Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(ISBCW), Thursday 30 August 2018, 17‐18h
Title “Alien invasive plants: do we need to control them and if yes, how?”
The XV ISBCW is aiming to bring together practitioners, scientists and regulators working in the field
of weed biological control to share their experiences, network, foster collaborations, and discuss
emerging issues that affect invasive plant management. Although biological control of weeds has
been practiced since over 100 years, it is still a neglected tool in managing alien invasive weeds in
Europe. Taking advantage of the fact that the XV ISBCW will be in Switzerland, we will organize a 1
hour panel discussion about the extent of invasive plant problems in Switzerland and elsewhere in
Europe, whether it is necessary to manage them, and if yes, how. Special emphasize will be placed on
the advantages and constraints of the use of classical biological control for invasive plant
management.
We have invited five participants with different backgrounds and viewpoints on the subject:
Nicola Schönenberger (Consultant at INNOVABRIDGE Foundation, Switzerland): the reality of
alien, invasive plant problems in Switzerland
Elizabete Marchante (University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Portugal): the
case of Acacia in Portugal and the first classical biocontrol release in continental Europe
Christoph Küffer (ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Switzerland):
not all exotic plants cause problems; each case needs to be looked at individually
Heinz Müller Schärer (University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Switzerland): predicting
outcomes of classical weed biocontrol and scope for basic research
Richard Shaw (CABI UK): perceptions of classical weed biocontrol in Europe
Sarah Pearson Perret from Pro Natura will lead through the discussion.
Nicola Schoenenberger
Innovabridge Foundation, Caslano, Switzerland
Nicola Schoenenberger is a natural scientist specialised in botany and plant genetics. He has a solid
experience in biodiversity and genetic resource conservation, as well as risk assessment of genetically
modified organisms, invasive alien species and their management. He is active as a researcher and is
member of several governmental panels and committees on biodiversity, management of natural
resources and biosafety. As such, he has been advising Swiss national and regional governments on
several aspects related to invasive alien plants, including monitoring, early detection and rapid
response, prevention and risk mitigation, and implementation of law. He is also a board member of
Swiss environmental NGOs, and active in environmental politics. At present, he is consultant and
managing director at Innovabridge, a not‐for‐profit Swiss consulting foundation committed to
innovative solutions in international development.
Statement
With over 600 species, wild growing alien plants represent one fifth of the Swiss flora. However, only
about 40 of these (i.e. 1% of the Swiss flora) are known to proliferate to such an extent to cause
damages to biodiversity, economic activities and human or animal health. Harmful alien species
spreading at the expense of native flora are listed in the Swiss Black List of invasive alien plants, a
regularly updated tool based on risk evaluations and aimed at helping policy makers, practitioners
and scientists to set priorities in preventing or mitigating damage. Preventing the spread of a harmful
species (e.g. through trade bans or sanitary measures) is the most cost effective strategic option to
avoid damage. In general, eradication is only realistic in the early stages of spread or in isolated
populations. In Switzerland, thanks to appropriate legislation imposing eradication or quickly reacting
public administration, it has been possible to stop the spread and reverse population trends in
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) and to eradicate Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose).
After the early stages of spread, further expansion can only be contained. The last option is
suppression, which aims to reduce negative effects without necessarily reducing the spread. With
widespread and extensive populations, such as it is for instance the case in Switzerland with
Ailanthus altissima (tree‐of‐heaven), Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), Reynoutria japonica
(Japanese knotweed), Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry), Solidago canadensis or Solidago
gigantea (Canadian and giant goldenrod), this is probably the only realistic measure. Containment
and repression measures must be continued permanently and require appropriate personnel and
financial resources. Biological control represents presumably the only realistic alternative to
temporally indefinite human and financial investments related to continuous containment and
repression measures. The essential precondition being sound safety assessments of biological control
organisms, appropriate legislative frameworks and international coordination, preferably at
continental scale.
Elizabete Marchante
Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Elizabete Marchante is a research fellow in the Centre for Functional Ecology, from University of
Coimbra, Portugal. Her research focuses on plant invasions, namely impacts, restoration and
management. Currently she is especially interested in biological control of invasive plants, namely on
research of ecological networks as a tool for planning and monitoring biocontrol programs. In this
context, she has been involved in the process of release of one of the first biocontrol agents against
an invasive plant in Europe. Along with research she is actively involved in public awareness and
science communication on invasive plants and also on the management of invasive plants and nature
conservation.
Statement
Acacia longifolia is one of the most widespread invasive plants in coastal areas of Portugal, where it
disrupts the composition and function of natural plant and insect communities as well as
microorganisms in the soil. Control of A. longifolia relies mostly on mechanical methods, mainly basal
cutting and, to a less extent, on chemical application of herbicide to the cut ends of the stumps.
These methods are prohibitively expensive and have failed to achieve lasting control, mostly due to
replenishment of thickets from the abundant seed banks in the soil. The Australian bud‐galling wasp,
Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, induces a reduction in seed production (and vegetative growth) of
A. longifolia and has been successfully used as a biocontrol agent in South Africa for more than 30
years. After a long period (ca. 12 years) of host specificity‐testing in the lab, and risk assessment by
European Union authorities, release permits were issued by Portuguese authorities making this the
first classical biocontrol authorized release in continental Europe. In late 2015, T. acaciaelongifoliae
started to be released into eight selected sites along the Portuguese coast. From these releases ca.
60 galls were detected in the spring of 2016 at five of the release sites. About 1,100 second‐
generation galls were detected in 2017 and ca. 20,000 estimated in 2018. Although new releases
were done in 2016 and 2017 into new sites, no further establishment of the biocontrol agent was
observed. Despite the inherent difficulties associated with transferring the insects between
hemispheres, T. acaciaelongifoliae successfully completed its life cycle in Portugal in the wild, and
after synchronizing the life cycle with the northern hemisphere it is proliferating. In summer 2018,
the number of third‐generation galls allowed for the first time the release of the biocontrol agent
from Portuguese born populations. Monitoring and evaluation of the direct and indirect effects of
this biocontrol agent are in progress.
Christoph Küffer
Department of Landscape Architecture, HSR Rapperswil, and Department of Environmental
Systems Science, ETH Zurich
Christoph Küffer is Professor of Urban Ecology at the Department of Landscape Architecture at HSR
Rapperswil and senior lecturer at the Department of Environmental Systems Science at ETH Zurich
(both in Switzerland). He studied Environmental Sciences at ETH Zurich, and completed his PhD in
plant ecology and habilitation in plant and global change ecology at the same university. Christoph’s
research focuses on invasive plant species in island and mountain ecosystems, the sociocultural
aspects of biological invasions, urban ecology, and biodiversity conservation in novel and human‐
dominated ecosystems.
http://www.geobot.umnw.ethz.ch:8000/~kueffer/personal/Home.html
Statement
The classical paradigm of invasive species research and management builds on three assumptions:
1. There are good and bad species. Some alien species have an inherent ability to spread in a new
geographic area and become problematic (i.e. invasive). The invasion risk of alien species is
generalizable: a species that has become invasive in one region will likely also become invasive in
another region.
2. Native species are preferable to alien species. The alien origin of invasive species is the key driver
of their invasiveness and ultimately impact, and therefore the introduction of alien species to
new areas should be minimized in line with the precautionary principle. Native species are more
valuable than alien species to biodiversity conservation because they coevolved with the local
fauna and flora and because they belong to a place.
3. Rigorous management. Problematic species should be prevented from entering a new area, and
where present eradicated even at high cost.
While this paradigm has helped to advance science and upscale management efforts, and while there
are some invaders for which it works, it is often too simplistic for the emerging Anthropocene:
Critique of assumption 1: Biological invasions are the result of interactions between species traits,
the biotic and abiotic environment, and human activities. In the Anthropocene, with expanding direct
and indirect effects of human activities on ecosystems and landscapes, species traits will lose in
importance as predictors of invasions compared to environmental change and human land use.
Biological invasions must be understood as inherently socioecological phenomena that are largely
shaped by specific socioecological contexts and their rapid changes (Kueffer 2017). Indeed, different
species become invasive in different places (Kueffer et al. 2010), and recurrent invasions of the same
species are often the result of replicated human introduction efforts of the species or the replication
of similar land use systems in different world regions, rather than an inherent high invasiveness of
particular species. Biotic homogenisation reflects land use homogenisation.
Critique of assumption 2: Given the massive environmental changes and movement of species
characterizing the Anthropocene, most species will become ecological aliens, i.e. species that are not
adapted through long‐term evolution to their abiotic environment and the local flora and fauna. The
biogeographic origin of species (alien, native) as a key driver of invasions and as a basis for valuing
biodiversity will lose in importance. We need new heuristics to judge which species belong to a place,
are valuable, and which ones are considered problematic. A prejudice against alien species, although
increasingly questioned, is still deeply entrenched in the mind‐set and language of much invasion
biology. It hinders a more nuanced approach to a time of widespread ecological novelty. Sometimes
alien species will still be problematic, and sometimes native species should be preferred, but it
cannot be the default assumption anymore.
Critique of assumption 3: A call for rigorous action against invasive species – including the use of
words such as invasion or combat that reflect a military language – has often misled management
into misspending resources or adhering to a technocratic belief in the possibility to control processes
in nature (Kueffer & Larson 2014). E.g., conservationists have become advocates of using herbicides
such as glyphosates. Management advice too often neglects practical realities that constrain
management such as opportunity costs, limited capacity and lack of resources. We need a
management approach that is more realistic, and in line with an ethic of responsible intervention in
nature for a time of massive species movements of all kinds that can’t be managed through
rigorously targeting selected species.
Literature:
Kueffer, C. 2017. Plant invasions in the Anthropocene. Science 358 (6364): 724‐725.
Kueffer, C., Larson, B. 2014. Responsible use of language in scientific writing and science communication.
BioScience 64:719‐724.Kueffer, C. et al. 2010. A global comparison of plant invasions on oceanic islands.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 12, 145‐161.
Heinz Müller‐Schärer
Department of Biology, Unit Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Heinz Müller‐Schärer’s long‐standing research interests are ecological and evolutionary aspects of
plant‐insect and plant‐pathogen interactions, especially in the context of plant invasion and
biological control. This led to the study of several plant‐antagonist model systems, with focus on
research questions related to population genetics and dynamics, species spread and distribution, as
well as ecosystem and socio‐economic impacts of plant invaders.
In this general frame, most recent studies focus on the evolvability, i.e. the potential for rapid
evolution in both a plant invader and its biological control insects in view of rendering biological
control more predictive and sustainable.
He initiated, lead and participated in various national, European and international research
programmes in invasion science, most recently the European research programme on the sustainable
management of common ragweed involving more than 250 researchers from 32 countries.
Statement
Biological introductions provide excellent opportunities to study fundamental processes in ecology
and evolution, such as adaptive responses to novel local biotic and abiotic conditions. Adaptation can
occur rapidly after introductions likely from selection on the genetic variation available in introduced
populations. Accidental introductions of biological control agents are in pure analogy to biological
invasions and therefore also provide great model systems to study rapid evolution in novel habitats,
especially in the interplay with their target invasive alien plant invaders. Progress has recently been
made towards better predicting such rapid evolutionary changes, which on the one hand might lead
to populations of the plant invader being resistant or tolerant to the biocontrol organism, thus
mitigating an initial biocontrol success. On the other hand, the biocontrol agent might adapt to novel
abiotic conditions and thus increase its estimated impact on the target invader, but might also adapt
to novel host plants, and thus increasing its risk for non‐target effects.
There is presently no saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide, with ever increasing
costs for agriculture, human health and the environment. While this process cannot be reversed, we
need to take action against the subset of alien species which transform the environment, affect
human health and/or cause huge economic costs. At the international level, societies have also
clearly committed to this, e.g. through signing the CBD. Compared to chemical and mechanical
control measures, biological control often remains the only realistic, practical and affordable
approach to reduce the impact of widely established, problematic plant invaders.
Balancing benefits with risks is key in developing a successful biological control program. In 2013, we
were confronted with the accidental introduction of the North American native ragweed leaf beetle
Ophraella communa into Europe, which needed an urgent decision on how to respond to this
unforeseen arrival of an oligophagous insect, which is already used in China as a successful biological
control agent against common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Because common ragweed has
severe impacts on human health and is also a crop weed in large parts of Europe, it is one of the
economically most important plant invaders in Europe. We immediately reacted to this event by our
newly formed COST‐SMARTER consortium composed of specialists in weed and invasive species
management, ecology, aerobiology, allergology and economics. Since its arrival in Northern Italy, this
beetle reduced more than 80% of the aerial ragweed pollen in the air, was estimated to lead to
health benefits of 5‐7 M € annually once establishment in the heavily invaded Rhône‐Alpes region in
south‐eastern France, and to reduce the number of patients by about 2.6 million (19.1 %) and the
health costs by € 1.7 billion per year once the leaf beetle has colonized its environmental niche in
Europe. Host specificity studies carried out both under laboratory and open field conditions so far
indicate that O. communa poses little risk to commercially grown sunflower and to native
endangered plant species.
Biological control of alien plant invaders has an excellent safety and reasonably good efficiency track
record worldwide. To further reduce the already relatively minimal risks of biological control and
render this approach more predictive and sustainable under global change, we presently carry out
such above mentioned evolvability studies using the Ambrosia‐Ophraella system in Europe.
Dick Shaw
CABI, Egham, Surrey, UK
Dick Shaw is the Country Director looking after CABI’s research centre in Egham as well as being
CABI’s Invasives Regional Coordinator for Europe and the Americas. He is an applied entomologist
with a particular focus on classical weed biocontrol and recently ran the Japanese knotweed
biocontrol programme which culminated in the first ever release of an exotic insect for the
biocontrol of a weed in the EU. He is a regular invited speaker at events in the UK which drives his
particular interest in the public perception of weed biocontrol as well as the associated regulatory
environment and changing political landscape.
Statement
Dick Shaw has long been convinced that the safety testing biocontrol practitioners carry out in
advance of any risk assessment and release of a classical biocontrol agent is reliable and that
unpredicted non‐target effects are increasingly unlikely with current weed biocontrol protocols. He
is also concerned that some of the European conservation community are willing to let their hearts
rule their head and reject the concept of biocontrol in spite of the scientific evidence that support its
application. It would also appear that some invasive ecologists are more interested in measuring
impacts than actually doing something to mitigate them. Nonetheless Dick feels the tide is turning, in
part due to the European Invasive Species Regulation and in part because the novelty of weed
biocontrol in Europe is wearing off. He remains amazed that most people are perfectly willing to
embrace the control of insect pests with relatively non‐specific exotic natural enemies with little in
the way of safety testing but fear the consequences of releasing highly specialist weed‐feeding
agents. This aspect of perception, and how to introduce more balance is of particular interest to him.