Biology Paper 1 16d Ms001

231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1
2010 Pyramid Projections 001
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Nutrition; Growth and development;

Respiration; Reproduction;
Gaseous exchange; Irritability;
Excretion; Movement;
Mark the 1st 3
(b) Monera;
Protoctista;
Fungi;
Rej: If the name doesn’t begin with
capital letter
- wrong spelling.
2. ( Two names used) first name – generic, second name species;

Two names italicized /underlined
Separately / first names capital, second; name small letter;
3. (i) – Cell vary in shape / irregular – shape;

- Cells vary in size;
4. (a) Structural differentiation / modification of cells to perform specific

function;
(b) Epithelial tissue;
Skeletal;
Blood;
Connective tissue; Mark the 1st 3
5. Osmosis – movement of solvent / water molecules from lowly concentrated / dilute / high solvent water
molecules to a region of highly concentrated / low solvent / water molecules across a semi –permeable
membrane;
Rej. High concentration to low concentration alone.
Acc. Low solute for lowly concentrated.
Cell Membrane: Active transport – movement of particles / ions across a cell membrane from a region
of low concentration to a region of high concentration against concentration gradient;
Mark as a whole.
6. Hydrogen atoms / ions combine with carbon(IV) oxide; to form glucose; using energy provided by
ATP; ( from light stage reaction) Rej. A.T.P
7. (a) (i) Carnassial teeth; Rej. Wrong spelling.

(ii) Have smooth sides and sharp edges;
(b) Chisel – shaped / closely fitting for gripping and stripping flesh from the
bone;
8. During starvation;
9. - Maintain osmotic balance of body fluids;

- Transmission of nerve impulses;
Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

2
10. Water vapour accumulates in the depression of stomata; lowering the water vapour concentration
gradient; ( leading to lower rate of transpiration)
11. (i) Platelets; acc. Thrombocytes

(ii) Calcium; acc. Ca2+ / Ca++
(iii) Fibrin; Rej. Clot.
12. Stronger contractions / faster contraction / increased heart beat;

- Powerful pumping / powerful systole;
Rej. Strong / Fast contraction alone.
13. Stomata ( in leaves)

- Lenticels ( in woody stem / young roots);
14. Thin walls / epithelium for faster diffusion of gases;

Rej. Reducing diffusion distance alone.
Moist surface to dissolve gases;
- Large surface area for maximum diffusion/gaseous exchange;
- Highly vascularised / numerous blood capillaries to facilitate / maintain / increase / enhance diffusion
gradient;
15. Amount (volume) of carbon (IV) oxide produced . Rej. Removed.

- Amount ( volume) of Oxygen used.
16. (a) Caffeine – Increase activity of and adrenaline / heart and respiratory
stimulant.
- Diuretic;
(b) Quinine – Control malaria parasite / plasmodium in Red blood cell;
17. A baby has a large surface area to volume ration than an adult; hence loses more energy per unit
weight faster than the adult; Rej. Fast.
18. (a) Spermatophyta; Rej. Wrong spelling.

(b) brightly coloured; Rej. Attractive /beautiful /bright
- Scented / nectates;
- Funnel shaped corolla;
19. Generate oxygen;

Remove carbon (IV) oxide; Rej. Carbondioxide
20. (a) Prophase I;
(b) Synapsis Cross over

Close association - exchange of portion
between homologous of chromatidis between
Chromosome (that lead homologous chromosome;
to pairing up).
21. (i) Nutrition / gaseous exchange; excretion

Mark 1st 2
(ii) Acts as shock absorber for foetus; /reduce shock
Rej. Prevent shock.
(iii) Delivers nutrients and oxygen to foetus / take away excretory products;
22. Ovary; Anthers; Acc. Ovules for ovary.

23. Endosperm material was being converted; into new cytoplasm;
3
24. Cause variation;

- Hybrid vigour gained;
25. (i) Vestigial structures;
(ii) Speciation;
(iii) Divergent;
26. (a) Positive geotropism; Rej. Geotrophism
(b) Due to gravity Auxins migrate to the lower side of the root; causing faster
cell elongation (than upper side); thus the bending of the root downwards;
27. (a) A – cerebrum
C – modulla oblangata; Rej. Medulla alone
Acc. Oblongata alone.
(b) Loss of memory / co-ordination / balance;
28. Lignified / Thickened walls;
29. Striated;
Voluntary
Contract and fatigue rapidly;
30. Stimulants;
- Inhalants;
- Depressants
- Hallucinogens;
Rej. Specific drugs e.g beer, bhang

Mark 1st 2

4
2010 Pyramid Projections002

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
CONFIDENTIAL
1 a) Cell membrane
b) The protein component for the membrane would get denatured;
2. - Competition
- Emigration
- Predation
- Parasitism.
3. - To lubricate the food;

- To protect the alimentary canal wall from digestion by protein digesting enzmes;
4. - Fatigue and muscle cramps;
5. - Beaks in birds;
- Pentadactyl limbs in mammals;
- Different types of feet in birds;
6. - Lack of light leads to plant not photosynthesing, it utilizes all the stored food finally
exhausting the food. Lack of nutrients for respiration will result in
death of the plant;
7. - Axile placentation
- Central “
- Free “
- Marginal “
- Pariental “
8.
Arachnida Insecta:
-Lack antennae; - One pair of antennae present;
- 4 pairs of jointed legs; - Three body parts i.e head, thorax and
abdomen;
- Gaseous exchange by -means of trachedes;
means of lung book;
9. a) - Reduce water loss;

- Provide joints which cause movement;
- Out growth which act as appendages for movement and feeding;

5
b) - Provides support;
- Protection;
- Surface for muscle attachment;
- Site for synthesis of R.B.C and storage to enable calcium and phosphorus;
10. - Numerous in number to increase surface area for gaseous exchange;

- Dense net work of capillaries to facilitate efficient transport of gases;
- Moist surface to dissolve gases before diffusion;
- Thin epithelium for faster diffusion of gases;
11. - A – Collenchyma - provides support for stem

- B – Sclerenchyma - provides mechanical support
- C – Xylem - transport water and mineral salts from roots to other parts // gives support
to the plants
- D – Parenchyma – For support and storage of food;
12. - Produce sweat which cools body as it evaporates;

- When sweat evaporates it takes latent heat of vaporization from body;
13. - Corolla // stigma // style // calyx wither and drop off;

- Integuments become seed coat // testall tegmen;
- Ovaries become fruit
- Ovules become seed.
14. a) Chemotropism rej trophism

b) Negative phototaxis rej photo laxis alone
15. - Long neural spine to increase S.A for muscle attachment;

- Has ( capitulum and tuberculum facets for articulation with ribs;
- Has a notch for passage of spinal nerves;
16. - The surface area to volume ratio is higher in calves than Adult; hence Adults retain
more
heat than the young; Acc – converse
rej - faster rate of 1 heat less.
17. a) Haemohyris;
b) The plant cell will loose water by osmosis; The cell will be plasmolysed // shape
retained; due to the rigid cell wall;
18. i) 32 (teeth)
ii) Herbivorous Acc Herbivory;

Rej Herbivore // grazer;
iii) - With horny, pad // lack upper incisors

- Numerous grinding teeth ie 24 out of 32;
19. - Pregnant women need more amino acids for growth and development of foetus; hence
less
will be deaminated to urea;

6
20 a) A – Hepatic portal vein

B – Hepatric artery;
b) For excess simple sugars to be converted to glycogen; for storage;
VolumeofCo2 produced
21. a)I R.Q = ;
volumeofO2 consumed
102
= 0.7;
145
ii) Fats // oil // lipid;
b) - To know the type of respiratory substrate;

- To know the type of respiration taking place;
22. a) Intermittent growth;

b) Moulting // ecdysis;
c) Ecdysone v.J moulting hermone;
23. a) Desert // arid // semi-arid;
b) - Succulent // fleshy stem to store water;

- Thick cuticle to reduce transpiration;
- Leaves modified to thorns to reduce transpiration;
- Thorns protect it from browsers;
24. - Carbon (iv) oxide;

- Light intensity Acc sunlight.
- Temperature;
25. a) Structures that have become reduced in size over time and hence ceased to be
functional
rej convere;
b) - Appendix
- Coccyx
- Nictating membrane
26. a) D N A strand - it has base thymine (T)
b) C–A–A–T–C–G–A–C–T
c) C–A–A–U–C–G–A–C–U
27. - Have dense cyto plasm

- Have thin cell wall
- Have no vacuoles
7
- Have a prominent nucleus Any 2.
28 ai) Protoctista // protista rej. Small p & wrong spelling;
ii) - Uni cellular

- Presence of flagellum // contractile – vacuole.
b) A- lagellum rej flagella & wrong spelling;

B – Contractile vacuole;
c) Eliminates excess water & metabolic waste.

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231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Fossils are remains of organisms preserved in naturally occurring materials/sedimentary rocks

over a period of many years; fossils show morphological/structural changes in organisms over a
long period of time; 2mks
b) Mutation; 1mk
2. a) Inner membrane highly folded/has cristae to provide large surface area for respiratory reaction;
1mk
b) i) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum;

ii) Ribosome provide a site for protein synthesis; 2mks
3. a) high Glucose concentration increase the rate of Energy production by respiration thus increase
the rate of Active transport; 1mk Acc the converse.
b) Increase in oxygen concentration increase the rate of respiration thus more Energy is
produced
hence increase in the rate of respiration; 1mk Acc the converse
4. a) Cardiac muscle;
b) i) Heart;
i) It is myogenic thus contract and relax without fatigue/initiates its own contractions; 1mk
ii) It has intercalated discs that enhance the Spread of contractions;
iii) Has SAN/Sino-atrial-Node that initiate the contraction; 2mks Any two
5. - Pteridophyte is a vascular plant;

- Exhibit alternation of generation;
- Reproduce by Asexual mean using spores and sexual means using gametes;
- The sporophyte generation is dominant; 3mksAny three
6. a) Aerobic respiration Oxygen is used in chemical breakdown of respiratory substrate while

Anaerobic respiration breakdown of the substrate occurs without Oxygen; 2mks
b) Oxygen Assist in complete breakdown of respiratory substrate/Glucose to release more
Energy; 1mk
7. a)
Vein Capillary
- Has muscular wall Wall is thin/and one thick
- Wide lumen Very narrow lumen
- Presence of valves absence of valves
3mks
b) Right Auricle from the rest of the body;

9
Left Auricle from the lungs 2mks

8. i) Used as a stimulant; 1mk
ii) Used for treatment of malaria 2
9. a) Vitamin K is used for the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver 1mk

b) Produces/secretes sabum/an only mild antiseptic fluid, which protect the skin against
pathogen/present cracking of the skin/makes hair sapple. 2mks
10. a) Pairing of the Homologous chromosomes, crossing -over. 2mks

b) Result in multiplication/increase of cells/growth. 1mk
11. a) Apical growth occurs at the apex /meristematic region at the tip of the shoot and tip of the root;
Secondary growth occurs in the region of permanent tissue involving the activity of the meristematic
cambium; 2mks
b) i) Intermittent growth is the periodical growth/growth that occurs at interval in some

Animals/there
is resting periods between successful growths; 2mks
ii) Phylum Arthropoda; 1mk
12. a) Parasitism an Association between two living organism where the parasite live in or on the body of
the host where it obtains nourishment; Host does not benefit;
b) Symbiosis is a mutual relationship involve two different species of organism i that live
together where both organisms benefits;
13. a) Trypsinogen/Trypsin; pancreatic Amylase; Lipase; 2mks

b) Bile provide alkaline medium for pancreatic Enzymes to act; Bile salts emulsify large lumps
of fats/fats into fatty droplets; 2mks
14. a) i) Cornea is curved, transparent to refract light from the object into the Eye towards the retina; 1mk
ii) Vitreous humour refracts light towards the Retina;
Maintains the shape of the Eye ball;
Nourishes the cornea/lens; Any one 1mk
b) Diverge light from a far object; and assist the Eye lens to focus it accurately onto the
Retina; 2mks
15. The Gill filaments are thin/ one cell thick to facilitate faster diffusion of respiratory gases;
-Gill filaments are numerous to provide large surface area for gaseous exchange;
- The surfaces of the Gill filaments are moist to facilitate rapid diffusion of gases;
- The Gill have numerous rakers that filter food/solid particles to prevent damage of the gill
filament;
- Gill has the fill bar which is long and curved to provide large surface area for attachment of
gill filaments; 4mks Any four
16. a) i) Allows water vapour/moisture to saturate in the pits/depression thus decreasing the diffusion
gradient which reduces loss of water by transportation;
ii) The cuticle is thick and waxy thus waterproof to reduce loss of water from the leaves by
transpiration;
b) Root system of Xerophytes are long/deep to reach the water table below; while
hydrophytes have poorly developed root system;
17. a) Hydrogen atoms combine chemically with carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) in the presence of ATP; to form
simple sugars; 2mks

10
b) Carbon dioxide concentration; light intensity; temperature; availability of water; Any three
3mks
18. a) Heterostyl/stigma longer than the stamen, protandry/stigma mature earlier than the Anthers,'
Protogny /stamen mature earlier than the stigma • Monoecous / diecious condition; Any three
3mks
b) Allow the species to colonize new Areas thus increasing the chances of survival of the
species; Allow the plant species to reduce competition for available resources;
19. Drink boiled water',

- maintain high standard of Hygiene;
- wash hands before eating /after visiting the latrine; any two 2mks
20. - Malpighian layer gives rise to a new epidermis*

- Has malanin pigment that absorb U.V light thus protecting the skin; 2
21. a) Is sudden change/spontaneous change on the number or structure of the chromosomes;

b) Non- Dijunction;
Detetion;
Translocation, inversion; 4mks
22. a) i) Ball and socket joint;

ii) Hinge joint; 2mks
23. i) Provide large surface area on its inner living for spermatogenesis;
ii) Provide large surface are for storage of the manufactured spermatozoa;
iii) Secrete semenal fluids that activate the spermatozoe/provide medium for sperm to swim; 3mks
24. - Secretion of bile from the gall bladder into the duodenum;
- Deamination of excess amino acid;
- regulation of sugar; Any two 2
25. Makes the xylem wall firm and rigid/strong to remain open even under pressure '
26. . Intercostals muscles and diaphragm muscles. Both must be correct to score 1mrk
Total 80mks

11

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)
231 /1
BIOLOGY PAPER 1
PAPER 1
MAKING SCHEME
1 A) Bio chemistry; 1 mk
ii) Ecology; 1 mk
2 i) Pitfall trap ; 1 mk
ii) For catching crawling animals ; 1 mk
3 Dog and wolf belong to the same genus but different species ; OETTE 1 mks
4a) Resolution/ - separating objects that are close to one another; 1 mks
Magnification- of the image of an object; Rj magnification of objects ;
b) by electron beam; 1 mkss
5 i) Osmosis - process by which solvent molecules move from, a region of low solute
concentration to a region of high solute concentration across a semi permeable membrane
OWTTE 1 mks
While active transport is a process by which substances are moved across a cell membrane
against concentration . gradient with expenditure of energy (award if difference is
clear; ) (2 mks )
ii) It will absorb water hand swell / become turgid but wont burst due to presence of a tough
cellulose cell wall;
1 mk
6
Palisade Mesophyl
Cylindrical in shape Irregular in shape
Have plenty of chloroplasts Few chloroplast
Closely packed Loosely packed
ii) Grana / granum ;
7)
Mucus secretions;
Secretion of Pepsin and Rennin;
12
8 C6H12O6+ C 6 H12O6 Y C 12 H 22 O 11+ H 2 O
Y- Condensation; 1
X- hydrolysis; 1
9 i) Keratin / collagen/ myosin/ actin/ albumin/ legumin ; Mark 1St one only
ii) haemoglobin/ myoglobin;

hormones / acc. Acountly named/ hormone;
Antibodies ;
Fibrinogen ;
Enzymes (any con. Specified enzyme ;) Mark 1ST one only
10 a) i) mitochondrion, 1 mk
ii) Has cristae/ inner membrane highly folded, to increase S.A; for respiration
Has matrix medium for respiratory activities;
N/B Rj a(ii) if a(i) is wrong
11 a) The rate of H2 O loss is higher when H2O content in atmosphere in low, And decreases as H2
O content in air increases; Because an increase in H20 contents reduces the saturation deficit
OWTTTE ;
b) Reduces leaf surface area exposed to transpiration hence reduced water loss ; 1 mks
12
Protein- fibrogen / prothrombin; ½ mks
Vitamin- K /quinine; ½ mks
Enzyme- Thrombokinane / Thromboplastin ; ½ mks
Musical element – calcium acc ca.; ½ mks
13 i)- Stomata / stomatal pores/ openings ;

Lenticels;
ii) Pneumatoplores – special breathing roots found in plants that are found in H 2O logged soils
1 mk
14 a)
Age ;
Exercise ;
Emotions;
13
Temperature ;
Health ;
mark 1ST 2 only
2 mks
b) Whooping cough;
1 mk
15 a) N- desert/ arid/semi arid ;
b) Small sized glomeruli, to reduce Ultra filtration

Longer loop of Henle ; to increase reabsorption of water to ensure as much H2O as
possible is conserved a characteristic of desert dwell animals
NB Rj 15 (a) (ii) if 9i) is wrong
16 Quinine- For treatment of malaria; 1 mk
Rubber – Used in shoe industry /, manufacture of chewing gum;
Papain- Used as meat tenderizer ; 1 mk
17 a)
Antidiuretic hormone – Causes distal convoluted tubule /collecting duct to be more permeable
2
to H O ; 1 mk
Aldosterone – regulates level of sodium ions in blood; 1 mk
b) In protein and would be digested in the stomach before it reaches the liver for blood sugar
regulation ; 1 mk
18. Metamorphosis – Sudden change in the body form of an organism in the course of the life
cycle; 1 mk
b) Example- insects eg housefly/ mosquito/ butterfly / moth; (mark 1ST only ) 1 mk
c) Facilitates random dispersal of various stages hence prevent over crowding;

adults & larval stages exploits different ecological niches hence No competition for food;
Enables organisms to survive Harsh conditions through pupal stage;
Nb mark 1ST one
only
19 a) Food stored is used up/ respired / broken down to carbon (iv) oxide and water released; 1 mark
b)
Have thin wall;
have dense cytoplasm;
lack vacuole;
mark 1ST 2 only

14
20 a) Most amino acids are used for synthesis of tissues proteins for growth development of the
foetus; thus very little amino acids remain to be converted to urea
2 marks
Umbilical artery ; Umblical vein;

Less food nutrients ; More food nutrients ;
Less oxygen contents; Rich/ more/ high oxygen contents;
More excretory wastes ; No excretory wastes ;
Any 1 1 mk
(Rej deoxygenated )
21 a) Development of fruit without fertilization(1 mk)
Have fibrous spongy mesocarps to trap air making it light / buoyant

b)
Have air space making them light and able to float on water / they are buoyancy ;
Have H2O proof cover/ pericarp which make them float without water entering them 2 mks
Have deed coats that trap air bubbles ; mark
ST
1 2 only
22 a) they can make organic substance (food) from inorganic substances ie H2O by use of light
energy a process called photosynthesis ;
b) To prevent stiff interspecific competition for resources are the better competitor will oust ( by
death or migration) the weaker from the niche; 1 mk
23 a) Biological control ; 1 mk
b) Does not affect untargeted organisms ;

No pollution ; 2 mks
24 a) I chlamydomonas ; 1 mk
ii) Protoctista 1 mks
iii) Unicellula / single celled; 1 mk Rj if a9ii) is wrong
25 a) Mutation- spontenous change in the structure of a chromosome on gene ; 1 mk
b) i) haemophilia ;
sickle cell anaemia ; 1 mk
ii) Inversion ; 1 mk
26 a) Occurrence of genes on sex chromosome hence transmitted together with those that determine
sex; 1 mks
b) Its because are located on Y chromosomes that is exclusively found in men ; 2 mks
27 a) Long sightendness / Hypometropis ; 1 mk)

15
b) Short eye ball;

Weak lens (any one) ;1 mks
c) Wearing of convex lens / conveying lenses; 1 mk rj if a(i) is wrong
28 i) convergent evolution; 1 mk
ii) Eyes in vertebrate and octopus ;

Jointed legs of arthropods & those of vertebrates ;
Wings of bats and those of insects / birds ; mark 1ST 2
only

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231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
Marking scheme:
NOTE: Semi colon(;)represents 1 mark
1. Contain lytic enzymes; that breaks down foreign materials; which can be ingested instead of food.
2. Absorbs latent heat of vaporization;
3. (i) Juvenile hormone - Controls metamorphosis in young insects;

(ii) Abscic acid - Formation of Abscission layer in leaves and
fruits;
4. Lactic Acid; Energy;
5. Allow for impulse transmission from one nerve cell to another;
6. Presence of Rhizoid; Lack of vascular tissue;
7. Production of low urine volume;

Production of concentrated/hypertonic urine;
8. Peristalysis;
Churning of food;
9. Grass increases;
Black birds decreases;
10.
a) A-Thick iner wall; Rej ; inner wall B-Thin outer wall; Re ; outer wall
b) Regulate the openings and closing of the stoma;;
11. a) Light - Activates germination hormones;

- Raises internal temperatures of the seed; Award for one
b) Soaking in water - softens seedcoat;
12. Autotrophs are organisms who utilize simple substances to manufacture complex organic
substances; while Heterotrophs are organisms who depend on complex synthesized organic substances;
13.
a) Gill;
b) Creates a large surface area for maximum gaseous exchange;
14.
a) Meiosis is a type of cell division where a single parent cell divides to form four haploid
daughter cells; while mitosis is a type of cell division where a single parent cell divides to form two
diploid daughter cells;
17
b) Lead to formation of haploid gamete cells who through fussion maintains the diploid state of
species;
-May lead to variation due to crossing over; (Max = lmk)
15. Uric acid;
16. Diffusion;
Active transport;
17.
a) Structures who with time get reduced and becomes functionless;
b) - Appendix
- human tail Human hair (max = 2mks)
18. G
- Sunken stomata;
- Reduced leaf size; needle like
- Succulent leaf and stem (max = 3mks)
19.
a) A- white matter;
D- grey matter;
b) Celebral spinal fluid;
20.
a) X- white blood cell / leucocyte; Reject - white cell
Ace -neutrophil
Y- Red blood cell / erythrocyte ; Reject red cell
b) Large lobbed nucleus ; (reject - germs)
21 . it mutates and develops resistance to drugs;

- Multiplies rapidly in red blood cells;
- Cannot be digested by enzymes in the vector;
22.
-High chances of survival due to zygote being highly protected in the body;
- High chances of fertilization
23.
a) It is a cross between parents of unknown genotypes of a dominant trait with a homozygous
recessive trait;
b) Chromosomes of same size which carry similar genes of same number;

24.
a) M-triceps; N-Biseps;
b) M-Contracts; N- Relaxes;
25. Florigen;
26.
a) Catalyses the break down of toxic hydrogen peroxide; to harmless water and oxygen in
active tissues;
b) Low temperature;
18
27.
a) Thick cuticle reduces cuticular transpiration;
Thin cuticle increases cuticular transpiration;
b) Many stomata creates a large surface area for maximum water loss;
Fewer stomata creates a small surface area for minimal water loss;
28.
a) Ability of the eye to bring into sharp focus distant and near objects;
b) Radial muscule relax; and circular muscle contract; to reduce the size of the pupil;
29
a) T–A–A–G–C–T;
b) U – A – A – G – C – U;
30. a) Co-dominance;
b) Bb;
31. - Active transport;

- Cytoplasmic streaming;
22
32. a) Area = x 20002;
7
= 125714.29 um;
b) Area
No of cells = size of 1 cell
1257114.29
; Reject if no formula.
5
= 25142.858 Nm;
33. - Vasoconstriction;
- Hair is raised / erects / constriction of erector pilli muscle;
- Sweat secretion is stopped.

231/1
BIOLOGY (THEORY)
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME.
1. Water vapour accumulates in depression; lowering the water vapour concentration

gradient;
2. a) Xylem vessels.
b) -Hollow/ lack cross walls for efficient passage
-Run the entire length for substances to reach every part.
-Lignified to prevent collapsing
-Dead tissues hence do not utilize the substances. Any 3=3mks
19
3. Transpiration Guttation.
i) Water lost in vapour form -Water lost in liquid form (droplets)
ii) Mostly through stomata -Through hydathode
iii) Pure water lost. -Water contains dissolved substance.
Any two 2mks
4. a) Phototropism
b) Lateral movement of auxins away from lighted side;
High concentration of auxins on the dark side stimulates cell division and
elongation;
thus faster growth of the darker side causing bending towards light;
5. a) RQ = Co2 produced
Oxygen used
=57
80 ;
=0.71;
b) Lipid / fat.
6. a) B – style
C – Ovary
b) A – receives pollen grains.
7. a) Non – disjunction
b) i) Early maturity
ii) High productivity
iii) Resistance to disease and pests
iv) Resistance to drought first
3=3mks
8. a) Production of ribosomes.
b) -Packaging and transport of glycoproteins
-Secretion of synthesized proteins and carbohydrates.
-Production of lysosomes.
9. a) Convergent evolution
b) Analogous structures.
10. a) A- Neural spine
B- centrum.
b) For attachment of abdominal muscles.
11. - Tidious since many throws have to be made
- Cannot be used for fast moving organisms
- Cannot be used for large trees.
- Not easy to avoid bias while throwing.
12. a) -Stimulates maturation of the Graafin Follicle
-Stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen hormone
b) -Induces birth / parturition by causing contraction of the myometrium
-Stimulates milk let-down.
13. i) Lung book
ii) Siphon
iii) Gill filaments.
14. a) Its actively reabsorbed back to the blood stream within the proximal convoluted
tubule.
b) -Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
-Aldosterone
20
15. Carboxyhaemoglobin is not easily dissociated; reducing the capacity of haemoglobin to

pick and transport oxygen.
16. a) Optimum temp. for enzymes hence highest rate of photosynthesis.
b) High temp. hence enzymes denatured lowering the rate of photosynthesis.
17. a) -Thick inner and thin inner wall to open or close the stomata.
-Presence of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
-Been shaped to close and open stomata.
b) Large air spaces to allow gases circulate easily;
18. a) Complete metamorphosis undergoe 4 steps ie. Egg Larva Pupa
Adult while incomplete undergoes three stapes i.e Egg Nymph
Adult 2mks
b) Stimulates dissolution of the old exoskeleton / cuticle and formation of a new
one. 2mks
19. a) Fructose
b) Ileum/ small intestines
c) Sucrase.
20. a) To keep the cells turgid and maintain the shape of the cytoplasm.
b) -To enable the light to pass through
-Prevnt overlapping of the cells.
21. - Rings of chitin to prevent collapsing
- Hollow for passage of gases.
22. - Self sterility / incompatibility
- Dichogamy / protogymy/ protandry
- Presence of features that attract / promote agents of pollination acc relevant
example.
23. - Antigen of donor and antibodies of recipient will correspond; hence a reaction
btw. Them causing agglutination;
24. a) P- Epidermis
Q- Cortex.
b) S – translocation / transport of photosynthats.
c) -Star shaped xylem
-Phloem between arms of xylem.
-Presence of root hairs.
-Absence of vascular cambium. Any 2 =
2mks
25. - Acrosame produce enzymes that dissolve the membrane of ovum.
- Numerous mitochondria to provide energy for movement.
- Long whip-like tail for propulsion.
- Large nucleus for fertilization.
26. a) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
b) A goat has a small surface area to volume ratio. Its body is less exposed to the
environment hence it losses less heat and require less energy to replace.
Acc. Reverse for a rat.
27. a) Mosquitoes undergo mutation which brings variation that make them resistant.
They survive to sexual maturity and give rise to other mutants that are resistant.
b) Green locusts emergence

Enlarge of tuskless elephants
Peppered moth
21
Resistance to acaricides by ticks / antibodies bacteria / DDT by insect /

fungicids by fungi/ anti-malarial drugs by plasmodia.
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
2010 Pyramid projections 007
MARKING SCHEME
1. The following reaction may occur in a forward or backward direction

Water + carbon (IV) Oxide glucose + Oxygen + Energy
(a) Name the organelle where the reaction occurs in a
(i) Forward direction Chloroplast
(ii) Backward direction Mitochondria (2mks)
(b) Give one similarity between the structure of the two organelles you have mentioned in (a)
above. Both have a double membrane. (1mk)
2. Give three reasons why nutrition is important to living organisms. (3mks)

Provides materials for:
(a) Respiration to produce energy;
(b) Growth of cells and tissues;
(c) Repair of worn out or damaged tissues such as healing of wounds;
3. Name the hormone involved in

(a) Conversion of glycogen to glucose glucagons (1mk)
(b) Regulation of the amount of water in the blood. Antidiuretic hormone. (ADH);(1mk)
4. State three main characteristics of the division spermatophyte. (3mks)

• Seed producing plants;
• Have vascular tissues;
• Have well developed roots, stems and leaves;
5. (a) Distinguish between a habitat and a niche. (2mks)

Habitat: Place in the environment where an organism is found;
Niche: Role which an organism plays in the community;
(b) Why is it that, two species can occupy the same habitat but cannot occupy the same niche. (1mk)
If they occupy the same niche they would have identical requirements and there will be severe
competition until one is eliminated;
6. State three functions of an endoskeleton. (3mks)

• Support of internal organs; protection of internal organs – brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart
etc;
• Provision of attachment sites for muscles;
• Giving body shape;
• Work with muscles bring about movement;
7. Name three supportive tissues found in woody stems. (3mks)

• Schlerenchyma;
• Xylem;
• Collenchyma;

22
8. How do the sunken stomata help a plant avoid excessive water loss during gaseous exchange. (3mks)
• Hair within the pit trap and prevent rapid loss of water vapour; and diffusion gradient of
water vapour between airspace in the leaf and outside is decreased hence less loss of water;
• Pits reduce the blowing away of water vapour by wind. (and this also decreases diffusion
gradient of water vapour between air inside and outside the leaf)
9. Which parts of a flower after fertilization develops into:

(a) Seed Fertilized ovule;
(b) A fruit Ovary;
(c) Testa Integuments; (3mks)
10. State three adaptations of the proximal convoluted tubule to its functions. (3mks)
• Long;
• Highly coiled;
• Mitochondria to produce energy for active transport;
11. State the three processes that cause growth in organisms. (3mks)
• Cell division;
• Assimilation;
• Elongation/enlargement;
12. Outline the role played by each of the following bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.
(a) Nitrobacter - Convert nitrites to nitrates;
(b) Nitrosomonas - Convert ammonium compounds to nitrites;
(c) Rhizobium bacteria - Convert free nitrogen gas into nitrates;(3mks)
13. State two types of movable joints found in mammals (2mks)

• Ball and socket joint;
• Hinge joint;
14. State the part of the eye involved in:

(a) Colour vision fovea centralis;
(b) Maintaining the shape of the eyeball Aqueous and vitreous humour
(c) Change in diameter of the lens. Ciliary muscle (3mks)
15. State the functions of the following hormones.

(a) Luteinising hormone
Causes ovulation / causes release of ovum from ovary;
Stimulates corpus luteum to secret progesterone
(b) Oxytocin
• Causes release of milk
• Causes labour pains/dilation of cervix;
Acc: parturition
16. State the role each of the following components of the skin. (3mks)
(a) Melanin
Absorbs ultra violet ray of the sun;
(b) Adipose fat deposit
Insulation;
(c) Sebum
• Keep skin soft/supple;
• Protect skin against infections/antiseptic;
Anyone

23
17. Explain why cells of an endosperm are triploid and not diploid. (3mks)
Nucleus made of 1 male nuclei; fuse; with 2 polar nuclei;
18. The diagram below represents an organ from a finned bony fish. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.
(a) Name the organ. Gill;
(b) State three adaptations of the part labeled M to its functions (3mks)
• Gill filament are humerous to increase the surface area;

• Thin membrane to reduce diffusion distance (for efficient gaseous exchange);
• Has a dense/ rich network of blood supply for efficient gaseous exchange;
19. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone.

(i)Name the bone. Femur; (1mk)
(ii)Which part articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle? Part 1 /head (1mk)
(iii)What is the function of part numbered 2? For attachment of muscles and ligaments;
(1mk)
(iv)What type of joint is formed when the part number 4 articulate with the tibia. Hinge joint;
(1mk)
20. Outline three roles of active transport in the human body. (3mks)
Re- absorption of glucose and some mineral salts in the kidney/the kidney tubules; Absorption of
digested food from the alimentary canal; acc. Mineral salt, vitamins. Excretaton of waste
products from the body cell;
Re- absorption of useful materials in the blood stream;
Sodium pump mechanism in the nervous system (any three)
21. Explain how marine fish regulate their osmotic pressure. (3mks)
Swallow a lot of sea water to increase the amount of water in the body; Have chloride secretory cells
in the gills to remove excess salts; Eliminate nitrogenous wastes in the form of trimethyl amine oxide
which require little water for elimination;
Few/small glomeruli to slow filtration rate in the kidneys; Retain nitrogenous wastes in form of urea
to raise O.P of the body;
22. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below

(i) Name the type of response (1mk)
Thigmotropism/Haptotropism;
(ii) Explain how the response named in (i) above occurs. (3mks)
Contact with support; causes migration of auxins to the outside; causing faster
growth on the side away from contact surface; (Causing dendrils to curl around the
support);
NB (a) (ii) is tied to (i)
(iii) What is the importance of tactic responses to microscopic plants? (1mk)
Escape injurions stimuli/seek favourable habitat
Rej. Seek mate and obtain food
23. List three advantages of asexual reproduction. (2mks)

• Offspring retain fully the good characteristics of their parent;
• Under favourable conditions it takes place rapidly and helps to maximize production of
offspring;
• Production of offspring is easier as one parent is involved;
• Stored food in perennating organs help in establishment of the offspring; Any three

24
24. In a blood test, a drop of anti-A serum were added to two samples of blood. No agglutination occurred,
what were the blood groups of the two samples. Ans: O and B(2mks)
25. (a) State and explain three factors that affect the rate of respiration. (3mks)
Oxygen - When level of oxygen is low rate of respiration slows and vice versa
Young animals and plant seedlings have higher metabolic rates and
require more energy for growth.
Activity - Animals involved in vigorous activity require more energy than animals at rest;
Hormones - Release of hormones such as adrenaline and thyroxine in large amounts
increase rate of respiration
Body size - Smaller animals have larger surface area to volume ratio hence losses more heat
– replaced through increased respiration.
(b) Give two reasons why fats are not normally used for respiration although they yield high
amount of energy during oxidation. (2mks)
• Fats require higher amount of oxygen for oxidation than carbohydrates;
• Fats are not easily soluble in water hence are not easily transported to respiratory sites;
26. State the role of each of the following during photosynthesis:

(a) Xylem vessel. (1mk)
Transport water and mineral salts to the photosynthetic tissues;
(b) Chlorophyll. (1mk)
Trap sunlight (for photolysis);
(c) Guard cells.(1mk)
Gaseous exchange;
(d) Phloem. (1mk)
Transport photosynthetic products;
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Mitochondria / Mitochondrion;

(b) Lysosome / Lysosomes;
2. O; A;
3. Ensures no competition; for dispersal; survival; eg pupa stage
4. Biceps muscles alimentary canal muscles
(i) Has striations /striped - Lacks striations /stripes
structures
(ii) Has long cylindrical fibres - Spindle shaped fibres
(iii) Multinucleated - Uninucleated;
5. (i) Herbivorous;
(ii) Has no upper incisors and canines;
6. (a) Pancrease;
25
(b) No production of insulin hence no regulation of blood sugar /glucose in blood.
7. Anther(s);Ovaries/Ovary;
8. (a) P - Ganglion;
S – Grey matter;
(b) Transmits the nerve impulse from CNS (relay) to the effector;
( c) Cerebrospinal fluid;
9. Absorption of mineral salts from the soil (through the root hairs); Exchange of gases in stomata;
translocation / transport of food substances in green plants;
10. (a) Glycolysis;
(b) Cytoplasm;
11. Green plants use energy from the sun to manufacture food ( photosynthesis); the
plants are eaten by small herbivorous animals such as mice, rats, moles etc; the hawk feed on these
small herbivores and use part of the food in respiration to release energy for flying;
12. (a) Convergent evolution;
(b) Analogous structure;
13. (a) Effect of temperature on enzyme activity;
(b) A- No observable colour change / colour of iodine (brown) remains /remains
Brown;
B-Blue black/black colour;
(c ) Provide optimum temperature for enzymatic action;
14. Leaves expose smaller surface area to the sun; thus reducing excessive water loss by transpiration;
15. Arachnida; Crustacea;
16. (a) Where both alleles express themselves equally / none is dominant over the other
/ None is recessive over the other;
(b) Sickle cell anaemia ; Haemophilia;
17. Carbon (IV) oxide combines with hydrogen atom; using ATP energy; to form simple sugars / glucose;
Rej hydrogen gas
18. (a) P - Epidermal cell;
R = Stoma / stomatal pore;
(b) Has thick inner wall and thin outer walls to control opening and closing of
Stoma;
Has chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis / manufacture of glucose that alter
osmotic pressure bringing about opening and closing of stomata;
19. (a) 8;
(b) 24;
20 (a) Epigeal;
(b) Hypocotyl;
( c) Light causes downward migration of auxins to the darker side of the seedling; This causes high
concentration of auxins / accumulation of auxins to the lower side of seedling causing faster growth in
the darker side ;than the lit side; hence the seedling straightens upwards towards light;
21. 1mm = 1000 µm (micrometers)

5x1000
∴ 5mm =
1
= 5000 µm (micrometers)

26
5x1000
Diameter of field of view = = 5000 µm;
1
Size of one cell = Diameter of field of view
Number of cells across field of view
5000
= ;
20
= 250 µm;
22. Blood cells; plasma proteins;
23. -No poisonous substances used;
-No accumulation along food chains;
-No resistance can be developed;
-No residual effects / no non-biodegradable substances in the environment;
Mark 1st three(3)
24. (i) Cerebrum;
(ii) Hypothalamus;
(iii) Medulla oblongata;
(iv) Cerebellum;
25. (a) Rhizobium;/nitrogen -fixing bacteria;
(b) Symbiosis;/symbiotic/mutual;
(c ) Nitrogen fixation/converts for nitrogen into nitrates;
26. Vibrio cholerae; rej if not underlined separately
27. Umbilical artery Umbilical vein

(i) rich /more waste products Poor in /less waste products/
more CO2 and urea less CO2 and area;
(ii) Poor in oxygen /and nutrients Rich in oxygen / and nutrients
(glucose /amino acids) (glucose /amino acids);
28. Moist to dissolve respiratory gases;

Thin walled to reduce the distance for diffusion;
Highly branched to increase surface area for gaseous exchange;
Have rigid cuticle to avoid collapsing of tracheoles hence remain open
29. (a) To enable it to trap pollen grains from the air;

(b) To produce nectar; reject – attract insects
- capture /catch pollen grains
30. Broad to increase surface area; for maximum absorption of CO2 and light
penetration;

231/1
BIOLOGY
(THEORY)
MARKING SCHEME:

27
1 a) Neisceria gonorrhea;
b) Trichomoniasis vaginalis;
2. a) liver wort and moss plant;

b) Bryophyta;
3. 2mm = (2 x 1000) um;

Actual length 2000/800 = 2.5µm;
4. It reduces exposed surface area: protects stomata from direct sunlight and saturates the area
around the stomata with moisture;
5. a) Coniferales;
b) Has cones;
- Needle like leaves ;
6. D – Scapula;
E – Capsule ligament / ligament;
F – Humerus;
b) is a lubricant/ reduces friction during movement / acts as a shock absorber;

c) movable joint/ ball and socket joint;
7. a) convergent evolution ;
b) Analogous structures;
c) Gamma rays Uv light; chemicals e.g. colchicines/ Mist and gas;
8. a) A- spikes / hooks ;
B- male nuclei; Rej male nucleus ;
C- Tube nucleus ;
D- pollen tube;
b) i) attachment to the surface of stigma;
ii) Surrounding tissue in style and ovary;
iii) double fertilization ;
c) i) Zygote / embryo;
ii) endosperm;
9. They accumulate very little toxic wastes ;

- store some waste products in their tissues in non- toxic form;
- Some waste products are re-used;
10. a) Ornithine cycle;

b) enzyme orginase;
11 - Enhances movement of food along alimentary canal;

-Prevents constipation;
12 a) A – Root hair cell;

B- Phloem;
C- Xylem;
b) Translocates manufactured food;
13 a) Semi- circular canals/ Vestibule;

b) Cochlea;
28
14 a) R- Sensory neurone/ afferent;

S- Relay / Intermediate/ associative neurone.;
b) Acetylcholine / Noradrenaline;
15 a)i) M- Centromere;
N- Chiasma / Chiasmata;
b)ii) Prophase
16 a) Down syndrome – Presence of an extra chromosome in a somatic/ trisomy 21 cell;

b) Turners Syndrome – Less one sex chromosome X or Y;
17) The molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of low concentration;
Along the concentration gradient;
18) Waste products from kitchen contain salt, sugar and other solutes; it is hypertonic to cell sap of
grass cells; causes water to be drawn out by osmosis; (make them yellow and dry);
19 a) B- Horny pad;
C- lower jaw;
D- Molar teeth;
b)The (Tongue) turns the grass during chewing/ grinding;
20) – Both formed by ultra filtration;

- As a result of high pressure from arteriole end;
 21 − 16 
21)   × 100 = 23.8 %
 21 
b) Blood entering the lungs has a higher partial pressure of Carbon (iv) oxide in the lungs;
blood releases carbon (iv) oxide into the alveoli resulting exhaled air having a higher
concentration of Co2 ;
22) a) Sweep nets/ Mosquito nets/ Specimen bottles quick drying light paint.
FM MR
=
P sc
FM × Sc
P
MR
600 × 300
= 1800
100
23 a) Epidermal; Layer/ epidermis
b) Parenchyma;
c) Epithelial;
24 a) Capsule;
Pericarp splits longitudinally at more than two places;
b) Caryopsis; Pericarp and seed coat are fused together to form a thin covering over the
entire seed;
25 a) Shorter distance for diffusion;

b) Oxygen dissolves in the moisture;
26) Erector pilli muscles contract hair is raised trapping air, air is a bad conductor of heat; it
insulates the body against heat loss;

29
27 a) Cambium Meristem;
b) Apical meristem;
28) Lactic acid is oxidized into Carbon (iv) Oxide, water and energy when oxygen is available;
lactic acid in the liver is converted into glycogen for storage;

231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1 a) Because it secretes Hormones; and enzymes; 2 mks
2. Provides a surface for the enzymatic reaction to occur; 1 mk
3. Competition for food / light/ oxygen etc;

Emigration;
Accumulation of toxic wastes etc;
Diseases;
Random separation in mitosis / Independent assortment; 4 mks
4 Plants are
Primary procedure of food;
Provide breeding sites for aquatic organisms;
Provide shelter for aquatics organisms;
Aerate the water; 3 marks
5 Notochord at one stage of development;

Dorsal Hollow nerve tube;
Pharyngeal gill slits present;
With post anal tail;
With segmented muscles;
Blocks/ myotomes ; 2 marks
6 a) Salmonella typhi / bacteria;

b) Plasmodium / protozoa; 2 marks
7 - Regulation of body temperature;

- Regulation of pH of body fluids;
- Distribution of heat;
- Protection against pathogen invasion;
- Blood clotting prevents excessive loss of salt and water incase of tissue damage;
- Maintenance of salt water balance in the cells; Any 3
8 To provide large surface area for the attachment of back muscles;

To provide support for the abdominal organs; 2 marks

30
Endocrine system Nervous system

Uses chemicals to transmit impulses Uses electrical charges to relay impulses;
Transmission takes a long time Takes a short time to respond;
Hormones are transmitted through blood Impulses transmission through nervous;
Hormones reach all parts of the body Impulses transmitted to specific parts of the body;
Any 3 marks
10 Enables a plant to pass through adverse / harsh conditions;
Allows enough time for the embryo to mature;
Allows enough time for the enzyme formation; 3 marks
11 Y- Turft of hair sprouting from pinna;

- Premature baldness; 2 marks
X- Colour blindness;
- Haemophilia; 2 marks
12 Stomata in leaves;
Lenticels in stems / young roots;
Cuticle in leaves; 3 marks
13 - Apposable thumb;
- Upright posture / Gait;
- Large size & well developed brain;
- Speech; 3 marks
14 a) They have cellulose cell wall which is rigid; 1 mark

b) Have lignified walls which prevent it from collapsing; 1 mark
15 a) A- capsular space / Bowmans Capsule;

B- Descending wing of loop of Henle; 1 mark
b) Urea;
16 a) Equalize pressure between the middle ear and that of the atmosphere; 1 mark
17 a) Ball and socket joint; 1 mark

b) D- Ligament;
E-Synovial fluid; 2 marks
18 - Moist;
- Highly supplied with blood vessels;
- Has thin membrane;
- Numerous to increase the surface area; 3 marks
19 - Provide nourishment to the brain tissues;

- Serves as a shock absorber / prevent mechanical damage; 2 marks
20 - The cell sap of the root hair cell is more concentrated than the surrounding soil water;
water is absorbed into the root hair cell by osmosis; root hair cell become diluted than the
surrounding cortical cells; which absorb water form it by osmosis;the process continue
until water is pushed into the xylem of the root; 4 marks

31
21 a) F- pollen tube; 1 mark

G – forms the seed; 1 mark
22 Smooth muscles;
Skeletal muscles;
Cardiac muscles; 3 marks
23 i) Inversion; ii) Insertion;

2 marks
24
marginal parietal
Placenta
Placenta
2 marks
NB accept diagram when correctly drawn
25 - Carbon iv oxide;
- Water;
- Mineral salts; 2 marks
26 Herbivorous; 1 mark
- Absence of incisors in the upper jaw;

- Presence of hard pad;
- Presence of diastema; 2 marks
27 - Dull in colou;r
- Small and inconspicuous;
- Large anthers which are loosely attached to the filaments;
- Have no nectarines; 3 marks
28 - To supply O2 to the muscles at a faster rate;

- To be used in oxidation of lactic acid; 2 marks
29. - For procreation;

- Brings about genetic variation; 2 marks

32
30 a) - Industrial effluents;
- Oil spillage from tankers (ship wreck);
- On shore oil drilling; 2 marks. (Acc any other correct source)
b) - Use of floats to separate big oil drops and burning them;

- Pour sand on oil drops causing them to sink to the bottom and undergo slow decay;
- Discourage on shore drilling of oil; 2 marks
31 - Ability to produce semen;

- Breaking of voice (deepening of voice);
- Growth of beards / growth of pubic hair;
- Broadening of the shoulders; 1 x 3 = 3 marks

231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Bearing photosynthetic pigment/ Chlorophl;
b.i) Matrix;
ii) Increase surface area for attachment of respiratory enzymes / site of energy production;
2 Integument; and Triploid nucleus;
3. Has mucus as buffer;

Enzymes release in inactive form eg pepsinjen;
4. a) Water vapour accumulate in the depression of stomata; lowering the water vapour
Concentration gradient; leading to lower rate of transpiration;
b) Little surface area is exposed and folding of leaves protects the stomata from direct
sunlight and saturate the area around the stomata.
5. a) Turgidity; presence of collenchyma/ cortex;
b) Sclerenchyma/ collenchyma/ sclereids
6. a.i) dicotyledonous root;

ii) Has no pith / xylem star shape at centre/
33
Has few vascular bundles/ phloem at arms of xylem;
b) A – Transport of water and minerals salt;

B – Transport of manufactured food.
7. Presence of villi; long; presence of a large number of lacteals; presence of thin epithelium on
one cell thin epithelium;
8. When they can freely interbreed; to give rise to viable / fertile offspring;
9. - Sweating / secretion of sweat;

- Vasodilation/ re- direction of blood to the skin
- Relaxation of erector ( pili) muscle/ hair lies low/ flat/ flattens; (any 2)
10. - Blood is pumped to the arteries by the heart at high pressure; blood pressure in the veins is
reduced by capillary resistance;
- Arteries have narrow lumen which maintains high pressure; veins have wide lumen which
reduce pressure;
- Arteries have more muscular walls which generate/ increase pressure; veins have less
muscular walls which reduce pressure;
11 Absorption of water (from soil);movement of water from cell to cell; mechanical support due
to turgidity; opening / closing of the stoma; feeding in insectivorous plants;
12. Haemolysis is the bursting of red blood when placed in distilled/ hypotonic solution;
Plasmolysis is the process by which plants cells lose water, shrink and become flaccid;
13. Natural immunity is inherited/ transmitted from parent to offspring;

Acquired immunity is developed after suffering from disease/ through vaccination/ Acquired
immunity from suckling of milk
14 - Thin walls (of tracheoles)

- Moist surface of tracheoles
- large surface area due to numerous tracheoles;
15. a) Protein – thrombin/ prothrombin / fibrinogen

Vitamin – vitamin K
Enzyme – thromboplastin (thrombokinase)
Mineral element – calcium ions
b) Production of antibodies that destroys, micro – organism/ Engulfing of miro-organism.
16. a)i Egestion is the removal from the body of undigested food;
ii) Secretion
Production and release of substances useful to the body by glands;
iii) excretion
The process by which organisms get rid of metabolic waste products from their bodies;
b) Maintenance of constant levels of water / salt for optimum / suitable conditions for
metabolism/ cellular functions;
17. a) Niche – is the position that an organisms occupies in ahabitat.

Habitat – is aspecific locality with aparticular set of conditions where an organism live;

34
b) Producers; consumers and decomposers;
18. a) Mosquito larvae/ pupae are killed/ breaking life cycle of mosquito;
b) Pollution of environment / other aquatic organisms are killed / oil is expensive;

19. Brings about useful variation;
Variations makes offspring better adapted for survival; may lead to origin of new
species;
20. a) Entering placenta has more oxygen and nutrients; white leaving placenta has more
carbondoxide and excretory waste;
b)i Prevents competition for light and nutrients between the parent and offspring;
ii) It allows colonization of new and favourable habitats / occupy new habitas.
iii) Avoid over crowding;
21 a) Store necessary food for germination;

Protects the plumule during germination during germination;
b) epicotyl;
22. a)Genome is the total genetic content of any cell in an organism / it comprises of all
genes on all the chromosome;
b.i) C – C – G – A – T – G – G – A – T – T – G;
ii) C – C – G – A – U – G – G – A – U – U – G;
c) Backcross – it is where an offspring is crossed with one of its parents;

23. a.i) Is the emergence of presence forms of organisms gradually from pre- existing one (
some
of which no longer exist);
ii) Is the drifting a part of the continents from one land mass;
b) Analogous structures – structures which ( appear similar and ) perform similar /same
functions but have different origins;
Homologous structures – structures which have a common origin but performs different
functions;
24. a) Is to relay nerve impulse between sensory and motor neurons;
b) i) A – mitochondria;
B – synaptic vesicle;
ii) ↓;
b) Cholinesterase
25. a) Long sightedness/ Hypermetropia/ Long sight,;
b) Wearing a convex (converging) lens;
c) - Stereoscopic vision/ better clarity vision/ Binocular vision/ improved visual acuity;
- Gives a wider angle of vision;
- If one eye is damaged, person is not blinded;
26. a) Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton

35
b) Axis has odontoid process
27. a) Stomata; Lenticels;
b) External intercostals muscles contract/ internal intercostals muscles relax; ribcage is

raised upwards and outwards; diaphragm muscles contract/ diaphragm flattenss;
volume increased.

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)
231/1
BIOLOGY PAPER
PAPER 1
MAKING SCHEME
1 a) Bilateral symmetry; acc. Bilateral; only (1

mk)
b) Opposite, alternate, whorl; (any 2) 2

mks
2 a) Prokaryotic cell lacks nuclear membrane while enkaryotic cell has nuclear membrane; 1 mk
b) i) Indentity – Rough endoplasmic reticulum;
1 mk
ii) Functuion – Protein synthesis;
Transportation of proteins; within the cell 1 mk
3 a) It is responsible for the absorption of some products of digestion from the alimentary canal into
the blood stream;
1 mk
b)
Oxygen concentration / amount of oxygen;
Change in PH ;
Substrate / Glucose concentration;
Enzyme inhibitors;
Temperature ; ( 1St two@ 1 mk ) 2
mks)
4. Vibrio cholerae; 1mk
5. i) Condensation;
ii) water ; 1 mk
6) Photosynthetic tissue; accept palisade mesophyll 1 mk

36
ii) Has cells containing numerous chloroplasts to absorb maximum light;

Chloroplasts located next to the upper epidermis to maximize light absorption ;
Closely packed cells to increase surface area for light absorption and photosynthesis;
7 a) Ileum; 1 mk
b) To get smaller molecules that can be absorbed ; 1mk
C)
Production of energy;
Formation of fats to insulate the body and vital body organs ; 2
mks
8.
Narrow to increase capillarity;
Hollow to maintain continuous column of water;
Lignified to prevent them from collapsing ;
Has pits / pores to allow lateral movement of water ; any correct 3 (3
mks)
9
a) O + has Rhesus antigen / factor/ protein while O – does not have the Rhesus antigen 1 mk
b) Regulation of body temperature;
Protection against infection ; 2
mks
10
a) Amount of CO2 will increase;
Amount of O2 will decrease ; 2 mk
b) O2 will be utilized and CO2 released in the process of respiration; 1mk
11.
They are both highly vascuralised to increase the rate of transportation of respiratory gases;
Both are lined by a thin membrane for faster diffusion of gases;
Lined by a film of moisture to dissolve the respiratory gases to enhance diffusion ;
3 mks
12 a) A- glomerulus;
B- Bowman’s capsule acc. Bowman’s capsular space ; 2 mk
b) Kidney cortex ; 1 mk
c) Carries out ultrafiltration ; 1 mk
13.
Contraction of erector pili muscle leading to raising of hair that trap a film of air which
forms an insulatory layer above the skin surface;
Vasoconstriction;
Increased rate of metabolism;
The subcutaneous fat acts as an insulator to prevent heat loss; 1St three (3 mks)
14. Phylum- Arthropoda ; Rj wrong spelling

Reason- Jointed appendages / presence of exoskeleton;
37
Class- crustacea Rj if spelling is wrong

Reason – Two pairs of antennae 4
mks
15.
No migration takes place;
That the first marked organisms mix randomly with the rest;
That there is no death of the first marked organisms during the time of study;
That there is no predation;
That handling of the organisms does not harm or change their behaviour; 1St 3= 3 mks
16.
a) Anthers; 1 mk
b) Tube nucleus; acc. Pollen tube nucleus
Generative nucleus ; (
2mks)
17 a) Temporary storage of sperms/ spermatozoa before they are released into the sperm duct
`
1mk
b) Prostate gland ; 1St two @ 1
mk
cowpers gland ; 2
mks)
acc. Seminal vesicle;
18.
a) Epigeal germination; 1 mk
b) Hypocotyl elongates faster; so that the cotyledons are brought / pushed above the ground ;
2 mks
19 a) Prevents / reduces intra specific competition( since adults & larvae occupy different
ecolological niches);
- Enables them to survive harsh / adverse environmental / conditions;
1 mks
b) Moulting hormone / ecydysone / juvenile hormone; 1 mk
20. a) Heterozygous individual has dissimilar alleles; in their genotype while homozygous one has
identical alleles; 2
mks
Chiasma- point of attachment between two strands of homologous chromosomes where they
may eventually break & rejoin ; (OWTTE)
1 mk
21
i. Stimulates the pancreas to produce pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes; 1 mk

38
ii. Stimulates the stomach / gastric wall / glands to secrete gastric juice which contains digestive
enzymes & hydrochloric acid
1 mk
22
Homologous structure Analogous structure
Structure with similar embryonic origin but Structure of different embryonic origin but have
perform different functions been modified to perform similar functions;
b) Mutation that occurs in a non- reproductive /somatic cell of an organism / sudden change that
takes place in a non- reproductive cell; (1
mk)
23. i) Phototropism / positive phototropism ; 1mk

ii) Light causes the auxins to migrate to the darker side; hence causing faster / more cell
elongation on the darker side than the lit side (making the shoot to bend towards light
); 2 mks
24. Have tissues / root cells which concentrate a lot of salts hence enabling them to absorb water
by osmosis in the normal ways ;
Many / some are succulent to store water ; 2 mks
25 a) Retina; 1 mk
b) Cones; 1 mk
Rods; 1 mk
26. a) Dispersal of seeds & fruits ;

Pollination agents;
Long and many branches & roots;
Possession of both males & female reproductive parts in same individual / flower;
Autotrophic mode of nutrition ; 2 mks
b)
They lack strengthening tissues that would support their stems if they grow tall;
27.
Increased growth of algae ‘ algal bloom ;
Reduction of concentration of dissolved oxygen ;
Death of aerobic organisms e.g. fish due to lack of oxygen ;
28.
Hinge joints;
Ball and socket joints;
Gliding/ sliding joints;
Pivot joints ; 3 mks

39
2010Pyramid Projections 016

Kenya certificate of Secondary Education
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. Taxonomy (1mk)
2. Semi –permeable. First 3 = (3mks)

Sensitive to temperature.
Sensitive to PH.
Posses electric charges (positive and negative).
3. (a) - Heat insulation.

- Protection of delicate organs.
- Source of energy.
- Source of metabolic water.
- Structural compounds. First 3 = (3mks)
(b) Innert / inactive /unreaction. (1mk)
4. - Moist surface to dissolve respiratory gases

- Has a larger surface area for efficient exchange of respiratory gases.
- Highly vascularised for quick up take and off loading of respiratory gases.
- Has thin epithelium for respiratory gases to pass across a short distance faster.
First 3= (3mks)
5. - Undergo mutation which brings about variations; (making them resistance to insecticides)
they survive and give more offspring of the same type;
(2mks)
6. - Protects the insect against dessication /drying;

- Provide attachment site for muscles;
- Protect delicate inner tissues;
- Protect insect against predators;
- Support the body off the ground and gives it form; Any 3= (3mks)
7. (a) Chiasma / chiasmata. (1mk)
(b) Exchange of genes leading to genetic variation or recombination. (1mk)
(c) Meiosis (1mk)
8. More ADH / vasopressin is secreted by (pituitary gland) ; causing reabsorption of water in the
kidney tubules/ distal convoluted tubule ; and resulting in concentrated scanty urine;
40
(3mks)
9. (a) - Colour blindness.
- Haemophilia.
- Cystic fibrosis (2mks)
(b) Part of X chromosome has no homologous portion on the Y- chromosome thus if X-
chromosome has the recessive trait it will show on the male phenotype. (1mk)
(c) Sons inherit the X-chromosome from the mother while the daughters inherit X-chromosome
from the father. (1mk)
10. (a) - To transport essential substances (oxygen and nutrients) to various cells /tissues /part of body;
(2 mks)
- To remove waste from cells /tissues; (1 mk)
b) Has a large SA: V sufficient for exchange of materials. (2mks)
11. (a) Anaerobic respiration (1mk)
(b) Carbon (IV) oxide (1mk)
(c) Baking of bread

- Brewing industry. (2mks)
12. (a) To show that oxygen is necessary for germination. (1mk)
(b) S- No germination
T- Germination (1mk)
(c) S- No germination since pyrogallic acid absorbed oxygen necessary for germination
T – Germination occurred due to presence of oxygen (2 mks)
13. (i) Recycling of nutrients (1mk)

(ii) Regulation of numbers /population (1mk)
14. (i) Transmit sound waves to the oval window

(ii) Transmit impulses to the brain for interpretation.
(iii) Converts sound waves to vibrations/ transmit vibrations to the ear ossicles. (3mk)
15. (a) Inner wall thick while outer wall thin; to allow faster expansion to the outer hence the stomata
opens
(b) Chloroplast. (2mks)
16. (a) Bryophyta

(b) Seta
(c) Rhizoids (3mks)
17. (a) Food web

(b) 1st trophic level /producer.
(c) Sunlight /sun (3mks)
18. (a) Convergent evolution

41
(b) Analogous structures (2mks)
19. The leaf had stomata on lower side only ; which were blocked by petroleum jelly cutting the
supply of carbon (iv) oxide ; hence no photosynthesis;
(3mks)
20. (a) - Not exposed to direct sunlight and this reduce transpiration rate.
- Less exposed to air current which sweep away water vapour leading to saturation of the
stomata /surrounding.
(2mks)
(b) Reduced leaf surface area (1mk)
21. Father XHY

Mother XHXh (2mks)
22. (a) – To prevent the further entry of spermatozoa.

- To protect the zygote (2mks)
(b) To restore the diploid number of chromosomes after fertilization (1mk)
23. - Production of antibodies which destroy tranplantated tissues;

- Complications during operation; (2mks)
24. - Forms a connection between neurones

- Ensures that an impulse is only transmitted in one direction.
- Important in learning and memory. Any 2= (2mks)
25. Protein was digested by protease enzymes; to form a soluble amino acids; (which forms a clear
solution) (2mks)
26. – Bodies covered with fur

- Homoiotherms / endotherms.
- Young ones develop in the uterus and nourished by the placenta
- Young ones sucked through mammary glands. First 3= (3mks)
27. – Allow movement to occur between the bones.

- Allow passage of blood vessel and nerve cells (skull joints) (2mks)
28. – Light
- Turgidity of guard cells in a leaf. (2mks)
29 Sori /Sorus. (1mk)
30. - Can live varied habitats

- Remain active throughout.
- Can survive extreme climatic conditions / changes First2= (2mks)

42

231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1
MARKING SCHEME
1. A group of organisms that can interbred to produce viable / fertile offspring.
2. i) Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

ii) C – Ribosomes
D – Cisternae
3. Structural difference between xylem vessel and phloem tissue. (2mks)

Xylem Phloem
- Cross walls broken - Cross walls perforated
down to form open tubes/vessels. to form sieve plants.
- Vertical walls lignified with - Vertical walls not lignified and has
with bordered pits. living Protoplasm.
- Absence of organelles in vessels. - Presence of organelles eg E.R etc.
4. a) Non – essential - are synthesized in the body hence not supplied in diet.
b) Kwashiokor.
5. a) Hinge joint (1mk)

b) Ball and socket joint. (1mk)
6. a) Insect.
b) Increases chances of contact between the insect and the small stamens and stigma.
c) Pollen grains are sticky to easily get attached on the body of the insect.
7. a) Osmosis
b) Isotonic/ same concentration as cell sap
8. a) A – Nitrogen fixation.
B – Death and decay.
b) Absorption by the process of diffusion or active transport through the roots.
9. Endosperm material/ food reserves are oxidized / converted into new protoplasm in embryo.
10. a) They used objective lenses with different magnification power; student A used a higher
magnification power which reduced the field of view while student B used low magnification
power which gave a wider field of view; (2mks)
b) Eye piece x10, objective x20; (1mk)
11. a i) No change/ lime water remained clear;

ii) Boiling kills the cells/ denatures the enzymes;
b) Activates enzymes; (1mk)
12. a) Oviduct/ fallopian tube; (1mk)

b) - Has acrosome with lytic enzymes that dissolve vitelline membrane (allowing penetration
43
of ovum by sperm)
- Has large no of mitochondria to provide energy for movement;
- Has a tail that aids in swimming/movement; (3mks)
13. - Mutations
- Crossing over
- Environmental conditions
- Fertilization
- Random chromosomal separation in meiosis / independent assortment; (any 4 x1= 4)
14. a i) D – Digestion (1mk)

ii) E – Respiration (1mk)
b) Amino acids (1mk)
15. a) Deamination (1mk)

b) Detoxification; Remove of excess amino acids; (2mks)
c) Proteins (in the diet)
16. a) - To emulsify fats

- To provide alkaline conditions for enzyme activities; (2mks)
b) i) Glucose (1mk)
ii) Amino acids; (1mk)
17. - To withstand wind;

- Enable plant access light for photosynthesis
- Expose flowers and fruits to agent of pollination; (3mks)
18. a) - Have one pair of antennae

- Have three pairs of jointed legs
- Have one/ two pairs of wings or more.
- Have a tracheal system for gaseous exchange. (Any 2 x1= 2mk)
b)
Monocots Dicots
Have parallel venation Have network venation/ reticulate
Leaves narrow & elongated Leaves are broad
Petiole is sheath like Stalk like petiole
(Any 2 differences 2 x1 = 2mks)
19. a) Genes are located on the sex-chromosme; and are transmitted along with those determining
sex (2mks)
b) Colour blindness; haemophillua/ baldness/ dystrophy (huge muscles) hairy pinna/hairy ear;
(Any 2 x1= 2mks)
20
Endocrine system Nervous system
1. chemical substance to evoke a response 1. Nerve impulse to evoke a response
2. Effects are long lasting. 2. Effects rapid & short-lived
3. Response takes place involuntarily. 3. Takes place voluntarily and involuntarily.
4. Chemical transmitted through blood. 4. Impulse only through nerve fibre
5. Responses slow but affect several parts of 5. Response quick, specific and localized.
the body.
(Any three differences 3 x1 = 3mks)
44
21 Complete metamorphosis – is where the egg hatches into larva which is completely different in
structure from adult & involves the following stages
egg Larva pupa Adult ;
Incomplete metamorphosis – is whereby the egg hatches into the nymph which resembles the adult
(involves the stages – Egg – nymph Adult.) (2mks)
22 a) - Has a thin wall (one- cell thick to allow gases to diffuse across a short distance;
- Is supplied with a large network of blood capillaries for transport of gases;
- Has a moist layer to allow gases to diffuse in solution form;
- It has a spherical shape which increases the surface area for gaseous exchange.
(2 x1=2mks)
b) Plants require O2 for respiration and CO2 for photosynthesis. (2mks)
23. - Reabsorption of glucose/ some salts in the kidney;

- Absorption of digested food from the alimentary canal;
- Excreation of waste substances from the body cells.
- Reabsorption of useful materials from tissue fluid by capillaries; (3x 1=3)
24. Cohesion; Adhesion; capillarity; Root pressure; transpiration pull. (3 x 1=3mk )
25 a) Thigmotropism / haptotropism; (1mk)
b) Part of stem in contact with the hard object has a lower auxin concentration than the outer part;
contact causes lateral migration of auxins to the outer side of the stem; causing faster growth on the
outer part; (3mk)
26. - Breastfeeding
- When body comes into contact with disease causing organisms to develops resistance.
2010 PYRAMID PROJECTIONS-018

231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER I
2 ½ HOURS
MARKING SCHEME
Key to marking
; end of marking point.
Rj Reject
Acc Accept answer
OWTE - Other words to that effect.
/ Alternative answer.
Words not important.
1.a) Synthesis and transport of lipids.

- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Rj SER

45
b) Transport packaged materials.

- golgi bodies/apparatus; Rj golgi alone.
2. State the fluids that provide cushion in the following organs. (5mks)
a) Lungs
- Pleural/pleura; (fluid) Rj if candidate mentions membrane.
b) womb
- Ammotic; (fluid)
c) Heart
- Pericardial; (fluid) Rj pericardium
d) Knee joint
- Synovial; (fluid)
e) Eye ball.
- vitreors;
- Alqueous ; Acc only one.
3. An A blood group patient involved in a road accident required an urgent blood transfusion.
His relatives were invited to donate blood.
a) Name the possible relatives who would not donate blood to him. - B and AB;
(1mk)
b) State why the others would be in a position to donate blood to him.

(2mks)
- A and O;
A is self while O has not antigens; Rj incompatibility
4.
a) Using the diagram above, state with reasons the division to which specimen K belongs
(2mks)
- stating - Bryophyta;
- Reason Has capsule;
Leaflike structures;
Seta/stalk;
Rhizoids; Acc only one correct reason.
b) Give one reason why fungi is recognised as a separate kingdom from plantae.
(1mk)
fungi plantae
- Heterotrphic - Autotrophic;
- cell has chitinous cell wall - Has cellulose cell wall;
- Body organised into
mycelium of hyphae - Body organised into root, stem
46
and leaves
mark the first one only

Acc. only when comparison is made
5.
One of the observations made is that the water in the beaker tasted salty and turgidity in the
visking tube increased
a) Name the process by which salt moved into the water in the beaker from the visking
tube. (1mk)
- Diffusion;
b)i) When the contents inside the visking tubing was boiled
with Benedict’s solution, brown colour was observed.
Name the food substance responsible for this observation.
(1mk)
- Maltose; tied
ii) Account for the observation in b(i) above. (2mks)

- Diastase (enzymes) digeste/break down/hydrolyses starch into maltose (sugar); ,
maltose is a reducing (sugar); Rj glucose.
6. Distinguish between continous and discontinous variation. (1mk)

- Continous variation has intermediates/extremes/wide rang of differences for the same
characteristics while discontinous variation has discrete/definit/distinct groups of individual/no
intermediates; OWTE
b) Name one disorder of blood caused by mutation (1mk)

- Sickle cell anaemia;
- Haemophilia; Rj bleeders diseases
7. What role do the following organisms play in an ecosystem.

a) Symbiotic bacteria. (1mk)
- Nitrogen fixation/convert(free) nitrogen (gas) into nitrates;
b) Predators. (2mks)
- Regulate population; Rj. carrying capacity
- Improve the genetic quality of a population /species;
8.
a)i) Name the part labelled Y. (1mk)
- Diastema;
tied
ii) What is the role of part Y in (a) above (1mk_
- Allow rolling/ turning of food/ curd by tongue;
47
b) In rodents what kind of structure is found directly above structure X in the upper jaw.
(1mk)
- Gnawing teeth; Rj incisors teeth.
9.
a) Name the parts labelled B and E. (2mks)

B- Efferent arteriole; Rj efferent alone.
E- Descending loops of Henle;
b) What process occurs at part labelled C and F.? (2mks)

C- Ultra filtration;
F- Re- absorption ;
10. An organism in the course of respiration used 2500cm3 of oxygen. If it gave out 1750 cm3 of
carbon IV oxide during the same period,
a) Calculate the respiratory quotient. (R.Q) (2mks)
R.Q = Co2 produced = 1750 (cm3)

O2 used 2500 (cm2) ;
= 0.7; Rj. if units are indicated.
b) State an advantage of using the food substance above as a respiratory substrate.

(1mk)
- Produces a lot of ATP energy;
- Produces a lot of water (metabolic); which can be used in the body.
Acc. Only one answer
11. a) (2mks)
- Enzymes remain unchanged at the end of the reactions they catalyse.
- enzymes are substrate specific.
b) Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. (3mks)

- Temperature rise increases enzyme activity upto optimum temperature;
- High temperature/ above optimum denature enzymes;( reducing enzyme activity)
- Low temperature inactive enzyme;( reducing their activity)
12. Identify the part of light microscope which serve each of the functions described below.
i) that regulates amount of light reaching the specimen on the stage. (1mk)
- Diaphragm;

48
ii) that brings the image of the specimen into sharp focus. (1mk)
- Fine adjustment knob;
13. Name two roles of mammalian placenta. (2mks)

- Allow nutrients to diffuse from mother’s blood to the foetus ;
- Allow oxygen to diffuse from mother to foetus;
- Allow excretory waste to diffuse from foetus to mother;
- Produce hormone progesterone which maintain pregnancy;
- Protects the foetus from pathogens/high blood pressure; etc( as it acts as barrier.)
14.
a) Identify the type of circulator system represented by the diagram above.

(1mk)
- single (closed) circulatory system;
b) On the diagram, show the direction of blood flow. (1mk)

From auricle to ventricle to gills to blood capillary system x to auricle;
c) Identify capillary system X. (1mk)

- (Capillaries in) body tissues;
d) State one way in which this circulatory system differs from that found in members of the
phylum arthropoda. (1mk)
above arthropoda__________
- this one is closed - open;
- transports respiratory gases - does not transport respiratory gases;
- High pressure maintained - low pressure in haemocoal;
Mark the 1st only
15a) Explain the reasons for the following features in flowering plants.
i) Wind pollinated flowers produce large number of pollen grains. (1mk)
- To increase chances of pollination; Rj. fertilization
ii) Presence of nectarines in some flowers. (1mk)

- Produce nector/a bait for attracting pollinators;
Acc. Entemons/insects
b) Name two structures that wither after fertilization. (2mks)

- Caryx/ sepals; petals ; style; stigma;
Mark 1st two
16a) Name two areas in a plant where meristematic tissues can be found.
(2mks)
- Vascular cambium.;
- Apical meristem;
49
- Cork cambium;
- Intercalary meristem;. Mark 1st two
b) State two characteristics of meristematic cells. (2mks)

- Thin walled;
- dense cytoplasm;
- no sap vacuoles; Mark 1st two
17. Two green leaf samples X and Y were immersed in a beaker of warm water. The beaker was
placed in sunlight. After sometime, bubbles of gas formed on the surface of the leaves. In leaf
X bubbles formed only on the upper leaf surface while on leaf Y more bubbles formed on the
lower surface than on the upper surface.
a) Suggest why bubbles of gas form on the leaf surface. (1mk)
- gaseous exchange taking place through the stomata; found in leaf surface.
b) What does the difference in the number of bubbles between the two surfaces of Y indicate?
(1mk)
- More stomata on lower surface than upper surface;
Acc. Epidermis for surface.
c) From the observation on the difference in abundance of bubbles formed on the surfaces of the
two leaf samples, suggest the natural habitats from which the leaf sample were obtained.
(2mks)
X- Aquatic / fresh water; Rj. marine/salty sea.
Y- Relatively dry habitat/ Asal/arid/semi arid areas;
18a) Name the type of muscle found on the walls of the alimentary canal.
(1mk)
- Smooth muscle; tied
b) State two functions of the muscle mentioned in (a) above. (2mks)

- Peristalsis;
- Churning/mixing of food.;
19. The wings of a bird and those of a housefly adapt the two organisms to the aboreal habitat.
i) Give the evolutionary process that may have given rise to these structures.
(1mk)
- Convergent evolution.; tied
ii) What name is given to such structures (1mk)

- Analogous structures;
20. Where in the blood can you find the following blood proteins. (2mks)
i) Antigens
- On cell membrane of RBC/Rhesus;
ii) Antibodies.
- Plasma;
50
21. Name the blood vessel with lowest concentration of carbon (iv) oxide in the mammalian body.
(1mk)
- Pulmonary vein;
22.
a) Name the chemical found in part labelled A. (1mk)

- Chlorophyll;
b) A certain metabolic process takes place in the part labelled B. Name the process and the
product(s) formed. (2mks)
- Metabolic process- dark reaction/dark stage/co2 fixation;
Products- starch/sugar/ lipids /proteins;
23 Functions of parenchyma cells in a dicotyledonous stem. (3mks)
- Filling up spaces between tissues (packing cells);
- Storage of food/water/starch;
- support /mechanical/physical strength; through turgidity;
24a) Name two structural differences between trachea in insects and mammals.
(2mks)
Insects mamamals___________
- Rings made of chitin - Rings made up of cartilage;
- Has complete rings/circular - Rings C-shaped;
b) Name the respiratory surface in terrestrial insects

- Trachioles;
25. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.
The set up was left at room temperature for one week.
a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)
- To determine that oxygen is necessary for germination; OWTE
b) What would be the expected results of the end of the experiment? (2mks)
- J- Germination occurs;
- K- No germination;
26.a) What is the role of hypothalamus homeostasis in mammals. (2mks)
- Thermoregulation;
- Osmorgulation;
b) State where hypothalamus is found (1mk)
- (In the) brain.
2010 PYRAMID PROJECTIONS -019
MARKING SCHEME BIOLOGY PAPER 1-231/1

1. –Defence against disease/diseases – causing micro-organisms/Production of antibodies
clotting

51
temperature regulation/distribution. (2mks)

2. Parthenocarpy. (1mks)
3. (a) ovary (1mk)
(b) ovule (1mk)
4. (i)Choroplast, reject chlorophyll (1mk)
(ii)Mitochondria (1mk)/Mitochondrion
5. x- chloroplast (1mk)
y- vacuole (1mk)
(b) To receive maximum light for photosynthesis
6. (a) Biological control (1mk)
(b) No pollution caused by the chemical (1mk)
7. –Energy (1mk)
-Ethanol/alcohol (1mk)
8. (a) Diabetes Insipidus (1mk) J Diuresis/ water diabetes
(b) Anti-diuretic hormone/ ADH/vasopressin (1mk)
9. –Inspiration and expiration rate increases/breathing rate increases (1mk)
-heart beat/blood circulation increases (1mk)
10. (a) Chromosome (1mk)
(b) A- chromatids (1mk)
B- Centromere (1mk)
(c) Anaphase (1mk)
11. (a) Shortsighted (1mk)
(b) Long eyeball (1mk)
(c) Use of diverging/ concave lens.
- Too much refractive power of the eye lens. (1mk)
12. (a) Excessive bleeding occurs in female during menstruation leading to death/ excessive bleeding
occurs during birth in females. (1)
(b) Colour blindness/Tuft of hair in pinna/ baldness (1mks)
13. (a) A- Mitochondria (1mk)
B- Synaptic vesicles (1mk)
(b) Acetylchrorine (1mk)
14. (a) L- cambium (1mk)
K- vascular buddles (1mk)
(b) Transport water and mineral salts and the products of photosynthesis. Rej. Transport
only.
15. Antigen (1)
-Antibody (1mk)
16. (a) Haemolysis (1mk)
52
(b) The plant cell will loose water by osmosis

The cell will be plasmolysed// shape retained; due to the rigid cell wall(2mk)
17. –Stomata found only on upper epidermis to allow efficient gaseous exchange.
-PresencePressure of aerenchyma tissue/large air spaces to enable it float/storage of air/buoyant
(2mks)
18. Sweating (1mk)

-Hair lies flat (1mk)
-blood flows to surface (1mk)
-Decrease in metabolic rate (1mk)
19. (a) Regular arrangement of leaves on stems and branches to minimize overlapping and overshadowing.
(b) Maximises light energy absorption hence higher rate of
photosynthesis. (1mk)
20. (a) C6 H12O6 + C6H12 O6 (1mk)
(b) Hydrolysis. (1mk)
21. a) Description of types of teeth, their arrangement and specialization. (1mks)
b) Heterodont – with different types of teeth
Homodont – with the same type of teeth
(c) Gingivitis, pyorrhea, dental carries
22. A-Skeletal muscles – occur attached to bones
B- Smooth muscles? – occur in such organs
visceral muscles as the alimentary canal
Uterus and iris.
C- Cardiac or Heart muscles – occurs in the heart only.
23. (a) Analogous (1mk
(b) Convergent evolution. (1mks)
24. (a) Bryophyta (1mk) rej. Bryophytes
(b) A capsule(1mk)
(c) – Anchorage (1mk)
- Absorption of water and mineral salts. (1mk)
25. Breast feeding(1)
-Blood transfution (1mk) Max(2mks)
-Sharing of piercing Instrument (1mk)
-Sexual intercourse(1mk)
-Exchange of body fluids e.g Saliva through deep kissing(1mk)
26. Protandry – stamens ripens earlier ie. before the stigma maturer (1mk)
Protogyny – stigma maturers earlier ie before the stamens ripen(1mk)(1mk)
53
27. (a) Low power(1mk)

(b) Fine adjustment knob(1mk)
28. –Are long and curved to form a ribcage
- long and flat to increase surface area for attachment of muscles(3mk)
-Are rigid/hard to maintain the shape of the vibcage and to protect the lungs and heart.
-Have smooth articulating surfaces (Capitullum and tuberculum) at one end for articulating with
thoracic vertebrae. Has a bar of cartilage at the ventral end for articulating with the sternum and for
absorbing shocks.
29. (i) A B Q R - deletion
(ii)
A B C S C S Q R - duplicate
Rej A B CC SS QR
30. (a) i) Malaria (1mk)

ii) Elephantiasis/Filariasis (1mk)
iii) Bilharzia/ schistosomiasis (1mk)
(b) Snails (1mk)
31. (a) Haptotropism/ Thigmotropism (1mk)

(b) Contact with support, causes migration of auxins to the outside, causing faster growth on
the side away from contact surface, (causing dendrils to curl around the support)
32. Anaemia. (1mk)

54

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231/1

1. (a) Nutrition; Growth and development;

2. ( Two names used) first name – generic, second name species;

3. (i) – Cell vary in shape / irregular – shape;

4. (a) Structural differentiation / modification of cells to perform specific

7. (a) (i) Carnassial teeth; Rej. Wrong spelling.

9. - Maintain osmotic balance of body fluids;

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

11. (i) Platelets; acc. Thrombocytes

12. Stronger contractions / faster contraction / increased heart beat;

13. Stomata ( in leaves)

14. Thin walls / epithelium for faster diffusion of gases;

15. Amount (volume) of carbon (IV) oxide produced . Rej. Removed.

18. (a) Spermatophyta; Rej. Wrong spelling.

19. Generate oxygen;

20. (a) Prophase I;

(b) Synapsis Cross over

21. (i) Nutrition / gaseous exchange; excretion

22. Ovary; Anthers; Acc. Ovules for ovary.

24. Cause variation;

Rej. Specific drugs e.g beer, bhang

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

2010 Pyramid Projections002

3. - To lubricate the food;

4. - Fatigue and muscle cramps;

9. a) - Reduce water loss;

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

10. - Numerous in number to increase surface area for gaseous exchange;

11. - A – Collenchyma - provides support for stem

12. - Produce sweat which cools body as it evaporates;

13. - Corolla // stigma // style // calyx wither and drop off;

14. a) Chemotropism rej trophism

15. - Long neural spine to increase S.A for muscle attachment;

ii) Herbivorous Acc Herbivory;

iii) - With horny, pad // lack upper incisors

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

20 a) A – Hepatic portal vein

ii) Fats // oil // lipid;

b) - To know the type of respiratory substrate;

22. a) Intermittent growth;

23. a) Desert // arid // semi-arid;

b) - Succulent // fleshy stem to store water;

24. - Carbon (iv) oxide;

26. a) D N A strand - it has base thymine (T)

27. - Have dense cyto plasm

- Have a prominent nucleus Any 2.

28 ai) Protoctista // protista rej. Small p & wrong spelling;

ii) - Uni cellular

b) A- lagellum rej flagella & wrong spelling;

c) Eliminates excess water & metabolic waste.

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

1. a) Fossils are remains of organisms preserved in naturally occurring materials/sedimentary rocks

b) i) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum;

5. - Pteridophyte is a vascular plant;

6. a) Aerobic respiration Oxygen is used in chemical breakdown of respiratory substrate while

b) Right Auricle from the rest of the body;

Left Auricle from the lungs 2mks

9. a) Vitamin K is used for the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver 1mk

10. a) Pairing of the Homologous chromosomes, crossing -over. 2mks

b) i) Intermittent growth is the periodical growth/growth that occurs at interval in some

13. a) Trypsinogen/Trypsin; pancreatic Amylase; Lipase; 2mks

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

19. Drink boiled water',

20. - Malpighian layer gives rise to a new epidermis*