Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Epoca Preislamica:
Antes de Mahoma los arabes eran politeistas, cada familia tenia su culto
particular, pero existia en la Meca un santuario con los idolos de muchas tribus y
una piedra negra a la que veneraban, la Kaaba. Politicamente los arabes se
encontraban dispersos en tribus nomades.
Epoca Islamica:
Biografia de Mahoma: 571 - 631 d.c., nace en La Meca, era de la tribu de los
Koreishitas, guardianes de la Meca. Mahoma fue un comerciante que recorrio
Arabia y siria. Estudio el judaismo y el cristianismo de donde tomo aportes como el
monoteismo que sería fundamental en la religion musulmana. A los 40 años de
edad, meditando en el monte Hira (611 d.c.) recibe la primera revelacion
del Arcangel San Gabriel que le dijo: "Unidad de Dios, falsedad de la idolatria y
del materialismo y la inminencia del juicio final".
Empieza su predica en torno al Dios Ala en el año 610 d.c. Mahoma, por sus
predicas, tienen que huir de La Meca, el año 622, conocia como la Hegira o
emigracion, se dirige al Yatreb (oasis al norte de la Meca) que luego tomara el
nombre de Medina. Desde ahi unira a las tribus nomades que lo eligen soberano.
El año 630 d.c., Mahoma retorna a La Meca y en su Guerra Santa convierte la
Kaaba en templo de Ala y la peninsula arabiga sera convertida al islam hasta su
muerte (632 d.c.).
En el año 632 d.c. muere Mahoma y sus seguidores se dividen en dos bandos
- Los Sunitas: Constituyen la rama más grande de Islam, que en el año 2006 eran
el 84% de todos los musulmanes . La mayoría de los suníes creen que el nombre
deriva de la palabra Suna (Sunna) , que se refiere a los preceptos establecidos en
el siglo VIII basado en las enseñanzas de Mahoma
- Los Shiitas: Seguidores del yerno de Mahoma llamado Ali Shi, sucesor legitimo
de Mahoma.
1. Califato ortodoxo (632- 660 d.c.).- Fueron cuatros los califas: Abu - beker,
Omar, Otman y Alí, quienes implantaron la Guerra Santa contra los infieles y
conquistaron Palestina, Siria, Armenia, el Asia Menor (Bizancio), Mesopotamia,
Persia y Egipto; la capital del califato estuvo en Medina.
2. Dinastia Omeya (660 - 750 d.c.).- Van a cambiar la capital a Damasco (Siria) e
inician nuevas conquistas territoriales: Beluchistan, Afganistan, turquestan, el norte
de Africa, España y atacaran a Constantinopla sin exito.
3. Dinastia Abasida (750 - 1242 d.c.).- Trasladan la capital a Bagdad (Irak); Abul-
Abbas asesina a la familia de los omeyas e imponce su dinastia, solo sobrevive
Abderramán que huye y llega a España (756 d.c.) y funda el califato de Cordoba.
Los abasidas se expanden hasta llegar a la frontera cpm chinca, la India y
bizancio. finalmente el mundo arabe quedo dividido en tres califatos:
The Arabs are the members of a heterogeneous people that inhabit mainly in the
Middle East and North Africa, they are original of the Arabian Peninsula constituted
by desert regions. The difficulties of sowing and raising animals made their
inhabitants become nomads, wandering through the desert in Caravans, in search
of water and better living conditions. The tribes of the desert are called Beduinos.
There are three factors that can help in varying degrees to determine whether an
individual is considered Arab or not.
* Politicians: If you live in a member country of the Arab League (or, in general, in
the Arab world), this definition covers more than three hundred million people.
* Linguistic: If your mother tongue is Arabic, this definition covers more than two
hundred million people.
* Genealogical: If you have Arabic origin of inhabitants of the Arabian Penisula or
outside it.
The Arab culture was developed in the Arabian Peninsula, located at the south
western extremity of Asia. It limits with the north with Mesopotamia and Syria; to
the south with the Indian Ocean; on the west with the Persian Gulf and on the east
with the Red Sea.
Pre-legislative Epoch:
Before Mohammed the Arabs were polytheists, each family had its particular cult,
but there was a sanctuary in Mecca with the idols of many tribes and a black stone
that they venerated, the Kaaba. Politically the Arabs were scattered in nomadic
tribes.
Islamic Era:
Biography of Mahoma: 571 - 631 d.c., was born in Mecca, was of the tribe of
Koreishitas, guardians of Mecca. Muhammad was a merchant who traveled
through Arabia and Syria. I study Judaism and Christianity from which I take
contributions such as the monotheism that would be fundamental in the Muslim
religion. At 40 years of age, meditating on Mount Hira (611 AD) receives the first
revelation of the Archangel San Gabriel who said: "Unity of God, falsehood of
idolatry and materialism and the imminence of final judgment."
He begins his preaching around the God Wing in the year 610 AD. Muhammad, for
his preachings, they have to flee from Mecca, the year 622, he knew as the Hegira
or emigration, he goes to the Yatreb (oasis north of Mecca) which later took the
name of Medina. From there he will unite the nomadic tribes that choose him
sovereign. In 630 AD, Muhammad returns to Mecca and in his Holy War he turns
the Kaaba into a temple of Ala and the Arabian Peninsula will be converted to
Islam until his death (632 AD).
In the Koran the profession of faith is preached (one God, Ala and Muhammad its
prophet), prayers five times a day, fasting in the month of Ramadan, alms giving to
the poor, pilgrimage to Mecca and the prohibition of drinking wine, eat pork, play
the game, usury and represent the human figure in art.
In the year 632 d.c. Muhammad dies and his followers are divided into two camps
The Sunitas: They constitute the biggest branch of Islam, that in the year 2006
were 84% of all the Muslims. Most Sunnis believe that the name derives from the
word Suna (Sunna), which refers to the precepts established in the 8th century
based on the teachings of Muhammad
- The Shiites: Followers of the son-in-law of Muhammad named Ali Shi, legitimate
successor of Muhammad.
The Arabs served as intermediaries between the Oriental culture and the peoples
of the West; they were distinguished by their warrior spirit, their imagination and
ingenuity, by the defense of their religion, hospitality and fidelity to the word
committed. The ancient Arab peoples worshiped the stars, the natural forces and
the spirits. Upon the arrival of Islam was believed in only God, Ala, and his prophet
Muhammad. Islam, means "submission to God" and its followers are called
Muslims "subject to the law of God."
With the advent of Islam, the Muslim community was governed by the Qur'an in
which the following authorities were established:
1. Orthodox Caliphate (632-660 AD) .- There were four caliphs: Abu - Beker, Omar,
Otman and Ali, who implanted the Holy War against the infidels and conquered
Palestine, Syria, Armenia, Asia Minor (Byzantium), Mesopotamia, Persia and
Egypt; the capital of the caliphate was in Medina.
2. Umayyad dynasty (660 - 750 d.c.) .- They are going to change the capital to
Damascus (Syria) and initiate new territorial conquests: Beluchistan, Afghanistan,
Turquestan, North Africa, Spain and attack Constantinople without success.
3. Abasida dynasty (750 - 1242 d.c.) .- They move the capital to Baghdad (Iraq);
Abul-Abbas murders the family of the Umayyads and imposes his dynasty, only
survives Abderramán who flees and arrives in Spain (756 d.c.) and founds the
Caliphate of Cordoba. The Abbasids expand until they reach the frontier cpm
Chincha, India and Byzantium. finally the Arab world was divided into three
caliphates:
1. Agriculture, they moved to Spain the art of irrigation they learned in Egypt; They
used the canals, ditches, fountains and water wells. They introduced new crops
and fruits to Europe such as cotton, sugarcane, lemon, orange, palm trees, dates,
mulberry, etc.
3. Commerce, they became the natural bridge between East and West, large
camel caravans were moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. The
main commercial centers were Baghdad, Alexandria, Damascus and Cordoba
where you could buy porcelain; silks, tea (china), pearls, fine woods and spices
(India), ivory and slaves (Africa), frankincense and myrrh (South Arabia).