Guide t o building

services for historic

buildings

Sustainable services for

traditional buildings

Maldngbusfness ylly

CIBSE
ofclimate change

The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

222 Balham High Road, London S W12 9BS
The rights of publication or translation are reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means without the prior permission of the Institution.

0 November 2002 The Chartered Institution of Building

Services Engineers London

Registered charity number 278104

ISBN 1-903287-30-8

This document is based on the best knowledge available a t

the time of publication. However no responsibility of any
kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay however
caused resulting from the use of these recommendations
can be accepted by the Chartered Institution of Building
Services Engineers, the authors or others involved in its
publication. In adopting these recommendations for use
each adopter by doing so agrees to accept full
responsibility for any personal injury, death, loss, damage
or delay arising out of or in connection with their use by or
on behalf of such adopter irrespective of the cause or
reason therefore and agrees to defend, indemnify and
hold harmless the Chartered Institution of Building Services
Engineers, the authors and others involved in their
publication from any and all liability arising out of or in
connection with such use as aforesaid and irrespective of
any negligence on the part of those indemnified.

Typeset by ClBSE Publications Department

Printed in Great Britain by Page Brothers, Norwich.

Glossary
Glossary
Adaptation
Modifying a place to suit proposed compatible uses (Burra
Charter).
Airconditioning
Controlling the temperature and the humidity of a space,
usually at the same time as providing fresh air. Expensive
to install and run, as the humidity-control portion
requires cooling the air to below its dewpoint to
precipitate excess moisture, followed by reheating the air
to the required temperature as opposed to just comfort
cooling, where the air is just reduced in temperature but
will increase in humidity. Close-control airconditioning is
where conditions are controlled within tight limits, such
as temperature 23 +l0C; relative humidity 55% +10%,
and requires even more energy to run.
Many older buildings provide thermal and moisture
buffering which may be enough to avoid sudden changes
in humidity, making airconditioning not so necessary.
Alternatively, artefacts that require very strictly controlled
environmental conditions can often be contained in
smaller cases which then provide a much smaller
airconditioning load, which can also eliminate any
problems between the artefacts’ and the building’s
environmental requirements.
Air-handling unit (AHU)
The unit containing the physical heat exchangers, filters
and fans for ventilation, comfort cooling o r air-
conditioning plant, connected by ductwork or plenums to
the areas to be served.
Air-leakage index
A building-envelope pressure test result expressed as air-
leakage rate (in cubic metredhour) at 50 pascals imposed
differential pressure between the inside and outside of a
building, divided by the envelope area of the building.
The envelope area is measured along the boundary or
barrier separating the interior of the building from the
outdoor environment, which might for example be at
ceiling or roof level depending how the building is
constructed. The area of the lowest floor is only included
for suspended floors, NOT for solid floors laid directly
onto the ground. Much historic air-leakage information is
expressed in this form, but modern practice simplifies this
by always including the ground floor area - see Air
permeability.
Air permeability
As the air-leakage index above but with the area of the
lowest floor always included in t h e envelope area,
whatever the floor’s construction. This definition is the Biomass
one adopted in recent European standards and in Approved
Document L2 of the Building Regulations. (units:
metres/hour or m3/h per m2 surface area)
Previous page
is blank
75
Archaeology
Systematic scientific study of remains and monuments of
earlier periods. Archaeology is not limited to below-
ground remains; it can include buildings and their
services.
Arts and Crafts
Influential late 19th century and earlier 20th century
English movement in architecture and furnishing based
on the revival of traditional crafts and the use of natural
materials, usually English ‘vernacular’ in character.
Inspired by William Morris and J o h n Ruskin, the
movement included many notable designers - Philip
Webb, Norman Shaw, Voysey, Lutyens, and in Scotland
Robert Lorrimer, Reginald Fairley, J J Stevenson, James
Marjoribanks Maclaren.
Athens Charter
The Athens Charter of 1931 was the first major initiative
to stimulate international debate on conservation issues.
Several general conclusions were reached concerning the
protection of monuments, administrative and legislative
measures, aesthetic enhancement, restoration of
monuments, deterioration, restorative techniques, and
international co-operation. These gave rise to seven main
resolutions - the ‘Carta del Restauro’:
1 International organisations for restoration on
operational and advisory levels are to be
established.
2 Proposed restoration projects are to be subjected to
knowledgeable criticism to prevent mistakes
which will cause loss of character and historical
values to the structures.
3 Problems of preservation of historic sites are to be
solved by legislation at national level for all
countries.
4 Excavated sites which are not subject to immediate
restoration should be reburied for protection.
5 Modern techniques and materials may be used in
restoration work.
6 Historical sites are to be given strict custodial
protection.
7 Attention should be given to the protection of
areas surrounding historic sites.
These resolutions were not re-examined until the 2nd
International Congress of Architects and Specialists of
Historic Buildings which took place in May 1964, where
the Venice Charter was approved.
Beneficial use
A building is in beneficial use if the integrity of the
building is maintained, preventing it falling into decay.
Plant matter that can be burnt to release energy, e.g. wood,
straw etc. Essentially a form of solar energy storage.
76
Breather membrane
A building sheet or fabric which is practically air tight but
allows water vapour to diffuse through easily.
Breathing construction
Construction, normally traditional, with a low resistance
(high permeability) to water vapour owing to the use of
porous moisture-absorbent materials, renders, plasters and
paints. Does NOT imply passage of draughts or a high air
permeability, i.e. refers to passage of moisture vapour
through structure, not bulk air movement.
Building services
Services such as lighting, heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, public health systems and lifts which, in
commercial buildings, typically account for 30-40% of
total construction costs.
Burra Charter
A document adopted by Australia ICOMOS in 1981 that
took the basic principles of the Venice Charter as its
starting point, and developed the concept of cultural
significance.
Cement
A quick wetting binder for making mortars and concretes.
T h e most common form of cement encountered is
Portland cement (ordinary Portland cement or OPC),
which is made by grinding the resultant clinker that has
resulted from clay and limestone being prepared at high
temperatures.
The use of cement-based mortars, renders and plasters in
the repair and maintenance of traditional buildings can
inhibit the ability of the building to ‘breathe’ which can
lead to problems of dampness and decay. See Breathing
construction.
Class L 1, L2, P I , P2 fire detection systems
These refer to the standard of fire protection (alarm)
systems installed: L is for ‘Life’ and L1 is the most
comprehensive level. P stands for ‘Property’ and
represents a higher standard of coverage, specifically
designed to give adequate warning to preserve the fabric.
Combined heat and power (CHP)
A method of generating power (generally electricity) that
also produces heat in a usable form. Has the advantage of
being much more efficient in the use of fuel, but only as
long as there is a real use for the heat.
Comfort cooling
See Airconditioning
Compatible use
A use which involves no change to the culturally signif-
icant fabric, changes which are substantially reversible, or
changes which require a minimal impact (Burra Charter).
Guide to building services for historic buildings
Condensing boiler
A type of efficient boiler that has a heat exchanger made of
an aluminium or stainless material that can withstand the
mild acid from fossil-fuel combustion products. A better
specification nowadays is to use ‘band A’ from the
government-backed website www.boilers.org.uk
Consent
See Listed building consent
Conservation (building)
This is defined by the Burra Charter as ‘all the processes
of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural signif-
icance. It includes maintenance, and may according to
circumstance include preservation, restoration,
reconstruction and adaptation and will be commonly a
combination of more than one of these’.
William Morris (founder of the SPAB) pioneered the
approach of preserving as much of the original, or historic,
fabric as possible.
Conservation heating control
A method of heating control based on keeping relative
humidity constant. See Section 3.5.
Conservation officer
A heritage conservation specialist referred to in Planning
Policy Guidance Note often a member of the Institute
of Historic Building Conservation (IHBC), responsible for
technical and other advice within a local planning
authority. Local authorities which adopt a team-based
approach sometimes delegate responsibilities for historic
buildings, in the first instance, to a ‘nominated officer’
within the development control section. Some smaller
authorities use consultants.
Conservation plan
A document which identifies the significance and
vulnerability of a building, its fabric and/or its setting,
which informs what action is required and appropriate to
ensure that significance is retained and what measures can
be formulated to reduce the threat to those areas identified
as being vulnerable.
The Heritage Lottery Fund require the preparation of a
conservation plan where an application for grant seems
particularly complex, or large in financial terms.
Increasingly, conservation plans are being requested by
planning authorities to support difficult or sensitive
applications for listed building consent.
CulturaI significance
This is defined by the Burra Charter as ‘aesthetic, historic,
scientific or social value for past, present or future
generations’.
Curtilage
The curtilage of a building is generally taken as the area
containing the building, its garden, outbuildings, walls
Glossary
a n d fences. It is important i n the context of historic
buildings as a listed building has everything within the
curtilage listed. However, the exact definition is a highly
complex area, ‘not even lawyers can have a precise idea of
what “curtilage” means. It is a matter of fact and degree’
- Lord Justice Robert Walker, Secretary of State v S k e m h
of Nottingham 1999.
Delivered energy
The energy delivered to a building, through the gas or
electricity meter, o r by t a n k e r a n d lorry. Usually
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), gross calorific value.
It is important to measure and report delivered energy
figures fuel by fuel, and not to add them up, as the cost
a n d carbon dioxide emissions associated with o n e
delivered unit can vary substantially from fuel to fuel.
Dewpoin t
T h e temperature to which air of a certain moisture
content has to be cooled before condensation will occur.
See also Relative humidity.
Displacement ventilation
Ventilation without mixing, whereby air is introduced
slowly and evenly across a surface (typically a floor), and
rises, perhaps assisted by natural buoyancy, to push the
contaminated air upwards where it is extracted.
Electrolytic action
A process which occurs when two dissimilar metals, eg
copper and steel, are in the presence of moisture. It can
result is rapid corrosion. This is a problem in heating and
water supply pipework, but can also occur with fixings,
particularly in the presence of lime mortar.(50)
Embodied energy
T h e amount of energy used to construct a building in
terms of extraction of materials, manufacture, transport
and assembly on site.
Environmental control
Generally taken to be the control of temperature and
humidity but can also be extended to dust and smell.
Fan pressurisation
A method of using a calibrated fan to measure t h e
background infiltration of a building - in the context of
historic buildings, before deciding w h e t h e r to
draughtproof. Also used as a method of keeping fire escape
stairways clear of smoke during a fire.
Free cooling
A control strategy on some airconditioning plants that
allows unconditioned air to be used, with a consequent
saving in energy use. Also used in the context of natural
ventilation as a method of removing excess internal heat
gains and controlling temperatures.
77
Government departments
DEFRA Department of the Environment, Food,
and Rural Affairs
DETR Department of the Environment,
Transport and the Regions (until 2001)
DNH Department of National Heritage
DOE Department of the Environment (until
1996)
DTLR Department for Transport, Local
Government and the Regions (until 2002)
ODPM Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Building Regulations Division was within DOE until 1996,
DETR until it was abolished in June 2001, DTLR until
June 2002, and is now (October 2002) part of the Office of
the Deputy Prime Minister.
Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF)
Created in January 1995, funded by the National Lottery
and administered by the Trustees of the National Heritage
Memorial F u n d . T h e F u n d aims to ‘Safeguard a n d
enhance those heritage assets, including buildings, objects
and the environment, whether man-made or natural
which have been important i n the formation of t h e
character and identity of the UK and which will be a vital
part of its future’.
High vapour resistance (HVR)
Construction type that does not allow moisture move-
ment, i.e. it will not ‘breath’. Typical example would be
basement waterproof tanking or DPM. See also Low
vapour resistance.
Historic building
T h e Building Regulations definition of an historic
building covers:
1 Listed buildings;
2 Buildings situated in conservation areas;
3 Buildings of local architectural or historical in-
terest and which are referred to as a material con-
sideration in a local authority’s development plan;
4 Buildings w i t h i n national parks a n d World
Heritage Sites.
Historic buildings inspectorate
The official body in the relevant country:
0 English Heritage in England
0 Historic Scotland in Scotland
0 Cadw in Wales
0 The Department of the Environment in Northern
Ireland.
Holistic
The definition of holistic in a medicinal context is: ‘The
treating of the whole person . . . rather than just the
78
symptoms’ (Concise Oxford Dictionary). In the context of a
building this can be seen to represent the treating of the
whole building and not the symptoms.
Hybrid
See Mixed mode
Hygroscopic
The ability of a material to absorb water, and release it
when taken to a higher temperature. Common hygro-
scopic materials are cellulose and sheep’s wool insulation.
This property provides an additional safeguard against
interstitial condensation occurring when these insulants
are added to historic fabric.
Impermeable
A building material that does not allow water vapour to
diffuse through. Not part of a breathing construction.
Institute of Historic Building Conservation (IHBC)
Evolved out of The Association of Conservation Officers
(ACO). The objectives of the IHBC are to ‘promote for the
benefit of the public the conservation of and education
and training in the conservation and preservation of
buildings, structures, areas, gardens and landscapes which
are of architectural and historical value in the United
K i n g d o m insofar as i t lies w i t h i n t h e duties a n d
responsibilities of any person whose principal professional
skills are to provide specialist advice in such conservation
and preservation’.
International Council of Monuments and Sites
(/COMOS)
Created by UNESCO in 1965 to spread the message of the
Venice Charter, ICOMOS is the international authority on
m o n u m e n t conservation t h a t is i n d e p e n d e n t of
government, and is responsible for World Heritage Sites.
Interstitial tondensation
Condensation that occurs in the middle of a wall, roof or
other building element, whereby vapour can diffuse into
the wall at a rate sufficient to condense as water droplets.
For condensation to occur it is generally necessary for the
wall to contain some insulation to provide a temperature
drop - see Dewpoint.
IPXX
A designation for electrical components which indicates
their ability to resist solids (first number) and liquids
(second number).
Lime
Lime is the binder traditionally used in the preparation of
mortars, renders a n d plasters a n d is t h e principal
ingredient of limewash (the other being water).
There are two principal types of lime: nonhydraulic lime
(putty) and hydraulic lime. Nonhydraulic lime relies on
Guide to building services for historic buildings
carbonation to achieve a set, whereas hydraulic lime sets
by carbonating and a chemical reaction with water.
Note that there can be problems with electrolytic action
between metals in the presence of lime mortar.(50)
Lime cycle
Lime does not occur naturally; it must be manufactured.
T h e material passes through several stages to create a
material suitable for use in the repair or construction of a
building:
The starting point is calcium carbonate (which might take
the form of limestone, chalk or seashells). Heating the
calcium carbonate in a kiln will produce calcium oxide
(known as quicklime or lump lime) which when combined
with water in a process known as slaking will produce
calcium hydroxide (slaked lime or, in one particular state,
putty lime) which is the form of the material used as a
binder i n making mortars, render a n d plasters a n d
limewashes. T h e calcium hydroxide will absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, and will carbonate to form
calcium carbonate - thus coming full circle.(51)
Listed building
A building included on a list of buildings of architectural
or historic interest, compiled by the Secretary of State.
Listed building consent
Consent required for any work which would effect the
character of a listed building.
Low NO, - see NO,
Low vapour resistance (LVR)
Construction type that allows moisture movement
through, i.e. it will ‘breath’. See also High vapour resistance.
Mixed mode
A design of plant that has airconditioning installed, but it
is controllable so t h a t i t only r u n s i n t h e height of
summer. The remaining time it uses natural ventilation
such as o p e n i n g windows, r a t h e r t h a n mechanical
ventilation. A very good way of reducing energy
consumption and associated pollution without sacrificing
conditions. Sometimes also called ‘hybrid’ systems.
NO, -nitrous oxides
Products of combustion which act as pollutants: produce
global warming, acid rain and ozone depletion. Burners
can be designed to minimise these emissions.
Plenum
A large duct designed to carry air at low velocity and
pressure drop.
Preservation
Maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and
retarding deterioration (Burra Charter).
Glossary
Pressurisation
See Fan pressurisation
Relative humidity -R H
A scale from 0 to 100% which indicates the amount of
water vapour contained in the air. Zero is dry air, 100% is
the maximum amount of moisture that the air can absorb
at a particular temperature. It is important since it is a
good representation of whether moisture is absorbed or
deposited on building fabric. As air is heated, its ability to
absorb moisture increases dramatically, and so its relative
humidity will drop, and so it will tend to suck moisture
from the building. Conversely, as air is cooled, its relative
humidity will increase. Eventually if the air is cooled
enough, it will reach its dewpoint, where condensation
will occur. See also Conservation heating.
Restoration
Returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier
state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing
components without the introduction of new material
(Burra Charter).
Sarking
Roof lining under the slates or tiles to provide increased
protection from driving rain. Can be board or membrane.
Sarking that is not vapour permeable (e.g. bituminous felt)
can produce large amounts of condensation if used
without care. Breather membranes or permeable sarking
boards carry much less risk.
Saturation (or percentage saturation)
A scale practically identical to Relative humidity.
Scheduled Ancient Monument
A scheduled monument is any monument included in the
schedule to the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological
Areas Act 1979, which defines a monument as ‘any
building, structure or work, whether above or below the
surface of the land, and any cave or excavation’ or any site
comprising the remains of such things or comprising any
‘vehicle, vessel, aircraft or other movable structure or part
thereof.
Once scheduled, consent for any works is required from
the Secretary of State. The site of a monument includes
any adjoining land, which may be considered important to
the monument’s well being.
Most scheduled monuments are archaeological sites or
ruined buildings.
SPAB
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
Specification
A description of work to be undertaken, including
methods of completion and materials to be used.
79
Stack effect
As air is heated, it becomes, lighter, and will rise, pulling
in cooler air behind it. Stack-effect ventilation requires
openings at high and low level. Stack- and wind-induced
airflows are the two methods of natural ventilation.
Sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.(s2)
Traditional building
A building which relies on evaporation for control of
moisture rather than absolute membranes such as damp-
proof membranes (DPM), damp-proof courses (DPC),
cavity walls etc.
U-value
Thermal transmittance co-efficient, a measurement of heat
loss of a building element, with units of watts per square
metre per kelvin. Technically, it is calculated on the rate
at which heat transfers through 1 m2 of a structure where
the temperature difference between the inner and outer
face is 1 K. The lower the figure, the better insulated the
element.
Vapour barrier
An absolute protective barrier, usually of polyethylene and
located on the inner, warm surface. It is designed to stop
moisture moving through a structure thereby eliminating
its condensation on cooler surfaces behind. Not part of a
‘breathing’ structure.
Vapour check
Similar in effect to a vapour barrier, but is not an absolute
barrier, i.e. allows some moisture through but at a slower
rate than if i t was not there. Can be an important
component of a breathing structure.
Venice Charter
In 1964 the second meeting of A Congress of Architects
and Specialists of Historic Buildings approved the text of
an International Charter for t h e Conservation of
Monuments and Sites ( t h e Venice Charter) that
superseded t h e Athens Charter. T h i s document
summarises how monuments should be approached and
cared for.
Vernacular
‘ . . . that sort of building which is deliberately permanent
rather than temporary, which is traditional rather than
academic in its inspiration, which provides for the simple
activities of ordinary people, their farms and their simple
industrial enterprises, which is strongly related to place,
especially through the use of local building materials, but
which represents design and building with thought and
feeling rather than i n a base or strictly utilitarian
manner.’(53)
80
References
1 Sustaining the historic environment (London: English Heritage)
(March 1997), p. 2
2 BS 7913: 1998: Guide to the principles of the conservation of historic
buildings (London, British Standards Institution) (1998)
3 Building Regulations Approved Document L 1 Conservation of fire1
and power in dwellings (2001 edition); Building Regulations
Approved Document L 2 Conservation of fuel and pourer in buildings
other than dwellings (2001 edition) (London: The Stationery
Office) (2001)
4 Suddards R W and Hargreaves J M Listed buildings (London:
Sweet & Maxwell) (1995)
5 Planning and the historic environment. Planning Policy Guidance
Note 15 (London: Department of t h e Environment and
Department of National Heritage) (1994)
6 For Wales: Planning Guidance Wales Planning Policy First
revision (Cardiff Welsh Office) (1999) and Circular 61/96
Planning and historic environment: historic buildings and
conservation areas (Cardiff: Welsh Office: 1996)
7 For Scotland: Planning and the historic environment. National
Planning Policy Guidance 18 (Edinburgh: Scottish Office)
(1998) and Memorandum of guidance on listed buildings and
conservation areas, issued under cover of Historic Scotland
Circular 111998 (Edinburgh: Historic Scotland) (1998)
8 For Northern Ireland: Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991
(London: Stationery Office) (1991)
9 Hughes P The need for old buildings to Breathe’. Information Sheet
4 (London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings)
(1986)
10 English Heritage ‘Framing opinions’ series: Leaflets 1
Draughtproofing & secondary glazing (1994); 2 Metal windows
(1997); 3 Timber sash windows (1997); 4 Window comparisons
(1994); 5 Energy savings (1994) (London: English Heritage)
11 Brereton C The repair of historic buildings: advice on principles and
methods (London: English Heritage) (1991)
12 Bordass W Museum collections storage in industrial buildings: a
selection and adaptation guide, edited by Cassar M (London:
Museums & Galleries Commission) (1996) - now Re:source
13 Blades N, Oreszczyn T, Bordass W and Cassar M Guidelines on
pollution control in museum buildings Museum Practice issue
15, supplement (Nov 2000)
14 Impacts of acid rain on buildings Atmosphere, Climate &
Environment Information Programme. Air Pollution Fact
Sheet 12 (Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University)
15 Curwell S, March C, Greenberg M and Fox R Hazardous
building materials - a guide to the selection of environmentally
responsible alternatives (London: Spon) (2001)
16 Fire protection measures in Scottish historic buildings. Technical
Advice Note 11 (Edinburgh: Historic Scotland) (1997)
17 Bailey A Fire protection measures for the Royal Palaces (London:
Department of National HeritagemMSO) (1993)
18 BS 5268-2: Structural use of timber. Code of practice for permissible
stress design, materials and workmanship (London: BSI) (2002 and
earlier editions from 1984)
19 McGregor J E M Strengthening timber floors. Technical Pamphlet 2
(London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings)
(1991)
20 Fawcett, J Historic floors, their history and conservation
(Tisbury: Cathedral Communications Ltd) (2001)
21 Hughes P Patching old floorboards. Information Sheet 10 (London:
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings) (1988)
Guide to building services for historic buildings
22 Thomas A R, Williams G and Ashurst N The control of damp in
old buildings. Technical Pamphlet 8 (London: Society for the
Protection of Ancient Building) (1992)
23 BS 5250: 1995: Code of practice for control of condensation in
buildings (London: British Standards Institution) (1995)
24 Environmental design CIBSE Guide A (London: Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1999)
25 Testing buildings for air leakage CIBSE Technical Memoranda 23
( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
Engineers) (2000)
26 BREDEM-12: The BRE domestic energy model, available from
BRE, Garston, Watford, Herts WD25 9XX
27 Guide to R I B A forms of appointment ( L o n d o n : RIBA
Publications) (1999)
28 Standard form of agreement for the appointment of a n architect
(SFAl99) (London: RIBA) (1999)
29 RIBA Plan of Work (London: RIBA) (1999)
30 SFAl92 Standard form of agreement for the appointment of an
architect. Historic buildings: repair and conservation work,
alternative schedule of services (London: RIBA/RIAS/IRSU/ACA)
(1992)
31 Clark K Conservation plans in action Proc Oxford Conference
(London: English Heritage) (1999)
32 A i r distribution systems CIBSE Commissioning Code A
( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
Engineers) (1996)
33 Boiler plant CIBSE Commissioning Code B (London: Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1975)
34 Automatic controls CIBSE Commissioning Code C (London:
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2001)
35 Reftlgeration systems CIBSE Commissioning Code R (London:
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1991)
36 Water distribution systems. CIBSE Commissioning Code W
( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
Engineers) (1994)
37 Lighting CIBSE Commissioning Code L (London: Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers) (to be published)
38 Commissioning management CIBSE Commissioning Code M
( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
Engineers) (to be published)
39 Kent D Technical advice and Innderdale J Old buildings, new
rules SPAB News 23(3) 50-53 (2002)
40 The installation of sprinkler systems in historic buildings. Technical
Advice Note 14 (Edinburgh: Historic Scotland ) (1998)
41 Slater S D and Dow D A (Eds) The Victoria Injirmaty of Glasgour
1890-1990 (Glasgow: Victoria Infirmary Centenary Committee)
(1990) (ISBN: 0951607006)
42 Key W and Tindall R Improvements in the heating and cooling of
school houses British Patent 19 900 (1892)
43 Cairns G The Glasgour School of Art: the leading edge of technlogv
in Burman P (Ed) Architecture 1900 (Shaftesbury: Donhead)
(1998)
44 Cairns G T h e Glasgow School of Art: a key example of
integrated building design. CZBSE National Conference 1997
( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
Engioneers) vol 1, pp. 1-6
45 Ingels M Willis Carrier, the father of air-conditioning (Garden
City, N Y : Country Life Press) (1952), p. 15
46 Banham R The architecture of the well tempered environment
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (1969), pp. 172-173
47 Mattin D Cool operators The Times 2, 13 August 2002, p.10
References
48 Banham R The architecture of the well tempered environment
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (1969), p, 82
49 Roberts B The quest for comfort (London: Chartered Institution
of Building Services Engineers) (1997) p. 113
50 Ashurst J and Ashurst N Practical building conservation Volume 4
Mezals (Aldershot: Gower Publishing) (1988)
81
51 Wingate M An introduction to building limes Technical Pamphlet
9 (London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings)
52 Our common future (the Bruntland report) United Nations
World Commission on Environment and Development
(Oxford: Oxford University Press) (1987)
53 Brunskill R W Traditional buildings of Britain - an introduction
to vernacular architecture (London: Victor Gollancz) (1992) p. 24
82
Further reading
Curl J S Oxford dictionary of architecture (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
(1999)
Larsen K and Marstein N Conservation of historic timber structures - an
ecological approach (Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann) (2000)
Earl J Building conservation philosophy (Reading: The College of Estate
Management) (1996)
Robson P Structural repair of traditional buildings (Shaftesbury: Donhead
Publishing) (1999)
Holrnes S and Wingate M Building with lime - a practical introduction
(Colchester: Intermediate Technology Publications) (2002)
Watt D and Swallow P Surveying historic buildings (Shaftesbury: Donhead
Publishing) (1996)
Davey A, Heath B, Hodges D, Ketchin M and Milne R The care and
conservation of Georgian houses (Oxford: Butterworth Architecture) (1995)
Structural renovation of traditional buildings Report 11 1 (London:
Construction Industry Research and Information Association) (1986)
Environmental design CIBSE Guide A (London: Chartered Institution of
Building Services Engineers) (1999) - particularly section 7: moisture
transfer and condensation
Energy efficiency in buildings CIBSE Guide F (London: Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1998)
Mixed mode ventilation CIBSE Application Manual 13 ( L o n d o n :
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2000)
Powys A R Repair of ancient buildings (London: The Society for the
Protection of Ancient Buildings) (1995)
Oliver A (Second Edition revised by Douglas, J and Stirling J S).
Dampness in buildings (Oxford: Blackwell Science) (1997)
The conservation glossary
http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/research/glossary/glossary.html
Bordass W and Bemrose C Heatingyour church (London: Church House
Publishing) (1996)
Guide to building services for historic buildings
Jay P and Crawforth W Church lighting (London: Church House
Publishing) (2001)
Sage A G Wiring of churches (London: Church House Publishing) (1997)
Lightning protection for churches. A guide to design and installation (London:
English HeritageEcclesiastical Insurance Group) (2000)
M Cassar (Ed) Museums environment energy (London: HMSO) (1994)
Feilden B Conservation of historic buildings (London: Butterworth
Scientific) (1982)
Ridout B Timber decay in buildings (London: Spon) (2000)
Mynors C Listed buildings, conservation areas and monuments (London:
Sweet & Maxwell) (1999)
Technical pamphlets and information sheets The Society for the Protection
of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) wwwspab.0rg.uk - see also References 9,
19,20,22 and 51
Williarns G B A Pointing stone and brick walling Technical
Pamphlet 5 (1994)
H u n t A Electrical installations in old buildings Technical
Pamphlet 9 (1996)
Stainton S and Sandwith H The National Trust manual of housekeeping
(London: The National Trust) (1991)
Collings J Old house care &repair (Shaftesbury: Donhead) (2002)
Funds for historic buildings (in England and Wales) (London: T h e
Architectural Heritage F u n d ) . T e l : 020 7925 0199. website:
www.ahfund.0rg.uk
Sources of financial help for Scotland’s historic buildings (Glasgow: Scottish
Civic Trust). Tel: 0141 248 3398
Directory of funds for historic buildings Northern Ireland (Belfast: Ulster
Architectural Heritage Society). Tel: 028 9055 0213
Publications, information and advice on energy efficiency in buildings is
available from Action Energy. Call the Helpline on 0800 585794 or visit
the website at www.actionenergy.0rg.uk
Useful contacts 83

South West: 29 Queen Square, Bristol BS1 4ND

Useful contacts
Action Energy Tel: 0117975 0700

Publications, information and advice on energy efficiency in buildings is South East: Eastgate Court, 195-205High Street, Guildford GU1 3EH
available from Action Energy. Call the Helpline on 0800 585794 or visit
the website at www.actionenergy.org.uk Tel: 01483 252000

Ancient Monuments Society The Georgian Group

St Anne's Vestry Hall, 2 Church Entry, London EC4V 5HB 6 Fitzroy Square, London W1P 6DN
Tel: 020 7236 3934
Tel: 0207387 1720
The Architectural Heritage Fund
Heritage Information Trust
Clareville House, 26-27 Oxendon Street, London SW1 Y4EL
Tel: 020 7925 0199. Fax: 020 7930 0295. e-mail: ahf@ahfUnd.0rg.uk Contact: Dorian Crone

The UK Association of Building Preservation Trusts Tel: 020 7243 5888. e-mail : info@heritageinformation.org.uk
Clareville House, 26-27 Oxendon Street, London SWlY 4EL Heritage Lottery Fund
Tel: 020 7930 1629
England: 7 Holbein Place, London SW1 W 8NR
Building Research Establishment
Tel: 020 7591 6031-4. Fax: 020 7591 6001
Garston, Watford, Herts WD25 9XX
Scotland: Heritage Lottery Fund
Tel: 01923 664000
Cadw. Welsh Historic Monuments 28 Thistle Street, Edinburgh EH2 1EN

Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff CFlO 3NQ Tel: 0131 225 9450. Fax: 0131 225 9454
Tel: 029 2050 0200. Fax: 029 2082 6375. e-mail: cadw@wales.gsi.gov. uk Wales: Companies House, Crown Way, Cardiff CF4 3UZ
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Tel: 029 2034 3413. Fax: 029 2034 3427
222 Balham High Road, London SWl2 9BS
Northern Ireland: Glendinning House, 6 Murray Street, Belfast BT1 6DN
Tel: 020 8675 5211. Fax: 020 8675 5449. e-mail: info:cibse.org. Website:
www.cibse.org Tel: 0289031 0120. Fax: 028 9031 0120
CIBSE Building Services Heritage Group, c/o CIBSE
Historic Scotland
Website: www.hevac-heritage.org
Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH
Civic Trust
Te: 0131 668 8668. Fax: 0131 668 8669
17 Carlton House Terrace, London SWlY 4AW
Tel: 020 7930 0914 National Trust
Civic Trust for Wales 36 Queen Anne's Gate, London SWlH 9AS
2nd Floor, Empire House, Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff CF16DN
Tel: 0207 222 9251
Tel: 029 2048 4606
National Trust for Scotland
English Heritage
Wemyss House, 28 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh EH2 4ET
London: 23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB
Tel: 020 7973 3000 Tel: 0131 243 9300. Fax: 0131 243 9301. e-mail: inforrnation@nts.0rg.uk.
Website: www,thenationaltrustforscotland,org.uk
North East: Bessie Surtees House, 41-44 Sandhill, Newcastle upon Tyne
NE1 3JF Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
Tel: 0191 261 1585 37 Spital Square, London El 6DY
North West: Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, Manchester M1 5FW
Tel: 020 7377 1644
Tel: 0161 242 1400
The Theatres Trust
Yorkshire: 37 Tanner Row, York YO1 6WP
Tel: 0 190460190 1 22 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H OQL

East Midlands: 44 Derngate, Northampton NN1 1UH Tel: 020 7836 8591
Tel: 01604 735400 The Twentieth Century Society
West Midlands: 112 Colmore Row, Birmingham B3 3AG
77 Cowcross Street, London EClM 6EJ
Tel: 0121 625 6820
Tel: 020 7250 3857
East of England: Brooklands House, 24 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge
CB2 2BU The Victorian Society
Tel: 01223 58270 1 Priory Gardens, Bedford Park, London W4 1TT

Tel: 020 8994 1019

84 Guide to building services for historic buildings

BS 5268 11 Conservation (definition) 76

B S 5588-4 51 architect 21
B S 6651 36 areas 1,4
B S 7913 5 heating 7, 19, 76
A Builders, buildings associated with 3 plan 21,48,49, 74,76
Building control officer, local authority 3,24 policy 24
Absorption chillers 9 Building Conservation officer, local authority 3,4,5,23,
‘Acid rain’ 8 fabric 15 24,76
Acoustic treatment 62 ‘logbook’ 25 Contract administrator 25
Adaptation (definition) 75 services 7,76 Construction stage 25
Airconditioning 7,9, 12,23, 36,67,69,71,76 Building Regulations 1,4,5,6 Consultation, need for 11, 22,23
Air-handling unit Building Research Establishment 83 Contemporary services 52
definition 76 Burra Charter 76 Contractors 25
difficult installation of 62 Building services engineers 21 Controls 19
speed control for 61 improving 7
Air infiltration 3,7,8, 18,31 Control systems 7,9
Air leakage index 19,75 C Cooling, mechanical 7
Air movement L Coppice 8
Air permeability 18,75 Cable specification 12 Cornices
Air pressure tests See Fan pressurisation Cables, routes for 11 as routes for services 13
testing Cadw 78,83 assessment of importance of 21
Airtightness 25 Carbon dioxide emissions 1922 7383 9 Corrosion 23
Alternative energy 49 (see also box at end of each case study) Costs, avoiding unnecessary,
Ancient Monuments 1,3,4,35,79 Carrier, W H 72 through planning 14
Ancient Monuments and Case studies (table) 26 Covering historic features 23
Archaeological Areas Act 4 Castles and palaces 35 Criteria for new building services 11
Ancient Monuments Society 83 Cathedrals 54,59 Cultural benefits 2
Appliances, energy efficient 8 Cavity walls 2, 15 Cultural significance (definition) 76
Applications, need for 22 Ceiling roses, importance of 21 Curatorial staff, conservation
Appraisal 24 Ceilings heating a problem for 20
Approvals, obtaining 4, 23 painted 18,33 Curtilage 4,76
Approved Documents L1 and L2 1,5,19,25 voids above 13
Archaeological records 22 Cellars 12
Archaeologist 14,21 Cellulose fibre insulation 18,33
Cement (definition) 76
D
Archaeology (definition) 75
Architectural interest, buildings of 1 Cement mortar 14,16 Damage, avoiding 6,21
Architect, need for building services Chasing, minimising 11 Damp 8, 16, 17,58
engineer to work with 12 Chimneys 7, 13, 18, 19 Damp-proof courses and membranes 2,15,17
Architectural Heritage Fund 83 Churches 8, 14, 19,23,33,56,58 Data
Areas of outstanding natural beauty 1 CIBSE 83 distribution 7
Article 4 Direction 4 Building Services Heritage Group 83 logging 20
Arts and Crafts 75 Guide A 17 Daylight 29
Asbestos 11,37 Technical Memoranda 23 18 Decay revealed on opening-up 11
Aspirating smoke detectors 42,59 Civic Trust 83 DEFRA 77
Assessment of exposed fabric 14 Civic Trust for Wales 83 Dehumidifiers 10,54
Association of Building Preservation Trusts 83 Cladding 2,4, 15 Delays, allowing for 4
Athens Charter 75 Class L1, L2, P1, P2 fire detection systems Delivered energy (definition) 77
Attendance by principal contractor 14 (definitions) 76 Demolition 4
Attic spaces 12 Cob 1 Department of the Environment
Authenticity, protecting 21 Cold bridges 19 Northern Ireland 77
‘Cold radiation’ 19 Design
Cold water provision 7 approach 20
B Collymore Cottages 40 detailed, need for 11
Combination boilers 29 load, reducing 8
Background heating 19,23,33 Combined heat and power 9,61, 76 principles 6,21
Bath town house upgrade 29 Comfort Designers, buildings associated with 3
Beneficial use (definition) 75 expectations 23 Detailed proposals 24
Benham Valence 44 heating 23 DETR 77
Berg Cottage 3, 31 occupant 7, 18,20 Development plan, local authority 1
Biodeterioration, products of 9 Commissioning 25,26 Dewpoint (definition) 77
Biomass 8,75 Community buildings 48 Dimmable ballasts 29
Blinds 54 Compact fluorescent lamps 29 Disabled access 7, 36
Boilers 7,8,9, 11,33,35 Compatible use (definition) 76 Displacement ventilation (definition) 77
See also Condensing boilers; Oil fired Compatibility of materials 6 DNH 77
boilers Concealed Documentation of work 25
Breathable roof 17,29 historic fabric 61 DOE 77
Breather membranes 17, 18, 76 pipework 13 Doors
‘Breathing’ construction 2,5,15, 18,23,48,76 r outes, disadvantages 13 appearance of 6
BREDEM-12 19 Condensation 23 replacement 536
Brick construction 1, 16 interstitial 15, 17,40,78 Dormer windows 4
Brickwork, inappropriate fixing to 15 risk of 19 Double glazing 5,41
Briefing 24 Condensing boilers 9,29,31,33,39,42,47,48, Draughtproofing 2,18
British Standards 1 62,66 Draught seals, window 65
Brockley Hill Farm 47 Consent, not required 4 Drawings 11,12,24
B S 5250 17,40 Consents, obtaining 4, 23 Dry lining 41
Index 85

Dry rot 9 G Intermittent heating See Heating, intermittent

DTLR 77 Internal environment, improving 2,8
Ducts, routes for 11 Galleries, display 23 International Council of Monuments and
Georgian group 83 Sites (ICOMOS) 78
Ductwork 7,8
Glasgow School of Art 71 Interstitial condensation See Condensation,
Duff House, Aberdeenshire 68
Global Alliance for Building Sustainability 2 interstitial
Dwelling houses 4
Government departments 77 Intervention, minimising 1,6,21
Dynamic equilibrium 16
Grade A listing 4,68,71 IP rating (definition) 78
Grade B listing 4
Grade C listing 4
E Grade I listing 3,4,33,42,45,54,62,74
Grade 11*listing 3,4,41,44,52,67
J
Eagle Academy, Cowbridge 66
Grade I1 listing 4,29, 31,47,48, 51, 56,66 Johannesburg ‘Earth Summit’ 2
Earth construction 1, 16
Gravity flow systems 11
Economic benefits 2
Greenhouse gases 8
Efflorescence 23
Grisaille stained glass 58 K
Electrical circuits 7
Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy 73
Electric water heaters 9 Key, William 69,71
Embodied energy (definition) 77 King’s Arms Barn, Henley on Thames 48
Emergency lighting 7 King’s College, Cambridge 74
Emulsion, mineral-based 17
H
Energy efficiency 1,2, 3, 5,6,7,9, 25 Handover 25
England 4 Health and Safety etc Act 4 L
English Heritage 10,77,83 Health of occupants 8, 18
Entrance porch 21 Health risks of existing building L1, L2 class fire detection systems
Environmental services equipment 11 (definition) 76
control (definition) 77 Hearing loops 7 Lamb’s wool insulation See Sheep’s wool
Heat emitters 7,11,33 insulation
impact 2,ll
Heating Lath and plaster 18,37
Equilibrium, environmental 8,23
coils, reinstatement of 52 Lead, punctured by fixings 15
Erosion of stone 2
intermittent 19,23, 33 Leak detection systems 9
Escalators 7
pattern 19 Leaks, water 9, 13
Evaporation 15,16 Legal obligations 21
Heat recovery 7
Existing spaces and voids, using 6
Henman, William 69 Legislation 1,334
Expectations, public 7 Library 52
Heritage Information Trust 83
Exposed services 12 Lichen growth on windows 58
Heritage Lottery Fund 77,83
Exterior lighting 56 Hertsmonceux Castle 35 Lifts 7,36, 38
High-frequency dimmable ballasts 29 Light-emitting diodes 56
High thermal mass 19 Lighting 7, 11,33,36, 53, 56,61,62,67
F High vapour resistance (HVR) (definition) 77 free-standing 66
Historical interest, buildings of 1 Lightning protection 7, 14,36,62
Fabric Light pipes 29
Historical research 22
rapid deterioration 19 Light sources, efficient 7
Historic building (definition) 77
retaining 6 Light switches, existing 11
Historic building services 10,69,71
Famous people, buildings associated with 3 Historic Buildings Inspectorate 3,4,24,77 Lightweight structures 18
Fan-coil airconditioning 12 Historic Scotland 77,83 Like-for-like repairs 4
Fan pressurisation testing 18, 19,24,77 Holes in timbers, minimising 11,12 Lime (definition) 78
Feedback 25 Holistic approach 9,20,77 cycle (definition) 78
Fibre-optic lighting 61 Horniman Museum, London 64 mortar 2, 16
Final proposals 24 Hospital with historic services 69 Limestone, degradation of 8
Fire Hot water List description, obtaining 4
detection and alarms 7 provision 7 Listed building (definition) 78
escapes 36,38 supply systems, convoluted 9 consent 4,78
precautions 51,68 Houses and Listed buildings 1,4, 10
protection 7,59 cottages 29,31,40,41,42,45,47,49 Listed Buildings Act 29
resistant cables 12 Humidistat control of heating 29 Local architectural or historic interest 1
risk 11 Humidity, rapid changes 10,19 Local authority 4
Fireplaces, importance of 21 Hydro-electric generation 8 Localised heating 33
Fixings 15 Hygroscopic insulation materials 18,78 ‘Low tech’ approach 54
Fixtures and finishes, listing of 4 Low vapour resistance (LVR) 2, 15, 18,40,78
Flexibility of design approach 21 Low-water-use appliances 9
Floorboards 11,13,14,25,68 I Luminaires 11
Floors 11, 13,14,19,29
Impermeable materials 2, 15,78
damp 19 Individuality 1
Flow restrictors, tap 9 M
Industrial Revolution 17
Flues 7,9, 13 Infra-red thermography 58 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie 71
Folding wedges 11,12 Innovative construction techniques 2 Maintenance
Forms of appointment 22 Inspection, detailed 24 preventive 7
Fossil fuels 9 Institute of Historic Building Conservation 78 work, VAT liability 5
Free cooling 64,77 Insulation Management, building 7,8
Frontage, importance of 21 pipe and duct 12 Materials
Frost protection 13,49 sound 29 environmentally conscious 399
Fuel supply and storage 7 thermal 2,8,15, 17, 18,33,37,41,65 inappropriate 23
Fuels, clean 2,8 Integration of new services 11 Means of escape 36
Fungi 9 Interdisciplinary approach 1 Mechanical ventilation 7,29
86 Guide to building services for historic buildings

Metering, fuel 7 Planning Policy Guidance Note 15 4 Salt recrystallisation 19,23

Method of construction 3 Planning, project, to avoid delay 14 Sandstone walls 2
Mineral-insulated cables 12 Plan of work See RIBA Plan of Work Sanitary accommodation 7
Mineral-wool insulation 39 Plant, efficient, need for 9 SAP rating 24,29,31
Mixed mode ventilation 78 Plaster 15,18 Sarking 17, 18,79
Mobilisation 25 Plenum (definition) 78 Sash windows 29
Modern buildings 2 Plume from boiler flue 9 Satellite dishes 4
‘Modern Movement’ house Pollution 8,9, 18,23 Saturation (definition) 79
refurbishment 41 Pol yvin ylchloride 9, 13 Scheduled Ancient Monuments
Moisture Porous fabric 2 See Ancient Monuments
absorbing 2 Portland cement 2 Scotland 4
control 16 Power supply and distribution 7 Seasonal efficiency 9
excluding 2 Practical completion 25 Security systems 7
evaporation of 2 Presence detection 29 Sedbuk 9
levels 225 Preservation (definition) 78 Sefton Park Palm House, Liverpool 51
movement 2, 15 Preventive maintenance 7 Service runs 11
Monitoring, building performance 18,20,25, Primary energy efficiency 8 Services, listing of 4
33 Principles 1 Sewage treatment 36
Mortar 14,15 Production information 24 Sheep’s wool insulation 18,29,31,33,47,48
Motor efficiency 9 Project Shutters 29
Mould growth 9,15, 18, 19,33 manager 21 Significance of building 24
Movement sensors 29 team 21 Single-glazed windows 3
Museums 61,64 Proportion of UK buildings which are Site organisation and practice 25
historic or traditional 2 Small power 7
Protection 1 Smoke detectors, aspirating See Aspirating
N Public address 7 Social benefits 2
Pulsed radar 13 Society for the Protection of Ancient
National Centre for Early Music, York 62
Pumps, variable speed 35 Buildings 13,51,79,83
National Parks 1
Purpose of work, need to understand 21 Solar gain 20
National Trust 20,31,40,42,49,83
Solid walls 2, 15
National Trust For Scotland 83
Spalling 2
Natural ventilation 52
R Specification (definition) 79
Night set back 19
detailed, need for 11,12
Northern Ireland 4 Radiators Spores, toxic 9
Norton Park, Edinburgh 37 electric, dummy 42 Sprinklers 7,68
Notching of timbers 11
existing 11,35,39,42 Stack effect (definition) 79
NO, (definition) 78
new 29,31,35,39,54 Stained glass 58
Nursery Cottage 49
Radio linking of services 29,31,44,59 Staircase pressurisation 51
Rainwater collection 39 ‘Static’ commissioning 25
Ramps for disabled access 7 Statutory consents 22
Recommended approach 4 Statutory protection 1,6,11
Recording concealed services 13 Stone 1,8, 16, 19
0 Records, keeping proper 7 Storage areas 23
ODPM 77 Reid, D B 72 Strategic approach to design 20
Offices 37,44, 51,66 Relative humidity 7, 18,19,20,79 Straw as a fuel 8
Oil fired boiler 58 acceptable range 20 Structural features, notable 3
Operating and maintenance manual 25 close control of 20 Structural stability 11
Operatives with appropriate skills and monitoring 20 Structural engineer 14
knowledge 25 Render Stud walls 13
Outbuildings 4 Renewable energy sources 8 Style of building 3
Outline proposals 24 Repairs, like-for-like 4 Subcontractors 25
‘Over ventilation’ 23 Repairs, VAT liability 5 Sulphur dioxide 8
Research, need for 24 Surveys 12,24
Restoration (definition) 79 Surveyor, need for building services
P Re-using existing services 11 engineer to work with 12
Reversibility 1,6, 21,61 Sustainable
PI, P2 class fire detection systems 36,76
RIBA Plan of Work 22,24 approach 2
Painted ceilings 18
Risks and responsibilities 21 materials 9
Paint finishes, ‘breathable’ 16
Robustness of building 23 Sustainability 1, 2,7,23,24, 79
Paint, impervious 23
Rochester Cathedral 59
Pane11ing 13
Rooflights 5
Patina of age 2
Roof spaces 12,13,19 T
Permanent ventilation system 18
Room thermostats 31
Photo-electric cells 29 Telephone circuits 7
Rotherfield Park 45
Pipework Temperature
Royal Society of Chemistry 12,67
chemical cleaning 11 monitoring 20
Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast 69
concealed 13 rapid changes in 19
design 12 Temporary services 10
re-using 11 Tender action 22,25
routes for 11,12 S
Tender information 24
Planning (Listed Buildings and Safety guttering 9 Tendering 14,22
Conservation Areas) Act 4 St Leonard’s, Bilston, Wolverhampton 56 Testing, pipework 13
Planning (Listed Buildings and St Mary Abchurch 33 Thatch 31
Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 4 St Mary & St Barlock, Norbury, Theatres Trust 83
Planning (NI) Order 4 Derbyshire 58 Thermal insulation See Insulation, thermal
Index 87

Thermal mass 19 Windows

Thermal shock 11 appearance of 6
Thermography 58 concealed draughtproofing 29
Thermostatic radiator valves 29 importance of 21
Tiling, importance of 21 operation of 25
Timber floors 13 replacement 5,6
Timber framed buildings 2,14,16,31,47,48 role in ventilation 16
Timbers, notching and cutting of 11 single-glazed 3
Time for project, extra needed 23 Wind power 8
Toilets, external 7 Woodchip as a fuel 8,45
Toxic materials 9 World Heritage Sites 1
Traditional buildings 1,6, 15,18,79 Wren Library, Lincoln Cathedral 54
Transportation systems 7
Twentieth Century Society 83
z
Zero rating for VAT 5
U
U-values 5,29,39,48,79
Unauthorised works 4, 74
Underfloor heating 19,33,52,62,66
Unlisted buildings 4
Uplighters 36
Upgrading building stock 1
Urinals, low-water-use 9

Value Added Tax 5

Valves, re-using 11
Vapour
barrier (definition) 79
check (definition) 79
control materials 15,38
permeable construction 29
resistance 2, 17
Variable speed pumps 35
Venice Charter 79
Ventilation 18
background 39
eaves level 37
for moisture removal from fabric 19
hybrid 64
kitchen 36
mechanical 7
mechanical, humidity controlled 31
natural 15,52
pattern 19
systems, existing 6, 11
Vernacular (definition) 79
Victoria & Albert Museum 61
Victorian Society 83
Voids, using to conceal services 13
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 9
Vulnerability of building 24
Vyne, The 42

W
Wales 4
Wall paintings 19
Walls
chasing 11
re-inforced concrete 41
Warm-air heating 19,71
‘Warm’ roof 65
Water conservation 29
Water heaters, electric 9
Water leaks 9
Water pressure 11
Water vapour 19
WCs, low-water-use 9
Weatherboard cladding 2,31
,Weatheringof stone 2
88 Guide to building services for historic buildings

Adage for dealing with historic

buildings :

Sicut serpentes

Sicut Columbae

(be ye wise) as serpents

(and harmless) as doves

Matthew 10 v 16