PROJECT REPORT ON

SECRETARIAT LOCAL AREA NETWORK

(SecLAN)

BIHAR STATE ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT

CORPORATION LIMITED
(BELTRON)

Submitted By

AMIT KUMAR ROUSHAN

KAMAL DEO PRASAD

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MYSORE
Project Report On SecLAN

(2008-2012)

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Project Report On SecLAN

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CERTIFICATE OF THE GUIDE

This is to certify that project work titled “Secretariat Local Area Network
(SecLAN)” is a bonafide work of “Amit Kumar Roushan and Kamal Deo Prasad
of 4th semester BE of Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore”
carried out as a summer internship project from 15th July 2010 to 15th August 2010
under my supervision.

Place: [Signature]

Date: Mr. Prabhu Shankar Prasad

SPANCO LTD.

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 Project Report On SecLAN

ABSTRACT
In the last few years, the e-governance concept has gained momentum across
almost all the states of India. It has become an accepted methodology involving the
use of IT to providing speedily to all citizens, improving public services and
improving administrative efficiency. In this direction government of Bihar has
adopted to rollout to major Information Technology infrastructure project namely
State Wide Area Network, State Data Center and Secretariat Local Area Network
for use of ICT in general administration.

This report aims at presenting the reader a detailed study on a major e-

governance initiative in Bihar, the Secretariat Local Area Network (SecLAN).

The first chapter deals with the various aspects involved in the
implementation of e-government such as “How it works?” challenges faced by the
government in its implementation, the current initiatives & progress in this field in
India and specifically Bihar.

The second chapter deals with the specific project of Government of Bihar
(GoB) i.e. SecLAN. We will focus on each and every stuff related to this project
like understanding LAN, its structure, use of Optical Fiber Cable (OFC), its
applications and features.

The third chapter is for understanding the use of VoIP or IP Telephony in

the SecLAN network for conversation between the different officers in and around
secretariat & throughout BSWAN. We will also understand about “How VoIP
works?” and methods for connecting to VoIP service provider to common people
along with its merits & demerits.

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Disclaimer
This report is a result of study of SecLAN project carried out by us as a part
of summer training during July- August 2010.

Though utmost care has been taken to represent facts and figures as correctly
as possible. There could be mistakes, for which, we could not be held responsible.

The government documents such as RPF for SecLAN, draft of IT policy has
been referred. Other documents like case studies of the involved companies,
technical documents/user manuals from the hardware component vendors and the
other relative information from the internet are taken as per requirement. Care has
been taken not to violate any copy writes.

We, personally, thank Shri P. C. Chaudhary, BELTRON for permitting us to

carry the summer training project under BELTRON as well as Shri Prabhu
Shankar Prasad, SPANCO LTD. for providing step by step guidance and technical
details during the project tenure.

Comments and suggestions are most welcome, for any kind of feedback
please contact us on amitkumarroushan@gmail.com or kdpd2007@gmail.com

Regards,

Amit Kumar Roushan

Kamal Deo Prasad

BE 2nd Year

Department of Information Science & Engineering

(Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore)

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 Project Report On SecLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Training letter from BELTRON 2

Certificate of the guide 3

Abstract 4

Disclaimer 5

1. E-governance
1.1 Understanding e-governance 7
1.2 Non-internet e-government 8
1.3 Why e-governance is needed? 8
1.4 Applications of e-governance 9
1.5 Challenges in e-government in India 11
1.6 E-governance in Bihar: An overview 12
2. SecLAN
2.1 Local Area Network (LAN) 16
2.2 Understanding SecLAN 17
2.3 Structure of SecLAN Network 17
2.4 Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) connectivity 21
2.5 Applications of SecLAN 24
2.6 Intranet portal on SecLAN 24
3. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
3.1 Understanding VoIP 26
3.2 Methods to connect to the VoIP service provider 26
3.3 How VoIP works? 27
3.4 A simple VoIP setup 29
3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of VoIP 30
3.6 Uses of VoIP in SecLAN 31
3.7 Features of Nortel 1140E IP phone 33
3.8 IP Phone 1140E LCD display screen 35

Conclusion 36

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CHAPTER 1
E-GOVERNANCE
1.1 Understanding e-governance
e-Government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, digital
government, online government, connected government or transformational
government) is creating a comfortable, transparent, and cheap interaction between
government and citizens (G2C – government to citizens), government and business
enterprises (G2B –government to business enterprises) and relationship between
governments (G2G – inter-agency relationship). There are four domains of e-
government namely, governance, information and communication
technology(ICT), business process re-engineering(BPR)and e-citizen.

An alternative definition to the e-governance may be:

E-governance is the application of information & communication technologies
to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of
informational& transactional exchanges with in government, between govt. &
govt. agencies of National, State, Municipal& Local levels, citizen & businesses,
and to empower citizens through access & use of information.

Definitions of e-Government and e-Governance abound in literature.

Definitions for e-Government and e-Governance range from the working
definitions like “the ability for anyone visiting the city website to communicate
and/or interact with the city via the Internet in any way more sophisticated than a
simple email letter to the generic city (or webmaster) email address provided at the
site” to “the use of technolog4y to enhance the access to and delivery of
government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees”. Focus
of these definitions range from those focusing on Information and communication
technologies (ICTs) to those focusing on ICT-enabled government and governance
transformation. Some examples of such definitions include:

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The use of ICTs, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better
government.

The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the
operations of a government organization.

The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation
and governance by transforming internal and external relationships through
technology, the Internet and new media.

1.2 Non-internet e-government

While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-
based government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can
be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms include telephone,
fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS, wireless networks and
services, Bluetooth, CCTV, tracking systems, RFID, biometric identification, road
traffic management and regulatory enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and
other Near Field Communication applications; polling station technology (where
non-online e-voting is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of
government services, email, online community facilities,
newsgroups and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging
technologies.

1.3 Why e-governance is needed?

Through the use of modern information and communication technologies in
administrative works, governments can increase the speed and efficiency of the
government procedures and transactions. This may lead to a faster, more reliable
and better way of communication between various layers of the government. For
government offices, which are synonymous with the mismanagement of resources,
it could mean better management of resources. It could also help in better
management of government records and information in various departments. Due
to the computerized storage the e-governance introduces, it would be easier for
various departments of the government to utilize each other’s information in a

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better and speedy way. For citizens it means the simplifications of complicated and
lengthy government procedures. Also if information regarding a government
department or a scheme is needed by a citizen he could access it in a more
convenient way using the government portals etc. This is few causes for the
question “Why e-governance is needed?”

1.4 Applications of e-governance

The concept of e-governance i.e. the integration of modern information and
communication technologies in public works can be applied to many areas and
departments of the present government infrastructure. This may lead to the
simplification of procedures for the citizens as well as better utilization of time and
resources and faster dispense of cases for the government departments. As there
will be a very efficient way of storing and managing information and records by
using electronic means, it will reduce the amount of lengthy paper works which are
generally involved in government processes today.
Some of departments where this concept can be employed include:
Administration: Various levels of the government could be linked together using
ICT.
Highest order offices situated in the capital city could be linked to state
capital offices which could be linked further downwards to districts headquarters
which in turn could be connected to blocks and panchayats. This would enhance
the ease as well as speed of passing orders from top to bottom level as well as
monitoring the progress in the executions of orders at various levels. It would be a
lot easier for the lower level staff to report feedback as well as their grievances to
top level. It will also reduce unnecessary paper work which would lead to
decrement in government expenditures as well as reduction time in the government
procedures to complete.
Department of Road Transport (RTO): Every day many new motor vehicles
including two and four wheelers hit the road across the country. Registration of
Motor Vehicles in such a large number and collecting road taxes is a very lengthy
process where it takes many days for a new vehicle to get a registration number
and paper works to be completed only after which it can be driven on the road.
Getting a new driving licenses issued as well as renewal of older one is also a

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tiring process. By computerizing the whole process and adding features like face
recognition and biometric sensors it will simplify the current procedure to very
large extent.
Health Care: There are many remote villages still in India where a doctor could
not be found in a radius of a few kilometers. By establishing a local health center
and linking it to various hospitals through faster communication links a better
health care can be provided to the people of remote and deeper areas of the
country. This could be done by using the concept of Tele-Medicine etc.
Education: Different tires of education system in India like schools, colleges,
technical and professional education institutes could be integrated through the use
of modern communication links to provide a better education. Use of computers
and IT could lead to better means of education through e-learning, distant
education, lectures on videoconferencing etc. Also using modern communication
technology can ensure the reach of education to distant Indian villages and
backwards areas with a better ease

Employment: Employment exchanges could be computerized throughout the

country.
Online Registration for unemployed, computerization of day to day activities
of employment exchange etc as well as interlinking of all the employment
exchanges can lead to a better way of executions of government schemes.
Municipality: processes of deposition of various taxes, bills like water supply etc.,
issue of certificates of birth / death, land records etc could be computerized.

Food and Civil Supply: Issue and renewal of ration cards can be made
computerized to save time.
Revenue: The process of registration of property, maintenance of land records,
transfer of properties, stamp duty payments, these are a few things that need to be
computerized for faster and easy procedures.
These are a few areas where electronic means could be applied to make
things work fast and easy.

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1.5 Challenges in e-government in India

Despite very large scale investment and efforts to establish e-government in

India the progress has been somewhat slower than what had been expected. This
can be attributed to many factors. Some visible challenges in front of the
establishment of e-governance in India are:
Lack of IT Literacy and awareness regarding benefits of e-governance: There is
a general lack of awareness regarding benefits of ICT and e-governance among the
common people as well as government staff. The administrative structure in India
is not compatible for handling and storing governance information through
computerized means. The general tendency among government staff from top
officials to lower level staff like clerks is to obtain and process data from the files
(in printed or typed format) as and when required and move them table to table to
complete procedures rather than using soft copies of the documents and forwarding
them by e-mails and other workflow technologies.
Underutilization of existing ICT infrastructure: Many departments have
adequately good computer facilities but the existing hardware is used only for word
processing and printing documents. The hardware is completely or to a large extent
not utilized for communication using mails and network sharing as well as making
databases and for management related uses.
Attitude of Government Departments: The psychology of government servants is
quite different from that of private sectors. Where in private sector there is always
a welcome for newer technologies, in public sector any attempt to reform the
current system is met with resistance from the present employees such as
computerization will create job losses. The main reason behind such an opposition
to new technology could be credited to the fact that existing workforce would have
to upgrade itself to be compatible to new technology which would involve a great
deal of efforts from their side as well.

Lack of infrastructure to support e-governance: In e-governance modern

electronic equipments as well as fast communication links are needed. Due to the
fact that India is a very large country, purchase of sufficient hardware and software
needed would incur a very large cost. Also, availability of reliable and secure
communication links in the remote locations a serious concern. Getting

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uninterrupted electricity in interior locations to run the electronic infrastructure is

also a great difficulty. All these factors make the progress of e-governance a bit
difficult.
Lack of skilled manpower: If e-governance is taken to the very root level that is to
all the villages and panchayats, a very large number of people trained in the field
of IT would be needed. Recruiting, training, employing and managing such a large
workforce is perhaps the greatest challenge in the path of the progress of e-
governance in India.
These are only a few challenges besides many more. But by proper
management and administration from the government side they could be overcome
and India can progress on the path to achieve e-governance in near future.

1.6 E-governance in Bihar: An overview

Almost four years back, Bihar was lagging far behind in terms of the
implementation of IT in government affairs. It was among the least achiever states.
There was no separate Department of IT in government of Bihar. Bihar
government decided to set up a separate IT department in April 2007. Till then IT
department was under the ministry of science and technology. Also a full time IT
secretary was appointed in April 2008. Mr. Alok V Chaturvedi became the first IT
secretary of Bihar and has spearheaded the IT initiatives of the Government of
Bihar most efficiently.

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The projects that have made some considerable progress in terms of

implementation are the treasury management information system, and the VAT
management information system. These are supported by the state data center
Bihar Revenue Administration Intranet Data Center (BRAIN DC), already set up
in Technology Bhawan, Bailey Road, Patna-1. The BRAIN DC is providing much
functionality like serving as the Central Repository of the State, Secure Data
Storage, and Online Delivery of Services, Citizen information/Services Portal,
State Intranet Portal, Disaster Recovery, Remote Management and Service
Integration. It is fully operational till date.

The implementation of a state wide area network connecting state

headquarter to all the district headquarters and in turn connecting them to all the
blocks under the districts is also in the final stage of implementation. Bihar State
Wide Area Network (BSWAN) is currently providing 2 Mbps (initially) vertical
connectivity across the State up to Block level right from the State Headquarter.

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The SHQ is located in Patna in conjunction with the State Data Center, the BRAIN
DC. At SHQ and all the DHQs, STM1 facility is provided so as to scale up and
meet the future bandwidth requirements. Bihar is one of the states where
implementation of SWAN is in an advanced stage.
Another initiative that could be appreciated is a 50:50 joint venture called
Bihar e-Governance Services and Technology (BeST), with Bihar State Electronics
Development Corporation (BELTRON) and Infrastructure Lease and Finance
Services (ILF&S) as participants. Beltron and ILF&S are official consultants for
the Government of Bihar, and have saved a lot of time and effort for the
government in terms of finding consultants for projects. They are a single interface
for preparation of Requests for Proposal (RFPs) and tendering. This, according to
government of Bihar, will help the government attract good quality hardware and
software vendors.

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Another project with advanced level implementation is the Common Service

Center (CSC) named Vasudha: Government of Bihar has already taken action to
create a network of Common Services Centers (CSCs), christened Vasudha, in all
8,463 panchayats of the State as outlets for various services. Vasudha Kendras
have been designed as ICT-enabled center shaving a PC along with basic support
equipment like Printer, Scanner, UPS, with Wireless Connectivity as the backbone
and additional equipment for edutainment, telemedicine, entertainment etc. Bihar
stands among the top states in terms of roll out of number of CSCs.

One among these projects is SecLAN, on which we will through light in the
next chapter.

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CHAPTER 2
SecLAN
2.1 Local Area Network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small
physical area, like a home, office, or small groups of buildings, such as a school, or
an airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks
(WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area,
and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.
ARCNET, Token Ring and other technologies have been used in the past,
but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling and Wi-Fi are the two most common
technologies currently in use.
Switched Ethernet is the most common Data Link Layer implementation on
local area networks. At the Network Layer, the Internet Protocol (i.e. TCP/IP) has
become the standard. Smaller LANs generally consist of one or more switches
linked to each other—often at least one is connected to a router, cable modem,
or ADSL modem for Internet access.
Larger LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with switches
using the spanning tree protocol to prevent loops, their ability to manage differing
traffic types via quality of service (QoS), and to segregate traffic with VLANs.
Larger LANs also contain a wide variety of network devices such as switches,
firewalls, routers, load balancers, and sensors.
LANs may have connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased
services, or by tunneling across the Internet using virtual private
network technologies. Depending on how the connections are established and
secured in a LAN, and the distance involved, a LAN may also be classified
as metropolitan area network (MAN) or wide area networks (WAN).
CABLING: Early LAN cabling had always been based on various grades
of coaxial cable, but IBM's Token Ring used shielded twisted pair cabling of their
own design, and in 1984 StarLAN showed the potential of
simple Cat3 unshielded twisted pair—the same simple cable used for telephone
systems. In addition, fiber-optic cabling is increasingly used.
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2.2 Understanding SecLAN

As the name suggests SecLAN literally means Secretariat Local Area
Network. It is a Local Area Network for all the government office in and around
secretariat and connectivity to the State Data Centre (SDC) at Technology
Bhawan, Patna.

It will also provide link to the BRAIN (Bihar Revenue Administration

IntraNet) DC for the data access and internet access. It is one of the prominent
activities in the field of e-governance in the state of Bihar. It has been used to
extend the success of computerization for Government of Bihar (GoB). SecLAN is
providing the information and communication technology to drive improved
efficiency and responsibilities in the day to day administration of the government.

DIT has initiated SecLAN project to connect all government offices in and
around state secretariat through Gigabit fiber connectivity backbone. This would
help in easy communication within the offices, information sharing, file movement
and would result in better efficiency, effective co-ordination and reduced time
cycle. Linkages between SecLAN, SDC and BSWAN would provide e-mail, voice,
data and video communication facility to the Chief Minister, other ministers, chief
secretary and officials.

2.3 Structure of SecLAN Network

The SecLAN would be an edge to accommodate increased collaborate
applications. The SecLAN has connected from Technology Bhawan where the
State Data Centre (SDC) and State Wide Area Network (SWAN) is located, to all
the nine buildings Old Secretariat, Vikas Bhawan, CM Secretariat, Technology
Bhawan, Vishveshwaraiah Bhawan, Sichai Bhawan. Soochna Bhawan, Beltron
Bhawan and Lalit Bhawan.

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Approximate Distance of Technology Bhawan to other buildings

Vishveswarayya Bhawan : 200 mtrs

Vikash Bhawan : 400 mtrs

Soochana Bhawan : 400 mtrs

Old Secretariat : 1000 mtrs

Sinchai Bhawan : 1200 mtrs

CM Secretariat : 1500 mtrs

CM Residance : 1500 mtrs

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Logical Proposed LAN Network Connectivity

Building Switch At

Technology Bhawan

Building Switch

At Vish. Bhawan

Building Switch Building Switch

At Soochna Bhawan At Beltron Bhawan

Floor Switch
Building Switch
At C M Secretariat
At Vikas Bhawan

Building Switch Building Switch

At Sinchai Bhawan At Old Secretariat

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Typical Electrical Layout for UPS connectivity at

Vikash Bhawan

Main UPS

Distribution Box
Proposed UPS

Systems with

Battery Bank

Proposed AMF

Panel with Auto

Existing BSES change over switch

Proposed DG Set
Electrical

Earth Pit Transformer

No.1 Earth Pit No.2 Earth Pit No.3 Earth Pit No.4 Earth Pit No.5

Earth pit copper for Earth pit GI Earth pit GI Earth pit Copper

Neutral of DG Connection For DG Body For AMF Body For Network Rack

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2.4 Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) Connectivity

An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The
optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and
contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be
deployed.

Single Mode Optical fiber

In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fib (SMF) (monomode optical
fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, or unimode fiber) is an optical
fiber designed to carry only a single ray of light (mode). This ray of light often
contains a variety of different wavelengths. Although the ray travels parallel to the
length of the fiber, it is often called the transverse mode since
its electromagnetic vibrations occurs perpendicular to the length of the fiber.

Fig: Single Mode and Multi-mode Fiber

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Multi-Mode Optical fiber

Multi-mode optical fiber (multimode fiber or MM fiber or fiber) is a type of optical
fiber mostly used for communication over shorter distances, such as within a
building or on a campus. Typical multimode links have data rates of 10 Mbit/s to
10 Gbit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters—more than sufficient for the
majority of premises applications.
Patch cords
The buffer or jacket on patch cords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber
used. The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is
color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell
(such as SC connectors) typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color coding
for jackets and boots (or connector shells) are shown below:

Buffer/jacket
Meaning
color

Yellow single-mode optical fiber

Orange multi-mode optical fiber

10 gig laser-optimized 50/125 micrometer multi-mode optical

Aqua
fiber

Grey outdated color code for multi-mode optical fiber

Sometimes used to designate polarization-maintaining optical

Blue
fiber

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Semantic Network Layout of Fiber for Bihar SecLAN

Old Sinchai

Bhawan
Rout No.1 (Single Mode)
Rout No.2 (Single Mode)
(Multi Mode)

C M Resi.

Vikas Bhawan
Soochna Bhawan

C M Secret.

Vish. Techno.
Beltron
Bhawan
Bhawan Bhawan

In the SecLAN project there are two single mode optical fibers are set up on
each side of the roads connecting the different buildings of secretariat which are
located at much far from each other. On the other hand multi-mode fiber is used
only in the connectivity between the different floors in the building.

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2.5 Applications of SecLAN

The SecLAN would use technologies such as Mailing, Messaging, IP
Telephony, Video conferencing, workspace document sharing, Web based
applications and Extensible Markup Language (XML) based applications.

2*4 MBPS Internet bandwidth is approved for providing internet for senior
Government officers and to host Government websites and applications at the
BRAIN DC. By utilizing the internet, Intranet, VoIP Telephony and mailing
services through SecLAN, Secretariat and governance is inevitably very different
from what it was previously.

The project has provided access to web based e-governance application like
Integrated Work Flow Documents Management System (iWDMS), Commercial
Tax Management System (CTMIS), Value Added Tax Management System
(VATMIS), e-mail and IP Telephony facility.

Data Node has been provided at the locations of officers. SecLAN has a
dedicated help desk to resolve the queries of the government officers. The SecLAN
network is used to provide VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) calls and the VoIP
telephones have been provided to all the senior officers.

2.6 Intranet Portal on SecLAN

An intranet portal is the gateway that unifies access to all enterprise
information and applications on an intranet specifically SecLAN. It is a tool that
helps a government officers manage its data, applications, and information more
easily, and through personalized views. Some portal solutions today are able to
integrate legacy applications, other portals objects, and handle thousands of user
requests. For enterprise user, it is also known as an enterprise portal.

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SecLAN intranet portal

Fig: A snapshot of the SecLAN intranet portal

Features

 CTMIS- Comprehensive Treasury Management Information System

 VATMIS- Value Added Tax Management Information System
 Bihar Commercial Tax Application System
 IWDMS- Integrated Work Flow & Document Management System
 Direct access to FTP Server of BSWAN
 Webmail- Access to the secured webmail facility
 Access to the online portal of Bihar i.e. Bihar-online
 Online chatting
 NREGS- National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
 Searching VoIP numbers of the officers

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Chapter 3
Voice over Internet Protocol
(VoIP)
3.1 Understanding VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP, Voice over IP) is a general term for a
family of methodologies, communication protocols, and transmission technologies
for delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet
Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms frequently encountered
and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over
broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone

Internet telephony refers to communications services — voice, facsimile,

and/or voice-messaging applications — that are transported via the Internet, rather
than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in
originating an Internet telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to
digital format and compression/translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP)
packets for transmission over the Internet, the process is reversed at the receiving
end.

3.2 Methods to connect to the VoIP service provider

This can be implemented in several ways:

 Dedicated VoIP phones connect directly to the IP network using

technologies such as wired Ethernet or wireless Wi-Fi. They are typically
designed in the style of traditional digital business telephones.
 An analog telephone adapter is a device that connects to the network and
implements the electronics and firmware to operate a conventional analog
telephone attached through a modular phone jack. Some residential Internet
gateways and cable modems have this function built in.
 A softphone is application software installed on a networked computer that
is equipped with a microphone and speaker, or headset.

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3.3 How VoIP works?

If you've never heard of VoIP, get ready to change the way you think about
long-distance phone calls. VoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, is a method for
taking analog audio signals, like the kind you hear when you talk on the phone, and
turning them into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet.

VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way to place free phone
calls. The practical upshot of this is that by using some of the free VoIP software
that is available to make Internet phone calls, you're bypassing the phone company
(and its charges) entirely.

VoIP is a revolutionary technology that has the potential to completely rework

the world's phone systems. VoIP providers like Vonage have already been around
for a while and are growing steadily. Major carriers like AT&T are already setting
up VoIP calling plans in several markets around the United States, and the FCC is
looking seriously at the potential ramifications of VoIP service.

Above all else, VoIP is basically a clever "reinvention of the wheel." In this
article, we'll explore the principles behind VoIP, its applications and the potential
of this emerging technology, which will more than likely one day replace
the traditional phone system entirely.

The interesting thing about VoIP is that there is not just one way to place a call.
There are three different "flavors" of VoIP service in common use today:
 ATA -- The simplest and most common way is through the use of a
device called an ATA (analog telephone adaptor). The ATA allows you to
connect a standard phone to your computer or your Internet connection for
use with VoIP. The ATA is an analog-to-digital converter. It takes the
analog signal from your traditional phone and converts it into digital data
for transmission over the Internet. Providers like Vonage and AT&T Call
Vantage are bundling ATAs free with their service. You simply crack the
ATA out of the box, plug the cable from your phone that would normally
go in the wall socket into the ATA, and you're ready to make VoIP calls.
Some ATAs may ship with additional software that is loaded onto the host
computer to configure it; but in any case, it's a very straightforward setup.

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 IP Phones -- These specialized phones look just like normal phones with
a handset, cradle and buttons. But instead of having the standard RJ-11
phone connectors, IP phones have an RJ-45 Ethernet connector. IP phones
connect directly to your router and have all the hardware and software
necessary right onboard to handle the IP call. Wi-Fi phones allow
subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any Wi-Fi hot spot.

 Computer-to-computer -- This is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP.

You don't even have to pay for long-distance calls. There are several
companies offering free or very low-cost software that you can use for this
type of VoIP. All you need is the software, a microphone, speakers,
a sound card and an Internet connection, preferably a fast one like you
would get through a cable or DSL modem. Except for your normal
monthly ISP fee, there is usually no charge for computer-to-computer
calls, no matter the distance.

If you're interested in trying VoIP, then you should check out some of the free
VoIP software available on the Internet. You should be able to download and set it
up in about three to five minutes. Get a friend to download the software, too, and
you can start tinkering with VoIP to get a feel for how it works.

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3.4 A simple VoIP setup

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3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of VoIP

VOIP has become a force to reckon with in the telecom sector with many
people and businesses saving considerable time and resources by opting for a
relatively inexpensive voice over internet protocol - VOIP. VOIP has many
advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of VoIP

 The main advantage is the amount of money you end up saving on your
phone bills as compared to a traditional phone line.
 Inexpensive and easy to use. Since it is simple, upgrading is relatively
simpler too.
 You can integrate it with an existing phone connection.
 With VOIP PC-to-PC, calls are free no matter the distance and PC-to-Phone
charges are nominal.
 For a monthly fee you may make unlimited free calls within a geographic
area.
 A virtual number enables you to make calls from anywhere as long as a
broadband connection is available.
 You may purchase a number in a geography area of your choice, which
works out very cheap. If your relatives and friends live in Virginia and you
moved to California, you may purchase a Virginia number and make local
calls to your loved ones.
 You may access your VOIP account just like your email Id from anywhere
in the world as long as you have an internet phone. This makes it easy for
those who travel frequently to make calls frequently to those back at home at
local call rates, no matter where they are.
 You may call or message or do both at the same time with VOIP services.
 VOIP cost about half the cost of traditional phone services and it seems that
the taxes and surcharges are much lower. Also your bill is easier to
understand and it can be viewed via the Internet.

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Disadvantages of VoIP

 Loss of service during outages.

 Without power VOIP phones are useless, so in case of emergencies during
power cuts it can be a major disadvantage.
 With VOIP emergency calls, it is hard to locate you and send help in time
 Some times during calls, there may be periods of silence when data is lost
while it is being unscrambled.
 Latency and traffic.
 No standard protocol is applicable.

The disadvantages of VOIP could be annoying, but their effects are relatively
limited. The complaints of VOIP are usually tolerable if the callers are using a free
service. As the technology is advancing, we will expect the VOIP quality will
match the traditional telephone technology.
These are some of advantages and disadvantages of VOIP. All said and done,
we could say that the advantages of VOIP outweigh the disadvantages of it.

3.6 Use of VoIP in SecLAN

Bihar is reaping benefits of successful setting up of statewide area network
(SWAN) and secretariat local area network (SecLAN) as part of its e-governance
project. One of the benefits is the use of VoIP (voice over internet protocol) phones
which have allowed free of cost phone connectivity among different government
offices.

Offices of ministers, departmental secretaries and other senior officials in the

state capital have been fitted with VoIP phones. Offices of district magistrates too
have been provided these phones. As theses phones use SecLAN and SWAN for
connectivity between different offices, the state government does not have to pay
any bills to service providers for using them. Moreover, VoIP phones cannot be
tapped giving total privacy to the users.

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A dedicated helpline has also been set up as most of the existing users are
not used to VoIP phones. Plans are afoot to add PRI (Primary Rate Interface) cards
to these phones. This would users to make calls on other networks as well.

Voice quality of these phones is very good and one does not face things like
line congestion or faulty lines while using this phone.

Instead of seven-digit numbers, a way should be found out for abbreviated

dialing for making these phones more user-friendly.

The inbuilt directory would be updated and numbers of DMs would also be
added to it.

Fig: Nortel 1140E IP Phone used in SecLAN

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3.7 Features of Nortel 1140E IP phone

 Six user-defined feature keys with labels and indicators
 Four soft keys
 Graphical, high-resolution LCD display, backlit with adjustable contrast
 High quality speaker phone
 Volume control keys for adjusting ringer, speaker, handset and headset
volume
 Six specialized feature keys:

Quit

Directory

Message/Inbox

Shift/Outbox

Services

Copy
 Six call-processing fixed keys:

Mute

Handsfree

Goodbye

Expand to PC

Headset

Hold
 Gigabit Ethernet ports
 Built-in gigabit Ethernet switch for shared PC access
 Headset jack with an on/off key
 USB port to support a keyboard or mouse
 Automatic network configuration
 Hearing-aid compatibility

 Wireless headset support using Bluetooth® 1.2

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 When message is waiting, the orange Visual Alerter/Message waiting

indicator flashes. Also this flashes when telephone ringer is on.

 When a data-related message, such as an instant message, is received, the

blue Feature Status Lamp flashes. Also, this indicator flashes when a
contact has come online.

Fig: Rear panel of Nortel 1140E IP phone

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3.8 IP Phone 1140E LCD display screen

The IP Phone 1140E has three display areas:

 The upper display area provides labels for the six self-labeled
line/programmable feature key labels.

 The middle display area contains single-line information for items such as
caller number, caller name, Call Timer, feature prompt strings, user-entered
digits, date and time information, and IP Phone information.

 The lower display area provides labels for the four context-sensitive.

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Conclusion
Bihar is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at
38,202 sq mi (99,200 km²) and 3rd largest by population. 5 years earlier Bihar was
lagging in the field of e-governance as compared to other states of India. But now
Bihar is among the top e-governance implementing states. There are various
projects running in the field of these implementations. One among these projects is
SecLAN project to create connectivity between the government offices in and
around secretariat. Through this LAN the officers working in these government
offices can do their job in more smooth and efficient manner.
There is a facility of accessing ftp server where all the files related to
different departments of the government. Also accessing of CTMIS, VATMIS,
IWDMS, NREGS and moreover BSWAN is possible. A server has been set up at
Technology Bhawan from which all the nine buildings are connected with OFC in
bidirectional manner.
One of the prominent benefits of this project is the set up of IP phones in the
government offices. These IP phones had been set up in all over the SecLAN and
BSWAN network to save crores of rupees of the Bihar government wasted every
year on telephone lines. The officers can now have conversation free of cost on
these phones. Moreover these phones have facilities like call conferencing,
abbreviated dialing and a lot more.
Through the implementation of the project like SecLAN, Bihar had showed
that it is not behind any other state in the field of e-governance.

Thank you

Amit Kumar Roushan

Kamal Deo Prasad
Patna, 15th August 2010

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