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MODULE 4
Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Introduction
In this course, you will be introduced to different learning activities that will prepare
you to be skillful before you take the plunge into the world of work as a draftsman and to
feel more confident while providing support where needed.
This module is specifically crafted to focus on Process and Delivery enriched with
hands- on activities that will assess your level in terms of skills and knowledge. Learning
procedures are divided into different sections such as: What to Know, What to Process,
What to Reflect and Understand and What to Transfer.
So, explore and experience the lessons in Structural Layout and details and be a
step closer to being a draftsman.
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Objectives:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
*****
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Pre- assessment:
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about Technical Drafting. This Phase will guide you in assessing yourself by
answering the questions below. As you go through the pre-assessment, you will be
exploring the basics of structural lay-outing and detailing.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space
provided to each number.
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______10. Usually built after the completion of the main structural framework of the
dwelling unit.
a. ceiling b. post c. stairway d. wall construction
______11. Is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts.
a. girder b. plywood c. purlins d. sill
______12. Part of the floor system that carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell.
a. girder b. header c. sill d. trimmer
______13. Is transparent and measures ¼”Ø filled with water to establish level of
horizontal lines.
a. level b. plastic water hose c. stake d. string
______14. Is one which supports two column loads and consists of two footings
connected together by a beam often called a strap.
a. cantilever footing b. combined footing c. isolated footing d. wall footing
______15. Refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
a. dead load b. live load c. load bearing d. wind load
______16. This type of roof has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______17. The type of roof which is the most commonly used because it is economical.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______18. A roof where its sides slope steeply on each side.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______19. This type is a two shed combined.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______20. It is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______21. This type of rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______22. Rafter are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______23. The height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
______24. The series of steps from one landing to another.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
______25. The horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
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Learning Goals and Targets:
After reading the introduction and carefully answering the pre assessment skills
test, you might have ideas of what you will be dealing with in this module. Now prepare
to set your goals and targets for this module by completing the activity below. Write your
answer in your notebook.
My goals are:
Goal 4
Goal 3
Goal 2
Goal 1
My targets are:
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
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Introduction
The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same, regardless
of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing foundation vary greatly
in different parts of the country and are continually changing.
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of
the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the science of soil mechanics confirms
that rock beds are the most stable medium for foundations. Practically, the soil where the
building stands, serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than any other
construction material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the building, the steel
and other materials used, as foundation is needed to transmit these loads to the soil.
Skills Assessment
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in order
to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected of you
to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A little”
and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you checked “Not
Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to determine your
pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.
After raising your awareness of what are the learning goals and targets that you
are supposed to do, are you ready to move on with this module? This will include topics
on the preparation of drafts in foundation plans and drafts in structural floors and roof
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framing plans. Enjoy reading and have fun while performing the activities prepared for
you.
This lesson is designed in order that student may recognize the most appropriate
design, proper locations in doing such foundation plans (wall footing and columns) and to
be familiar to the different materials needed in making a concrete House or Building
foundations.
Skills Assessment
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in order
to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected of you
to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A little”
and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you checked “Not
Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to determine your
pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.
Foundation - is the part of the building below the surface of the ground which is
sometimes called the substructure.
Footing - is an expansion at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to distribute the load
into the ground.
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Design of Foundation
To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a foundation, without
overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural foundation performs properly if the soil
also behaves properly. For the building to last, its foundation should be designed for the
worst times.
The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the ground
is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this process is done which includes
demolition, clearing and establishing building measurement on the ground. Before a
foundation for a construction begins, the perimeter of the house or building should be laid
out on the ground. Please refer to the given illustrations below.
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The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:
4. Plastic water hose - which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to establish
level of horizontal lines.
1. Shallow excavation - includes wall footing, and column footings, whether they are
independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil extends to 1.50 meters.
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2. Deep excavation - is for large building projects as this requires almost total extraction
of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and shoring of the ground to project adjoining
properties. The process is defined as providing temporary support to the structure or
ground during excavation.
Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after the
foundation has been laid out.
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The design of a foundation always includes the following:
The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements of nature.
Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of construction. But
physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of construction like steel, concrete
and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete, and wood is transmitted to the ground, hence
there is a foundation to transmit that collective load to the soil in such a manner as the
soil will not be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The performance of a
structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil foundation provides
lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be considered and that
foundation is designed for worst conditions that may develop.
There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The movement of the
foundation may be due to the following causes. Refer to the sample pictures below.
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2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure
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4. Compression of the soil
There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the foundation but these
are indirectly related to the superstructure load imposed on the soil.
How did you find the given information? Which among the information matters to you
most? Well, you are just starting, move forward to enrich your understanding. Enjoy this
simple activity. Have fun!
Suggested Activity 1
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.
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__________ 2. They are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
__________ 5.It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Give the Five (5) materials and tools used in laying out?
Suggested Activity 2
Directions:
1. Read and answer honestly in a separate sheet of paper the questions below. You can
visit a site (construction) and see for yourself the importance of foundation in building high
rise structures and residential houses.
2.2 Let them discuss among themselves the importance of having a solid
foundation for a building or a residential unit.
2.3 Let the group leaders report their reasons and answers to the class.
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Questions to Ponder:
1. Why is soil testing an important aspect to consider in the design and construction
of a building?
2. How does having a good and suitable foundation affect the building design and
its strength?
3. Why is having out the corners and squaring it important prior to construction?
Note: Rate yourself honestly using the assessment tool prepared for you below.
Total:
How did you find the given activity? Which among the elements in designing
foundation matters to you most? Well, you are just starting, move forward to enrich your
understanding. Enjoy reading. Have fun!
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Foundation
Types of foundations:
1. Spread Foundation - includes all those types where the load is distributed into the
soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called piles.
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2. Pier Foundation - is one where the load is distributed into the soil by slender
vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles. It is in this foundation
where concrete piers are carried down through the soil of inadequate bearing
power until a satisfactory foundation bed is reached.
3. Slab Foundation - is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground with
footings placed where extra support is needed.
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4. T- Foundation - consists of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall or a
concrete block wall forming an inverted T and foundation is popular in structures
with basement.
6. Mat Foundation - assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the entire
area of the building floor.
Foundation Members
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of
the foundation
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2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to support the load of the
building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house to the
footing.
2. Piers and Columns Piers and columns - are vertical members usually made of
concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support the floor systems and can
be used as sole support of the structure.
Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the foundation.
Kinds of Footings
1. Wall footing - is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire
length of the wall.
Wall Footing
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2. Isolated footing - is one which supports a single column, post, pier or other
concentrated load.
4. Cantilever footing - is one which supports two column loads and consists of two
footings connected together by a beam often called a strap.
Cantilever Footing
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5. Continuous footing - is one which supports a row of three or more columns.
Continuous Footing
6. Raft or mat footing - is one which extends under the entire building area and
supports all the wall and column loads from the building.
7. Trapezoidal footing
Trapezoidal Footing
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DETAIL OF WALL FOOTING
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Suggested Activity 3
Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.
__________ 2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
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Suggested Activity 4
1. Locate position of wall footings, columns and column footings on the Floor Plan.
3. Indicate width of wall footings and thickness of wall (4” THK CHB and 0.40) width
of footing.
5. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detail drawing of
footings and columns.
Suggested Activity 5
Procedure:
1. From the foundation plan drawn in the preceding operation, determine the types
of columns used. (for every type, a detail drawing must be drawn)
2. Determine the sizes of footings and columns used in the foundation plan.
3. Layout the plan of the foundation with the corresponding sizes used.
1. Accuracy of:
a. lines used according to standards
b. scaled measurements
c. notations and specifications
2. Work Values:
a. work attitude/behavior
b. safe work habits
c. housekeeping and maintenance
d. time management
How did you find the given activities? Are they challenging? Now, after knowing
all the theories, concepts and practices in drafting structural layout and details, you are
going to assess yourself how far your understanding about the topic is. Perform the
activity below to measure if you already acquired the needed skills by performing the
given assessment. Good luck!!
Suggested Activity 6
You are now going to prove yourself how much learning you had acquired.
This is also to test your skills in precise measurements and proper notations…Go!
Directions: Draft the following. Use appropriate drawing tools and materials.
A. Foundation Plan
B. Detail of Columns and Footings
Note: Use the given floor plan on page 47 of module 1. Your output will be evaluated
according to the given sample rubrics below.
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Sample Rubrics
RATING SCALE:
21 - 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 - 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11- 15 81 - 85 Good
6 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
1 - 5 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
Teacher’s Comments:
After gaining knowledge from previous activities, you are about to learn new topic,
and this is the preparation of floor plans. Let’s proceed to another learning experiences.
Enjoy and have fun!
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Lesson 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
Skills Assessment
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in order
to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected of you
to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A little”
and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you checked “Not
Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to determine your
pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.
Skills in Drafting Structural Floors and Roof Not Much A little A lot
Framing Plans
I can draft structural floor and roof framing plans based
on floor and foundation plans using timber, concrete or
steel construction.
I know how to draft structural floor and roof beams
showing sizes, shapes and detailed connections.
Listed below are technical terms that you may encounter while preparing the
details of the plan.
Concrete Slump Test - is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh
concrete. It measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. The test is
popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.
Dead Load - refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials.
Framing - is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another.
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Girder - is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.
Joist - is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling
system.
Piles - are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid.
Valley Jacks - is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.
Valley Rafters - is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs.
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Concrete
Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-hard
substance. It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland cement. Joseph Aydin
introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement is categorized as to its type,
whether for general construction or where high early strength or resistance is required.
Pozzolana cement is amorphous silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically
with alkali in water. The name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this was found.
Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on the
other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete, before
or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and fill all voids is known as
workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as consistency,
plasticity and mobility. Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity
refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or
movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to obtain a good
mixture required for a particular work. The strength of concrete is measured in its ability
to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion:
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1. On the job site – hand mixing
Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the concrete has
been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical reaction between the
cement and water. The building code provides that concrete shall be maintained above
10˚c temperature for at least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength
concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and the footings
are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The main purpose of a column
is to support a beam or girder, floor or roof. Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.
1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the shortest
lateral dimension of the cross section.
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A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI code provides a
specific size of ties as follows:
1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of the main
reinforcing bar.
2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the lateral
ties.
3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of the cross
section of the column.
The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the floor slab. The
floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the human occupants and all
unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the beams then to the columns.
A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support while
girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams. Beams are classified as
simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam while cantilever beams are supported on
one end and the other projecting beyond the support.
A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load has to carry
its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational effect of its own weight will
cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other hand, a bending moment is the tendency
of a force to cause rotation at an axis. It is classified as positive and negative bending.
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Reinforced concrete slab is classified as:
The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these considerations:
1. Spacing of column
2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported
3. The length of the span
4. Cost of construction
A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system. This
is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders, floor slab needs no web
reinforcements. The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the same
quantity of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.
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The American Concrete Institute code provides that the thickness of the slab shall
not be less than 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The
reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the ratio of
reinforcement shall be at least 0.0025.
The other most common type of slab used in building residential dwelling is the
two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by beams or girders, the
reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right angle to each other. The
reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the side support.
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Reinforced Concrete Stairways
The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form of a concrete
stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a transverse one bar per
tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be short and no break in flight between
floors. If the stair is divided into two or more flights, intermediate beams should be used
to support the landing. The building code provides that all stairs shall be so designed to
give safety and convenience to climbing.
1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of any landing
shall be 110 cm.
2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive of the
nosing is 25 cm.
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Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the main structural
framework of the dwelling unit.
Suggested Activity 1
A. Directions: Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
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__________ 7. It is a concrete with reinforcement embedded.
__________ 8. It is a column with unsupported height of not greater than 10 times the
lateral dimension
__________ 9. Introduced Portland cement in 1824.
__________ 10. It is the simplest form of a concrete stairway.
Suggested Activity 2
Procedure:
1. Draft Reinforced concrete floor based from the given floor plan. Indicate the detail
of a concrete slab with the corresponding dimensions. Note: You will be provided
with a copy of the plan.
2. Indicate elevations of floor and finish ground line to know the thickness of gravel
bedding.
4. Draw a portion of the floor plan indicating bar distances and bar sizes.
Sample Rubrics
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Layout/Proportion All drawings were Layout was good More than 2
drawn but 1-2 drawing drawings were
proportionately were out of drawn out of
and was layout proportion proportion and
properly improperly layout
Neatness Finished output Erasures/smudges Finished output has
was neatly done, are observable on so many erasures/
no erasures nor the finished output smudges present
any smudges
Time Management Finish the task Finish the task on Unable to finish the
ahead of the given the given task on the given
time/date time/date time/date
RATING SCALE:
21 - 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 - 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11- 15 81 - 85 Good
6 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
1 - 5 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
Teacher’s Comments:
The most common reinforcement for most construction is the steel bar. It is
designed to act together with concrete in carrying the building load even in simultaneous
deformation; otherwise it might skip out from the concrete if there is no sufficient bond.
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Steel can be structurally used in two ways; as reinforcement wherein it is pre-
assembled before concrete pouring; and as stressed steel, where heavy tension forces
are applied before pouring.
Originally, steel bars were in English measure and that their diameters were
standardized from ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,3/4” . etc. for convenience, a number is assigned for each
size such as no. 2 for ¼ and so on.
Bar Spacing
The spacing of bars shall be in accordance with the provisions of the American
Concrete I:
1. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not be less than
25 mm.
2. When beam reinforcement are placed in two layers the clear distance shall be
25 mm.
3. Lateral ties shall be no.3 bars spaced 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter.
4. The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 7.5 or less than 2.5 cm.
10 mm minimum diameter.
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Minimum diameters of bend for Standards Hook
For simple concrete beams and girders, the steel reinforcement consists of 4
longitudinal bars and stirrups, either of the closed type or the U-type stirrups is secured
by wires. The stirrups take care of the diagonal tension and also keep the steel
reinforcement in their proper position.
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Concrete Floor Slabs
They are common as flooring and usually reinforced with deformed reinforcing
bars. Most codes require the top of the slab to be at least 6” to 8”(0.15 to 0.20) thick above
grade for the ground floor specifications that are to be included. Slabs plans include the
thickness of the slab, size and spacing of reinforcing bars and concrete pounds per
square inch (PSI).
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Steel Reinforcing Bars
Steel reinforcing bars or rebars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry
constructions. They are used to prevent cracking when tension, compression and other
forces are applied.
Round rebars are most common in reinforced concrete construction. They may be
plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface for increased bond between
concrete and steel. The end of the bars are bent to determine the hooks.
Deformed and plain rebars are commercially sold in length of 6.0 meters. Other
lengths may also be made available by manufacturers to meet specific needs of
consumers.
Sizes of Bars.
Rebars are bought or sold specifically by their diameter. The most common sizes
of rebars for residential units are 0.9mm and 0.10mm for stirrups and 0.12mm and
0.16mm for vertical members. See the Table of Specifications below.
TABLE 1.
Steel bar designations and their English equivalent and metric sizes (diameters).
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No. 2 ¼” 8mm
3 3/8” 10
4 ½” 12
5 5/8” 16
6 ¾” 20
8 1” 25
10 1 ¼” 32
12 1 ½” 40
Guide for bending and cutting of rebars based on its diameter 12 mm.
Figure 2.
Detail of one span RCB (Reinforced Concrete Beam) with four rebars.
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Figure 3.
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ISOMETRY ISOMETRY
Kinds of Loads:
Kinds of Walls:
1. Load Bearing Wall – walls that support or carry loads as in exterior walls.
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Suggested Activity 3
Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it
is wrong. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. The most common reinforcement for construction is the Steel Bar.
__________ 2. For simple concrete beams, the steel reinforcement consists of 6-8
steel bars.
__________ 3. The minimum clear distance between adjacent steel bars shall not be
less than 25mm.
__________ 4. Live load refers to the combined weight of people.
__________ 5. Rebars are sold or bought specifically by their length.
__________ 6. Load bearing walls are exterior walls.
__________ 7. Square bars are common reinforcement for concrete.
__________ 8. Deformed bars are sold commercially in length of 10 meters.
__________ 9. Plain bars used as reinforcement have lugs on their surface.
__________ 10. The designation of a 3/8”φ bar in Metric is 10mm φ.
Suggested Activity 4
Procedure:
1. This activity will be done by the class individually to assess their learning. The
duration of this activity will be for four meetings or four hours. The students will be
provided a copy of the plan.
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From the plan, indicate the measurement of the floor to be provided with concrete
slab. Refer to the table for standard specifications of reinforcement bars. For this, the
rebars sizes would be 12mmØ spaced at 0.20 or center bothways as this is a two-way
slab.
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2. The students will decide if they are going to draw the framing on the whole plan or
select only a portion wherein to draw a detail section of the rebars on the floor and the
floor beam.
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3. Draw the detail plan of the section of the two-way concrete slab by indicating the
distances of the bars from both sides of the floor beam
4. Draw the detail longitudinal section of the two-way concrete slab and indicate the
position and bend of the tension bar.
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5. Label the drawing and finalize it by writing down specifications of rebars and their
distances.
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Lumber
1. Strong material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and fastening
5. With artistic and natural beauty
Wood has some advantages over that of steel that most people prefer to use it
despite that it has become costly and scarce.
Measuring Lumber
The board foot is the unit of measure for measuring wood. It means one square
foot of wood one inch thick or 1444 cw. Meters.
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The formula for board foot is:
Wood related products such as veneer and plywood are common building
materials. Hardboard and particle board are the other products common nowadays.
Plywood is classified as soft, hardwood and exterior or marine plywood.
The use of lumber in building construction today has been limited to floor framing,
roof framing ceiling and as panels due to the introduction of reinforce concrete and steel.
And also lumber material has become scarce.
1. Girders
2. Floor joist
3. Joist bridging
4. Wood plate
5. Header
6. Trimmer
7. Beam
8. Flooring
9. Stop plate
10. Ledger strip
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The girder is a beam from wall to wall and supports the floor joist. They may
either be solid or built girder.
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A sill is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may also be
fastened to a foundation wall.
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A trimmer carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header supports
the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue and groove wood
common as flooring materials.
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Suggested Activity 5
A. Directions: Identify the following. Use a separate sheet for your answer.
B. Directions. Compute for the board feet of the following lumber or wood. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Find the total number of Bdft. for 10 pcs. 2” x 4” x 12’ to be used for rafters.
2. Find the number of Bdft. for 24 pcs. purlins with dimensions of 2” x 3” x 12’.
Suggested Activity 6
Procedure:
1. Study the floor plan already drawn and make an assessment as to the location
of stairwells, opening columns and girders.
2. Locate girders along the major beams and set off floor joists at standard
spacing of 0.30m on center.
3. Locate position of headers on stairwell.
4. Draw solid bridging on joists alternately offsetting at the center.
5. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
6. Label the materials or structural members of the floor plan.
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Sample Wooden Floor Plan
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Sample Wooden Floor Plan
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Sample Wooden Floor Plan
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The Roof System
The roof system has numerous types according to construction. These shapes
are referred to as:
The most commonly used type of roof system for a residential houses are the following:
Hip roof - has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.
French or concave mansard roof - is a modified mansard roof where the sides are
concave.
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Butterfly roof - is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular roof that tapers
to a point.
The roof framing in a residential dwelling is of three types commonly used which are:
1. Rafter type
2. Truss type
3. Laminated
1. Common rafter - extend at right angles from the plate to the ridge.
2. Hip rafter - are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
3. Valley rafter - doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
4. Octagonal rafter - are those placed on an octagonal.
5. Jack rafters - is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
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Jack Rafter is of two (2) types: valley jack and cripple jack.
a. Valley jack - is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter.
b. Cripple jack - is that between the hip and valley rafter.
The Truss
The truss is a material that is important in a roof plan. It is a built-up frame used
on an unsupported long span roof system. It is designed with a series of triangles to stiffer
the structure and distribute the roof load and to stay rigid and with flexibility and strength.
a. Pitched truss
b. Howe truss
c. Scissor truss
d. Raised chord truss
e. Saw tooth
f. 1 ½ storey frame
g. Utility
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h. Flat
i. Bow string
1. Heavy trusses include the following which are used in industrial buildings and
they are longer:
a. Howe truss
b. Belgian truss
c. Fink truss
d. Pratt truss
e. Scissors truss
f. Cambered truss
g. Saw tooth truss
h. Flat pratt truss
i. Flat howe truss
j. Warren truss
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Suggested Activity 7
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B. Directions: Enumerate the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The three (3) types of Roof Framing commonly used in residential houses.
2. The five (5) common types of rafters used for roof framing.
Suggested Activity 8
Direction: From the given floor plan, draw roof framing plan following the given
procedures. Note: The same floor plan will be used.
1. From the floor plan shown, determine extent of roof eave and draft the
roof framing layout.
2. Locate position of main truss and secondary trusses, hip trusses and rafters.
5. Label the roof frame members, title of the plan, and scale used.
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Suggested Activity 9
Direction: From the given floor plan, draw the truss detail following the given procedures.
Note: The same floor plan will be used.
1. Determine length of bottom chord from end of wall. Add the width of the eaves.
2. Determine rise of truss. Normally for hip gable is 1.80
3. Draft the truss diagram and the location of the queen post and web member.
4. Determine sizes of lumber to be used. Normally, timber truss bottom chord is
2” X 5” and top chord is 2” x 6”
5. Darken lines and label the drawing.
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Detail of Gutter and Downspout
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Details of Gutter (Types: Exposed and Concealed)
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Detail of Connection of Purlins and Gutter
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Detail of Top Chord to King Post and Detail of Ridge Roll
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Detail of Splice and Detail of Connection of Top Chord to Web Member
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The Wooden Stair
The stair has the steps wherein to ascend or descend from one-storey to another.
It is the most intricate part of the dwelling unit to build. Not all carpenters have the skill to
construct one; those who have the knowledge in the use of the steel stair are a cut above
the rest.
In laying out the stair, the planner must study a cross sectional drawing of the
proposed stair that comprises the stringer, tread, riser, the run and the rise. After you
have known the number of tread and the height per rise of the steps, the length of the
stringer could be determined by the formula:
L = ( Rise ) 2 + (Run) 2
Some carpenters do not have the skill to build a stair; those carpenters who have
tried and succeeded have found that building the stair is an art in itself. There are several
stairway designs or types. Some of these are the straight vein, where the stair steps
ascend in one direction, the L-shaped, U-shaped, circular stair and the spiral stairway.
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Types of Stringers for Stairs:
There are different kinds of stringers according to method of attaching riser to treads.
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LAYING OUT THE WOODEN STAIR
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Detail of Handrails
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Details of Allowed Openings along Corridors and Distance between Landings
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245
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Suggested Activity 10
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.
Summative Assessment
Drafting a Stair
Procedure:
1. Determine the clear height of the rise. Rise per step is 17 to 18 centimeters and
minimum tread is 25 centimeters is normally accepted standard
2. Divide the rise height in meters by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine number of steps.
3. If the result is a fraction or decimal, it is not right and adjust to a whole number
next lower or greater.
4. Divide the rise by the number to determine height per rise of each step
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5. Chose the number of step which will not be less than 17 cm nor more than 19
centimeters for an ideal stair.
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Post - assessment:
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about Technical Drafting. This Phase will guide you in assessing yourself by
answering questions below you further explore the basics of structural lay-outing and
detailing.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space
provided to each number.
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_______9. Is for establishing reference point.
a. batter board b. level c. stake d. string
______10. Usually built after the completion of the main structural framework of the
dwelling unit.
a. ceiling b. post c. stairway d. wall construction
______11. Is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts.
a. girder b. plywood c. purlins d. sill
______12. This is the unit of measure for measuring wood.
a. Board foot b. yard c. meter d. square foot
______13. Is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to establish level of horizontal lines.
a. level b. plastic water hose c. stake d. string
______14. Is one which supports two column loads and consists of two footings
connected together by a beam often called a strap.
a. cantilever footing b. combined footing c. isolated footing d. wall footing
______15. Refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
a. dead load b. live load c. load bearing d. wind load
______16. This type of roof has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______17. The roof which is the most common type and economical.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______18. A roof where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______19. This type is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular roof that
tapers to a point.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______20. It is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______21. This type of rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______22. Rafter are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______23. The height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
______24. The series of steps from one landing to another.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
______25. The horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
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REFERENCES
Electronic Resources:
1. www.ths.gardenweb.com
Drafting Elevations
2. http://www. homedecorreport.com
Floor Plan
3. http://www. www.rightmove.co.uk
Longitudinal Section
4. http:// chezerbey.com
Traverse Section
5. http:// roofgenius.com
Roof Plan
6. http:// www.hollandamerica.com
Ceiling Plan
7. http://www. www.houzz.com
Detail of Baluster
8. http://www. www.homedepot.ca
Schedule of Doors
9. http:// www.designoffurniture.com-
Toilet and Bath
10. http:// www.homedesignersoftware.coml-
Types of Roof
11. http:// www.sketchuptips.getprobooks.com
Longitudinal Section
12. http:// www. homerenovations.about.com
Floor Plan
13. http:// www.nshorephoto.com
Schedule of Doors and Windows
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14. http:// www.nesc.wvu.edu
Septic Tank
15. http:// www.smartdraw.com
Electrical Circuit
16. http:// www.actewagl.com.au
Electrical Lighting
17. http:// www.monsterhouseplans.com
Electrical Layout
18. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=site+development+plan&source=lnms&tb
m=isch&sa=X&ei=Tbp5UoXRDe-
SiQfS4YDgBA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#facrc=0%3Bresidenti
al%20site%20development%20plan&imgdii=_&imgrc=
Site Development Plan
19. http:// www.ptcgovernment.org
Lot Plan
20. http:// www.familyhandyman.com
Drainage System
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