variably abundant lithic clasts. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view
~3 mm wide.
21
PET-04: Relatively coarse arkosic sandstone or “grit” (host to altered pebbles of conglomerate) composed of detrital
quartz, feldspar (commonly altered to sericite/zoisite), amphibole (partly altered to epidote), accessory ilmenite, and
common lithic clasts; bubbles in epoxy indicate pore spaces. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
PET-04R: Relatively rare pyrite (py) as euhedral crystal associated with/cored by epidote-chlorite. Note biotite booklets
or flakes deformed between harder plagioclase grains, open spaces (partly original porosity?) between detrital quartz and
feldspar grains. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
22
PET-05: Arkosic siltstone/“mudstone” (technically fine sandstone, 0.1-0.2 mm size range) composed of detrital quartz,
significant feldspar (fs), amphibole (am), mica (mainly green biotite, bi), accessory ilmenite (opaque, il) and limonite (lm)
in matrix rich in sericite (ser) ±chlorite (?). Transmitted plane light, field of view ~1.5 mm wide.
PET-06: Minor inter-clast matrix composed of detrital quartz (qz), feldspar (mainly plagioclase, pl, partly sericitized),
minor mica (chloritized biotite, ch/bi) and local, strongly fractured sphene (sp), common fine porosity (bubbles, epoxy).
Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
23
PET-06(2): Widely varying, closely packed (clast-supported) subrounded/subangular clasts ranging from fine-grained,
biotite (bi), sericite (ser) or epidote (ep) altered to amphibole (am)-plagioclase (pl) phyric hypabyssal porphyry; note
single-crystal quartz (qz) and porosity (bubble in epoxy) in matrix. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
PET-07: Lithic arkosic sandstone composed of closely packed heterolithic clasts (fine-grained, strained quartz plus other
minerals), coarse detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase (pl), K-feldspar (Kf), bent/deformed biotite (bi) and minor pore spaces
but no appreciable matrix. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
24
PET-08: Poorly defined boundary between carbonate altered felsic (two-mica leuco-granitic) clast (lower right) and
heavily carbonate (cb) altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspar, micas, amphibole and lithic clasts. Transmitted
light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
PET-08R: Abundant magnetite (mt) associated with relict mafic sites altered to fibrous secondary actinolitic amphibole
(ac) interstitial to fractured, altered plagioclase (pl) and quartz (qz) in intermediate (quartz diorite) clast. Reflected light,
uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
25
PET-09: Seriate-textured relict plagioclase phenocrysts altered to clay?/sericite (brownish, partly plucked out to leave
voids at cores) or epidote (ep) and mafic relics altered to actinolitic amphibole (am), chlorite (ch), biotite (bi), epidote (ep)
and local quartz (qz; some is also primary) associated with minor chalcopyrite and magnetite (opaque; see below).
Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
PET-09R:Same view as above but in reflected light (uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide) to show chalcopyrite
(cp) intergrown with epidote (ep) and secondary quartz (qz), accessory magnetite (mt) partly replaced by sphene (sp).
26
XRD-01: Hypabyssal porphyry composed of euhedral relict plagioclase (PL) and mafic (M, possibly originally pyroxene
or amphibole?) phenocrysts, partly to completely replaced by albite (ab) and epidote (ep); or epidote and chlorite; most
chlorite occurs with epidote replacing seriate mafic crystals in the groundmass. Note epidote vein. Transmitted light,
crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
XRD-02: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase (pl) and lithic
clasts (felsic plutonic rock, partly sericitized) with significant matrix of interstitial sericite (ser) that causes rock to be
weak and is commonly plucked out to leave voids. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
27
XRD-03: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital plagioclase (pl), quartz (qz), biotite (bi),
rare epidote, and only rare lithic clasts (mainly sericite, ser) with significant matrix of interstitial sericite (ser) that causes
rock to be weak and may be plucked out to leave voids. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.
XRD-04: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital plagioclase (pl), less quartz (qz), biotite
(bi), local lithic clasts (sericitized, ser) plus minor dark matrix of interstitial biotite/sericite/chlorite that causes rock to be
weak and may be plucked out to leave small voids. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.
28
Overviews of offcuts and thin sections (dark semi-circles mark locations of photomicrographs):
Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC, TMEP Westridge Tunnel Investigation November 26, 2014
2014 Site Investigation Data Report – FINAL Project No.: 0095-150-15
APPENDIX G
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS RESULTS
0095150-15 Site Investigation Data Report - FINAL.docx
BGC ENGINEERING INC.

REPORT ON
SEISMIC REFRACTION INVESTIGATION
TRANSMOUNTAIN PIPELINE EXPANSION PROJECT
WESTRIDGE TUNNEL OPTION - SOUTH PORTAL
BURNABY, B.C.
by
Claudia Krumbiegel, M.Sc.
Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng.
September, 2014 PROJECT FGI-1367

________________________________________________________________
Frontier Geosciences Inc. 237 St. Georges Avenue, North Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7L 4T4
Tel: 604.987.3037 Fax: 604.984.3074
(i)
CONTENTS
page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY METHOD 3

2.1 Equipment 3
2.2 Survey Procedure 3
2.3 Interpretive Method 3
3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS 4
3.1 General 4
3.2 Discussion 4
4. LIMITATIONS 5
ILLUSTRATIONS
location
Figure 1 Survey Location Plan Page 2
Figure 2 Site Plan Appendix
Figure 3 Interpreted Depth Section SL-1 Appendix
Frontier Geosciences Inc.

1
1. INTRODUCTION
On August 29, September 2 and September 3, 2014, Frontier Geosciences Inc. carried out a
seismic refraction investigation for BGC Engineering Inc. at the Westridge Tunnel Option,
South Portal in Burnaby, British Columbia. The investigation is in support of Kinder
Morgan’s Transmountain Pipeline Expansion Project. The site area is located west of the
Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal, on the southwest side of Burnaby Mountain. A Survey
Location Plan of the area is shown at a scale of 1:50,000 in Figure 1. The purpose of the
seismic refraction survey was to determine geological conditions at the proposed South
Portal area.
A total of approximately 750 metres of detailed seismic refraction surveying was carried out
in the investigation on seven seismic spreads. A Site Plan of the area is presented at a scale
of 1:1,000, in Figure 2.

2
5464000N
5463000N
5462000N
5461000N
5460000N
5459000N
SURVEY
5458000N AREA
5457000N
5456000N
501000E 502000E 503000E 504000E 505000E 506000E 507000E 508000E

SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
SURVEY LOCATION PLAN
KILOMETRES
FRONTIER GEOSCIENCES INC.
DATE: SEPT. 2014 SCALE 1:50,000 FIG. 1
3
2. THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY METHOD
2.1 Equipment
The seismic refraction investigation was carried out with a Geometrics, Geode, 24 channel,
signal enhancement seismograph and Oyo Geo Space, 10 Hz geophones. Geophone intervals
along the multicored seismic cables were maintained at 2.5 or 5 metres in order to produce
high resolution data on subsurface layering. Due to the proximity of infrastructure, the
seismic energy for the surveying was limited to either a weight drop system or a sledge
hammer, striking a steel plate on the ground surface.
2.2 Survey Procedure
For each spread, the seismic cable was stretched out in a straight line and the geophones
implanted. Six separate ‘shots’ were then initiated: one at either end of the geophone array,
two at intermediate locations along the seismic cable, and one off each end of the line to
ensure adequate coverage of the basal layer. The ‘shots’ were detonated individually and
arrival times for each geophone were recorded digitally in the seismograph. Data recorded
during field surveying operations was generally of moderate to good quality.
Throughout the survey, notes were recorded regarding seismic line positions in relation to
topographic and geological features. Relative elevations on the seismic lines were recorded
by chain and inclinometer with absolute elevations taken from one metre LiDAR contour
mapping of the area provided by BGC Engineering Inc..
2.3 Interpretive Method
The final interpretation of the seismic data was arrived at using the method of differences
technique. This method utilises the time taken to travel to a geophone from shotpoints
located to either side of the geophone. Using the total time, a small vertical time is computed
which represents the time taken to travel from the refractor up to the ground surface. This
time is then multiplied by the velocity of each overburden layer to obtain the thickness of
each layer at that point.

4
3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS
3.1 General
The results of the six seismic refraction traverses in the South Portal area are shown at a scale
of 1:500 in Figures 3 to 8 in the Appendix. The small triangles in the figures indicate
geophone positions on the ground surface. The blue line indicates an interpreted boundary
between overburden materials, with the red line indicating the interpreted, bedrock surface.
3.2 Discussion
The results of the seismic refraction interpretations indicate the site area is underlain by three
distinct velocity layers. The surficial layer with compressional wave velocities ranging from
310 m/s to 400 m/s is consistent with loose, surficial, gravelly sand and silt or Fill material.
This surficial layer averages approximately 1.3 metres in thickness, in the survey area.
Underlying the surficial layer is a shallow intermediate layer with compressional wave
velocities of 845 m/s to 970 m/s. These velocities correspond to stiffer or denser sand and silt
or till. This layer varies in thickness from a minimum of 0.3 metres at the north end of line
SL-5, to a maximum of 6.7 metres near the south end of line SL-5.
The basal layer with velocities from 2250 m/s to 2640 m/s is the interpreted competent
bedrock surface. These velocities are consistent with the intersection in drillhole
HMM-BH-03 of sedimentary sandstone and conglomerate bedrock. In general, the
interpreted bedrock surface parallels the ground surface, with the bedrock surface rising to
the north, northeast and east similar to the ground surface topography.

5
4. LIMITATIONS
The depths to subsurface boundaries derived from seismic refraction surveys are generally
accepted as accurate to within fifteen percent of the true depths to the boundaries. In some
cases, unusual geological conditions may produce false or misleading data points with the
result that computed depths to subsurface boundaries may be less accurate. In seismic
refraction surveying difficulties with a ‘hidden layer’ or a velocity inversion may produce
erroneous depths. The first condition is caused by the inability to detect the existence of a
layer because of insufficient velocity contrasts or layer thicknesses. A velocity inversion
exists when an underlying layer has a lower velocity than the layer directly above it. The
interpreted depths shown on drawings are to the closest interface location, which may not be
vertically below the measurement point if the refractor dip direction departs significantly
from the survey line location. Structural discontinuities occurring on a scale less than the
geophone spacing would go undetected in the interpretation of the data. Critically refracted
waves from subsurface denser interfaces do not penetrate the layer.
The results are interpretive in nature and are considered to be a reasonably accurate
representation of existing subsurface conditions within the limitations of the seismic
refraction method.
For: Frontier Geosciences Inc.
Claudia Krumbiegel, M.Sc.
Russell Hillman, P.Eng.

5457840N
175
SL-1 185
5457820N
175
SL-5
5457800N 16
5
HMM-BH-03
5
17
16
5
5457780N
5
17
5457760N
17
5
16
5
155
5457740N 17
5
SL-2
5457720N 16
5
155
5457700N
155
155
5457680N
5
14
5457660N
5457640N
14
5
5457620N
14
13
5
5457600N
5
-3
SL
13
5
5457580N
SL
-6
SL
-4 14
5
5457560N
13
5
5457540N
125
5457520N
13
12
5
5
5457500N
504580E 504600E 504620E 504640E 504660E 504680E 504700E 504720E 504740E 504760E

SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY
0 10 20 30 40
SITE PLAN
METRES
DRILLHOLE FRONTIER GEOSCIENCES INC.

DATE: SEPT. 2014 SCALE 1:1,000 FIG. 2

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Golder Associates Ltd.

8 HMM-BH-03 21 146.43-146.68 Conglomerate

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 29.78 Diameter (mm) 58.75

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 29.07 Diameter (mm) 60.38

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 43.89 Diameter (mm) 60.14

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 48.32 Diameter (mm) 59.71

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 53.62 Diameter (mm) 60.70

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 267.50 Diameter (mm) 61.25

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 60.00 Diameter (mm) 61.55

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 108.39 Diameter (mm) 61.74

Failure Mode Notes

- Water content as received

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

Testing Results Sample Measurements

Max Load (kN) 67.72 Diameter (mm) 61.81

Failure Mode Notes