ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY  how the body maintains conditions within a

narrow range of values in the presence of a

continually changing environment
ANATOMY o Newborn baby - doesn't have the
 Investigates the structure of the body capability to shiver
 "dissect" or cut apart and separate  will result to hyperthermia
 "TOMY" - to cut / process of cutting
 "ANA" - apart/up
 study of structure and shape of the body and Division/Type of study
its parts and their relationship with one another  According to the organism involved
o Human physiology - study of specific
organism, the HUMAN
Branches of Anatomy  According to levels of organism within
GROSS ANATOMY
 large, easily observable structures CHEMICAL LEVEL
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY  simplest level of structural ladder
 too small to be seen with the naked eye  involves interaction among atoms and their
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY combinations into molecules
 ATOMS - building block of matter, combine
 By systems
to form MOLECUELS such as water, sugar,
REGIONAL ANATOMY and proteins
 Study of organization of the body by areas  For ex.
 within each region such as the head, o Collagen molecules are strong
abdomen, or arm
 approach taken by most medical and dental
 Organelles - small structures that make up
books
cell that performs one or more functions
SURFACE ANATOMY
Ex.
 external structures
 Nucleus - contains the cells hereditary
ANATOMIC IMAGING information
 involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, MRI,  Mitochondria - manufacture ATP
and other technologies to create picture of  ATP - molecule used by cells for a source of
internal organs energy

 Both surface anatomy and anatomic STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

imaging are useful in diagnosing disease  Cells - basic structural and functional units of
organisms such as plants and animals
PHYSIOLOGY  Tissues - group of similar cells
o characteristic of the cells and
 Scientific discipline that deals with the surrounding materials determine the
processes or functions of living things functions
 study of how the body and its part work or  Organ - structure compose of two or more
function tissue types that together perform a function
 "PHYSIO" - nature  Organ system - group of organs classified as
 "LOGY" - the study of a unit because of a common function or set of
functions
Major goals:
 Understand and predict the body's
responses to stimuli
11 Major systems: Integumentary system
 Skeletal System
 Muscular System
 Lymphatic System
 Respiratory System
 Digestive System
 Nervous System
 Endocrine System
 Cardiovascular System
 Urinary System
 Reproductive System
 Coordinated activity is necessary for
normal function
 Organ system are interrelated,
dysfunction of one can affects on
other system
 Integumentary System
 Protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, produces
Vitamin D Precursors
 Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
 Skeletal System
 Protection and support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells,
and stores mineral and fat
 Bones, associated cartilages,
ligaments and joints
 Muscular System
 Body movement, maintains posture,
and produces body heat
 Muscles attached to the skeleton by
tendons
 Lymphatic System
 Remove foreign substances from
blood and lymph, combats diseases,
maintains tissue fluid balance and
absorbs fat from digestive tract
 Consists of the lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs
 Respiratory System
 Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the blood and air
and regulate blood pH
 Lungs and respiratory passages
 Digestive System
 Performs the mechanical and
chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients and
elimination of wastes
 Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs
 Nervous System
 Major regulatory system that detects
sensation and controls movements,
physiologic processes and
intellectual functions
 Brain, spinal cord, nerves and
sensory receptors
 Endocrine System
 Major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth, and
reproduction
 Glands such as pituitary gland
 Cardiovascular System
 Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases, and hormones
 Immune responses and regulation of
body temperature
 Heart, blood vessels, blood
 Urinary System
 Removes waste products from the
blood and regulates blood pH, ion
balance and water balance
 Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts
that carry urine
 Reproductive System
 Female
 Produces oocytes, site of fertilization
and fetal development
 Produces milk, hormones that
influence sexual function
 Male
 Sperm cell and hormone that
influence sexual function and
behaviors
Organism - highest level of structural organization
Organization - parts of organism have specific
relationship to each other and the parts interact to
perform specific function
Living things - highly organized
Metabolism - ability to use energy to perform vital
function such as growth, movement and
reproduction
 Plants capture energy from sunlight
 Humans obtain energy from food
Responsiveness- ability to sense changes in the
environment and make adjustment that help
maintain its life
 Internal responses
 Increased body temperature due to a hot
environment
Growth - results in an increase in size of all or part
of the organism
 can results from increase in cell number,
cell size, or the amount of substance
surrounding cells
Development - changes an organism undergoes
through time
 begins at fertilization and ends at death
 greatest development occurs before birth,
but many changes continue after birth and
some continue throughout life
Differentiation - change in cell structure and
function from generalized to specialized
Reproduction - formation of new cells or new
organism
 without reproduction of tissues and cells,
growth and tissue repair is impossible
Homeostasis - existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment within the body
even though the outside world is continuously
changing
 HOMEO - same
 STASIS - standing still
o Does not mean an unchanging
still, instead a dynamic state of
equilibrium or a balance
Variables - conditions that affect the fluid
environment of each cell are necessary to maintain
that normal functions
 ex. temperature, volume, and chemical
content
Set point - ideal normal value
Normal range - values slightly around the set
point
o 36.5-37.5 - normal range of body
temperature
o 37 - set point
Homeostatis - homeostatic mechanisms are not
able to maintain the.....
Negative Feedback Mechanism
 one that regulates most systems of the
body, which function to maintain
homeostasis
 ex. maintenance of normal blood pressure
3 components of Negative Feedback
Receptor - monitors the values of a variables such
as a blood pressure
Control center - such as part of the brain,
establishes the set point around which the variables
is maintained
Effector - such as the heart, can change the value
of the variable (depends partly in the heart's
contraction = HR produce in BP and vice versa)
Negative Feedback Mechanism
 Net effect of the response to the stimulus is
to shut off the original stimulus and reduce
its intensity
Positive Feedback
 not homeostatic and rare in healthy
individuals
Positive
 implies that when deviation from a normal
value occurs the response of the system is
to make the deviation even greater
 creates a cycle leading away and causes
death
Positive Feedback Mechanism
 net results of the response is the tendency
to increase the original disturbance
(stimulus) and to move the variables farther
from its original value
 most familiar example of Positive Feedback
mechanism is the birth of the baby
Anatomical Positions
 Standing erect face forward, upper limbs
hanging on the sides, palms of the hands
facing forward
BODY PLANES INSERT HERE
Section - cut of the internal structure of the body
Sectioning - to look inside and observe body
structures
Longitudinal sections - cut through the long axis
of the organ
Transverse sections - cut at a right angle to the
long axis
Oblique section - cuts made diagonally

Regional terms
 visible landmarks on the body surface which
maybe used to specifically refer to a body
part or area
Upper limb
 arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
Lower limbs
 thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
Central region of the body
 head, neck, and trunk

SEROUS MEMBRANE INSERT HERE

Mesenteries
 two layers of peritoneum fused together
 anchors the organ to the body wall and
provides a pathway
Retroperitoneal organs
 found behind the parietal peritoneum
 kidneys, ....