In the interests of study, special considerations need to be adopted slippery areas (red soil), where the

road amber needs to be sloped inwards(hill side) with provision for drainage. Construction of low bund
with local material enhances the driver’s confidence when the surface is wet. Ideally it is preferred if
such slippery areas gravelled.

6.17 SIDE DRAINS

At locations where the road profile gradient is greater than 5%, rain water may flow longitudinally along
the road, scouring weak surfaces and forming a gully along the road. In such cases, drains are provided
to guide the rain water to the nearest cross drainage structure or gully. Outlets to side drains designed
in such a manner that scouring by the water flow is prevented. Generally, rectangular drain and
trapezoidal drain will be used for design.

6.18 CROSS DRAINS

The cross drainage structures proposed for the construction on urban roads RCC causeways, vented
concrete causeways, bos and slab culverts, irrigation water crossings and pipe culverts. Selection fo the
type of cross drainage structures depends on the flow characteristics (discharge, sediment load etc.),
local topography, access to the side and availability of material.

6.19 SUB-SURFACE DRAINS

Hillside slopes with excessive water seepage are provided with subsurface drains along the hillside of
the road. The sub-surface drain (50×50 cm) consists of filter material (40 mm single size aggregate)
enclosed by geo-textile fabric. The water from the sub-surface drain is discharged at intervals of 30 m
along the length of the road.

6.20 STRUCTURE
The selection of one or the other types of structures is a subjective matter and reference ahs been made
to the type of cross-section, hazard level, soil characteristics and many other parameters. Historical data
were used widely rather than going into detailed quantity measurement. It is assumed that for this level
of study, exact quantity calculation is neither necessary nor relevant. The cross-drainage, however, has
been considered when the proposed alignment passes through the natural depression (e.g., river,
stream, gully, etc,) the cross-drainage structures like culvert and bridges are classified as following. This
classification is merely based on the recommendation of NRS 2045.

Culverts: up to 6m span (slab, box, pipe)

In addition, pipe drains at frequent intervals depending upon the extent of catchment uphill have been
proposed to let the surface run off downhill. In all cross-drainages, the width of road is kept equal to the
carriageway width plus shoulder. The loading standard to be adopted for the design of bridges and
culverts will be IRC class AA and A.

6.21 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

The designing work was carried out in SW Roads and Smart Road Software. After the completion of the
designing works, the drawings were exported in AutoCAD. Drawings were prepared according to norms
provided in terms of reference and submitted in separation volume .i.e. Volume II
CHAPTER-V: ENGINEERING STUDY AND
INVENTORY SURVEY

5.1 GENERAL
Following field surveys and invetsigations have been carried out for the project roads to determeine the
appropriate inputs for design and project preparation.
1. Road inventory survey
2. Construction material survey
3. Geological and geo-technical survey
4. Hydrological and metrological survey
5.2 ROAD INVENTORY SURVEY
Field surveys have been carried out to record raod inventory details of the project roads. Following
surveys have been carried out:
 Sub-grade condition survey (visual survey)
 Existing structure survey
 Side drains requirement survey
 Cross drainage requirement survey
 Retaining and protection work requirement survey
 Land use survey
 The location of settlements of the road structures, electric poles, streams, water taps within the
area of the paln.
5.2.1. GPS CO-ORDINATE OF MAJOR LOCATION:
Table 19 GPS Co-ordianate of Major Locations
Start Points End Point

5.2.2 VISUAL SURVEY OF TOPOGRAPHY/CONDITION OF EXISTING ROAD &

STRUCTURE:
Table 20 Visual Survey of Topography
5.2.3 EXISTING CONDITION OF ROAD STRUCTURES:
Table 21 Existing Condition of Road
5.2.5 SIDE DRAIN REQUIREMENT:
REF COST ESTIMATE
5.2.6 CROSS DRAINAGE REQUIREMENT:
REF COST ESTIAMTE
5.2.7 MASONARY RETAINING WALL REQUIREMENT
REF COST ESTIMATE
5.2.8 GABION RETAINING WALLS REQUIREMENT
REF COST ESTIMATE
5.2.9 LAND USE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERN SURVEY:
REF COST ESTIMATE
5.2.10 KERBS STONE, HANDRAIL AND FOOTPATH REQUIREMENT
REF COST ESTIMATE
5.3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SURVEY
Construction Materials Survey is one of the important task that need to be carried out during project
study. Construction Materials are divided into two types as naturally available and factory made material.
Following studied was made in this survey to identify and locate the required construction materials:
 Identification of potential sources
 Investigation of existing road materials on sites.
Potential Sources:
The hilly area is reach in terms of stone and sand which is major material for this enabled preliminary
assessment and screening of following material site for investigation. The proposed road is along the km
5+00. Study was done on the availability of construction materials and the materials to be supplied by the
manufacturer.
 These Rivers are;


5.3.1. Naturally available material

Rivers are the major source for construction materials such as base, base, chips,
aggregate, sand and gravel and need to pay some nominal tax to VDC/ Municipality for
using this. The Road alignment passes through sandy gravel area at numbers of location
along the alignment. It also passes through the rocky are especially at 5+00 Km for slab
base and base course. Road and pavement materials can be controlled from available
along the road alignment.
5.3.2 TEST RESULT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Survey was carried out to find the proposal sources of construction materials. The samples
must be subjected to the tests in the laboratory.
The road croses a number of perennial and non-perennial rivers. The table no.3.1 shows list of
rivers along the road alignment.
Table no. 3.1. River Morphology
List of cross drainage structures both existing and proposed is presented in Appendix-I
RAINFALL DATA
Almost 80% of rainfall occurs during the monsoon, which starts around the middle of June and
continuous until the end of August. Rianfall may also occur in the pre-monsoon (April-May),
post monsoon (Ssptember-October), and in a winter. The pre monsoon and post monsoon rains
are local events causing intense rainfall of short duration usually in the late afternoon or
evening accompanied by thunderstorm. Winter rains between December and March are caused
by the westerly disturbances.
Even during the monsoon, rainfall in the basin is not uniform. There is marked spatial and
temporal rainfall variation in the valley as a whole due to orthographic and other effects. The
Road corridor have four rain guage stations: 0105 Mahendranagar and 0106-Belauri Santipur.
The raingauge at Jomsom has recorded maximum daily rainfall in 24 hours is 75.80 mm in 20
years from1991 to 2010, presented in table no.3.2.
The figure no. 3.2 show the annual rainfall graph of the project area
Table no.3.2 Daily Rainfall Data

KT= Frequency factor

XT=24-hour rainfall of T year frequency
Ih,T= Rainfall intensity of h duration and T year frequency ( Return period)
Time Concentration
Time concentration for a small drainage basin would be equal to the longest combination of
overland flow time called inlet time (T0) and channel time (Tt) that exists anywhere with the
basin. Channel flow time is generally taken as length of the longest channel divided by the
average flow velocity in the channel when water depth is nearly equal todepth of the channel.
The overland flow time or the inlet time is computed using Kirpich formula:
Tc=57(L3/H)0.385
Where,
Tc= Time of Concentration
L= length of the longest watercourse, in Km
H= Difference in the elevation of the catchment, m
The longest of the longest watercourse can be determined on the basis of the relationship
developed and recommended by McDonald and Partners (1982) for the Nepali catchments
L= 1.407 A0.547
Where ,
L= length of the longest watercourse, in Km
A= Area of the catchments (Km2)
Run off coefficient- will be determined later after the alignment of road will be finalized.
Calculation of Design Discharge
Rational Method
Flood flows may be estimated from rational formulae that take into account the intensity,
distribution and duration of rainfall as well as the area, shape, slope, permeability and initial
wetness of the basin. The following formulae are used to calculate the flood discharge:
Flood Discharge (Q)= CIA/3.6 m3/s
Time of Concentration (t)= o.01947L0.77xS(-0.385) min.
Intensity (I)= KT^a/(t+b)^n cm/hr
Where C= 0.3
K 6.933 L= 500 M
a= 0.1353 For Nepal S= 0.0100
b= 0.5 T25= 25 Yrs
n= 0.8801 A= 0.2 Km2
T10= 10 Yrs
t= 13.73 Mins. 0.23 Hr.
I= 14.16 Cm/hr 141.58 Mm/hr I= 12.51 Cm/hr 125.07 Mm/hr
Q25= 2.36 m3/s Q10= 2.08 m3/s

Rational formula that is universally used to compute the discharge from small catchments area
will be used here too.
Q=0.278 C*I*A
Where,
C= coefficient of run-off whose value ranges from 0 to 1 depending upon the catchments
characteristics
I= rainfall intensity in mm/hr and
A= catchments area in square kilometer
This formula is based on the following assumptions:
The computed peak rate of run-off at the outlet point is the function of the average rainfall rate
during the time of concentration that is the peak discharge does not result from a more intense
storm of shorter duration, during which only a portion of watershed is contributing to run-off at
the outlet.
Rainfall intemsity is constant throughout the storm duration and falls uniformly over the entire
basin.
The infiltration rate remains constant.
Factors such as antecedent moisture conditions and depression storage are neglected.
The above assumptions are fairly valid for small areas. The time of concentration used is the
time for the runoff to become established and flow the most remote part of drainage area to
the inflow point.
Conclusion for drain size design:
Any drainage installation is sized according to the probability of occurrence of an expected peak
discharge during the design life of installation. This of course, is related to the intensity and
duration of rainfall events occurring not only in the direct vicinity of the structure, but also
upstream of the structure. in addition to considering intensity and duration of a peak rainfall
event, the frequency, or how often the design maximum may be expected to occur, is also a
consideration and is most often based on the life of the road, traffic, and consequences of
failure. Primary highways often incorporate frequency periods of 50 to 100 years, secondary
roads 25 years, and low volume forest roads 10 to 25 years. The major part of the proposed
road is new. For this type of road design period is taken as 25 years. So, the rcommended
design flow for the drain size is 2.36 m3/s.
Design of Drain

Design of Discharge
Discharge of drainage
Side ditch Tipe A Sectional Area (A)=2.52 m2 Wetted Perimeter 1.46

Hydraulic Radius R= Area/Wetted Perimeter

= 1.726
Manning Roughnes Coefficient
N 0.025 For good surface
 Velocity of Flow:
V= 1/ƞ*R2/3*i1/2 m/sec

Discharge
Q= AV

List of Result

S.N. i V Q
% m/sec 3
m /sec
1 1.00 5.76 14.50
This shows the proper section of drain is sufficient to discharge the precipitation discharge of
the area. The size is also proposed to cater debris flow from the surrounding hill, which is
common to the area.
Design Discharge for Khola and Kholsi