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Qult = Σ Qs + Qt
Qult = α Cu . As + Nc Cu At
• The Ultimate load for piles in Sand:
Qult = K σ′ v tan δ As + σ′ v Nq At
• The Ultimate load for piles in silt :
ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺪق أو ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﺧﺎزوق ﻓﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ
( ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ وزنconsolidate) ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻂ اﻟﺮدم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ وزﻧﮫ أو ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻂ
اﻟﺮدم أﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮة اﺣﺘﻜﺎك رأﺳﻰ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎزوق ﺑﻜﻞ
( وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺘﻢdown ward drag) ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺮدم واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ أﺳﻔﻠﮭﺎ
.زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺎزوق
Original
Ground Q
settlement Surface
Granular
Recent fill or Fill
L1
Consolidating Fg
soil
Soft
Stable Soil Clay
L2
Fc
Rock
u u
u u
Bridge
Downdrag load on pile is the
sum of the negative shaft
resistance along the length of
the pile where the soil is moving New fill
downward relative to the pile.
Piles inside
pile sleeves
Consolidating
Negative shaft resistance
soil
(a) Single pile subjected to Negative Skin Friction. (b) Pile axial
load distribution. (c) Distribution of positive and negative unit
shaft resistance, rs and qn respectively on pile shaft.
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The neutral point is located near the pile toe in case of end
bearing piles, whereas it is usually located in the above half
of the pile in case of friction piles.
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Qult = Qs + Qt - Qnsf
= fs . As + qt . At - fnsf .As
Where:
fnsf is calculated in the same way as fs
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Traditional Method
(Allowable Stress Design)
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Pile Spacing ( s )
Center to center pile spacing is the dominant factor
affecting pile group efficiency.
• For friction piles the spacing centre to centre should be
not less than the perimeter of the pile or, for circular piles,
three times the diameter.
• The spacing of piles deriving their resistance mainly from
end-bearing may be reduced but the distance between the
surfaces of the shafts of adjacent piles should be not less
than the least width of the piles.
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S = 2.5b + 0.02D
Where
S = minimum center-to-center pile spacing
b = pile diameter (face to face for non circular pile section)
D = pile embedment length
The pile spacing for a group of long piles can become large
and result in expensive pile caps. For example, the above
Eq. requires a spacing of 1.75 m (3.5 diameter) for a group
of nine 0.5 m diameter, 25 m long piles.
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وﻋﺎدة ﻻ ﯾﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰى أى ﺧﺎزوﻗﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﯾﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮات ﻗﻄﺮ
اﻟﺨﺎزوق وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻮازﯾﻖ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ
أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﮭﺪ اﻻرﺗﻜﺎز ﻓﻼ ﯾﻘﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ وﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ
وﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ أن ﯾﺼﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﻌﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ
screw اﻟﺨﺎزوق ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ وﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻮازﯾﻖ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ
. ﻓﯿﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺎورھﺎ ﻣﺮة وﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﺰونpiles
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Single Pile
Load Test Foundation
Ground
Prestressed
by Pile Driving
Zone of
Settlement
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Group Efficiency
ultimate load capacity of a pile group
ξ = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
sum of ultimate load capacities of individual piles in the group
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Ground Surface
Qu
Failure Zone
Pu = n Qu E n = Number of Piles
Single Pile E = Group Efficiency
Failure
Block Failure PU
B Failure
Zone
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(Block Failure)
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Nc = 5( 1 + )( 1 + )≤ 9
D B
5 Bg 5Lg
Use the lower of capacity calculated by using :
1- Qult. (group) = ξ n Qult
2- Qult. (group) = Nc Cu Bg Lg + Cu 2D (Bg +Lg)
Qult.group = n. QG = n. ξ. Qult
:ﺤﻴﺙ
.ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ n
. ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔQG
.(١-4-٦) ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡQG / Qult = ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ξ
. ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩQult
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0.8
0.6
9 × 9 Group
Length = 48 dia.
0.4 - Individual
- Block Failure
0.2
1 2 3 4
Pile Spacing (Diameters)
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-١ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﻼﺻﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺬوع ﺧﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ
اﻷﻣﺎن .F.S
ﻗﯿﻤﺔ Tallاﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ: -٢
2L (B + A)C
= Tall + Wp
F .S . ﺣﯿﺚ :
ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ. A
ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ. B
ﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﯾﻖ أﺳﻔﻞ ھﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ .pile cap L
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Loading Conditions:
(1) Usual. These conditions include normal operating and
frequent flood conditions. Basic allowable stresses and
safety factors should be used for this type of loading
condition.
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