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Henry ś law : The solubility of gas obeys Henry's law, that is, the amount of a dissolved gas in a
liquid is proportional to its partial pressure. Therefore, placing a solution under reduced
pressure makes the dissolved gas less soluble.
Other factors that can affect “scavenger” performance •Temperature•Calcium ions •H2S
•Treatment chemicals( chlorine , chelating agents, biocides, scale inhibitors)
Gas blanket : A gas phase maintained above a liquid in a vessel to protect the liquid against air
contamination, to reduce the hazard of detonation or to pressurize the liquid. The gas source
is located outside the vessel.
CO2 Removal Depends on pH •Aereation removes CO2 but causes other problems•Gas
removal using vacuum.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES II
Floculation: is a process wherein colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake,
either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent.
Filtration: Use of membranes and filtrating substrates, Countless substrates for filtration, Size
gradient… Affected by hydrocarbons
Filter selection: •Amount of disolved solids•Particle diameter •Amount of oil •Volume of fluid
Oil removal
Important step when primary separation fails • Emulsions…Oil can cause troubles in treatment
“Polishing” methods
•Softening •Removal of ions capable of forming scales and deposits (Ca, Mg, Carbonate and
bicarbonate)
Softening by ionic Exchange: Use of resines that “prefer” certain ions (Strong Acid, Weak Acid,
Anions)
Destilation: is the process of separating the component or substances from a liquid mixture by
selective evaporation and condensation.
Includes Surface facilities and systems to carry “high quality” wáter to the well.
Objectives: •Produce/deliver water that meets the desired standard •Prevent clogging and
deposits in tanks, flow lines and pumps •Avoid corrosion
Biggest problems is clay clogging, High salinity prevents this problem, acids or bases do not
Corrosion: Analyze the potential for corrosion, Objectives (Extend/maintain service life, Avoid
suspended solid formation, Avoid spills), Using Steel is a trade off.
Tendency to form deposits: Evaluate :pH, Pressure, Carbonates, Water compatibility (Evaluate
reaction tendency), Suspended solids (Particle size distribution), Bacteria Hydrocarbon
content, Sensitivity of the formation
Treatment Systems
Common Problems: Seawater, Rich in oxygen, High Content of disolved solids, including sea
life, Tendency to cause filter fouling, Rich in carbonates, May Contain high sulphates, Contain
aerobic and sulphur reducing bacteria, Could sour the reservoir.
Type system – Fresh water: Gas blanket and cathodic protection • Biologic Control .
Common Problems: Produced/formation wáter • Contains H2S and CO2 •Contains disolved
solids, usually corrosión products •Contains hydrocarbons • May contain SRB • May produce
scale and deposits.
Type system – Produced wáter ( sweet): gas blankets , corrosion. Similar to “sweet” systems,
considering: Limited use of Steel, whenever posible, Special attention to de- oxigenation,
Biologic control. Common Problems: Shallow well wáter (aquifers) •Poor in disolved gases
•May be rich in carbonates and calcium (heavy water ) • May react with clay • May be
incompatible with formation water
Type system – shallow well water ( low O2): Type system – shallow well water ( low O2), If
Water is “oxygen free”, limited use of scavenger and gas stripping •Depostis
Disposal Systems